4662:
3337:
2357:
74:
4565:
8320:
7199:
4638:
1270:
25:
4650:
4356:
Tone markers act as "modifiers" of vowel diacritics. In simpler words, they are "diacritics for the diacritics". They are written "outside" of the word, meaning that they are written above the vowel diacritic if the diacritic is written above the word, and they are written below the diacritic if the
295:—vowel guides and consonant length. It is however not uncommon for authors to add diacritics to a word or letter when the grammatical case or the meaning is deemed otherwise ambiguous. In addition, classical works and historic documents rendered to the general public are often rendered with the full
423:
are used in ordinary texts in individual words when an ambiguity of pronunciation cannot easily be resolved from context alone. Arabic dictionaries with vowel marks provide information about the correct pronunciation to both native and foreign Arabic speakers. In art and
4589:(2) and (3) 9th–10th century under Abbasid dynasty, Abu al-Aswad's system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel; later, a second black-dot system was used to differentiate between letters like
2043:
for more details. In many spoken Arabic dialects, the endings are absent. Many Arabic textbooks introduce standard Arabic without these endings. The grammatical endings may not be written in some vocalized Arabic texts, as knowledge of
2583:
4960:
Anatole Lyovin, Brett
Kessler, William Ronald Leben, "An Introduction to the Languages of the World", "5.6 Sketch of Modern Standard Arabic", Oxford University Press, 2017, pg. 255, Edition 2, specifically “5.6.2.2
4357:
diacritic is written below the word. They are only ever written where there are vowel diacritics. This is important to note, as without the diacritic present, there is no way to distinguish between tone markers and
1639:
It occurs only in the beginning of words, but it can occur after prepositions and the definite article. It is commonly found in imperative verbs, the perfective aspect of verb stems VII to X and their
4717:
However, the early manuscripts of the Qur'an did not use the vowel signs for every letter requiring them, but only for letters where they were necessary for a correct reading.
4743:
had been introduced by then, which, while they were short strokes rather than the round dots seen today, meant that without a color distinction the two could become confused.
3205:
Diacritics not used in Modern
Standard Arabic but in other languages that use the Arabic script, and sometimes to write Arabic dialects, include (the list is not exhaustive):
4677:
Abu al-Aswad's system of
Harakat was different from the system we know today. The system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel.
4623:
for the task. Abu al-Aswad devised a system of dots to signal the three short vowels (along with their respective allophones) of Arabic. This system of dots predates the
964:
is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short /u/ (as in "duke", shorter "you") and its allophones (as in "put", or "bull"). For example:
4349:
are 3 tone markers which are part of the standardized and accepted orthographic convention of
Rohingya. It remains the only known instance of tone markers within the
4778:
The process of automatically restoring diacritical marks is called diacritization or diacritic restoration. It is useful to avoid ambiguity in applications such as
4607:(4) 11th century, in al-Farāhídi's system (system we know today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels.
4341:
adopted for writing various languages of
Western Africa. However, the Arabic script never had an inherent way of representing tones until it was adapted for the
1166:
occurs in only a few words, but they include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger
4951:
Karin C. Ryding, "A Reference
Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic", Cambridge University Press, 2005, pgs. 25-34, specifically “Chapter 2, Section 4: Vowels”
746:. A similar "back" quality is undergone by other vowels as well in the presence of such consonants, however not as drastically realized as in the case of
4661:
7235:
5092:"Technical Practices and Recommendations Recorded by Classical and Post-Classical Arabic Scholars Concerning the Copying and Correction of Manuscripts"
5023:
4754:
with small superscript letters: small alif, yā’, and wāw for the short vowels corresponding to the long vowels written with those letters, a small
338:) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
349:(or short vowels). However, they are commonly used in texts that demand strict adherence to exact pronunciation. This is true, primarily, of the
188:
2287:(consonant doubling or extra length), which is phonemic in Arabic. It is written above the consonant which is to be doubled. It is the only
726:/), the standard also allows for variations, especially under certain surrounding conditions. Usually, in order to have the more central (/
742:
111:(in blue)—which is used in the Qur'an but not in most written Arabic—indicate short vowels, long consonants, and some other vocalizations.
2979:
If the glottal stop occurs at the end of the word (ignoring any grammatical suffixes), if it follows a short vowel it is written above
7628:
5604:
1729:
Like the superscript alif, it is not written in fully vocalized scripts, except for sacred texts, like the Quran and
Arabized Bible.
5288:
5334:
322:
is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of
1636:
has a kasrah, the alif-waslah makes the sound /i/. However, when the second letter from it has a dammah, it makes the sound /u/.
5253:
5091:
670:(close to the sound of "a" in the English word "dad", with an open front vowel /æː/, not back /ɑː/ as in "father"). For example:
5103:
Les manuscrits du Moyen-Orient: essais de codicologie et de paléographie. Actes du colloque d'Istanbul (Istanbul 26–29 mai 1986)
3323:. Often used in Iraq to represent the /g/ sound to write foreign words in Arabic script, while in Morocco the variant ݣ is seen.
7228:
5655:
5387:
5074:
8020:
8301:
5404:
4735:
found that the task of writing using two different colours was tedious and impractical. Another complication was that the
4970:
Amine
Bouchentouf, Arabic For Dummies®, John Wiley & Sons, 2018, 3rd Edition, specifically section "All About Vowels"
181:
5507:
Thompson, Brian; Alshehri, Ali (2021-09-28). "Improving Arabic
Diacritization by Learning to Diacritize and Translate".
2466:, and later consonant pointing was introduced, as thin, short black single or multiple dashes placed above or below the
1770:
It is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic. For example:
6198:
5120:
1979:
The three vowel diacritics may be doubled at the end of a word to indicate that the vowel is followed by the consonant
1291:
8350:
7221:
5033:
1317:
60:
1940:), particularly in some Qurans. Other shapes may exist as well (for example, like a small comma above ⟨ʼ⟩ or like a
1299:
5230:
2582:
8075:
6845:
5574:
Alexis Neme and Sébastien
Paumier (2019), "Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup",
1848:
291:—consonant pointing, but only religious texts, children's books and works for learners are written with the full
6372:
5638:
3003:
the same as for a medial case; otherwise on the line (i.e. if it follows a long vowel, diphthong or consonant).
1295:
412:
174:
135:
6820:
5597:
4077:
3534:
4300:
Special diacritics usually found only in dictionaries for clarification of irregular pronunciation include
2713:
that became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of
8355:
8133:
6137:
5688:
489:
as a phonetic guide to make learning reading Arabic easier. The other method used in textbooks is phonetic
5039:
4553:
4488:
4423:
4235:
3309:
3184:
3171:
3158:
3145:
3141:
3128:
3099:
3086:
3073:
3038:
3015:
2943:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2609:-shaped diacritic above, also a superscript semicircle (crescent), a subscript dot (except in the case of
2435:
2422:
2309:
2026:
1897:
1851:
1463:
1418:
1406:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1106:
1042:
1022:
1009:
974:
917:
895:
882:
847:
834:
712:
698:
680:
667:
634:
611:
589:
4803:
8287:
8345:
7459:
6781:
6260:
4779:
4066:
2801:), often stands as a separate letter in writing, is written in unpointed texts and is not considered a
1630:). This is because no Arabic word can start with a vowel-less consonant: If the second letter from the
287:
is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. Modern Arabic is always written with the
8010:
1429:
s are never used in the Arabic orthography. Instead, this sequence must always be written as a single
6534:
6524:
6501:
5528:
Masmoudi, Abir; Aloulou, Chafik; Abdellahi, Abdel Ghader Sidi; Belguith, Lamia Hadrich (2021-08-08).
4620:
4275:
4075:
4064:
4027:
4025:
3532:
3517:
3390:
3388:
3359:
3316:
722:
Although paired with a plain letter creates an open front vowel (/a/), often realized as near-open (/
501:/diacritics) are sought after by learners of Arabic. Some online bilingual dictionaries also provide
35:
8360:
7202:
7110:
6592:
5590:
1280:
3102:("mother"). All three of above words "begin" with a vowel opening the syllable, and in each case,
532:, which literally means 'motions', are the short vowel marks. There is some ambiguity as to which
299:, to compensate for the gap in understanding resulting from stylistic changes over the centuries.
6357:
6300:
5703:
3879:
3737:
1284:
157:
6659:
1670:
To replace the elided hamza whose alif-seat has assimilated to the previous vowel. For example:
8058:
6465:
6425:
6350:
6345:
6109:
5645:
4791:
4329:
Historically Arabic script has been adopted and used by many tonal languages, examples include
3380:
2849:
If the glottal stop occurs at the beginning of the word, it is always indicated by hamza on an
2018:
734:/) pronunciation, the word features a nearby back consonant, such as the emphatics, as well as
490:
140:
5452:"Automatic Methods and Neural Networks in Arabic Texts Diacritization: A Comprehensive Survey"
5277:
5062:
8080:
7546:
7371:
7191:
7024:
6976:
6786:
6768:
6761:
6751:
6746:
6738:
6558:
6293:
6265:
6255:
6059:
5683:
5098:
4787:
4584:
3336:
2718:
1945:
1763:). It indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel, i.e.,
7542:
3953:
7379:
6927:
6687:
6607:
6087:
5463:
4637:
4047:
4009:
3318:
2556:
42:
8070:
5728:
5359:
5216:
5115:
Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press.
4921:
4905:
4867:
4849:
4831:
4748:
4737:
4728:
4707:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4625:
4599:
4591:
3189:
3104:
3043:
3021:
3008:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2958:
2948:
2923:
2915:
2905:
2882:
2874:
2851:
2839:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2803:
2791:
2573:
2565:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2516:
2501:
2487:
2476:
2460:
2451:
2404:
2396:
2374:
2366:
2331:
2314:
2289:
2270:
2249:
2202:
2188:
2174:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2129:
2100:
2080:
2047:
2036:
2007:
1991:
1984:
1947:
1920:
1911:
1884:
1874:
1856:
1841:
1828:
1820:
1801:
1793:
1782:
1742:
1719:
1705:
1693:
In hamza-initial imperative forms following a vowel, especially following the conjunction
1684:
1657:
1645:
1631:
1606:
1588:
1580:
1563:
1546:
1537:
1519:
1502:
1485:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1381:
1338:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1168:
1160:
1149:
1131:
1112:
1099:
1080:
1047:
1035:
1027:
1000:
982:
949:
930:
922:
909:
900:
874:
855:
818:
756:
747:
685:
659:
641:
617:
594:
569:
550:
542:
534:
521:
503:
495:
483:
471:
430:
417:
405:
397:
376:
364:
343:
332:
324:
316:
281:
262:
239:
225:
211:
8:
8324:
7421:
7273:
6986:
6796:
6669:
6492:
6043:
5957:
5894:
4811:
3248:
2606:
2054:
varies from country to country, and there is a trend towards simplifying Arabic grammar.
275:, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and
5885:
5467:
5323:
4983:
2402:) are the diacritic points that distinguish various consonants that have the same form (
7643:
7504:
7375:
7154:
6840:
6756:
6553:
6478:
6217:
6203:
5557:
5508:
5489:
5432:
5247:
5001:
4549:
4484:
4419:
4277:
4271:
2680:
2449:
did not use diacritics either for vowels or to distinguish the different values of the
1764:
6223:
6020:
6002:
5795:
1666:
It occurs in phrases and sentences (connected speech, not isolated/dictionary forms):
1358:
8219:
8015:
6901:
6574:
6514:
6277:
6169:
6080:
5561:
5549:
5493:
5481:
5424:
5383:
5226:
5116:
5070:
5029:
4891:
4342:
3651:
3519:
3506:
3361:
3253:
2458:
Vowel pointing was introduced first, as a red dot placed above, below, or beside the
2029:
only). In a vocalised text, they may be written even if they are not pronounced (see
1475:
73:
6654:
6184:
6011:
5436:
4770:(short consonant; no longer used). His system is essentially the one we know today.
2601:
was optional, unpointed letters were ambiguous. To clarify that a letter would lack
2356:
8005:
7614:
7561:
7474:
6922:
6720:
6701:
6664:
6543:
6473:
6416:
6328:
6174:
6159:
6104:
6066:
5770:
5713:
5673:
5541:
5471:
5416:
5163:
4795:
4727:
4334:
3275:
3266:
2552:
2022:
276:
7064:
6401:
4508:
as it is called in Rohingya, is a fish-like looping line that is placed on top of
1640:
1105:), is written as short vertical stroke on top of a consonant. It indicates a long
8118:
7687:
7610:
7398:
7288:
7105:
7034:
6971:
6965:
6834:
6709:
6649:
6509:
6453:
6438:
6433:
6406:
6396:
6340:
6313:
6288:
6189:
6146:
6128:
5718:
5698:
5633:
5377:
5189:
4885:
4823:
4799:
3342:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3257:
2195:
2181:
928:
should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation. The word
691:
is not usually written in such cases. When a fathah is placed before the letter ⟨
118:
5573:
5476:
5451:
3187:), the situation is different, as noted above. See the comprehensive article on
2629:), or a subscript miniature of the letter itself. A superscript stroke known as
8193:
8148:
7489:
7311:
7185:
7115:
7049:
6954:
6728:
6617:
6612:
6597:
6582:
6548:
6333:
5708:
5650:
5545:
5135:
4783:
4330:
3244:
2780:
Although normally it is sometimes not considered a letter of the alphabet, the
2099:
509:
as a phonetic guide similarly to English dictionaries providing transcription.
162:
5420:
8339:
8278:
8234:
7147:
7142:
7128:
7074:
7009:
6991:
6877:
6862:
6856:
6825:
6644:
6639:
6624:
6587:
6448:
6443:
6367:
6323:
6179:
6153:
5678:
5665:
5553:
5529:
5485:
5428:
4350:
3284:
2209:
371:
202:
126:
4649:
4361:
i.e. dots that are used for purpose of phonetic distinctions of consonants.
2017:
These endings are used as non-pausal grammatical indefinite case endings in
8306:
7844:
7455:
7417:
7269:
7120:
7079:
7019:
6999:
6959:
6872:
6867:
6634:
6629:
6519:
6242:
6228:
5932:
5842:
5815:
4338:
2798:
2513:) in handwriting and in print. This practice is also used in copies of the
1918:
1362:
493:
of unvocalised texts. Fully vocalised Arabic texts (i.e. Arabic texts with
6945:
6030:
6021:
6012:
6003:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5976:
5967:
5958:
5949:
5940:
5930:
5922:
5912:
5904:
5895:
5886:
5877:
5868:
5858:
5850:
5840:
5832:
5823:
5813:
5805:
5796:
5787:
5786:
5278:"Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages"
4564:
837:(as in "me", "be") and its allophones (as in "Tim", "sit"). For example:
8313:
8249:
7014:
6944:
6906:
6850:
6602:
5763:
4830:
4807:
3969:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3756:
3752:
3748:
2528:
2524:
2046:
2035:
1076:
425:
5903:
5849:
5822:
1594:
is not pronounced when its word does not begin a sentence. For example:
1536:
1053:
should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation.
8103:
7436:
7356:
6164:
6073:
5939:
5019:
3789:
3490:
2810:
It may appear as a letter by itself or as a diacritic over or under an
2515:
2284:
1941:
1064:, since it is the only rounded vowel in the vowel inventory of Arabic.
666:) (i.e. one having no hamza or vowel of its own), it represents a long
437:
8026:
6029:
5975:
5966:
5921:
5914:
5867:
5860:
5831:
98:
88:
8163:
7576:
7244:
7069:
4577:
4378:
as it is called in Rohingya, is a single dot that's placed on top of
2296:
350:
206:
7523:
5993:
5804:
4443:
as it is called in Rohingya, is two dots that are placed on top of
1269:
1111:
7805:
7736:
7658:
7054:
7044:
5747:
5530:"Automatic diacritization of Tunisian dialect text using SMT model"
5513:
4725:
The precursor to the system we know today is Al Farahidi's system.
4583:(1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks (see
3350:
2907:
1965:
6937:
5582:
4055:
in Azerbaijani, used only on top of ye: یٛ is equivalent to Latin
2683:, either for their original purpose (i.e. marking letters without
8263:
7981:
7341:
7089:
5753:
5025:
What the Koran Really Says : Language, Text & Commentary
4569:
457:
5730:
5527:
3509:
written in Arabic script includes the diacritic or "wavy hamza".
3200:
2651:
were all used to indicate that the letter in question was truly
1012:(like the 'oo' sound in the English word "swoop"). For example:
8178:
7932:
7519:
7004:
6932:
5628:
5613:
4914:
4898:
4866:
4790:. Automatic diacritization algorithms have been developed. For
4706:
3315:
When writing Arabic, often used in Iraq to represent the sound
2605:
in pointed text, the letter could be marked with a small v- or
2222:
477:
In the name of God, the All-Merciful, the Especially-Merciful.
383:
5028:. Translated by Ibn Warraq. New York: Prometheus. p. 64.
4568:
Evolution of early Arabic calligraphy (9th–11th century). The
2950:
1876:
1002:
736:
7863:
7673:
7591:
7326:
7307:
7213:
7084:
7039:
7029:
5948:
5876:
5758:
4573:
3191:
2772:
2739:
2446:
2361:
2131:
2079:
2030:
1354:
1258:
1176:
731:
658:
616:
272:
150:
5737:
5136:"Arabic Range: 0600–06FF The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1"
5105:. p. 57 (§ 8. Diacritical marks and vowelisation).
4611:
According to tradition, the first to commission a system of
4394:(vowel diacritics unique to Rohinghya), or their respective
3476:
also used in Quranic text in African and other orthographies
1917:
may have also an alternative form of the small high head of
624:(henceforth, the base consonant in the following examples):
7059:
4848:
2590:
and without top stroke next to initial kāf with top stroke.
2406:
1819:
556:, for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants.
79:
5324:"Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode"
4270: written above or below other diacritics to mark a
4060:
4021:
4017:
3355:
3305:
2725:
was written without that stroke, it could be mistaken for
2694:
2687:), or often as purely decorative space-fillers. The small
2668:
2656:
908:
873:
727:
723:
4631:, dots used to distinguish between different consonants.
4616:
4231:
3301:
3297:
2717:, when that letter was written without the stroke on its
610:
and refers to the opening of the mouth when producing an
592:(like the /a/ sound in the English word "cat"). The word
436:
might be used simply because their writing is considered
5405:"A survey of automatic Arabic diacritization techniques"
5360:"Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode"
4880:), the phonetic rules of recitation of Qur'an in Arabic
2006:, or nunation. The signs indicate, from left to right,
4947:
4945:
4943:
2872:
If the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word,
2442:
are not considered diacritics but part of the letter.
1357:-shaped diacritic, which can only appear on top of an
4056:
2571:
in initial and medial forms, but exactly the same as
2277:
2276:), is a diacritic shaped like a small written Latin "
2145:
should always be written (except for words ending in
415:. Another use is in children's literature. Moreover,
4802:(WER) of 4.79%. The most common mistakes are proper
4696:, a dot on the side of a letter stood for the vowel
2921:
is used (the two dots which are usually beneath the
2295:
that is commonly used in ordinary spelling to avoid
1757:
is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter (
5276:Priest, Lorna A.; Hosken, Martin (10 August 2010).
4940:
3695:miniature Arabic letter hah (initial form) ﺣ above
3110:is used to designate the initial glottal stop (the
2888:is used only if it is not preceded or followed by
1799:may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A
2485:Typically, Egyptians do not use dots under final
8337:
5742:
5506:
5225:] (in Urdu and Burushaski). pp. 28–29.
3916:
3907:
3898:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3779:
3770:
3761:
1196:) is usually produced automatically by entering
7883:
7786:
7727:
5403:Azmi, Aqil M.; Almajed, Reham S. (2013-10-10).
4016:used only on top of vav: ۆ equivalent to Latin
2845:depends on the quality of the adjacent vowels;
2777:ئ ؤ إ أ ء
885:(as in the English word "steed"). For example:
8048:
8036:
7835:
7796:
514:
7952:
7923:
7913:
7903:
7756:
7707:
7229:
5598:
5369:
3201:Diacritics not used in Modern Standard Arabic
2474:became black dots about the same time as the
2067:is most commonly written in combination with
1033:is usually not written in such cases, but if
906:is usually not written in such cases, but if
481:Some Arabic textbooks for foreigners now use
341:The bulk of Arabic script is written without
237:). The latter include the vowel marks termed
182:
7893:
7825:
7776:
5382:. Columbia University Press. pp. 56ff.
5275:
4875:
4857:
4839:
3531:when below the alif: اٟ to create the sound
3516:when used above alif: ٲ to create the vowel
3177:
3164:
3151:
3134:
3121:
3092:
3079:
3066:
3052:
3030:
2967:
2932:
2784:
2702:
2688:
2666:
2654:
2644:
2622:
2612:
2508:
2494:
2428:
2415:
2389:
2339:
2322:
2302:
2261:
2240:
2120:
2110:
2090:
2070:
2060:
1999:
1891:
1865:
1834:
1810:
1773:
1758:
1750:
1712:
1696:
1677:
1671:
1615:
1597:
1571:
1554:
1527:
1510:
1493:
1456:
1390:
1346:
1181:
1140:
1122:
1090:
1015:
991:
967:
957:
888:
864:
840:
826:
706:
692:
673:
649:
627:
601:
577:
527:
465:
388:
355:
310:
255:
246:
232:
218:
209:, which include consonant pointing known as
102:
92:
87:(in red) were added so that letters such as
7972:
5402:
5067:Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers
4773:
1298:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7962:
7766:
7717:
7236:
7222:
5605:
5591:
5534:International Journal of Speech Technology
5352:
3991:
3981:
3335:
2837:Which letter is to be used to support the
2637:, was used for a contracted (assimilated)
189:
175:
8288:combining character § Unicode ranges
5512:
5475:
5375:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
4978:
4976:
4680:A dot above a letter indicated the vowel
3610:inverted and regular curly dammahs above
1318:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:), and supplementary diacritics known as
61:Learn how and when to remove this message
5130:
5128:
4862:), the basic system of Arabic consonants
4672:
4563:
4324:
2679:, are still occasionally used in modern
2581:
2355:
1655:of the definite article is considered a
279:are not generally indicated in writing.
72:
5449:
4919:the Hebrew diacritic similar to Arabic
4720:
2946:is before or after the glottal stop, a
2903:is before or after the glottal stop, a
2482:became small black letters or strokes.
705:"); and when placed before the letter ⟨
467:بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
8338:
5321:
5306:
5260:
4973:
4548:) This tone marker indicates a
4483:) This tone marker indicates a
4418:) This tone marker indicates a
3484:Variants of standard Arabic diacritics
2169:endings in indefinite triptote forms:
1938:ARABIC SMALL HIGH DOTLESS HEAD OF KHAH
1445:above it, the combination known as an
1119:is normally not written. For example:
7217:
5586:
5340:from the original on 12 December 2019
5214:
5125:
5089:
5060:
4810:. Similar algorithms exist for other
4532:versions, and it's placed underneath
4467:versions, and it's placed underneath
4402:versions, and it's placed underneath
3976:, which in medial form is written as
3395:) contains a vertical line above the
2733:was distinguished with a superscript
2675:. These signs, collectively known as
2198:, also serves as an adverbial marker;
252:
8302:English terms with diacritical marks
5322:Pandey, Anshuman (27 October 2015).
5208:
3718:miniature Arabic letter tah ط above
3512:In Kashmiri the diacritic is called
3118:syllables "beginning" with a vowel:
1983:. They may or may not be considered
1296:adding citations to reliable sources
1263:
18:
16:Diacritics used in the Arabic script
5612:
5294:from the original on 8 October 2022
5252:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
5018:
4876:
4858:
4840:
3178:
3165:
3152:
3135:
3122:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3053:
3031:
3014:s in succession are never allowed:
2968:
2933:
2785:
2703:
2689:
2667:
2655:
2645:
2623:
2613:
2509:
2495:
2429:
2416:
2390:
2340:
2323:
2303:
2262:
2241:
2121:
2111:
2091:
2071:
2000:
1892:
1866:
1835:
1811:
1774:
1751:
1713:
1697:
1678:
1672:
1616:
1598:
1572:
1555:
1528:
1511:
1494:
1457:
1391:
1347:
1182:
1141:
1123:
1091:
1067:
1016:
992:
968:
958:
889:
865:
841:
827:
707:
693:
674:
650:
628:
602:
578:
528:
466:
389:
356:
311:
256:
247:
233:
219:
103:
93:
13:
7190:Languages between parentheses are
4688:, a dot below indicated the vowel
4257:دࣤ࣬ دࣥ࣬ دࣦ࣯
3931:Present in the Burushaski letters
3860:Present in the Burushaski letters
3811:Eastern Arabic numeral 3: ٣ above
3796:Present in the Burushaski letters
3745:Eastern Arabic numeral 2: ٢ above
3468:ٜ بٜ
2857:: above if the following vowel is
2563:", that looks exactly the same as
1725:) 'rise and then drink the water'.
14:
8372:
4082:) contains the v shape above the
2594:سۡ سۜ سۣ سٚ ڛ
1379:could also be represented by two
588:a letter, and represents a short
374:. It is also quite common to add
8319:
8318:
7198:
7197:
4984:"Introduction to Written Arabic"
4660:
4648:
4636:
2699:in its final and isolated forms
1397:, where a hamza above the first
1268:
988:is placed before a plain letter
861:is placed before a plain letter
646:is placed before a plain letter
584:is a small diagonal line placed
271:The Arabic script is a modified
23:
5576:Lang Resources & Evaluation
5521:
5500:
5443:
5396:
5182:
5156:
4234:with ring (ګ) is used for IPA /
3114:beginning). But if we consider
1060:(ضَمَّة) in this context means
77:Early written Arabic used only
7243:
7194:of the language on their left.
5109:
5083:
5054:
5012:
4994:
4988:University of Victoria, Canada
4964:
4954:
4572:was taken as an example, from
4074:in Uyghur, the letter ئۆ (IPA
3527:Kashmiri calls the wavy hamza
3063:Consider the following words:
2161:is not. Grammatical cases and
1469:
473:bismi l-lāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm
32:This article needs editing to
1:
8281:(placeholder glyph character)
4933:
4746:Accordingly, he replaced the
4704:, and two dots stood for the
2579:in final and isolated forms.
2117:(alif hamzah) or stand-alone
1375:In theory, the same sequence
1041:is pronounced as a diphthong
916:is pronounced as a diphthong
7252:In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek
5689:Ancient South Arabian script
5656:Influence on other languages
5409:Natural Language Engineering
5376:Versteegh, C. H. M. (1997).
4844:), the case system of Arabic
4585:image of early Basmala Kufic
2619:; three dots were used with
2499:), which looks exactly like
7:
6946:
6031:
6022:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5968:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5931:
5923:
5913:
5905:
5896:
5887:
5878:
5869:
5859:
5851:
5841:
5833:
5824:
5814:
5806:
5797:
5788:
5729:
5477:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3122977
4922:
4906:
4868:
4850:
4832:
4817:
4749:
4738:
4729:
4708:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4626:
4600:
4592:
3982:
3665:diagonal tilde shape below
3640:diagonal tilde shape above
3464:ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW
3190:
3105:
3044:
3022:
3020:
3009:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2959:
2949:
2924:
2916:
2906:
2883:
2875:
2852:
2840:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2792:
2574:
2566:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2517:
2502:
2488:
2477:
2461:
2452:
2405:
2397:
2375:
2367:
2332:
2315:
2290:
2271:
2250:
2203:
2189:
2175:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2130:
2101:
2081:
2048:
2037:
2008:
1992:
1985:
1948:
1921:
1912:
1885:
1875:
1857:
1842:
1829:
1821:
1802:
1794:
1783:
1743:
1720:
1706:
1685:
1658:
1646:
1632:
1607:
1589:
1581:
1564:
1547:
1538:
1520:
1503:
1486:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1382:
1339:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1169:
1161:
1150:
1132:
1113:
1100:
1081:
1048:
1036:
1028:
1001:
983:
950:
931:
923:
910:
901:
875:
856:
819:
757:
748:
686:
660:
642:
618:
595:
570:
551:
543:
535:
522:
515:Harakat (short vowel marks)
504:
496:
484:
472:
431:
418:
406:
398:
377:
365:
344:
333:
325:
317:
282:
263:
240:
226:
212:
10:
8377:
5546:10.1007/s10772-021-09864-6
5223:Burushaski–Urdu Dictionary
5022:(2002). Ibn Warraq (ed.).
4780:Arabic machine translation
4559:
4197:greater than sign - above
4155:greater than sign - below
3917:
3908:
3899:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3780:
3771:
3762:
2770:
2535:. The same unification of
2220:
2216:
1963:
1839:) indicates the diphthong
1534:looks like a small letter
1473:
1256:
786:ARABIC FATHA ISOLATED FORM
302:
107:) could be distinguished.
8296:
8261:
8205:
8089:
8049:
8037:
7993:
7973:
7963:
7953:
7924:
7914:
7904:
7894:
7884:
7836:
7826:
7797:
7787:
7777:
7767:
7757:
7728:
7718:
7708:
7685:
7626:
7251:
7177:
7170:Islam and Arabic language
7163:
7098:
6985:
6915:
6894:
6819:
6737:
6719:
6680:
6573:
6533:
6500:
6491:
6464:
6424:
6415:
6389:
6276:
6136:
6127:
6118:
6097:
6051:
6042:
5779:
5664:
5621:
5421:10.1017/S1351324913000284
5164:"Vowel 04: ٲ / ä – (aae)"
4903:the Hebrew equivalent of
4545:
4480:
4415:
4267:
4244:
4203:
4182:
4161:
4140:
4119:
4098:
3990:, Unicode U+0658) above:
3947:Shapes like Latin letters
3945:
3936:
3932:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3801:
3797:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3735:
3723:
3700:
3687:
3670:
3645:
3632:
3615:
3592:
3551:
3482:
3438:
3421:
3417:
3404:
3227:
2929:disappear in this case):
2445:Early manuscripts of the
2061:
1959:
1903:
1862:, followed by the letter
1759:
1252:
939:
804:
559:
8351:Arabic words and phrases
8250:tilde § Mathematics
8090:Marks used as diacritics
7111:Arabic script in Unicode
6846:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
6206:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
5217:
5002:"Arabic character notes"
4774:Automatic diacritization
4039:invered "v" shape above
2762:
2394:; sometimes also called
2351:
1732:
1421:. However, consecutive
1257:Not to be confused with
1078:superscript (or dagger)
1008:), it represents a long
881:), it represents a long
812:A similar diagonal line
799:ARABIC FATHA MEDIAL FORM
34:comply with Knowledge's
6373:Western Egyptian Bedawi
5450:Almanea, Manar (2021).
5190:"Vowel07: اٟ / ü ( ι )"
4894:, the Hebrew equivalent
4176:less than sign - above
4134:less than sign - below
4006:ۆ ؤیٛ
3738:Eastern Arabic numerals
3444:Sindhi, Old Hindustani
3041:is written with a free
2737:or a small superscript
2561:Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh
2283:It is used to indicate
1807:followed by the letter
1714:قُمْ وَٱشْرَبِ ٱلْمَاءَ
1711:) 'and'. For example: َ
833:and designates a short
711:⟩ (wāw), it creates an
697:⟩ (yā’), it creates an
309:The literal meaning of
7639: ◌҄
7557: ◌͂
7432: ◌̉
7303: ◌̑
5331:The Unicode Consortium
5285:The Unicode Consortium
5069:. BRILL. p. 286.
4792:Modern Standard Arabic
4667:Modern Kufic in Qur'an
4621:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
4608:
4540:, or their respective
4524:, or their respective
4475:, or their respective
4459:, or their respective
4410:, or their respective
3354:, equivalent to Latin
2591:
2381:
1561:(also indicated by an
1213:+ ligature of doubled
443:An example of a fully
112:
7485: ◌ͅ
6977:Quranic Arabic Corpus
5684:Ancient North Arabian
5215:Mirza, Umair (2006).
4788:information retrieval
4673:Abu al-Aswad's system
4567:
4416:دً࣪ / دٌ࣪ / دࣨ࣪ / دٍ࣭
4325:Rohingya tone markers
3330:horizontal bar above
3144:("hearts"—notice the
2597:At the time when the
2585:
2359:
2346:('teacher', female).
2153:or diptotes) even if
1586:). It means that the
1205:The word consists of
816:a letter is called a
76:
8325:Category: Diacritics
8129: ◌:
6928:Sun and moon letters
6088:Pre-classical Arabic
5090:Gacek, Adam (1989).
5061:Gacek, Adam (2009).
4762:(geminate), a small
4721:Al Farahidi's system
3882:4: ۴ above or below
3587:double dammah above
3372:vertical line above
2633:, resembling a long
2557:the Unicode Standard
2555:, resulting in what
2149:tā’ marbūṭah, hamzah
1721:qum wa-shrab-i l-mā’
1361:(آ) and indicates a
1292:improve this section
614:. For example, with
8356:Quranic orthography
8059:dakuten, handakuten
8011:Gurmukhī diacritics
6782:Judeo-Tripolitanian
6261:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5578:, Vol. 53, pp. 1-65
5468:2021IEEEA...9n5012A
5379:The Arabic Language
5194:Kashmiri Dictionary
5168:Kashmiri Dictionary
5063:"Unpointed letters"
4812:varieties of Arabic
4643:Early Basmala Kufic
4252:"fish" shape above
3980:with the diacritic
3546:curly dammah above
3387:the letter ئۈ (IPA
3296:Diagonal bar above
3235:diagonal bar above
3174:("heads", singular
3148:syllable; singular
2865:and below if it is
2751:with a superscript
2364:script without any
1368:followed by a long
83:(in black). Later,
43:improve the content
8206:Non-diacritic uses
7155:MacArabic encoding
4609:
4113:circle with fatha
3972:is represented by
3970:Vowel nasalization
3956:, "u" shape above
3711:Sukun (zero-vowel)
3471:African languages
3412:2 dots (vertical)
3197:for more details.
2709:was originally an
2681:Arabic calligraphy
2592:
2586:Isolated kāf with
2382:
1092:أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة
936:means 'breaking'.
455:) Arabic from the
113:
8346:Arabic diacritics
8333:
8332:
8314:Punctuation marks
8220:caret (computing)
8076:Syriac diacritics
8021:diacritics in IPA
8016:Hebrew diacritics
8001:Arabic diacritics
7211:
7210:
7186:extinct languages
7125:MS-DOS codepages
6890:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6569:
6568:
6487:
6486:
6385:
6384:
6081:Old Hijazi Arabic
5462:: 145012–145032.
5389:978-0-231-11152-2
5196:. 6 February 2021
5170:. 31 January 2021
5099:Déroche, François
5076:978-90-04-17036-0
4892:Hebrew diacritics
4485:long falling tone
4343:Rohingya language
4322:
4321:
3507:Kashmiri language
1989:and are known as
1476:Wasla (diacritic)
1409:while the second
1328:
1327:
1320:
199:
198:
71:
70:
63:
8368:
8322:
8321:
8283:
8282:
8275:
8253:
8252:
8246:
8238:
8237:
8231:
8223:
8222:
8216:
8197:
8196:
8190:
8189: ◌′
8182:
8181:
8175:
8174: ◌˗
8167:
8166:
8164:full stop/period
8160:
8159: ◌.
8152:
8151:
8145:
8144: ◌,
8137:
8136:
8130:
8122:
8121:
8115:
8114: ◌̸
8107:
8106:
8100:
8099: ◌’
8071:Khmer diacritics
8062:
8061:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8006:Greek diacritics
7994:In other scripts
7985:
7984:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7948:
7946:
7936:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7919:
7917:
7916:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7879:
7877:
7867:
7866:
7860:
7858:
7848:
7847:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7821:
7819:
7809:
7808:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7752:
7750:
7740:
7739:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7703:
7701:
7677:
7676:
7670:
7669: ◌҃
7662:
7661:
7655:
7654: ◌҇
7647:
7646:
7640:
7618:
7617:
7615:smooth breathing
7607:
7606: ◌᾿
7603:
7602: ◌῾
7595:
7594:
7588:
7587: ◌̃
7580:
7579:
7573:
7572: ◌͗
7565:
7564:
7558:
7550:
7549:
7539:
7538: ◌̥
7535:
7534: ◌̊
7527:
7526:
7516:
7515: ◌̨
7508:
7507:
7501:
7500: ◌̄
7493:
7492:
7486:
7478:
7477:
7471:
7470: ◌̛
7463:
7462:
7452:
7451: ◌̢
7448:
7447: ◌̡
7440:
7439:
7433:
7425:
7424:
7414:
7413: ◌̏
7410:
7409: ◌̀
7402:
7401:
7395:
7394: ◌̣
7391:
7390: ◌̇
7383:
7382:
7368:
7367: ◌̈
7360:
7359:
7353:
7352: ◌̂
7345:
7344:
7338:
7337: ◌̧
7330:
7329:
7323:
7322: ◌̌
7315:
7314:
7304:
7300:
7299: ◌̆
7292:
7291:
7285:
7284: ◌᷄
7277:
7276:
7266:
7265: ◌̋
7262:
7261: ◌́
7238:
7231:
7224:
7215:
7214:
7201:
7200:
6949:
6498:
6497:
6422:
6421:
6358:Western Algerian
6305:Eastern Algerian
6301:Algerian Saharan
6231:(Lesser Kabylia)
6134:
6133:
6125:
6124:
6067:Nabataean Arabic
6049:
6048:
6034:
6025:
6016:
6007:
5998:
5989:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5944:
5936:
5926:
5918:
5908:
5899:
5890:
5881:
5872:
5864:
5854:
5846:
5836:
5827:
5819:
5809:
5800:
5791:
5771:Maltese alphabet
5734:
5714:Algerian Braille
5704:Eastern numerals
5674:Nabataean script
5607:
5600:
5593:
5584:
5583:
5566:
5565:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5479:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5328:
5319:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5293:
5282:
5273:
5258:
5257:
5251:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5218:بروشسکی اردو لغت
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5140:
5132:
5123:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5096:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5042:on 11 April 2019
5038:. Archived from
5016:
5010:
5009:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4980:
4971:
4968:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4925:
4909:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4798:algorithm has a
4796:state-of-the-art
4752:
4741:
4732:
4711:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4629:
4603:
4595:
4555:
4550:long rising tone
4547:
4544:version. (e.g.
4490:
4482:
4479:version. (e.g.
4425:
4417:
4414:version. (e.g.
4335:Mandarin Chinese
4310:dammah-e-majhool
4306:fathah-e-majhool
4302:kasrah-e-majhool
4281:
4272:long rising tone
4269:
4237:
4207:
4205:
4186:
4184:
4165:
4163:
4144:
4142:
4123:
4121:
4102:
4100:
4081:
4070:
4031:
4001:"v" shape above
3993:
3985:
3938:
3934:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3803:
3799:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3725:
3702:
3672:
3647:
3617:
3594:
3553:
3538:
3523:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3440:
3423:
3419:
3394:
3365:
3339:
3322:
3311:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3018:is written with
3017:
3012:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2843:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2711:‘alāmatu-l-ihmāl
2708:
2706:
2705:
2692:
2691:
2677:‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl
2674:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2588:‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl
2577:
2569:
2562:
2551:has happened in
2549:
2541:
2533:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2480:
2464:
2455:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2378:
2370:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2206:
2192:
2178:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2040:
2023:classical Arabic
2013:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1951:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1661:
1649:
1635:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1272:
1264:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1200:alif lām lām hāʾ
1195:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1172:
1164:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1116:
1109:sound for which
1108:
1103:
1101:alif khanjarīyah
1096:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1068:Alif Khanjariyah
1051:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1006:
997:
995:
994:
986:
976:
973:
971:
970:
963:
961:
960:
953:
934:
926:
919:
913:
904:
897:
894:
892:
891:
884:
878:
870:
868:
867:
859:
849:
846:
844:
843:
836:
832:
830:
829:
822:
800:
797:
794:
792:
787:
784:
781:
779:
774:
771:
768:
766:
760:
751:
714:
710:
709:
700:
696:
695:
689:
682:
679:
677:
676:
669:
663:
655:
653:
652:
645:
636:
633:
631:
630:
621:
613:
605:
604:
598:
591:
583:
581:
580:
573:
554:
546:
538:
531:
530:
525:
507:
499:
487:
475:
469:
468:
434:
421:
409:
401:
394:
392:
391:
380:
368:
361:
359:
358:
347:
336:
328:
320:
314:
313:
285:
277:consonant length
266:
259:
258:
254:
250:
249:
243:
236:
235:
229:
222:
221:
215:
191:
184:
177:
115:
114:
106:
105:
96:
95:
66:
59:
55:
52:
46:
27:
26:
19:
8376:
8375:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8361:Phonetic guides
8336:
8335:
8334:
8329:
8292:
8277:
8274: ◌
8273:
8271:
8257:
8248:
8245: ~
8244:
8242:
8233:
8230: °
8229:
8227:
8218:
8215: ^
8214:
8212:
8201:
8192:
8188:
8186:
8177:
8173:
8171:
8162:
8158:
8156:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8132:
8128:
8126:
8117:
8113:
8111:
8102:
8098:
8096:
8085:
8081:Thai diacritics
8057:
8047:
8045:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8027:kana diacritics
7989:
7980:
7970:
7960:
7950:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7931:
7921:
7911:
7901:
7891:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7862:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7843:
7833:
7823:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7804:
7794:
7784:
7774:
7764:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7735:
7725:
7715:
7705:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7681:
7672:
7668:
7666:
7657:
7653:
7651:
7642:
7638:
7636:
7622:
7611:rough breathing
7609:
7605:
7601:
7599:
7590:
7586:
7584:
7575:
7571:
7569:
7560:
7556:
7554:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7531:
7518:
7514:
7512:
7503:
7499:
7497:
7488:
7484:
7482:
7473:
7469:
7467:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7444:
7435:
7431:
7429:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7406:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7387:
7370:
7366:
7364:
7355:
7351:
7349:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7325:
7321:
7319:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7296:
7287:
7283:
7281:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7258:
7247:
7242:
7212:
7207:
7173:
7159:
7106:Arabic keyboard
7094:
6989:
6981:
6966:Mater lectionis
6960:Triliteral root
6911:
6882:
6823:
6815:
6733:
6715:
6676:
6565:
6529:
6483:
6460:
6411:
6381:
6272:
6252:Judeo-Maghrebi
6120:
6114:
6110:Modern Standard
6093:
6038:
5775:
5719:Maltese Braille
5699:Arabic numerals
5660:
5617:
5611:
5570:
5569:
5526:
5522:
5505:
5501:
5448:
5444:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5374:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5326:
5320:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5280:
5274:
5261:
5245:
5244:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5219:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5126:
5114:
5110:
5094:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5036:
5017:
5013:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4941:
4936:
4824:Arabic alphabet
4820:
4800:word error rate
4776:
4723:
4675:
4668:
4665:
4656:
4653:
4644:
4641:
4606:
4588:
4582:
4562:
4546:دࣤ࣬ / دࣥ࣬ / دࣦ࣯
4502:
4481:دَ࣫ / دُ࣫ / دِ࣮
4437:
4420:short high tone
4372:
4327:
4283:
4268:دࣤ࣬ / دࣥ࣬ / دࣦ࣯
4202:
4181:
4160:
4139:
4118:
4097:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:Arabic (Iraq),
3203:
3175:
3162:
3149:
3132:
3119:
3090:
3077:
3064:
3050:
3028:
2965:
2930:
2778:
2775:
2767:
2704:ك ـك
2700:
2664:
2652:
2642:
2620:
2610:
2595:
2560:
2426:
2413:
2354:
2337:
2329:('school') vs.
2320:
2300:
2299:. For example:
2259:
2238:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2196:accusative case
2182:nominative case
2118:
2108:
2088:
2068:
2058:
2019:Literary Arabic
1997:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1907:
1863:
1808:
1771:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1694:
1613:
1595:
1569:
1552:
1525:
1508:
1491:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1454:
1453:. For example:
1417:represents the
1405:represents the
1388:
1344:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1289:
1273:
1262:
1255:
1179:
1138:
1120:
1088:
1073:
1070:
1013:
989:
965:
955:
945:
942:
886:
862:
838:
824:
810:
807:
798:
795:
790:
789:
785:
782:
777:
776:
772:
769:
764:
763:
671:
647:
625:
575:
565:
562:
517:
479:
476:
470:
386:
353:
307:
195:
141:Transliteration
125:
119:Arabic alphabet
67:
56:
50:
47:
40:
36:Manual of Style
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8374:
8364:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8316:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8268:
8266:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8240:
8225:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8184:
8169:
8154:
8139:
8124:
8109:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7938:
7869:
7850:
7811:
7742:
7692:
7690:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7664:
7649:
7633:
7631:
7629:Early Cyrillic
7624:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7597:
7582:
7567:
7552:
7529:
7510:
7495:
7490:iota subscript
7480:
7465:
7460:retroflex hook
7442:
7427:
7404:
7385:
7362:
7347:
7332:
7317:
7312:inverted breve
7294:
7279:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7218:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7195:
7188:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7123:
7118:
7116:ISO/IEC 8859-6
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7050:Naskh (script)
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6996:
6994:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6898:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6830:
6828:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6787:Judeo-Tunisian
6784:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6769:Judeo-Moroccan
6766:
6765:
6764:
6754:
6752:Judeo-Egyptian
6749:
6747:Judeo-Algerian
6743:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6729:Bedouin Arabic
6725:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6341:Moroccan koiné
6338:
6337:
6336:
6326:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6314:Tunisian koiné
6310:Eastern Hilal
6308:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6294:Judeo-Algerian
6289:Algerian koiné
6285:Central Hilal
6282:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6266:Judeo-Tunisian
6263:
6258:
6256:Judeo-Moroccan
6250:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6226:
6221:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6150:
6142:
6140:
6131:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6055:
6053:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6027:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5955:
5946:
5937:
5928:
5919:
5910:
5901:
5892:
5883:
5874:
5865:
5856:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5709:Arabic Braille
5706:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5610:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5568:
5567:
5520:
5499:
5442:
5415:(3): 477–495.
5395:
5388:
5368:
5351:
5305:
5259:
5231:
5207:
5181:
5155:
5124:
5121:978-0878407880
5108:
5082:
5075:
5053:
5034:
5011:
4993:
4972:
4963:
4953:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4911:
4895:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4863:
4845:
4819:
4816:
4784:text-to-speech
4775:
4772:
4722:
4719:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4635:
4619:who appointed
4561:
4558:
4500:
4435:
4370:
4347:Rohingya Fonna
4326:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4072:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4012:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3927:
3924:
3896:
3883:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3856:
3853:
3825:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3792:
3787:
3759:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:Arabic letters
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3525:
3510:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441: ٿ ڐ ڙ
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3313:
3292:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:Bars and lines
3225:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3061:
3060:
3004:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2942:Otherwise, if
2940:
2870:
2776:
2771:Main article:
2766:
2761:
2593:
2353:
2350:
2226:
2221:Main article:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2199:
2185:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1964:Main article:
1961:
1958:
1902:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1691:
1479:
1474:Main article:
1471:
1468:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1254:
1251:
1245:, followed by
1071:
1069:
1066:
943:
941:
938:
808:
806:
803:
762:s are encoded
563:
561:
558:
516:
513:
463:
306:
301:
197:
196:
194:
193:
186:
179:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
160:
155:
154:
153:
143:
138:
130:
129:
122:
121:
69:
68:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8373:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8326:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8289:
8286:
8280:
8279:dotted circle
8270:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8260:
8251:
8241:
8236:
8235:degree symbol
8226:
8221:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8204:
8195:
8185:
8180:
8170:
8165:
8155:
8150:
8140:
8135:
8125:
8120:
8110:
8105:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8068:
8060:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7983:
7939:
7934:
7870:
7865:
7851:
7846:
7812:
7807:
7743:
7738:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7684:
7675:
7665:
7660:
7650:
7645:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7625:
7616:
7612:
7598:
7593:
7583:
7578:
7568:
7563:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7530:
7525:
7521:
7511:
7506:
7496:
7491:
7481:
7476:
7466:
7461:
7457:
7443:
7438:
7428:
7423:
7419:
7405:
7400:
7386:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7363:
7358:
7348:
7343:
7333:
7328:
7318:
7313:
7309:
7295:
7290:
7280:
7275:
7271:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7234:
7232:
7227:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7216:
7204:
7196:
7193:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7156:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7075:Sini (script)
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:Ruqʿah script
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7010:Hijazi script
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6688:Central Asian
6686:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6660:Taʽizzi-Adeni
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6244:
6241:
6239:Traras-Msirda
6238:
6237:
6235:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:Arabic script
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5515:
5510:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5372:
5361:
5355:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5255:
5249:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5211:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5144:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5041:
5037:
5035:1-57392-945-X
5031:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4967:
4957:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4678:
4663:
4658:
4651:
4646:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4557:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4351:Arabic script
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4273:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4092:dotted fatha
4091:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3986:(also called
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3314:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3076:("brother"),
3048:
3046:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2941:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2658:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2575:alif maqṣūrah
2570:
2568:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2527:) scribed by
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2506:
2504:
2503:alif maqṣūrah
2492:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2317:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2211:
2210:genitive case
2207:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:-an, -in, -un
1996:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1901:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1768:
1766:
1760: ْ
1747:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1710:
1708:
1692:
1690:) 'in Yemen'.
1689:
1687:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1611:
1609:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1549:
1544:on top of an
1543:
1542:
1540:
1529:هَمْزَة وَصْل
1524:
1522:
1512:أَلِف وَصْلَة
1507:
1505:
1490:
1488:
1477:
1467:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1341:
1322:
1319:
1311:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1277:This section
1275:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1229:and a dagger
1228:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1136:
1134:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1104:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1007:
1005:
1004:
987:
985:
978:
954:
952:
937:
935:
933:
927:
925:
915:
914:
912:
905:
903:
880:
879:
877:
860:
858:
851:
823:
821:
815:
802:
761:
759:
753:
750:
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
730:/) or back (/
729:
725:
720:
718:
704:
690:
688:
665:
664:
662:
644:
638:
623:
622:
620:
609:
599:
597:
587:
574:
572:
557:
555:
553:
547:
545:
539:
537:
526:
524:
512:
510:
508:
506:
500:
498:
492:
488:
486:
478:
474:
462:
460:
459:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
438:aesthetically
435:
433:
427:
422:
420:
414:
410:
408:
402:
400:
385:
381:
379:
373:
369:
367:
352:
348:
346:
339:
337:
335:
329:
327:
321:
319:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
284:
278:
274:
269:
267:
265:
244:
242:
230:
228:
216:
214:
208:
205:has numerous
204:
203:Arabic script
192:
187:
185:
180:
178:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
161:
159:
156:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:Arabic script
124:
123:
120:
117:
116:
110:
100:
90:
86:
82:
81:
75:
65:
62:
54:
44:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
8307:Metal umlaut
8000:
7845:chandrabindu
7456:palatal hook
7422:double grave
7327:caron, háček
7274:double acute
7181:
7121:Windows-1256
7080:Taliq script
7020:Jeli Thuluth
7000:Ajami script
6964:
6868:Pidgin madam
6855:
6833:
6797:Judeo-Yemeni
6739:Judeo-Arabic
6721:Sociological
6708:
6670:Judeo-Yemeni
6493:Mesopotamian
6368:Libyan koiné
6152:
6145:
6138:Pre-Hilalian
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6060:Proto-Arabic
6058:
5723:
5693:Zabūr script
5646:Romanization
5575:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5502:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5378:
5371:
5354:
5342:. Retrieved
5330:
5296:. Retrieved
5284:
5236:. Retrieved
5232:969-404-66-0
5222:
5210:
5198:. Retrieved
5193:
5184:
5172:. Retrieved
5167:
5158:
5146:. Retrieved
5142:
5111:
5102:
5085:
5066:
5056:
5044:. Retrieved
5040:the original
5024:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4966:
4956:
4920:
4913:
4904:
4897:
4865:
4847:
4829:
4808:case endings
4777:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4745:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4716:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4655:Middle Kufic
4624:
4612:
4610:
4598:
4590:
4581:manuscripts.
4576:
4541:
4538:curly Kasrah
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4522:curly Ḍammah
4521:
4518:curly Fatḥah
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4476:
4473:curly Kasrah
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4457:curly Ḍammah
4456:
4453:curly Fatḥah
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4411:
4408:curly Kasrah
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4392:curly Ḍammah
4391:
4388:curly Fatḥah
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4346:
4339:Ajami script
4328:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4263:
4246:Other shapes
4245:
4083:
3987:
3977:
3973:
3946:
3935: and
3868: and
3800: and
3736:
3688:
3633:
3528:
3513:
3483:
3405:
3396:
3349:
3228:
3220:Language(s)
3211:Description
3204:
3188:
3131:("origin"),
3115:
3111:
3103:
3089:("Ismael"),
3087:/ʔismaːʕiːl/
3062:
3049:on the line
3042:
3019:
3007:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2957:
2947:
2922:
2914:
2904:
2881:
2873:
2850:
2838:
2836:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2802:
2799:glottal stop
2790:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2763:
2757:lam-alif-mim
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2695:
2684:
2676:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2572:
2564:
2547:alif maqṣūrā
2544:
2536:
2531:‘Uthman Ṭāhā
2514:
2500:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2439:
2438:. Typically
2403:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2373:
2365:
2360:7th-century
2348:
2330:
2313:
2288:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2201:
2187:
2173:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2128:
2102:tā’ marbūṭah
2098:
2078:
2056:
2045:
2034:
2016:
2009:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1956:
1946:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1896:) indicates
1883:
1873:
1855:
1840:
1818:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1769:
1741:
1739:
1728:
1718:
1704:
1683:
1673:فِي ٱلْيَمَن
1665:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1641:verbal nouns
1638:
1627:
1623:
1605:
1587:
1579:
1562:
1545:
1535:
1518:
1501:
1484:
1482:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1380:
1374:
1363:glottal stop
1337:
1335:
1314:
1305:
1290:Please help
1278:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1130:
1110:
1098:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1034:
1026:
999:
981:
979:
948:
946:
929:
921:
907:
899:
872:
854:
852:
817:
813:
811:
773:ARABIC FATHA
755:
754:
741:
735:
721:
716:
702:
684:
657:
639:
615:
607:
593:
585:
568:
566:
549:
541:
533:
520:
518:
511:
502:
494:
491:romanisation
482:
480:
464:
456:
452:
448:
444:
442:
429:
416:
404:
396:
375:
363:
342:
340:
331:
323:
315:
308:
303:
296:
292:
288:
280:
270:
261:
238:
224:
210:
200:
145:
108:
84:
78:
57:
48:
41:Please help
33:
7562:perispomene
7015:Jawi script
6987:Calligraphy
6916:Linguistics
6841:Gulf Pidgin
6757:Judeo-Iraqi
6698:Kashkadarya
6554:Judeo-Iraqi
6479:Palestinian
6390:Nile Valley
6052:Pre-Islamic
5764:Dagger alif
5456:IEEE Access
4927:and shaddah
4730:al-Farāhīdī
4337:as well as
4331:Xiao'erjing
4314:alif-e-wavi
4059:, Cyrillic
4048:Azerbaijani
4020:, Cyrillic
4010:Azerbaijani
3926:Burushaski
3880:Urdu number
3855:Burushaski
3626:Latin "ouñ"
3023:alif maddah
2412:), such as
1521:hamzat waṣl
1504:alif waṣlah
1470:Alif waslah
1449:alif maddah
1158:The dagger
426:calligraphy
8340:Categories
8298:See also:
8104:apostrophe
7437:hook above
7357:circumflex
7245:Diacritics
6902:Literature
6575:Peninsular
6515:Khuzestani
6245:(Mountain)
6165:Australian
6074:Old Arabic
5724:Diacritics
5651:Numerology
5540:: 89–104.
5514:2109.14150
5020:Ibn Warraq
4934:References
3974:nun ghunna
3790:Burushaski
3603:Latin "uñ"
3580:Latin "oñ"
3562:Latin "ou"
3491:wavy hamza
3451:dot below
3300:to create
3249:Burushaski
2693:above the
2646:ڛ سۣ سۡ سٚ
2341:مُدَرِّسَة
2333:mudarrisah
2285:gemination
1942:circumflex
1686:fi l-Yaman
1578:without a
1464:/qurˈʔaːn/
1387:s, as in *
1308:April 2023
440:pleasing.
411:) and the
403:; plural:
207:diacritics
163:Numeration
146:Diacritics
8025:Japanese
7577:sicilicus
7547:underring
7372:diaeresis
7192:varieties
7184:indicate
7099:Technical
7070:Shahmukhi
7025:Kairouani
6923:Phonology
6702:Khorasani
6692:Bakhtiari
6544:Anatolian
6474:Jordanian
6454:Damascene
6417:Levantine
6329:Hassaniya
6170:Cottenera
6105:Classical
6044:Varieties
5622:Overviews
5562:238782966
5554:1572-8110
5494:240011970
5486:2169-3536
5429:1351-3249
5248:cite book
4260:Rohingya
4050:, Uyghur
4044:ئۆ
3988:ulta jazm
3983:maghnoona
3954:Nūn ġuṇnā
3864:,
3706:Rohingya
3681:Latin "e"
3676:Rohingya
3658:Latin "o"
3621:Rohingya
3598:Rohingya
3575:Rohingya
3557:Rohingya
3514:āmālü mad
3500:Kashmiri
3142:/ʔafʔida/
3081:إسْماعِيل
2964:is used:
2324:مَدْرَسَة
2297:ambiguity
2057:The sign
2027:triptotes
1949:nastaʿlīq
1882:) with a
1833:over it (
1827:) with a
1279:does not
1175:The word
1056:The word
715:(as in "c
701:(as in "l
540:are also
458:Bismillah
449:vowelised
445:vocalised
407:al-ḥādīth
399:al-ḥadīth
390:ٱلْحَدِيث
366:al-Qurʾān
357:ٱلْقُرْآن
51:June 2024
7806:avagraha
7737:anusvara
7659:pokrytie
7543:overring
7203:Category
7055:Nastaliq
7045:Muhaqqaq
7035:Maghrebi
6895:Academic
6835:Bimbashi
6791:Tunisene
6762:Baghdadi
6710:Shirvani
6650:Hadhrami
6608:Bahraini
6559:Baghdadi
6510:Baghdadi
6449:Aleppine
6439:Lebanese
6434:Cilician
6407:Sudanese
6397:Egyptian
6278:Hilalian
6236:Western
6214:Eastern
6211:Village
6190:Żurrieqi
6154:Sicilian
6147:Andalusi
6129:Maghrebi
6098:Literary
5750:(tanwin)
5748:Nunation
5634:Alphabet
5629:Language
5616:language
5437:31560671
5335:Archived
5289:Archived
4877:تَجْوِيد
4841:إِعْرَاب
4818:See also
4542:Kasratan
4530:Ḍammatan
4526:Fatḥatan
4477:Kasratan
4465:Ḍammatan
4461:Fatḥatan
4412:Kasratan
4400:Ḍammatan
4396:Fatḥatan
4288:Various
4213:Latin ó
4192:Latin o
4171:Latin é
4150:Latin e
4129:Latin ë
4108:Latin à
3726:
3703:
3673:
3652:Rohingya
3648:
3618:
3595:
3554:
3424:
3420:
3351:zwarakay
3254:Kashmiri
3217:Example
3214:Unicode
3182:⟩
3176:⟨
3172:/ruʔuːs/
3169:⟩
3163:⟨
3159:/fuʔaːd/
3156:⟩
3150:⟨
3139:⟩
3136:أَفْئِدة
3133:⟨
3126:⟩
3120:⟨
3097:⟩
3091:⟨
3084:⟩
3078:⟨
3071:⟩
3065:⟨
3057:⟩
3051:⟨
3035:⟩
3029:⟨
2972:⟩
2966:⟨
2937:⟩
2931:⟨
2719:ascender
2707:⟩
2701:⟨
2673:⟩
2665:⟨
2663:and not
2661:⟩
2653:⟨
2649:⟩
2643:⟨
2627:⟩
2621:⟨
2617:⟩
2611:⟨
2470:. These
2433:⟩
2427:⟨
2420:⟩
2414:⟨
2391:إِعْجَام
2344:⟩
2338:⟨
2327:⟩
2321:⟨
2316:madrasah
2307:⟩
2301:⟨
2266:⟩
2263:تَشْدِيد
2260:⟨
2245:⟩
2239:⟨
2125:⟩
2119:⟨
2115:⟩
2109:⟨
2095:⟩
2089:⟨
2075:⟩
2069:⟨
2065:⟩
2059:⟨
2004:⟩
2001:تَنْوِين
1998:⟨
1966:Nunation
1870:⟩
1864:⟨
1815:⟩
1809:⟨
1778:⟩
1772:⟨
1767:-vowel.
1755:⟩
1749:⟨
1701:⟩
1695:⟨
1679:في اليمن
1620:⟩
1617:ٱمْشُوا۟
1614:⟨
1602:⟩
1596:⟨
1576:⟩
1570:⟨
1559:⟩
1553:⟨
1532:⟩
1526:⟨
1515:⟩
1509:⟨
1498:⟩
1492:⟨
1461:⟩
1455:⟨
1395:⟩
1389:⟨
1351:⟩
1345:⟨
1186:⟩
1180:⟨
1145:⟩
1142:رَحْمَٰن
1139:⟨
1127:⟩
1121:⟨
1095:⟩
1089:⟨
1062:rounding
1020:⟩
1014:⟨
996:⟩
990:⟨
972:⟩
966:⟨
962:⟩
956:⟨
893:⟩
887:⟨
869:⟩
863:⟨
845:⟩
839:⟨
831:⟩
825:⟨
796:ﹷ
783:ﹶ
678:⟩
672:⟨
654:⟩
648:⟨
640:When a
632:⟩
626:⟨
606:) means
600:itself (
582:⟩
576:⟨
529:حَرَكَات
453:vowelled
393:⟩
387:⟨
360:⟩
354:⟨
312:تَشْكِيل
248:حَرَكَات
234:تَشْكِيل
220:إِعْجَام
158:Numerals
8264:Unicode
8054:
8046:
8042:
8034:
7982:visarga
7977:
7971:
7967:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7928:
7922:
7918:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7898:
7892:
7888:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7859:
7855:
7840:
7834:
7830:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7801:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7732:
7726:
7722:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7342:cedilla
7182:Italics
7090:Thuluth
6955:Grammar
6826:pidgins
6821:Creoles
6810:Sanʽani
6695:Bukhara
6655:Sanʽani
6618:Kuwaiti
6613:Emirati
6598:Dhofari
6583:Bahrani
6549:Cypriot
6537:(Qeltu)
6364:Sulaym
6351:Western
6346:Eastern
6224:Sfaxian
6220:(Sahel)
6175:Gozitan
6160:Maltese
5780:Letters
5754:Shaddah
5743:Harakat
5738:Tashkil
5666:Scripts
5639:History
5464:Bibcode
5238:13 July
5200:11 July
5174:11 July
5148:10 July
5143:Unicode
5101:(ed.).
5046:9 April
4961:Vowels”
4907:ḥarakāt
4760:shaddah
4750:ḥarakāt
4613:harakat
4570:basmala
4560:History
4501:◌࣬ / ◌࣯
4436:◌࣫ / ◌࣮
4371:◌࣪ / ◌࣭
4266:, e.g.
4226:Pashto
4206:
4185:
4164:
4143:
4122:
4101:
4063:, IPA /
4024:, IPA /
3939:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3872:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3804:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3461:ٜ
3433:4 dots
3276:Persian
3267:Kurdish
3129:/naʃʔa/
2956:with a
2913:with a
2805:tashkīl
2747:), and
2729:, thus
2721:. When
2641:. Thus
2607:seagull
2559:calls "
2553:Persian
2478:ḥarakāt
2368:ḥarakāt
2291:ḥarakah
2272:tashdīd
2257:tashdid
2251:shaddah
2236:shaddah
2217:Shaddah
2033:). See
1986:ḥarakāt
1944:⟨ˆ⟩ in
1935:ۡ
1906:
1752:سُكُونْ
1651:). The
1612:), but
1599:بِٱسْمِ
1495:وَصْلَة
1437:with a
1300:removed
1285:sources
1225:shaddah
1221:with a
980:When a
853:When a
828:كَسْرَة
770:َ
608:opening
603:فَتْحَة
579:فَتْحَة
544:ḥarakāt
536:tashkīl
523:ḥarakāt
505:ḥarakāt
497:ḥarakāt
485:ḥarakāt
432:ḥarakāt
419:ḥarakāt
384:hadiths
378:ḥarakāt
345:ḥarakāt
334:ḥarakāt
326:tashkīl
318:tashkīl
304:Tashkīl
297:tashkīl
293:tashkīl
283:Tashkīl
264:ḥarakah
257:حَرَكَة
241:ḥarakāt
227:tashkīl
136:History
109:Ḥarakāt
8323:
8284:
8276:
8272:
8254:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8217:
8213:
8198:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8179:hyphen
8176:
8172:
8168:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8101:
8097:
8063:
8056:
8044:
8032:
7986:
7979:
7969:
7959:
7949:
7941:
7937:
7933:virama
7930:
7920:
7910:
7900:
7890:
7880:
7872:
7868:
7861:
7853:
7849:
7842:
7832:
7822:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7793:
7783:
7773:
7763:
7753:
7745:
7741:
7734:
7724:
7714:
7704:
7696:
7678:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:kamora
7641:
7637:
7619:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:nosinė
7520:ogonek
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:macron
7502:
7498:
7494:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7376:umlaut
7369:
7365:
7361:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7005:Diwani
6992:Script
6950:(case)
6947:ʾIʿrāb
6933:Tajwid
6878:Bongor
6857:Maridi
6807:Habban
6681:Others
6665:Tihami
6645:Yemeni
6640:Shihhi
6625:Hejazi
6593:Bedawi
6588:Bareqi
6444:Syrian
6402:Saʽidi
6334:Nemadi
6320:Maqil
6218:Sahili
6185:Żejtun
6121:spoken
6119:Modern
5614:Arabic
5560:
5552:
5492:
5484:
5435:
5427:
5386:
5229:
5119:
5073:
5032:
4915:Dagesh
4899:Niqqud
4886:Hebrew
4869:Tajwīd
4794:, the
4786:, and
4768:khafīf
4756:s(h)īn
4709:tanwīn
4578:Qur'an
4534:Kasrah
4514:Ḍammah
4510:Fatḥah
4469:Kasrah
4449:Ḍammah
4445:Fatḥah
4404:Kasrah
4384:Ḍammah
4380:Fatḥah
4376:Hārbāy
4366:Hārbāy
4345:. The
4312:, and
4210:Wolof
4189:Wolof
4168:Wolof
4147:Wolof
4126:Wolof
4105:Wolof
3915:
3906:
3894:U+077D
3890:U+077C
3886:U+0777
3844:
3835:
3823:U+077B
3819:U+0779
3815:U+0776
3778:
3769:
3757:U+077A
3753:U+0778
3749:U+0775
3634:Tildes
3458:
3456:U+065C
3381:Uyghur
3358:, IPA
3343:Pashto
3290:Uyghur
3281:Sindhi
3272:Kyrgyz
3263:Khowar
3258:Kazakh
3223:Notes
3192:hamzah
3185:/raʔs/
3166:رُؤُوس
3123:نَشْأة
3116:middle
3112:actual
3100:/ʔumm/
3045:hamzah
2960:hamzah
2917:hamzah
2880:above
2876:hamzah
2841:hamzah
2793:hamzah
2786:هَمْزة
2745:nabrah
2635:fatħah
2631:jarrah
2525:Qurʾān
2518:muṣḥaf
2255:), or
2242:شَدَّة
2232:shadda
2223:Shadda
2165:tanwīn
2132:hamzah
1993:tanwīn
1960:Tanwin
1932:
1930:U+06E1
1858:fatḥah
1803:fatḥah
1659:waṣlah
1647:maṣdar
1633:waṣlah
1582:hamzah
1487:waṣlah
1458:قُرْآن
1441:maddah
1348:مَدَّة
1340:maddah
1253:Maddah
1237:above
1151:raḥmān
1124:هَٰذَا
1058:ḍammah
1049:fatḥah
1029:ḍammah
1025:. The
984:ḍammah
959:ضَمَّة
951:ḍammah
940:Ḍammah
932:kasrah
924:fatḥah
902:kasrah
898:. The
857:kasrah
820:kasrah
805:Kasrah
793:
791:U+FE77
780:
778:U+FE76
767:
765:U+064E
758:Fatḥah
749:fatḥah
687:fatḥah
683:. The
643:fatḥah
596:fatḥah
571:fatḥah
560:Fatḥah
552:tanwīn
548:; the
372:poetry
370:) and
351:Qur'an
97:) and
8194:prime
8149:comma
8134:colon
7864:nuqta
7688:Indic
7674:titlo
7592:tilde
7418:grave
7380:other
7308:breve
7270:acute
7164:Other
7085:Tawqi
7040:Mashq
7030:Kufic
6938:Imāla
6907:Names
6873:Turku
6801:Adeni
6635:Omani
6630:Najdi
6535:North
6525:South
6520:Shawi
6502:Gilit
6466:South
6426:North
6324:Fessi
6243:Jebli
6229:Jijel
6204:Tunis
6199:Urban
6180:Qormi
5789:ʾAlif
5759:Hamza
5731:i‘jām
5558:S2CID
5509:arXiv
5490:S2CID
5433:S2CID
5363:(PDF)
5344:5 May
5338:(PDF)
5327:(PDF)
5298:5 May
5292:(PDF)
5281:(PDF)
5221:[
5139:(PDF)
5097:. In
5095:(PDF)
4923:i‘jām
4859:رَسْم
4833:I‘rāb
4804:nouns
4739:i‘jām
4627:i‘jām
4574:Kufic
4516:, or
4451:, or
4386:, or
4359:I‘jām
4295:Urdu
4218:ring
3964:Urdu
3729:Urdu
3497:ٲ اٟ
3308:(IPA
3245:Balti
3179:رَأْس
3153:فُؤاد
3074:/ʔax/
3039:/aːʔ/
3016:/ʔaː/
2995:, or
2826:, or
2782:hamza
2773:Hamza
2764:Hamza
2753:l-a-m
2740:hamza
2685:i‘jām
2603:i‘jām
2599:i‘jām
2472:i‘jām
2447:Quran
2440:i‘jām
2398:nuqaṭ
2386:i‘jām
2376:i‘jām
2362:kufic
2352:I‘jām
2049:i‘rāb
2038:i‘rāb
2031:pausa
1913:sukūn
1886:sukūn
1854:). A
1830:sukūn
1795:sukūn
1744:sukūn
1733:Sukūn
1624:imshū
1608:bismi
1377:/ʔaː/
1355:tilde
1353:is a
1259:Tilde
1192:Allāh
1177:Allah
1137:) or
1133:hādhā
1023:/duː/
896:/diː/
814:below
788:, or
740:, or
681:/daː/
586:above
413:Bible
330:(and
289:i‘jām
273:abjad
213:iʻjām
151:Hamza
85:i‘jām
7475:horn
7289:apex
7060:Rasm
6863:Nubi
6851:Juba
6824:and
6804:Beda
6776:Wqal
6773:Kjal
6603:Gulf
5951:Ġayn
5942:ʿAyn
5550:ISSN
5482:ISSN
5425:ISSN
5384:ISBN
5346:2023
5300:2023
5254:link
5240:2024
5227:ISBN
5202:2024
5176:2024
5150:2024
5117:ISBN
5071:ISBN
5048:2019
5030:ISBN
5006:r12a
4851:Rasm
4806:and
4766:for
4764:khā’
4758:for
4615:was
4597:and
4554:/˨˦/
4528:and
4520:and
4512:and
4506:Ṭāna
4504:The
4496:Ṭāna
4489:/˥˩/
4463:and
4455:and
4447:and
4441:Ṭelā
4439:The
4431:Ṭelā
4398:and
4390:and
4382:and
4374:The
4333:for
4264:Ṭāna
3505:The
3406:Dots
3285:Urdu
3146:/ʔi/
3106:alif
3094:أُمّ
3037:and
3010:alif
3006:Two
2983:alif
2884:alif
2853:alif
2814:alif
2543:and
2468:rasm
2462:rasm
2453:rasm
2436:/dˤ/
2423:/sˤ/
2407:rasm
2384:The
2310:/dd/
2230:The
2141:Alif
2082:alif
1909:The
1898:/aw/
1893:ـَوْ
1852:/aj/
1836:ـَيْ
1791:The
1775:دَدْ
1765:zero
1740:The
1653:alif
1628:mshū
1626:not
1590:alif
1565:alif
1548:alif
1483:The
1433:alif
1425:alif
1419:/aː/
1413:alif
1401:alif
1383:alif
1370:/aː/
1359:alif
1336:The
1283:any
1281:cite
1233:alif
1209:alif
1183:الله
1170:alif
1162:alif
1114:alif
1107:/aː/
1082:alif
1075:The
1043:/aw/
1010:/uː/
975:/du/
947:The
918:/aj/
883:/iː/
848:/di/
719:").
713:/aw/
699:/aj/
668:/aː/
661:alif
635:/da/
567:The
519:The
201:The
80:rasm
8262:In
8119:bar
7686:In
7627:In
7399:dot
7148:864
7143:720
7139:711
7136:710
7133:709
7129:708
6972:IPA
6032:Yāʾ
6023:Wāw
6014:Hāʾ
6005:Nūn
5996:Mīm
5987:Lām
5978:Kāf
5969:Qāf
5960:Fāʾ
5933:Ẓāʾ
5924:Ṭāʾ
5915:Ḍād
5906:Ṣād
5897:Šīn
5888:Sīn
5879:Zāy
5870:Rāʾ
5861:Ḏāl
5852:Dāl
5843:Ḫāʾ
5834:Ḥāʾ
5825:Ǧīm
5816:Ṯāʾ
5807:Tāʾ
5798:Bāʾ
5542:doi
5472:doi
5417:doi
4617:Ali
4601:qāf
4593:fā’
4556:).
4536:or
4491:).
4471:or
4426:).
4424:/˥/
4406:or
4232:kaf
4204:◌ࣸ
4183:◌ࣷ
4162:◌ࣺ
4141:◌ࣹ
4120:◌ࣴ
4084:vav
3978:nun
3961:ن٘
3529:sāȳ
3397:vav
3377:ئۈ
3302:gaf
3298:kaf
3161:),
3068:أَخ
2991:wāw
2951:wāw
2944:/u/
2925:yāʾ
2908:yāʼ
2901:/i/
2899:If
2894:/u/
2892:or
2890:/i/
2867:/i/
2863:/u/
2861:or
2859:/a/
2822:wāw
2759:).
2749:lam
2735:kaf
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