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Although polar bears spend most of their time on the ice rather than in the water, polar bears show the beginnings of aquatic adaptation to swimming (high levels of body fat and nostrils that are able to close), diving, and thermoregulation. Distinctly polar bear fossils can be dated to about 100,000
477:
began pursuing an amphibious lifestyle in rivers or shallow seas. It was the ancestor of modern whales, dolphins, and porpoises. The cetacea are extensively adapted to marine life and cannot survive on land at all. Their adaptation can be seen in many unique physiognomic characteristics such as the
143:
to living at least part of the time in water. These animals are called "secondarily aquatic" because although their ancestors lived on land for hundreds of millions of years, they all originally descended from aquatic animals (see
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causes the acquisition of more adaptations. Animals of later generations may spend most their life in the water, coming ashore for mating. Finally, fully adapted animals may take to mating and birthing in water or ice.
326:. Sea snakes are extensively adapted to the marine environment, giving birth to live offspring and are largely incapable of terrestrial activity. The arc of their adaptation is evident by observing the primitive
221:, having returned to an aquatic lifestyle from more terrestrial ancestors. Most authors consider mesosaurs to have been fully aquatic, although adult animals may have been only semiaquatic.
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tend to develop in early speciation as the animal ventures into water in order to find available food. As successive generations spend more time in the water,
760:"Novel Approaches for Phylogenetic Inference from Morphological Data and Total-Evidence Dating in Squamate Reptiles (Lizards, Snakes, and Amphisbaenians)"
291:(worm lizards). There are many examples of aquatic squamates, both living and extinct; a secondarily aquatic lifestyle has evolved multiple times.
706:
Pablo Nuñez
Demarco et al. Was Mesosaurus a Fully Aquatic Reptile? Front. Ecol. Evol, published online July 27, 2018; doi: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00109
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or snakes are the closest living relatives of mosasaurs. Mosasaurs became extinct 66 million years ago, at the same time as the dinosaurs.
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718:"Combining Phylogenomics and Fossils in Higher-Level Squamate Reptile Phylogeny: Molecular Data Change the Placement of Fossil Taxa"
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displayed extreme adaptions for life in the open ocean, including the transformation of limbs into flippers, the development of a
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and various other physiological and anatomical changes. The idea is not accepted by most scholars who study human evolution.
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and their extinct relatives. Many though not all crocodilomorphs had an aquatic or semiaquatic lifestyle. One group, the
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Modern squamates which have made their own adaptions to allow them to spend significant time in the ocean include
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851:"Morphology of the sacral region and reproductive strategies of Metriorhynchidae: a counter-inductive approach"
716:
John J. Wiens; Caitlin A. Kuczynski; Ted
Townsend; Tod W. Reeder; Daniel G. Mulcahy; Jack W. Sites Jr. (2012).
668:"Evolution of humeral microanatomy and lifestyle in amniotes, and some comments on palaeobiological inferences"
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2017:
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resembled crocodiles but were more strongly adapted to marine life. Scientists continue to debate on whether
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years ago. The polar bear has thick fur and layers of fat on its body to protect it from the cold.
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about 14 million years ago. Their common ancestor must have existed even earlier than that.
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Herrera, Y.; Fernandez, M.S.; Lamas, S.G.; Campos, L.; Talevi, M.; Gasparini, Z. (2017).
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they superficially resemble, even giving birth to live offspring instead of laying eggs.
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Spindler, Frederik; Lauer, René; Tischlinger, Helmut; Mäuser, Matthias (2021-07-05).
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includes some aquatic adaptation, which has been said to explain human hairlessness,
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first appeared in the fossil record about 45 to 50 million years ago in the ocean.
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Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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810:"The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)"
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Living at the same time as, but not closely related to, dinosaurs, the
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148:). These ancestral tetrapods had never left the water, and were thus
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Sauropterygians developed from terrestrial ancestors soon after the
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These marine reptiles had ancestors who moved back into the oceans.
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were a group of small aquatic reptiles that lived during the early
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at the end of that period. The plesiosaurs went extinct at the
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Proponents of the aquatic ape hypothesis believe that part of
490:. The closest extant terrestrial relative to the whale is the
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Period, now long extinct. Its smaller cousins survive as the
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Epoch (about 66 - 55 million years ago), the ancient whale
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teeth, and the cranial 'melon' organ used for aquatic
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2004:
666:CANOVILLE, AURORE; LAURIN, MICHEL (2010-05-19).
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139:, an evolutionary transition from being purely
894:The complete idiot's guide to human prehistory
330:genus, which must return to land to lay eggs.
1226:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
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375:, smooth, scaleless skin, and probably even
1291:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
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672:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
620:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
217:. Mesosaurs were the first known aquatic
192:, the earliest group of aquatic reptiles.
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
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538:existed 12 to 15 million years ago, and
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430:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
363:are a group of reptiles that include
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57:adding citations to reliable sources
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1554:Oceanic physical-biological process
1416:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
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311:A modern semi-aquatic lizard: the
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68:"Secondarily aquatic tetrapods"
44:needs additional citations for
1908:Ecological values of mangroves
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642:List of marine mammal species
534:The fossil records show that
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1913:Fisheries and climate change
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215:299 to 270 million years ago
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137:secondary aquatic adaptation
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1923:Human impact on marine life
1800:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
1036:Aquatic population dynamics
758:A. Alexander Pyron (2016).
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389:Aristonectes quiriquinensis
264:, an extinct marine lizard.
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814:Palaeontologia Electronica
615:Fin and flipper locomotion
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1785:Coastal biogeomorphology
1780:Marine coastal ecosystem
896:. Alpha Books. pp.
630:Vertebrate land invasion
348:adapted as fully as the
1693:Paradox of the plankton
1504:Diel vertical migration
1398:Freshwater swamp forest
1116:GIS and aquatic science
964:General components and
647:List of marine reptiles
386:Life reconstruction of
175:List of marine reptiles
1519:Large marine ecosystem
1211:Shoaling and schooling
625:Evolution of cetaceans
572:Aquatic ape hypothesis
508:Evolution of sirenians
463:Evolution of cetaceans
414:end-Permian extinction
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146:Evolution of tetrapods
1938:Marine protected area
1865:Salt pannes and pools
1640:Marine larval ecology
1615:Census of Marine Life
1499:Deep scattering layer
1456:San Francisco Estuary
1421:Africa and Madagascar
1246:Underwater camouflage
1026:Aquatic biomonitoring
966:freshwater ecosystems
779:10.1093/sysbio/syw068
737:10.1093/sysbio/syq048
512:The ancestors of the
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261:Mosasaurus hoffmannii
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2018:Biological evolution
1673:Marine bacteriophage
1635:Marine invertebrates
561:Speculative theories
156:. Secondary aquatic
53:improve this article
1549:Ocean fertilization
1358:Trophic state index
1316:Lake stratification
1046:Aquatic respiration
440:, plesiosaurs, and
234:is a type of giant
1815:Intertidal wetland
1810:Intertidal ecology
1678:Marine prokaryotes
1620:Deep-sea community
1514:Iron fertilization
1437:Specific examples
1363:Upland and lowland
1281:Freshwater biology
1146:Microbial food web
1056:Aquatic toxicology
999:Aquatic adaptation
952:Aquatic ecosystems
767:Systematic Biology
725:Systematic Biology
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1141:Microbial ecology
1101:Fisheries science
1041:Aquatic predation
892:Meier, R (2003).
188:Restoration of a
162:natural selection
150:primarily aquatic
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1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:Trophic level
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:Sediment trap
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Phytoplankton
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Aquatic plant
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Anoxic waters
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
961:
957:
953:
946:
941:
939:
934:
932:
927:
926:
923:
919:
909:
907:0-02-864421-2
903:
899:
895:
888:
879:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
837:
833:
828:
827:10.26879/1099
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
754:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:(6): 674–88.
730:
726:
719:
712:
703:
695:
691:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
658:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
573:
558:
553:
543:
541:
537:
531:
521:
519:
515:
509:
505:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
475:
470:
464:
460:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
408:Sauropterygia
396:
392:
390:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
353:
351:
347:
341:
331:
329:
325:
321:
314:
313:marine iguana
309:
305:
303:
299:
298:
292:
290:
286:
282:
279:, comprising
278:
274:
270:
263:
262:
256:
247:
245:
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237:
233:
232:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
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191:
186:
176:
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159:
155:
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147:
142:
138:
134:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
1895:Conservation
1746:Pelagic fish
1726:Coastal fish
1630:Marine fungi
1368:Water garden
1251:Water column
1196:Productivity
1171:Pelagic zone
1131:Macrobenthos
1121:Hydrobiology
1091:Ecohydrology
917:
893:
887:
858:
854:
844:
817:
813:
803:
773:(1): 38–56.
770:
766:
753:
728:
724:
711:
702:
675:
671:
661:
635:
634:
608:
607:
584:, increased
575:
555:
533:
511:
492:hippopotamus
488:echolocation
472:
466:
422:Plesiosauria
411:
387:
365:crocodilians
359:
346:Ichthyosaurs
343:
334:Ichthyosaurs
317:
296:
293:
267:
259:
229:
228:
201:
149:
136:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
1880:Sponge reef
1855:Rocky shore
1850:Oyster reef
1820:Kelp forest
1703:Vertebrates
1603:Marine life
1579:Viral shunt
1544:Marine snow
1446:Maharashtra
1353:Stream pool
1256:Zooplankton
1176:Photic zone
1136:Meiobenthos
989:Algal bloom
878:11336/66599
820:(2): 1–41.
596:, a hooded
546:Polar bears
467:During the
395:pleisiosaur
340:Ichthyosaur
244:sea turtles
213:), roughly
158:adaptations
141:terrestrial
2007:Categories
1860:Salt marsh
1795:Coral reef
1584:Whale fall
1564:Photophore
1441:Everglades
1409:Ecoregions
1348:Stream bed
1321:Macrophyte
1274:Freshwater
1106:Food chain
1019:Water bird
653:References
582:bipedalism
552:Polar bear
438:nothosaurs
434:placodonts
377:live birth
373:tail fluke
324:sea snakes
246:of today.
240:Cretaceous
236:sea turtle
211:Cisuralian
190:mesosaurus
173:See also:
79:newspapers
1885:Tide pool
1790:Cold seep
1574:Upwelling
1338:Rheotaxis
1331:Fish pond
1306:Limnology
1231:Substrate
1216:Siltation
1086:Dead zone
836:1094-8074
694:0024-4066
540:odobenids
524:Pinnipeds
498:Sirenians
474:Pakicetus
469:Paleocene
442:pliosaurs
328:Laticauda
297:mosasaurs
250:Squamates
203:Mesosaurs
180:Mesosaurs
133:tetrapods
109:July 2007
1992:Category
1918:HERMIONE
1835:Mangrove
1645:Seagrass
1191:Pleuston
1186:Plankton
1166:Particle
1111:Food web
787:28173602
745:20930035
604:See also
530:Pinniped
518:manatees
504:Sirenian
480:blowhole
418:Triassic
350:dolphins
277:reptiles
269:Squamata
231:Archelon
219:reptiles
209:period (
198:Mesosaur
1845:Mudflat
1805:Estuary
1775:Bay mud
1753:Seabird
1509:f-ratio
1492:General
1373:Wetland
1161:Neuston
1126:Hypoxia
1071:Biomass
1061:Benthos
977:General
795:3697004
536:phocids
478:dorsal
459:Cetacea
453:Cetacea
426:extinct
424:became
281:lizards
225:Turtles
207:Permian
93:scholar
1830:Lagoon
1156:Nekton
1014:Mammal
1009:Insect
904:
834:
793:
785:
743:
692:
566:Humans
514:dugong
484:baleen
287:, and
285:snakes
154:fishes
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
1221:Spawn
898:57–59
791:S2CID
763:(PDF)
721:(PDF)
636:Lists
273:order
100:JSTOR
86:books
1326:Pond
902:ISBN
832:ISSN
783:PMID
741:PMID
690:ISSN
598:nose
516:and
506:and
461:and
322:and
72:news
1388:Fen
1378:Bog
873:hdl
863:doi
859:106
822:doi
775:doi
733:doi
680:doi
676:100
275:of
55:by
2009::
900:.
871:.
857:.
853:.
830:.
818:24
816:.
812:.
789:.
781:.
771:66
769:.
765:.
739:.
729:59
727:.
723:.
688:.
674:.
670:.
592:,
588:,
482:,
444:.
436:,
393:a
379:.
283:,
944:e
937:t
930:v
910:.
881:.
875::
865::
838:.
824::
797:.
777::
747:.
735::
696:.
682::
397:.
391:,
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
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