1314:
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2007:
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1963:
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776:
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19:
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1940:
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613:
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1987:
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2055:
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423:
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59:
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1716:, Abdurrahman Hancı, Cengiz Bektaş, Hayati Tabanlıoğlu, Enver Tokay, İlhan Tayman and Yılmaz Sanlı became more influential in the architectural arena. These were architects who either studied in Europe or had information of the modernist architecture of the time. Their quest for modernist architecture was in line with the
2561:
Direct geothermal heating (not to be confused with heat pumps) installed capacity totaled 3.5 GW thermal (GWt) in 2020, with the potential for 60 GWt, but it is unclear how much is low-carbon. According to a 2020 report commissioned by the environment ministry and the EBRD further research
2076:
2062:
Until the 1980s, the government sector was the leading client when it came to architecture and construction. However, the liberalization of the economy paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence. Notable architects from this period include Behruz Çinici, Merih
Karaaslan,
1724:. However, the development of the Turkish economy was an important factor as well. Even though Turkish architects were able to follow up on the modern design of important architects of the time, they were constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources.
2525:
are the largest energy consumers, and there are substantial opportunities for energy savings in both new build and renovations. There is a roadmap, which says that as of 2021 three quarters of building stock is pre-21st century, that is pre energy standards. A typical residential building emits
544:
From the 1950s the nation became more internationally connected, which enabled
Turkish architects to experiment with new styles and become increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world. However, they were largely constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or
797:
that was consolidated during the 16th and 17th centuries. This style, drawing strong influence from the Hagia Sophia, produced grand imperial mosques designed around a central dome and a varying number of semi-domes. This period is also associated with the most famous
Ottoman architect,
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722:
elements and combining them with designs from
Islamic Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia. Their monuments were largely built in dressed stone, with brick used for minarets. Decoration was concentrated around certain elements like entrance portals and took the form of elaborate
529:(also called the Turkish Neoclassical architecture movement). However, starting from the 1930s, architectural styles began to differ from traditional architecture, also as a result of an increasing number of foreign architects being invited to work in the country, mostly from
2557:
could be an alternative to wood, coal and bottled gas: but buying a heat pump is rare as it is very expensive for householders as there is no subsidy. However, owners of larger properties such as shopping centres, schools and government buildings have shown more interest.
1597:
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in high quality concrete. Beams and columns in those buildings must be in the right place to properly absorb shaking. The code is said by foreign experts to be very modern and similar to US codes. However, these 21st century building codes were not very well enforced.
957:. Art Nouveau was first introduced to Istanbul by D'Aronco, and his designs reveal that he drew freely on Byzantine and Ottoman decorations. D'Aronco also mixed Western and Oriental styles in his work, which was likewise a notable characteristic of the designs of
1846:
2456:
Further resilience over the 2007 code was mandated in the 2018 Turkish
Seismic Code, which took effect on 1 January 2019. Improvements included design supervision and site specific hazard definitions, and for new buildings in vulnerable regions required
2006:
1360:
1313:
2469:, the government offered amnesties for violations of the building code, allowing non-compliance to continue with the payment of a fee. This poor enforcement of seismic codes was a contributing factor to the devastation of the
760:
during the later 13th and 14th centuries, architecture became even more diverse, particularly in western
Anatolia, where proximity to the Byzantine and Mediterranean worlds encouraged further experimentation and syncretism.
1772:
5607:
1465:, the government buildings of this style in Ankara and Istanbul typically had large proportions (high ceilings, high windows, etc.) to give the impression of a strong state authority. Some of them also had monumental
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1915:
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old buildings is possible but expensive. Although over 3 million housing units nationwide were strengthened in the 2 decades before 2023, as of that year many apartment blocks do not meet 21st century standards.
2167:
2050:
systems were introduced to
Turkish architects and contractors in the 1980s. In addition, steel, aluminum, plastic and glass production increased, which allowed architects to free themselves from rigid forms.
2063:
Sevinç Hadi, Şandor Hadi, Ersen Gürsel, Mehmet Çubuk, Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa, Emre Arolat, Murat Tabanlıoğlu, Melkan Tabanlıoğlu, Hüsrev Tayla, Doğan Hasol, Atilla Yücel, Sema
Soygeniş, Murat Soygeniş and
5617:
1671:
1900:
As a result of economic and social turbulence, architecture in Turkey suffered also in the 1970s. There were no significant breakthroughs during this period. Some important designs from the 1970s are the
3552:
6001:
1192:. About 40 architects and urban planners designed and oversaw various projects (mostly in Ankara, and to a lesser extent in Istanbul and İzmir) between 1924 and 1942. Among them were Gudrun Baudisch,
1076:
1962:
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2530:(OECD) has said that more could be done to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, and that tax incentives offered for this would create jobs. Turkey was a co-leader of the group discussing
1538:
3711:
2477:, which complicated rescue efforts. Experts lamented the practice would turn cities into graveyards. The 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes collapsed many older buildings and some recent ones: the
4511:
1811:
890:(1870–1927). Followers of the movement wanted to create a new and "national" architecture, which was based on motifs from Seljuk and Ottoman architecture. The movement was also labelled
3148:
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experimented with different building types, including single-domed mosques, multi-domed buildings, and religious buildings with T-shaped floor plans. This eventually evolved into the
6006:
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1939:
1289:
1620:
6037:
6011:
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2288:
1877:, Turkish architects tried to design their buildings in more flexible and fragmented forms. Important works from this period are the Vakıflar Hotel in Istanbul (1968, today the
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1336:
6016:
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6057:
5511:
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has pledged to convert all existing buildings to zero emissions by 2050. Such energy efficiency improvements can be made in the same programme as increasing resilience to
1873:
which affected the construction industry as well as the architectural sector. Despite these hardships, architects were able to design some important buildings. Abandoning
945:
for 16 years. D'Aronco designed and built a large number of buildings of various types in
Istanbul. The stylistic features of his works can be classified in three groups:
3363:. 14th International Planning History Conference submission by Nilufer Baturayoglu Yoney and Yildiz Salman, Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Architecture, Turkey
1172:(1937) are among the notable examples of this era. As there were not enough architects in Turkey until the 1950s, various architects were invited by the government from
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1426:(Germany) empires, according to their ideologies. In the same period, there was a trend towards creating a new national architecture in Turkey, which was called the
5251:
1508:(1954–60). The movement was particularly influential between 1935 and 1950. From the 1950s, the influence of this style diminished due to the next wave, especially
6052:
5336:
4041:"International-Workshop-on-Advanced-Materials-and-Innovative-Systems-in-Structural-Engineering-Seismic-Practices-New-Improvements-in-the-2018-Turkish-Seismic-Code"
3401:
Cengizkan, Ali (2010). "The production of a mise en scène for a nation and its subjects: Clemens
Holzmeister et al. in the Ministries Quarter for Ankara, Turkey".
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1747:(1959–1965) in Ankara designed by Enver Tokay and İlhan Tayman; and Tekel Headquarters (1958–1960) in Istanbul designed by Yılmaz Sanlı and İlhan Tayman.
662:, is the greatest achievement of Byzantine architecture. It exercised significant influence on subsequent Byzantine church architecture and eventually on
2589:. Although the country has enough of these materials, most cement kilns (there are 54) use coal, petcoke or lignite as their primary energy source. More
620:, dominated by the central dome and flanking semi-domes. (Elements of Islamic decoration were added after the building's conversion to a mosque in 1453.)
4138:
1754:
in 1954. Various professional organizations for architects had existed beforehand, but there were no laws for the architectural profession until 1954.
3659:
2736:
1852:
Rıza Derviş House, also known as Derviş Manizade Mansion, built 1956–1957, is one of two buildings designed by Sedad Hakkı Eldem that was realized on
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6410:
3495:"The Ethos of Architects Towards an Analysis of Architectural Practice in Turkey, Thesis by Nilgun Fehim Kennedy, September 2005 (Page 23)"
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3685:
1446:) played an important role in the introduction of this architectural movement and its style. The pioneers of the movement in Turkey were
453:
3302:
1573:
7004:
6405:
2237:
138:
4733:(Report). Ministry of Environment and Urbanization of the Republic of Turkey and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
2815:
Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R., eds. (2013). "Architecture, Byzantine".
3600:
2429:. Initially thought as a temporary tax, it became permanent. In 2007 the seismic code was strengthened. However, it is alleged that
2333:
6802:
5531:
5001:
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2355:
6191:
5556:
4917:
3258:
2515:
3332:
7294:
6436:
6383:
5746:
4099:
3734:
3463:"Turkish Architectural Periodicals during the Republican Period, 1923-1980 by Ilker Ozdel at Dokuz Eylul University (Page 526)"
2710:"Michael Meeker. Review of Bozdogan, Sibel, Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural Culture in the Early Republic"
375:
4485:"World Bank Provides $ 265 million Boost to Improve Earthquake Resilience and Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings in Turkey"
537:. The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. Similar to
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2181:
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842:
526:
30:
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1882:
6314:
6169:
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5283:
4568:"Sustainable housing: Analysis of energy performance potential in Turkey with translation of building standards of Austria"
3953:
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2769:
655:
2039:
732:
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6476:
6302:
6103:
4744:
2655:
2189:
2185:
96:
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Further decarbonisation of cement production would depend heavily on carbon capture and storage (CCS). Despite Turkey's
2445:
said: "Municipalities, constructors and supervisors should now see that their negligence amounts to murder." In 2018, a
7252:
6792:
6782:
5953:
5766:
2577:, which is only half clinker. The second-largest reduction could be made by switching half the fuel from hard coal and
2466:
1717:
1707:
1564:
1509:
1493:
525:(after 1923), Turkish architecture was influenced by earlier Seljuk and Ottoman architecture, in particular during the
3527:
545:
insufficient financial resources until the 1980s. Thereafter, the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards
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522:
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should be mandatory on new buildings, and say that installation on apartment block roofs is hindered by bureaucracy.
1677:
1505:
7230:
6915:
6714:
6638:
6426:
3630:
2264:
1837:
1763:
1455:
148:
4726:
3178:
1300:
1240:
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6910:
6358:
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2612:
1977:
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started as a continuation of late Roman architecture but it further developed over the following millennium. The
446:
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4269:
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2300:
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7052:
6749:
6704:
6618:
6596:
6509:
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1082:
919:
794:
596:, in addition to Pergamon, grew considerably during this time. Many of the Greco-Roman sites in the Aegean and
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6579:
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2535:
2198:
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in which over 42,000 people died in Turkey. There were high incidences of support column failure leading to
7353:
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6920:
6551:
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5064:
3663:
2740:
2213:
2119:
2013:
1902:
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143:
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6378:
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5938:
5416:
5411:
5306:
4853:
4766:
4328:
https://wrisehirler.org/sites/default/files/Turkiye%20Building%20Sector%20Decarbonization%20Roadmap...pdf
2249:
2047:
2042:. These reforms had a positive effect on the construction industry and architecture. New methods such as
1953:
1260:
834:
585:
247:
3440:
6903:
6878:
6756:
6606:
6443:
6431:
6297:
6088:
6083:
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5846:
5826:
5731:
5536:
5426:
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5326:
5316:
2650:
2131:
2034:
began implementing a far-reaching reform program designed by then Undersecretary of the Prime Ministry
1886:
1721:
1703:
790:
601:
567:
563:
439:
389:
133:
4340:
1945:
1894:
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6158:
6143:
6138:
6042:
5841:
5801:
5622:
5501:
5496:
5376:
4422:
3034:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500; B. Anatolia".
2562:
on Turkish geothermal is needed: specifically how to limit carbon dioxide venting to the atmosphere.
2392:
1778:
1736:
1470:
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into eastern and western halves in the late 4th century. The Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the
242:
158:
4972:"Application of Multi-criteria Decision Making for Geological Carbon Dioxide Storage Area in Turkey"
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1008:
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in the 1740s. In the 19th century, Western European influences increased and architects such as the
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5298:
5276:
3468:. Çankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 7/2 (November 2010). Archived from
2970:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; C. Anatolia".
2645:
2489:
2294:
Sakirin Mosque, The mosque's architect is believed to be the first woman to design a mosque. (2009)
2098:
1588:
4616:"Turkey's Strategic Energy Efficiency Plan-an Ex Ante Impact Assessment of the Residential Sector"
4270:"Earthquake in Turkey a warning for Istanbul, which faces much larger death toll if quake strikes"
4253:"Practices of Brick Masonry Construction in Turkey and their Seismic Behaviors during Earthquakes"
3108:
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18:
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5771:
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5741:
5736:
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5716:
5711:
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5456:
5436:
5321:
5311:
4284:"Hollanda'ya depreme dayanıklı konut yapmayı öğreten Türkiye neden bu kadar fazla yıkım yaşıyor?"
2816:
2422:
811:
719:
179:
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1607:
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paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture in Turkey.
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and Sedad Hakkı Eldem; Istanbul Municipality Headquarters (1953–1960) designed by Nevzat Erol;
1685:
1654:
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711:
647:
625:
471:
355:
163:
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4098:
Pettersson, Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Christian Edwards,Krystina Shveda,Henrik (7 February 2023).
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802:(d. 1588). Among his over 300 designs across the empire, his most important works include the
402:
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4887:
4512:"Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies"
3306:
2543:
2418:
1921:
Radisson Blu Hotel in Ankara, originally built as Stad Oteli (1970), was designed in 1964 by
1454:. To lead this movement, Professor Sedad Hakkı Eldem held National Architecture seminars at
826:
728:
715:
6199:
5160:
4939:"EU Carbon Capture and Storage Directive Preliminary Regulatory Impact Assessment (Pre-RIA)"
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4341:"Carbon footprint assessment of residential buildings, a review and a case study in Turkey"
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1930:
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After the 17th century, Ottoman architecture was increasingly open to outside influences.
8:
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4789:"Abstract on the potential GHG emissions reduction in Turkey through the cement industry"
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4976:
Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A- Applied Sciences and Engineering
4971:
4657:
2347:
2031:
1224:, Theodor Jost, Heinrich Krippel, Carl Christoph Lörcher, Robert Oerley, Bernhard Pfau,
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4597:
4368:
3761:"Architect – Structural Engineer Collaboration In Sustainable Structural System Design"
3494:
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2064:
1727:
Selected examples of buildings from this era are the Anadolu Club Hotel (1951–1957) in
1658:
1481:
1319:
1217:
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958:
911:
475:
345:
272:
258:
219:
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22:
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3800:"In Turkey and Syria, outdated building methods all but assured disaster from a quake"
1922:
1818:
742:
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7237:
7123:
7108:
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6824:
6692:
6623:
6567:
6486:
6279:
6254:
6215:
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6274:
4661:
4642:"Underground thermal heat storage and ground source heat pump activities in Turkey"
4579:
4566:
Hatipoglu, Hatice Kalfaoglu; Cetin, Rukiye; Hatipoglu, Atilla (21 September 2022).
4352:
4283:
3410:
2830:
2822:
2709:
2566:
2497:
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1969:
1750:
One of the most important developments of this period was the establishment of the
1712:
At the beginning of the 1950s, a new generation of architects such as Nevzat Erol,
1431:
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884:
872:
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635:
479:
323:
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79:
5208:
Modernism and Nation Building: Turkish Architectural Culture in the Early Republic
4665:
4356:
4311:
Decarbonization of Turkey's economy: long-term strategies and immediate challenges
3822:
Baysan, Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Isil Sariyuce,Zeena Saifi,Reyhan (8 February 2023).
3358:"Mass Housing Development by a Government Agency and the Politics of Urbanization"
3204:
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2017:
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1504:(1944–53); Istanbul Radio Headquarters (1945–49); Şişli Mosque (1945–49); and the
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7113:
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6997:
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3553:"A New Perspective on National Architecture: 2nd. National Architecture Movement"
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1973:
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1473:; but with more modern and plain rectangular shapes, symmetry, simplicity, and a
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3824:"Emotions run high in Turkey amid questions over state response to deadly quake"
3232:(in Turkish). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi-Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Archived from
2054:
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movement of the late 1930s and early 1940s in Europe and North America sought a
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1221:
1193:
938:
639:
511:
487:
397:
187:
5162:
Ottoman Baroque: The Architectural Refashioning of Eighteenth-Century Istanbul
3712:"Istanbul's Unprecedented Property Boom Causes Concern About Citizens' Rights"
2569:
of cement. Emissions from cement production could be lessened by reducing its
2035:
856:
7381:
7317:
7257:
7158:
6898:
6893:
6526:
6471:
6262:
6113:
5645:
4813:
4673:
4593:
4398:
4364:
4205:
4019:
3982:
3899:"Turkey quakes to cost nation $ 6.2 billion - Minister - Türkiye | ReliefWeb"
3877:
1997:
1993:
1949:
1853:
1728:
1438:). The foreign architects employed in Turkey in this period (especially from
1035:
724:
600:
regions of present-day Turkey thus preserve substantially, if not primarily,
427:
350:
265:
91:
5053:. Oxford History of Art (1st ed.). 0192842110: Oxford University Press.
1817:
InterContinental Hotel, formerly Sheraton Istanbul, was designed in 1959 by
7289:
7247:
6873:
6324:
4696:"Turkey only outranked by China in direct utilization of geothermal energy"
4584:
4379:
4310:
4100:"The earthquake in Turkey is one of the deadliest this century. Here's why"
2526:
almost 50 kgCO2eq/m2/year, mostly due to the energy used by residents. The
2414:
2255:
1926:
1890:
1419:
1229:
1012:
927:
675:
651:
631:
617:
495:
483:
3660:"1970's up to the Present (Turkish Architecture in the Republican Period)"
2826:
2539:
1626:
1501:
576:
shores in western Anatolia and beyond. During the Hellenistic period, the
7153:
6464:
5666:
5655:
4724:
1874:
1513:
1489:
1327:
1296:
1244:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1181:
1059:
950:
799:
783:
659:
588:
today. Anatolia continued to prosper in the Roman era and cities such as
84:
5182:
Kingdoms of Ruin: The Art and Architectural Splendours of Ancient Turkey
4008:"Turkey earthquake death toll prompts questions over building standards"
3357:
1418:, which aimed to develop the modern versions of the architecture of the
541:, the movement aimed to create a modern but nationalistic architecture.
5261:
4913:
4489:
2554:
2502:
1371:
1272:
1225:
841:. In the early 20th-century, a kind of Ottoman revivalism known as the
815:
573:
4825:
Turkish Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990 - 2021 [TurkStat report]
4823:
4640:
Cetin, Aysegul; Kadioglu, Yusuf Kagan; Paksoy, Halime (1 April 2020).
4504:
4302:
3113:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set
2834:
5072:
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
4688:
3076:
2600:
2450:
2088:, 2007. Istanbul's skyline has changed significantly since the 1990s.
1801:
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality City Hall was designed in 1953 by
1395:
1267:; the Faculty of Languages, History and Geography building (1937) of
981:
880:
850:
4226:
4072:
2712:. H-Net Reviews, Humanities & Social Sciences Online. April 2003
2546:. However, in 2020 gas was subsidized. Increasing the proportion of
2075:
1606:
Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings, designed by
7009:
6336:
3866:"Turkey's earthquakes show the deadly extent of construction scams"
2604:
2159:
2085:
1366:
The Faculty of Languages, History and Geography building (1937) of
1351:
1248:
1165:
1151:
1039:
942:
746:
701:
643:
581:
507:
491:
26:
7019:
2318:
1500:
Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature buildings (1944–52);
1141:
4417:
4056:"New Improvements in the 2019 Building Earthquake Code of Turkey"
3227:"XIX. Yüzyış ve XX. Yüzyıl Başı Eminönü'nde Osmanlı Büro Hanları"
3064:
2586:
2485:
1443:
1439:
1415:
1304:
1236:
1177:
1173:
1157:
1147:
977:
830:
757:
589:
534:
530:
58:
5071:
4846:"Promoting Low Cost Energy Efficient Wooden Buildings in Turkey"
4194:"The earthquakes in Turkey and Syria have shaken both countries"
3018:
2994:
2954:
2550:
has been suggested, as has adopting some EU building standards.
7014:
6207:
6202:
4567:
2814:
2784:
2446:
2362:
2177:
2155:
2081:
1630:
1584:
1466:
1189:
1188:, in order to manage the rapid construction of the new capital
1185:
1086:
1063:
593:
4727:
Cumulative Impact Assessment of Geothermal Resources in Turkey
3439:. National Palaces of Turkey official web site. Archived from
3000:
2918:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Ottoman".
2631:
818:
reached their artistic peak and were used in many buildings.
4165:"Turkey earthquake failures leave Erdogan looking vulnerable"
3149:"The Search for Identity: 1st National Architecture Movement"
2796:
2458:
2205:
1407:
764:
737:
4139:"Turkey's lax policing of building codes known before quake"
4725:
Stantec Mühendislik ve Müşavirlik Ltd.Şti (December 2020).
4390:
3177:. Dogan Hasol, Arhitext Magazine, June 2007. Archived from
2851:
2527:
937:
served as the chief palace architect to the Ottoman Sultan
857:
1920s to early 1930s: First national architectural movement
710:
incorporated an eclectic mix of influences, adopting local
4884:"Decarbonization of industrial sectors: the next frontier"
2936:
2113:
Finansbank Tower and Istanbul Sapphire on Büyükdere Avenue
879:) was an architectural movement led by Turkish architects
666:. The Byzantine style is also known for its sophisticated
5252:"Turkish Architecture in the Republican Period" (English)
3971:"What made the earthquake in Turkey and Syria so deadly?"
3804:
1885:(1961) in Ankara, Istanbul Manufacturers' Market (1959),
1379:
996:
Old Fatih Municipality Building built by Yervant Terziyan
887:
580:
was one of the most powerful and the site of the city of
5257:"Cumhuriyet dönemi mimarlığından bir panorama" (Turkish)
3601:"1960's (Turkish Architecture in the Republican Period)"
3088:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
5144:. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club.
4565:
4317:
Europe, SEE Change Net, TEPAV. TR2015/DG/01/A5-02/147A.
4227:"Turkey earthquake: Anger at building standards grows"
4073:"Turkey earthquake: Anger at building standards grows"
3052:
3036:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
2972:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
2920:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
2528:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
572:
The ancient Greeks founded many city-states along the
5002:"Türkiye can expand solar by 120 GW through rooftops"
4539:[Zero energy and passive house association].
4536:
3928:"Turkey: New building code for earthquake resilience"
3129:
2902:
2683:"Deutschsprachige Architekten in der frühen Republik"
1235:
Selected examples of buildings from this era are the
906:(1873–1953). Notable buildings from this era are the
4413:"12 global initiatives to beat back climate threats"
2863:
2627:
1463:
contemporary equivalents in Europe and North America
1402:. The movement had a particularly notable impact on
4639:
3579:"Architectural Profession Around the World, Turkey"
3106:
2581:(petcoke) to a mixture of rubber from waste tires,
1697:
1136:
Denizli Gazi Mustafa Kemal Elementary School (1932)
630:The Byzantine era followed the division of the old
2405:In earthquake-prone areas, all buildings built to
2231:Raif Dinçkök Yalova Cultural Center, Yalova (2011)
2030:In January 1980, the government of Prime Minister
898:. Other prominent followers of this movement were
3259:"Ankara - State Museum of Painting and Sculpture"
2593:could be used for building, instead of concrete.
2180:(2006–2011) is currently the tallest building in
474:to the present day. Significant remains from the
7379:
5179:
3678:
3331:(in Turkish). MimarlikMuzesi.org. Archived from
3033:
2969:
2802:
2790:
1972:(1973) in Istanbul was designed in 1968–1970 by
1869:, Turkey endured various kinds of political and
1458:, focusing on traditional Turkish house styles.
482:produced, among other monuments, the celebrated
5121:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011).
5120:
3006:
2766:"Mapping Turkey, Short History of Architecture"
2012:BDDK Building (1975) in Ankara, originally the
1142:1930s to 1950s: Modernism and foreign influence
3100:
3019:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2995:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2955:Ettinghausen, Grabar & Jenkins-Madina 2001
2516:Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey § Buildings
2413:, which killed over 17 thousand people, a new
6185:
5682:
5277:
5214:
4339:Atmaca, Adem; Atmaca, Nihat (15 March 2022).
3704:
3107:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair; Sheila S. (2009).
2888:. Oxford University Press. pp. 134–136.
2421:. Also following that earthquake a so-called
1548:building (1938–63) in Ankara was designed by
447:
4338:
4123:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3847:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3654:
3652:
3631:"Modern Turkish Architecture (Renata Holod)"
2465:In a bid to shore up support going into the
2243:Maslak No.1 Office Building, Istanbul (2014)
1889:(1967), Grand Ankara Hotel (1960, today the
1480:Some of the buildings in this style are the
4936:
3273:
2882:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2015).
2553:In rural areas without a piped gas supply,
506:with other styles of local architecture in
6192:
6178:
5696:
5689:
5675:
5284:
5270:
5240:. Ankara: Chamber of Architects of Turkey.
4912:
4097:
3637:. Academia.edu (University of Pennsylvania
3500:. Middle East Technical University, Turkey
2917:
2881:
2417:was brought into force to protect against
765:Ottoman era (14th to early 20th centuries)
454:
440:
5034:(Second ed.). British Museum Press.
4969:
4583:
3649:
3624:
3622:
3547:
3545:
3400:
3283:. Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture
3261:. Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture
2768:. www.culturalexchange-tr. Archived from
1883:Middle East Technical University Campuses
1758:become popular during 1950s, the work of
949:, reinterpretation of the Ottoman forms,
745:in Konya), and large surfaces covered in
681:
678:(present-day Kariye Mosque) in Istanbul.
514:ushered in a centuries-long tradition of
5291:
5205:
5029:
4700:Think GeoEnergy – Geothermal Energy News
4541:Sıfır Enerji ve Pasif Ev Derneği – SEPEV
4005:
3735:"New Tower to Dwarf Istanbul's Minarets"
3732:
3455:
3251:
3167:
3115:. Oxford University Press. p. 379.
3058:
3029:
3027:
2965:
2963:
2677:
2675:
2409:may be dangerous, but shortly after the
2074:
2053:
774:
708:Architecture under the Anatolian Seljuks
691:
611:
478:are located throughout the country. The
17:
5218:Turkey: Modern Architectures in History
5048:
3593:
3581:. The International Union of Architects
3352:
3350:
3329:"Kemer Hatun Mosque, Beyoglu, Istanbul"
3193:
2942:
2869:
2857:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2599:, CCS may be technically feasible in a
825:were followed by the appearance of the
7380:
7122:
5158:
5099:
5075:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
3821:
3619:
3542:
3487:
3429:
3396:
3394:
3135:
3082:
2760:
2758:
2704:
2702:
2700:
1528:The Faculty of Law building (1937) of
1428:Second National Architectural Movement
1380:Second national architectural movement
6173:
5670:
5265:
5235:
5215:Bozdoğan, Sibel; Akcan, Esra (2012).
5139:
4264:
4262:
4188:
4186:
4067:
4065:
4001:
3999:
3922:
3920:
3860:
3858:
3817:
3815:
3794:
3792:
3777:. E-Architect.co.uk. 10 November 2011
3758:
3628:
3321:
3295:
3141:
3094:
3070:
3024:
2960:
2885:The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture
2672:
2488:buildings are vulnerable. Many older
2479:Environment and Urbanization Ministry
1903:Turkish Language Association Building
869:First National Architectural Movement
863:First national architectural movement
843:First National Architectural Movement
782:(1550–1557) in Istanbul, designed by
670:. A major example of this art in the
527:First National Architectural Movement
31:first national architectural movement
7348:
7336:
4547:from the original on 3 December 2020
4445:Renewables 2020 Global Status Report
4308:
4053:
3767:
3347:
3175:"Architecture of the '30s in Turkey"
2724:
2425:was raised during the government of
2099:buildings which are more sustainable
4762:"Cement – Fuels & Technologies"
4421:. 23 September 2019. Archived from
4006:Beaumont, Peter (7 February 2023).
3726:
3714:. Voice of America. 29 January 2012
3571:
3391:
2818:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
2755:
2697:
2656:List of tallest buildings in Turkey
2219:Minicity Theme Park, Antalya (2004)
1905:(1972), Atatürk Library (1973) and
1887:Turkish Historical Society Building
1567:, designed by Bedri Uçar (1939–41).
13:
6026:Dependencies and other territories
5199:
4982:from the original on 30 April 2019
4951:from the original on 30 April 2019
4864:from the original on 1 August 2020
4834:(Technical report). 14 April 2023.
4801:from the original on 21 March 2019
4706:from the original on 27 April 2020
4537:"Sıfır Enerji ve Pasif Ev Derneği"
4387:OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2021
4259:
4183:
4062:
3996:
3917:
3891:
3855:
3812:
3789:
3733:Albayrak, Ayla (11 January 2012).
2467:2018 Turkish presidential election
2282:Yalikavak Palmarina, Bodrum (2014)
2270:St.Regis Istanbul, Istanbul (2015)
2025:
1860:
1708:International Style (architecture)
1565:TCDD General Headquarters Building
1494:TCDD General Headquarters Building
896:National Architectural Renaissance
791:architecture of the early Ottomans
557:
14:
7399:
5245:
5210:. University of Washington Press.
5180:Stafford-Deitsch, Jeremy (2010).
5103:A History of Ottoman Architecture
4937:Glomazic, Rade; Raptsun, Mykola.
2508:
2453:and some with unlicensed floors.
2038:to shift Turkey's economy toward
1766:is the best example of this era.
1653:Istanbul Radio Hall, designed by
1546:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
1277:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
552:
518:up until the early 20th century.
7359:
7347:
7335:
7324:
7323:
7311:
6715:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
6201:
5650:
5641:
5640:
4465:from the original on 24 May 2019
3759:ÖZMEN, Cengiz; ÜNAY, Ali İhsan.
3662:. ArchMuseum.org. Archived from
3603:. ArchMuseum.org. Archived from
3555:. ArchMuseum.org. Archived from
3281:"Ankara - Ethnographical Museum"
3151:. ArchMuseum.org. Archived from
2739:. ArchMuseum.org. Archived from
2630:
2514:This section is an excerpt from
2385:
2370:
2354:
2340:
2326:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2197:
2166:
2144:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2005:
1985:
1961:
1938:
1914:
1845:
1838:Middle East Technical University
1830:
1810:
1794:
1771:
1764:Middle East Technical University
1698:1950s and more Western influence
1670:
1646:
1619:
1596:
1572:
1557:
1537:
1521:
1496:designed by Bedri Uçar in 1938;
1456:Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University
1359:
1335:
1312:
1288:
1129:
1117:
1098:
1075:
1051:
1024:
1001:
989:
966:
607:
494:). Following the arrival of the
421:
57:
7360:
5985:States with limited recognition
5023:
4994:
4963:
4930:
4919:How to Avoid a Climate Disaster
4906:
4876:
4838:
4754:
4737:
4718:
4633:
4608:
4559:
4529:
4477:
4437:
4405:
4332:
4321:
4276:
4245:
4219:
4157:
4131:
4091:
4047:
4033:
3963:
3946:
3752:
3526:. 25 April 2016. Archived from
3512:
3437:"Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion"
3375:
3219:
3203:. AtelyeMim.com. Archived from
3085:, pp. 18–22, 55 and after.
2875:
2573:content—for example, by making
2433:often ignored the rules due to
2070:
1752:Chamber of Architects of Turkey
1279:building (1938–63) designed by
1263:building (1933–35) designed by
814:in Edirne. In decorative arts,
5608:British Indian Ocean Territory
5165:. Princeton University Press.
4290:(in Turkish). 10 February 2023
3954:"2007 Turkish Earthquake Code"
3629:Holod, Renata (January 2007).
3520:"Image of Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi"
2808:
2575:Limestone Calcined Clay Cement
2400:
1741:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
1083:State Art and Sculpture Museum
920:State Art and Sculpture Museum
823:Shifts during the Tulip Period
658:church completed in 537 under
1:
4831:Turkish Statistical Institute
4666:10.1016/j.solener.2018.12.055
4357:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130691
4345:Journal of Cleaner Production
3688:. Ustun Alsac. Archived from
3305:. ArchNet.org. Archived from
2661:
2536:2019 UN Climate Action Summit
2471:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
1879:Ceylan Intercontinental Hotel
1301:Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion
1241:Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion
1162:Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion
877:Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı
688:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
7206:Intangible cultural heritage
6552:Southeastern Anatolia Region
6384:Proclamation of the republic
3415:10.1080/13602365.2011.533539
3201:"Tayyare Apartment Building"
3073:, pp. 505–509, 517–518.
2685:(in German). Goethe Institut
2666:
2334:Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower
2097:collaborate they can design
1992:The Marmara Hotel (1976) at
1436:İkinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı
1106:Ethnography Museum of Ankara
924:Ethnography Museum of Ankara
756:As Anatolia fragmented into
7:
6477:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
5238:Modern Turkish architecture
5123:Islam: Art and Architecture
4854:Global Environment Facility
4767:International Energy Agency
4309:Ayas, Ceren (August 2020).
3403:The Journal of Architecture
3038:. Oxford University Press.
3007:Hattstein & Delius 2011
2974:. Oxford University Press.
2922:. Oxford University Press.
2623:
2449:law gave amnesties to some
2058:Panoramic view of Istanbul.
1678:Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial
1506:Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial
1488:(1933–34) and renovated by
1326:(1933–34) and renovated by
1307:style building in Istanbul.
845:was led by architects like
586:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
470:includes heritage from the
97:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
10:
7404:
6308:Conquest of Constantinople
2651:List of Turkish architects
2513:
2152:Türkiye İş Bankası Tower 1
2016:headquarters, designed by
1704:Rationalism (architecture)
1701:
1475:general lack of ornateness
1450:, Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi and
1383:
1145:
1108:was designed by architect
930:, and Kamer Hatun Mosque.
860:
768:
685:
623:
568:Ancient Roman architecture
564:Ancient Greek architecture
561:
521:In the first years of the
7307:
7040:
6956:
6849:
6815:The constitutional system
6775:
6730:
6675:
6666:
6560:
6508:
6499:
6452:
6419:
6369:
6347:Second Constitutional Era
6332:Decline and modernization
6288:
6249:
6223:
6214:
6071:
6025:
6002:Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
5984:
5704:
5636:
5595:
5555:
5297:
5078:. Yale University Press.
2737:"The 1950s and Modernism"
2481:is assessing the damage.
2393:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
2306:Ahmed Hamdi Akseki Mosque
2188:, and the 4th tallest in
2125:Avrupa Office in Ataşehir
1952:in Istanbul, designed by
1779:Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus
1737:Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus
1471:Neoclassical architecture
1400:Neoclassical architecture
974:Istanbul Main Post Office
908:Istanbul Main Post Office
837:works like the luxurious
6798:Ministry of the Interior
6783:Administrative divisions
6342:First Constitutional Era
5357:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5206:Bozdoğan, Sibel (2002).
5063:: CS1 maint: location (
2646:Architecture of Istanbul
2565:There is no data on the
1996:was designed in 1972 by
1891:Rixos Grand Ankara Hotel
1781:was designed in 1952 by
1739:(1952–1955) designed by
6745:Parliamentary elections
6547:Eastern Anatolia Region
6542:Central Anatolia Region
6224:Ancient and Middle Ages
5618:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5049:Cormack, Robin (2000).
5030:Carswell, John (2006).
4750:. Climate Transparency.
1946:Atatürk Cultural Center
1895:Atatürk Cultural Center
1840:Faculty of Architecture
1735:and Abdurrahman Hancı;
1469:designs reminiscent of
795:Classical Ottoman style
700:(1228–1229) in central
698:Great Mosque of Divriği
472:ancient era of Anatolia
7388:Architecture in Turkey
6916:Science and technology
6750:Presidential elections
6231:Prehistory of Anatolia
5747:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5698:Architecture of Europe
5236:Holod, Renata (2005).
5159:Rüstem, Ünver (2019).
4585:10.14256/JCE.3332.2021
4451:(Report). p. 62.
4315:Climate Action Network
2591:cross-laminated timber
2407:20th century standards
2090:
2059:
1756:Brutalist architecture
1348:Ankara Central Station
1253:Ankara railway station
1170:Ankara Central Station
1009:Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han
916:Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han
786:
704:
682:Seljuk and Beyliks era
648:Byzantine architecture
626:Byzantine architecture
621:
468:architecture of Turkey
149:Constitutional history
33:
6911:Free trade agreements
6793:Intelligence Services
6590:North Anatolian Fault
5140:Kuban, Doğan (2010).
5100:Freely, John (2011).
4970:Firtina Ertiş, İrem.
4731:www.jeotermaletki.com
3932:www.preventionweb.net
3635:Collections of Essays
2860:, pp. 11–12, 15.
2827:10.1002/9781444338386
2821:(1 ed.). Wiley.
2803:Stafford-Deitsch 2010
2791:Stafford-Deitsch 2010
2544:earthquakes in Turkey
2532:zero-carbon buildings
2490:buildings in Istanbul
2419:earthquakes in Turkey
2411:1999 İzmit earthquake
2084:business district in
2078:
2057:
1200:, Ernst Arnold Egli,
1110:Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu
1091:Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu
900:Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu
894:architecture, or the
827:Ottoman Baroque style
810:in Istanbul, and the
778:
729:Ince Minareli Medrese
695:
672:late Byzantine period
638:, had its capital at
615:
562:Further information:
498:in the 11th century,
21:
7295:World heritage sites
6820:Turkish Armed Forces
6705:Constitutional Court
6619:Flora and vegetation
6597:Environmental issues
6585:East Anatolian Fault
6532:Mediterranean Region
5532:United Arab Emirates
5292:Architecture of Asia
5142:Ottoman Architecture
4924:Penguin Random House
4425:on 27 September 2019
3666:on 13 September 2011
3607:on 13 September 2011
3559:on 13 September 2011
3155:on 13 September 2011
2743:on 13 September 2011
2505:has been suggested.
2451:unlicensed buildings
2443:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2439:2011 Van earthquakes
2378:Mistral Office Tower
2138:Kanyon Shopping Mall
2095:structural engineers
2093:When architects and
1897:(1969) in Istanbul.
1745:Emek Business Center
1404:Fascist architecture
1350:(1937) is a notable
1303:(1935) is a notable
1044:Mimar Kemaleddin Bey
1017:Mimar Kemaleddin Bey
961:in the same period.
892:Turkish Neoclassical
771:Ottoman architecture
674:is the 14th-century
664:Ottoman architecture
539:Fascist architecture
516:Ottoman architecture
504:Islamic architecture
376:World Heritage Sites
29:, an example of the
6864:Banking and Finance
6482:History of Anatolia
6379:War of Independence
6371:Republic of Türkiye
6268:Battle of Manzikert
5559:limited recognition
4658:2020SoEn..200...22C
3775:"Istanbul Sapphire"
3739:Wall Street Journal
3692:on 21 February 2014
3530:on 24 November 2022
3443:on 10 November 2011
3097:, pp. 605–606.
2945:, pp. 204–210.
2772:on 11 December 2011
2638:Architecture portal
2609:Diyarbakır Province
2583:refuse-derived fuel
2523:Buildings in Turkey
1718:International Style
1604:Istanbul University
1550:Clemens Holzmeister
1510:International Style
1498:Istanbul University
1392:Stripped Classicism
1386:Stripped Classicism
1281:Clemens Holzmeister
1265:Clemens Holzmeister
1255:(1937) designed by
1243:(1935) designed by
1210:Clemens Holzmeister
1208:, Franz Hillinger,
602:Roman constructions
584:is one of Turkey's
578:Kingdom of Pergamon
500:Seljuk architecture
356:Olympic appearances
285:and performing arts
102:History of Anatolia
6921:Telecommunications
6710:Court of Cassation
6411:Multi-party period
6320:Ottoman Old Regime
6241:Byzantine Anatolia
6236:Classical Anatolia
5221:. Reaktion Books.
5008:. 11 December 2023
4171:. 11 February 2023
4145:. 10 February 2023
3905:. 24 November 1999
3686:"Women Architects"
3382:Manfredi Nicoletti
3181:on 25 January 2014
2538:, and the city of
2503:Building with wood
2492:are vulnerable to
2091:
2060:
2020:and Yılmaz Sargın.
2014:Türkiye İş Bankası
1954:Hayati Tabanlıoğlu
1482:Ankara Opera House
1398:interpretation of
1354:design of its era.
1320:Ankara Opera House
1261:Court of Cassation
1218:Paolo Vietti-Violi
1124:Ankara Palas Hotel
1032:Tayyare Apartments
959:Alexander Vallaury
933:Italian architect
912:Tayyare Apartments
808:Süleymaniye Mosque
787:
780:Süleymaniye Mosque
705:
622:
476:Greco-Roman period
144:Diplomatic history
34:
23:Tayyare Apartments
7375:
7374:
7303:
7302:
6845:
6844:
6788:Foreign relations
6762:Political parties
6662:
6661:
6495:
6494:
6487:History of Thrace
6389:Atatürk's reforms
6280:Anatolian beyliks
6167:
6166:
5664:
5663:
5601:other territories
5191:978-0-7556-2512-3
5113:978-1-84564-506-9
5085:978-0-300-08869-4
4794:. Cementis GmbH.
4458:978-3-948393-00-7
4233:. 8 February 2023
4079:. 8 February 2023
4054:Sucuoğlu, Haluk.
3386:Raimondo D'Aronco
3309:on 3 January 2014
3122:978-0-19-530991-1
2895:978-0-19-105385-6
2844:978-1-4051-7935-5
2494:pancake collapses
2475:pancake collapses
2258:, Istanbul (2013)
2174:Istanbul Sapphire
2040:export-led growth
1907:Abdi İpekçi Arena
1787:Sedad Hakkı Eldem
1608:Sedad Hakkı Eldem
1530:Ankara University
1448:Sedad Hakkı Eldem
1412:Nazi architecture
1368:Ankara University
1269:Ankara University
935:Raimondo D'Aronco
806:in Istanbul, the
547:export-led growth
464:
463:
428:Turkey portal
107:History of Thrace
50:Culture of Turkey
7395:
7363:
7362:
7351:
7350:
7339:
7338:
7327:
7326:
7315:
7120:
7119:
7005:Cities and towns
6986:Turkish language
6941:Turkish Airlines
6757:Electoral system
6720:Council of State
6673:
6672:
6607:Waste management
6537:Black Sea Region
6515:
6506:
6505:
6460:Turkic migration
6406:One-party period
6275:Sultanate of Rum
6221:
6220:
6206:
6205:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6171:
6170:
5705:Sovereign states
5691:
5684:
5677:
5668:
5667:
5654:
5644:
5643:
5613:Christmas Island
5299:Sovereign states
5286:
5279:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5241:
5232:
5211:
5195:
5184:. I. B. Tauris.
5176:
5155:
5136:
5117:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5068:
5062:
5054:
5045:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4943:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4890:. Archived from
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4850:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4702:. 4 April 2020.
4692:
4686:
4685:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4587:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4336:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3398:
3389:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2967:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2915:
2900:
2899:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2793:, pp. x–xi.
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2679:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2567:carbon intensity
2389:
2374:
2358:
2348:Skyland İstanbul
2344:
2330:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2201:
2170:
2148:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2067:, among others.
2032:Süleyman Demirel
2009:
1989:
1970:Bosphorus Bridge
1965:
1942:
1918:
1867:1960 coup d'état
1849:
1834:
1814:
1798:
1775:
1674:
1650:
1639:Ahmet Orhan Arda
1623:
1600:
1589:Ertuğrul Menteşe
1576:
1561:
1541:
1525:
1370:was designed by
1363:
1339:
1316:
1292:
1220:, Werner Issel,
1202:Martin Elsaesser
1133:
1121:
1102:
1079:
1062:Headquarters in
1055:
1028:
1005:
993:
970:
955:Vienna Secession
902:(1888–1982) and
885:Mimar Kemaleddin
883:(1873–1942) and
847:Mimar Kemaleddin
839:Dolmabaçe Palace
741:stonework (e.g.
636:Byzantine Empire
616:Interior of the
523:Turkish republic
480:Byzantine period
456:
449:
442:
426:
425:
424:
154:Cultural history
139:Military history
134:Economic history
80:Turkic migration
61:
52:
36:
35:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7299:
7118:
7114:Women in Turkey
7082:Law enforcement
7036:
7032:Life expectancy
6998:Islam in Turkey
6952:
6841:
6803:National Police
6771:
6726:
6658:
6649:Turkish Riviera
6556:
6513:
6512:
6491:
6448:
6415:
6394:Language reform
6365:
6284:
6245:
6210:
6200:
6198:
6168:
6163:
6067:
6021:
6007:Northern Cyprus
5980:
5877:North Macedonia
5700:
5695:
5665:
5660:
5632:
5600:
5591:
5572:Northern Cyprus
5558:
5551:
5293:
5290:
5248:
5229:
5202:
5200:Further reading
5192:
5173:
5152:
5133:
5125:. h.f.ullmann.
5114:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5056:
5055:
5042:
5026:
5021:
5011:
5009:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4931:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4894:on 28 July 2018
4882:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4574:(in Croatian).
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4459:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4322:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4288:BBC News Türkçe
4282:
4281:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4192:
4191:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4106:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4052:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4004:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3934:. 27 March 2018
3926:
3925:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3830:
3820:
3813:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3627:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3399:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3335:on 21 July 2012
3327:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3239:on 16 June 2012
3236:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3207:on 17 June 2013
3199:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2916:
2903:
2896:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2597:earthquake risk
2519:
2511:
2441:Prime Minister
2403:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2361:Le Méridien in
2359:
2350:
2345:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2307:
2304:
2295:
2292:
2283:
2280:
2271:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2241:
2232:
2229:
2220:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2171:
2162:
2154:(1995–2000) in
2149:
2140:
2135:
2126:
2123:
2114:
2111:
2089:
2073:
2028:
2026:1980s and 1990s
2021:
2010:
2001:
1990:
1981:
1974:Gilbert Roberts
1966:
1957:
1943:
1934:
1919:
1871:economic crises
1863:
1861:1960s and 1970s
1856:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1815:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1776:
1733:Turgut Cansever
1714:Turgut Cansever
1710:
1700:
1693:
1675:
1666:
1651:
1642:
1635:Emin Halid Onat
1624:
1615:
1612:Emin Halid Onat
1601:
1592:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1553:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1492:(1946–47); the
1452:Emin Halid Onat
1388:
1382:
1375:
1364:
1355:
1340:
1331:
1317:
1308:
1293:
1164:(1935) and the
1154:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1094:
1080:
1071:
1056:
1047:
1029:
1020:
1006:
997:
994:
985:
971:
865:
859:
812:Selimiye Mosque
773:
767:
751:Karatay Medrese
743:Alâeddin Mosque
733:Divriği complex
690:
684:
628:
610:
570:
560:
558:Greco-Roman era
555:
460:
422:
420:
413:
412:
403:National anthem
393:
392:
381:
380:
371:
370:
361:
360:
341:
340:
329:
328:
309:
308:
297:
296:
287:
286:
253:
252:
243:Public holidays
238:
237:
203:
202:
183:
182:
171:
170:
169:
168:
159:Genetic history
73:
72:
48:
12:
11:
5:
7401:
7391:
7390:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7357:
7345:
7333:
7321:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7231:Radio stations
7228:
7223:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7062:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6966:Turkish people
6962:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6931:Transportation
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6817:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6736:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6639:National parks
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6573:Climate change
6564:
6562:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6522:Marmara Region
6518:
6516:
6514:(west to east)
6503:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6429:
6427:Constitutional
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6386:
6381:
6375:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6315:Transformation
6312:
6311:
6310:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6290:Ottoman Empire
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6259:
6257:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6227:
6225:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6174:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6104:Pre-Romanesque
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5954:United Kingdom
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5767:Czech Republic
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5247:
5246:External links
5244:
5243:
5242:
5233:
5227:
5212:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5177:
5171:
5156:
5150:
5137:
5131:
5118:
5112:
5097:
5084:
5069:
5046:
5040:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:
4993:
4962:
4929:
4905:
4875:
4837:
4812:
4780:
4753:
4736:
4717:
4687:
4632:
4607:
4578:(8): 647–659.
4558:
4543:(in Turkish).
4528:
4503:
4476:
4457:
4436:
4404:
4378:
4331:
4320:
4301:
4275:
4258:
4244:
4218:
4182:
4156:
4130:
4090:
4061:
4046:
4032:
3995:
3962:
3945:
3916:
3890:
3854:
3811:
3788:
3766:
3751:
3725:
3703:
3677:
3648:
3618:
3592:
3570:
3541:
3524:dunyabizim.com
3511:
3486:
3475:on 3 June 2013
3454:
3428:
3409:(6): 731–770.
3390:
3388:, Milano 1955.
3374:
3346:
3320:
3303:"Bebek Mosque"
3294:
3272:
3250:
3218:
3192:
3166:
3140:
3138:, p. 393.
3128:
3121:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3044:
3023:
3021:, p. 241.
3011:
3009:, p. 371.
2999:
2997:, p. 264.
2987:
2980:
2959:
2957:, p. 234.
2947:
2935:
2928:
2901:
2894:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2843:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2754:
2723:
2696:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2625:
2622:
2579:petroleum coke
2548:passive houses
2520:
2512:
2510:
2509:Climate change
2507:
2423:earthquake tax
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2321:Folkart Towers
2317:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2105:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2044:prefabrication
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1931:Metin Hepgüler
1920:
1913:
1865:Following the
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1777:
1770:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1690:İsmail Utkular
1686:Doğan Erginbaş
1680:, designed by
1676:
1669:
1667:
1663:İsmail Utkular
1655:Doğan Erginbaş
1652:
1645:
1643:
1633:, designed by
1625:
1618:
1616:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1587:, designed by
1578:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1486:Şevki Balmumcu
1484:, designed by
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1324:Şevki Balmumcu
1322:, designed by
1318:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1287:
1222:Hermann Jansen
1194:Rudolf Belling
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1089:, designed by
1081:
1074:
1072:
1068:Giulio Mongeri
1066:, designed by
1057:
1050:
1048:
1042:, designed by
1030:
1023:
1021:
1015:, designed by
1007:
1000:
998:
995:
988:
986:
980:, designed by
972:
965:
904:Giulio Mongeri
861:Main article:
858:
855:
804:Şehzade Mosque
769:Main article:
766:
763:
735:), occasional
696:Portal of the
686:Main article:
683:
680:
642:, present-day
640:Constantinople
624:Main article:
609:
606:
559:
556:
554:
553:Pre-modern era
551:
512:Ottoman Empire
488:Constantinople
462:
461:
459:
458:
451:
444:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:
415:
414:
411:
410:
405:
400:
394:
388:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
372:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
348:
342:
336:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
316:
310:
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
288:
281:
280:
279:
276:
275:
269:
268:
262:
261:
255:
254:
251:
250:
245:
239:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
223:
222:
212:
211:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
188:Turkish people
184:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
88:
87:
76:
75:
74:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
45:
44:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7400:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7368:
7367:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7306:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6955:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6602:Air pollution
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6527:Aegean Region
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6472:Turkification
6470:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6303:Classical Age
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6263:Seljuk Empire
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6204:
6195:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6114:Romano-Gothic
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6089:Ancient Roman
6087:
6085:
6084:Ancient Greek
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:Faroe Islands
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:South Ossetia
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:Liechtenstein
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5687:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5582:South Ossetia
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5545:
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5535:
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5528:
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5523:
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5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5228:9781861899798
5224:
5220:
5219:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5172:9780691181875
5168:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5151:9781851496044
5147:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5132:9783848003808
5128:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5106:. WIT Press.
5105:
5104:
5098:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5052:
5051:Byzantine Art
5047:
5043:
5041:9780714124414
5037:
5033:
5032:Iznik Pottery
5028:
5027:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4841:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4817:
4797:
4790:
4784:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4746:
4745:"Turkey 2020"
4740:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4248:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:The Economist
4195:
4189:
4187:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4126:
4120:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:The Economist
3972:
3966:
3955:
3949:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3904:
3903:reliefweb.int
3900:
3894:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:The Economist
3867:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3776:
3770:
3762:
3755:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3713:
3707:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3580:
3574:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3496:
3490:
3471:
3464:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3282:
3276:
3260:
3254:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3061:, p. 75.
3060:
3059:Carswell 2006
3055:
3047:
3045:9780195309911
3041:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2981:9780195309911
2977:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2929:9780195309911
2925:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2872:, p. 37.
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2805:, p. xi.
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2618:
2617:rooftop solar
2615:suggest that
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:Unreinforced
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:Bülent Ecevit
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2065:Kaya Arıkoğlu
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:Taksim Square
1988:
1983:
1979:
1978:William Brown
1975:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:Taksim Square
1947:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:Behruz Çinici
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
999:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
969:
964:
963:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:Abdülhamid II
936:
931:
929:
926:(1925–1928),
925:
922:(1927–1930),
921:
918:(1911–1926),
917:
914:(1919–1922),
913:
910:(1905–1909),
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
864:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
785:
781:
777:
772:
762:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
725:stone carving
721:
717:
713:
709:
703:
699:
694:
689:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
627:
619:
614:
608:Byzantine era
605:
603:
599:
598:Mediterranean
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
569:
565:
550:
548:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:(present-day
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
457:
452:
450:
445:
443:
438:
437:
435:
434:
429:
419:
418:
417:
416:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
385:
384:
377:
374:
373:
365:
364:
357:
354:
352:
351:Oil wrestling
349:
347:
344:
343:
339:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
307:
301:
300:
293:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
274:
271:
270:
267:
264:
263:
260:
257:
256:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
232:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
206:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
181:
175:
174:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
92:Turkification
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
71:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
7364:
7352:
7340:
7328:
7316:
7201:Illumination
7137:Architecture
7136:
7065:Human rights
7053:Universities
6971:Ethnic Kurds
6958:Demographics
6869:Construction
6159:Contemporary
6139:Neoclassical
6017:Transnistria
5976:Vatican City
5943:
5597:Dependencies
5527:Turkmenistan
5521:
5492:Saudi Arabia
5237:
5217:
5207:
5181:
5161:
5141:
5122:
5102:
5089:. Retrieved
5074:
5050:
5031:
5024:Bibliography
5010:. Retrieved
5005:
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4975:
4965:
4953:. Retrieved
4932:
4918:
4908:
4898:17 September
4896:. Retrieved
4892:the original
4878:
4868:15 September
4866:. Retrieved
4852:
4840:
4829:
4824:
4803:. Retrieved
4783:
4771:. Retrieved
4765:
4756:
4739:
4730:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4699:
4690:
4649:
4646:Solar Energy
4645:
4635:
4623:. Retrieved
4620:ResearchGate
4619:
4610:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4549:. Retrieved
4540:
4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4515:
4506:
4494:. Retrieved
4488:
4479:
4469:30 September
4467:. Retrieved
4448:
4439:
4429:27 September
4427:. Retrieved
4423:the original
4416:
4407:
4381:
4348:
4344:
4334:
4323:
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4287:
4278:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4230:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4197:
4173:. Retrieved
4168:
4159:
4147:. Retrieved
4142:
4133:
4107:. Retrieved
4103:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4076:
4049:
4035:
4023:. Retrieved
4012:The Guardian
4011:
3986:. Retrieved
3974:
3965:
3948:
3936:. Retrieved
3931:
3907:. Retrieved
3902:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3869:
3831:. Retrieved
3827:
3803:
3779:. Retrieved
3769:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3738:
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3690:the original
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3664:the original
3639:. Retrieved
3634:
3609:. Retrieved
3605:the original
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3573:
3561:. Retrieved
3557:the original
3532:. Retrieved
3528:the original
3523:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3470:the original
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3431:
3406:
3402:
3385:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3337:. Retrieved
3333:the original
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3307:the original
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3253:
3241:. Retrieved
3234:the original
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:the original
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3179:the original
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3153:the original
3143:
3131:
3112:
3109:"Kemalettin"
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3035:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2971:
2950:
2943:Cormack 2000
2938:
2919:
2884:
2877:
2870:Cormack 2000
2865:
2858:Cormack 2000
2853:
2817:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:the original
2745:. Retrieved
2741:the original
2714:. Retrieved
2687:. Retrieved
2611:. Thinktank
2564:
2560:
2552:
2521:
2498:Retrofitting
2483:
2464:
2455:
2437:. After the
2415:seismic code
2404:
2256:Zorlu Center
2092:
2071:21st century
2061:
2048:curtain wall
2029:
1923:Doğan Tekeli
1899:
1878:
1864:
1823:Rolf Gutbrod
1751:
1749:
1731:designed by
1726:
1711:
1479:
1460:
1435:
1427:
1422:(Italy) and
1389:
1344:Şekip Akalın
1342:Designed by
1295:Designed by
1271:designed by
1257:Şekip Akalın
1234:
1230:Josef Thorak
1155:
1112:(1925-1928).
1093:(1927–1930).
1070:(1925–1929).
1046:(1919–1922).
1019:(1911–1926).
984:(1905–1909).
932:
928:Bebek Mosque
895:
891:
876:
868:
866:
820:
788:
755:
736:
706:
676:Chora Church
654:, a massive
652:Hagia Sophia
632:Roman Empire
629:
618:Hagia Sophia
571:
543:
520:
496:Seljuk Turks
484:Hagia Sophia
467:
465:
193:Ethnic Kurds
164:LGBT history
122:Christianity
15:
7354:WikiProject
7285:Video games
7077:Individuals
7070:LGBT rights
7060:Health care
7027:Immigration
6808:Gendarmerie
6767:Referendums
6683:Legislative
6580:Earthquakes
6465:Oghuz Turks
6354:Dissolution
6129:Renaissance
6058:Isle of Man
5939:Switzerland
5872:Netherlands
5656:Asia portal
5557:States with
5477:Philippines
5417:South Korea
5412:North Korea
5307:Afghanistan
5012:28 December
4294:13 February
4211:10 February
4175:12 February
4149:12 February
3909:11 February
3883:13 February
3833:11 February
3696:10 December
3243:27 February
3136:Freely 2011
3083:Rüstem 2019
2401:Earthquakes
2204:Skyline of
2036:Turgut Özal
1875:Rationalism
1803:Nevzat Erol
1722:Rationalism
1682:Feridun Kip
1514:Rationalism
1490:Paul Bonatz
1461:Like their
1328:Paul Bonatz
1297:Seyfi Arkan
1245:Seyfi Arkan
1214:Henri Prost
1206:Anton Hanak
1198:Paul Bonatz
1182:Switzerland
1060:Ziraat Bank
951:Art Nouveau
816:Iznik tiles
800:Mimar Sinan
784:Mimar Sinan
660:Justinian I
85:Oghuz Turks
7226:Newspapers
7211:Literature
7191:Folk dance
7092:Corruption
6976:Minorities
6904:Renewables
6859:Automotive
6668:Government
6399:Secularism
6154:Postmodern
6144:Revivalism
6109:Romanesque
5867:Montenegro
5847:Luxembourg
5827:Kazakhstan
5732:Azerbaijan
5537:Uzbekistan
5512:Tajikistan
5427:Kyrgyzstan
5407:Kazakhstan
5327:Bangladesh
5317:Azerbaijan
4914:Bill Gates
4572:Građevinar
4490:World Bank
4389:(Report).
4351:: 130691.
4313:(Report).
4237:9 February
4109:9 February
4083:8 February
4025:8 February
3988:8 February
3938:6 February
3781:2 February
3744:2 February
3718:2 February
3670:22 January
3641:2 February
3611:22 January
3585:21 January
3563:21 January
3504:5 February
3479:5 February
3447:2 February
3367:2 February
3339:2 February
3313:2 February
3287:2 February
3265:2 February
3211:2 February
3185:20 January
3159:20 January
3095:Kuban 2010
3071:Kuban 2010
2835:1808/11108
2776:22 January
2747:21 January
2716:2 February
2689:20 January
2662:References
2555:heat pumps
2435:corruption
2365:, Istanbul
2080:A view of
2018:Ayhan Böke
1998:Fatin Uran
1948:(1969) on
1702:See also:
1692:(1954–60).
1659:Ömer Güney
1641:(1944–53).
1614:(1944–52).
1591:(1944–46).
1424:Holy Roman
1384:See also:
1372:Bruno Taut
1330:(1946–47).
1275:; and the
1273:Bruno Taut
1226:Bruno Taut
1146:See also:
947:Revivalism
727:(e.g. the
668:mosaic art
319:Television
273:Literature
198:Minorities
7280:TV series
7238:Miniature
7181:Festivals
7097:Terrorism
7048:Education
6981:Languages
6825:Air Force
6740:Elections
6688:Executive
6634:Mountains
6501:Geography
6420:Overviews
6359:Partition
6325:Tulip era
6094:Byzantine
6079:Neolithic
6043:Gibraltar
5842:Lithuania
5623:Hong Kong
5577:Palestine
5502:Sri Lanka
5497:Singapore
5377:Indonesia
5059:cite book
4773:23 August
4682:127200801
4674:0038-092X
4652:: 22–28.
4625:25 August
4602:252447067
4594:0350-2465
4521:6 October
4399:1999-0480
4373:246561830
4365:0959-6526
4206:0013-0613
4020:0261-3077
3983:0013-0613
3878:0013-0613
3423:144989288
2667:Citations
2601:salt dome
2540:Eskişehir
1927:Sami Sisa
1627:Anıtkabir
1502:Anıtkabir
982:Vedat Tek
881:Vedat Tek
851:Vedat Tek
833:produced
712:Byzantine
369:Monuments
248:Festivals
236:Festivals
216:Mythology
209:Languages
7382:Category
7330:Category
7268:Football
7253:Painting
7196:Folklore
7104:Marriage
7010:Istanbul
6993:Religion
6946:Railways
6936:Aviation
6874:Currency
6732:Politics
6700:Judicial
6676:Branches
6654:Wildlife
6444:Military
6432:Economic
6337:Tanzimat
6063:Svalbard
6048:Guernsey
5992:Abkhazia
5964:Scotland
5924:Slovenia
5919:Slovakia
5899:Portugal
5752:Bulgaria
5646:Category
5567:Abkhazia
5517:Thailand
5472:Pakistan
5452:Mongolia
5447:Maldives
5442:Malaysia
5342:Cambodia
5091:17 March
4980:Archived
4955:30 April
4946:Archived
4916:(2021).
4888:McKinsey
4859:Archived
4805:21 March
4796:Archived
4710:29 April
4704:Archived
4545:Archived
4463:Archived
4393:. 2021.
4231:BBC News
4169:BBC News
4119:cite web
4077:BBC News
3843:cite web
2624:See also
2605:Lake Tuz
2431:builders
2380:in İzmir
2182:Istanbul
2160:Istanbul
2086:Istanbul
1909:(1979).
1854:Büyükada
1729:Büyükada
1352:Art Deco
1249:Art Deco
1166:Art Deco
1152:Art Deco
1040:Istanbul
943:Istanbul
835:eclectic
747:tilework
731:and the
720:Georgian
716:Armenian
702:Anatolia
644:Istanbul
582:Pergamon
508:Anatolia
492:Istanbul
346:Football
259:Religion
220:folklore
112:Religion
41:a series
39:Part of
27:Istanbul
7366:Outline
7342:Commons
7275:Theater
7258:Pottery
7174:Ottoman
7169:Cuisine
7147:Ottoman
7124:Culture
7109:Poverty
7041:Society
6926:Tourism
6879:Defense
6851:Economy
6693:Cabinet
6624:Geology
6568:Climate
6510:Regions
6437:Ottoman
6255:Beyliks
6251:Seljuks
6216:History
6134:Baroque
6124:Ottoman
6099:Moorish
6072:History
5959:England
5949:Ukraine
5904:Romania
5892:Silesia
5857:Moldova
5817:Ireland
5812:Iceland
5807:Hungary
5797:Germany
5792:Georgia
5782:Finland
5777:Estonia
5772:Denmark
5757:Croatia
5742:Belgium
5737:Belarus
5727:Austria
5722:Armenia
5717:Andorra
5712:Albania
5542:Vietnam
5457:Myanmar
5437:Lebanon
5367:Georgia
5322:Bahrain
5312:Armenia
4986:17 June
4654:Bibcode
4551:7 March
4496:10 June
4418:Reuters
4143:AP NEWS
2587:biomass
2571:clinker
2534:at the
2486:masonry
1665:(1945).
1581:Halkevi
1444:Austria
1440:Germany
1432:Turkish
1416:Germany
1305:Bauhaus
1237:Bauhaus
1178:Austria
1174:Germany
1158:Bauhaus
1148:Bauhaus
1013:Eminönü
978:Sirkeci
873:Turkish
831:Balyans
758:Beyliks
590:Ephesus
535:Austria
531:Germany
408:Emblems
390:Symbols
292:Theatre
227:Cuisine
127:Judaism
70:History
7318:Portal
7263:Sports
7164:Cinema
7159:Carpet
7142:Seljuk
7132:Anthem
7015:Ankara
6884:Energy
6776:Topics
6644:Rivers
6561:Topics
6453:Topics
6208:Turkey
6149:Modern
6119:Gothic
6053:Jersey
5997:Kosovo
5944:Turkey
5934:Sweden
5914:Serbia
5909:Russia
5887:Poland
5882:Norway
5862:Monaco
5832:Latvia
5802:Greece
5787:France
5762:Cyprus
5587:Taiwan
5522:Turkey
5487:Russia
5422:Kuwait
5402:Jordan
5392:Israel
5352:Cyprus
5337:Brunei
5332:Bhutan
5225:
5188:
5169:
5148:
5129:
5110:
5082:
5038:
4680:
4672:
4600:
4592:
4455:
4397:
4371:
4363:
4204:
4018:
3981:
3876:
3534:4 June
3421:
3119:
3042:
2978:
2926:
2892:
2841:
2607:or in
2447:zoning
2395:(2016)
2363:Etiler
2190:Europe
2186:Turkey
2178:Levent
2156:Levent
2082:Maslak
1893:) and
1631:Ankara
1585:Mersin
1467:facade
1396:modern
1259:; the
1251:style
1247:; the
1239:style
1190:Ankara
1186:France
1168:style
1160:style
1087:Ankara
1064:Ankara
1058:First
1036:Laleli
749:(e.g.
718:, and
594:Sardis
574:Aegean
510:. The
502:mixed
324:Cinema
180:People
43:on the
7248:Names
7243:Music
7216:Media
7087:Crime
7020:İzmir
6629:Lakes
6614:Fauna
6033:Åland
5969:Wales
5929:Spain
5852:Malta
5822:Italy
5628:Macau
5547:Yemen
5507:Syria
5482:Qatar
5462:Nepal
5397:Japan
5372:India
5362:Egypt
5347:China
5006:Ember
4949:(PDF)
4942:(PDF)
4862:(PDF)
4849:(PDF)
4799:(PDF)
4792:(PDF)
4748:(PDF)
4678:S2CID
4598:S2CID
4449:REN21
4369:S2CID
3957:(PDF)
3498:(PDF)
3473:(PDF)
3466:(PDF)
3419:S2CID
3361:(PDF)
3237:(PDF)
3230:(PDF)
2613:Ember
2603:near
2459:rebar
2319:İzmir
2206:Bursa
1420:Roman
1408:Italy
738:ablaq
656:domed
338:Sport
314:Radio
306:Media
283:Music
117:Islam
7290:Wine
7186:Flag
6889:Coal
6835:Navy
6830:Land
6298:Rise
6253:and
5467:Oman
5432:Laos
5387:Iraq
5382:Iran
5223:ISBN
5186:ISBN
5167:ISBN
5146:ISBN
5127:ISBN
5108:ISBN
5093:2013
5080:ISBN
5065:link
5036:ISBN
5014:2023
4988:2019
4957:2019
4900:2018
4870:2019
4807:2019
4775:2021
4712:2020
4670:ISSN
4627:2021
4590:ISSN
4553:2021
4523:2021
4498:2021
4471:2020
4453:ISBN
4431:2019
4395:ISSN
4391:OECD
4361:ISSN
4296:2023
4239:2023
4213:2023
4202:ISSN
4177:2023
4151:2023
4125:link
4111:2023
4085:2023
4027:2023
4016:ISSN
3990:2023
3979:ISSN
3940:2023
3911:2023
3885:2023
3874:ISSN
3849:link
3835:2023
3783:2012
3746:2012
3720:2012
3698:2013
3672:2012
3643:2012
3613:2012
3587:2012
3565:2012
3536:2023
3506:2012
3481:2012
3449:2012
3369:2012
3341:2012
3315:2012
3289:2012
3267:2012
3245:2013
3213:2012
3187:2012
3161:2012
3117:ISBN
3040:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2890:ISBN
2839:ISBN
2778:2012
2749:2012
2718:2012
2691:2012
2585:and
2184:and
2046:and
1976:and
1968:The
1929:and
1821:and
1785:and
1720:and
1706:and
1688:and
1661:and
1637:and
1610:and
1579:The
1544:The
1512:and
1442:and
1410:and
1390:The
1228:and
1184:and
1156:The
1150:and
953:and
867:The
849:and
789:The
753:).
592:and
566:and
533:and
466:The
398:Flag
218:and
7154:Art
6899:Oil
6894:Gas
5599:and
4662:doi
4650:200
4580:doi
4516:IMF
4353:doi
4349:340
4104:CNN
3828:CNN
3805:NPR
3411:doi
2831:hdl
2823:doi
2176:in
1881:),
1819:AHE
1783:SOM
1762:in
1629:in
1583:in
1414:in
1406:in
1085:in
1034:in
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