474:, where still exposed today, are crustal rocks that are up to 3.8 billion years old and intrusive granitic domes along with greenstone belts that are about 3.5 to 3.2 billion years old. The geology was reassessed in 2007 with the separation out from the geologically named Pilbara Craton of a thick succession of interbedded clastic or chemical sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks forming the Fortescue, Hamersley, and Turee Creek basins that are usually aged from 2.78–2.42 billion years old and the younger volcano-sedimentary Ashburton Basin aged from 2.21–1.79 billion years ago. A surface region between the Fortescue and Hamersley basins is even younger, at less than 1.7 billion years old, as are the surrounding geo-ecosystems surface rocks to the Pilbara Craton. It is important to note that to the east and south of the Eastern Pilbara Craton there are significant outcrops of the very old rocks and that these are confined to the traditional area of the Pilbara Craton which is inferred to be subsurface for more than half its area.
359:
220:
448:
91:
205:
562:
219:
626:
Carbonaceous structures appearing to be of biological origin have also been discovered in the 3.47 billion year-old Mount Ada Basalt, a rock layer that is a few million years older than the Apex chert. However, the biogenicity of these supposed fossils has also been disputed, with some studies
605:
and this is widely supported. Consequently, many alternative abiotic explanations have been proposed for the filamentous microstructures including carbonaceous rims around quartz spherules and rhombs, witherite self-assembled biomorphs and haematite infilled veinlets. The carbonaceous matter
592:
rocks. However, the evidence for the biogenicity of these microstructures has been thoroughly debated. Originally, 11 taxa were described from a deposit thought to be located at the mouth of a river due to certain characteristics like rounded and sorted grains. Extensive field mapping and
553:
in the
Pilbara Craton. Biogenic sedimentary structures (microbialites) such as stromatolites and MISS were described from tidal, lagoonal and subtidal coastal settings that can be reconstructed from the Dresser stratigraphy as well. The rocks of the Dresser Formation display evidence of
610:
which has yielded mixed interpretations of results and is therefore regarded by many to be unreliable for determining biogenicity when used alone. Perhaps the most compelling argument to date is based on high spatial resolution electron microscopy like
455:. However this map does not show other discontinuous exposed oldest rocks of the Pilbara Craton. Accordingly a reader should refer to the references for more detailed geological mapping which is not reproduced here for copyright reasons.
1917:
Sugitani, Kenichiro; et al. (2009). "Taxonomy and biogenicity of
Archaean spheroidal microfossils (ca. 3.0 Ga) from the Mount Goldsworthy–Mount Grant area in the northeastern Pilbara Craton, Western Australia".
619:. This study concludes that the nano-scale morphology of the filaments and the distribution of the carbonaceous matter are inconsistent with a biological origin for the filaments. Instead, it is more likely that the
1022:
1424:"Volcanic degassing, hydrothermal circulation and the flourishing of early life on Earth: A review of the evidence from c. 3490-3240 Ma rocks of the Pilbara Supergroup, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia"
366:
1986:
Oliver, N. H. S.; Cawood, P.A (2001). "Early tectonic dewatering and brecciation on the overturned sequence at Marble Bar, Pilbara Craton, Western
Australia: dome-related or not?".
1309:
Brasier, Martin D.; Green, Owen R.; Jephcoat, Andrew P.; Kleppe, Annette K.; Van
Kranendonk, Martin J.; Lindsay, John F.; Steele, Andrew; Grassineau, Nathalie V. (March 2002).
377:. The geo-ecosystems of the PIL02(Fortescue) area in particular are usually on much younger exposed rock formations (< 1.7 Ga) than the lithology discussed in this article.
2044:
Zegers, E.; de Wit, M. J.; Dann, J.; White, S. H. (1998). "Vaalbara, Earth's oldest assembled continent? A combined structural, geochronological, and palaeomagnetic test".
1123:"Organo-mineral associations in chert of the 3.5 Ga Mount Ada Basalt raise questions about the origin of organic matter in Paleoarchean hydrothermally influenced sediments"
1957:
Kato, Y.; Nakamura, K. (2003). "Origin and global tectonic significance of Early
Archean cherts from the Marble Bar greenstone belt, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia".
857:"Microbially induced sedimentary structures recording an ancient ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 billion-year-old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia"
623:
conditions have assisted in the heating, hydration and exfoliation of potassium micas on which barium, iron and carbonate have secondarily been adsorbed.
433:
374:
1121:
Alleon, Julien; Flannery, David T.; Ferralis, Nicola; Williford, Kenneth H.; Zhang, Yong; Schuessler, Jan A.; Summons, Roger E. (13 November 2019).
2102:
2015:
Terabayashi, M.; Masada, Y.; Ozawa, H. (2003). "Archean ocean-floor metamorphism in the North Pole area, Pilbara Craton, Western
Australia".
1864:"The structure and distribution of carbon in 3.5 Ga Apex chert: Implications for the biogenicity of Earth's oldest putative microfossils"
989:
534:
417:. The youngest rocks are 1.7 Ga old in the historic area assigned to the Craton. Both locations may have once been part of the
2103:
Stratigraphic revision of the
Warrawoona and Gorge Creek Groups in the Kelly greenstone belt, Pilbara Craton,Western Australia
1377:"Critical testing of Earth's oldest putative fossil assemblage from the ~3.5 Ga Apex chert, Chinaman Creek, Western Australia"
2127:
2107:
1018:"SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions"
451:
The currently exposed continuous
Pilbara Craton in red, the Eastern Pilbara region outlined in blue, and detail of local
114:
Estimated 250,000 km (97,000 sq mi), Pilbara IRBA v7 region 178,231.26 km (68,815.47 sq mi)
1518:"Multiple generations of carbonaceous material deposited in Apex chert by basin-scale pervasive hydrothermal fluid flow"
913:
942:"Geological setting of Earth's oldest fossils in the ca. 3.5 Ga Dresser Formation, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia"
1744:
Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Agresti, David G.; Wdowiak, Thomas J.; Czaja, Andrew D. (March 2002).
719:
720:"Early Earth evolution: evidence from the 3.5–1.8 Ga geological history of the Pilbara region of Western Australia"
616:
2152:
1568:"3.46 Ga Apex chert 'microfossils' reinterpreted as mineral artefacts produced during phyllosilicate exfoliation"
994:
940:
Van
Kranendonk, Martin J.; Philippot, Pascal; Lepot, Kevin; Bodorkos, Simon; Pirajno, Franco (10 November 2008).
775:
Djokic, Tara; Van
Kranendonk, Martin J.; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Ward, Colin R. (9 May 2017).
358:
630:
Additional potential bioindicators from the Precambrian have been found in the region, including carbonaceous
1016:
Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. (2017).
612:
1567:
1517:
1423:
1376:
941:
2142:
2137:
1809:"Necessary, but Not Sufficient: Raman Identification of Disordered Carbon as a Signature of Ancient Life"
17:
2132:
574:
531:
2066:
1566:
Wacey, David; Saunders, Martin; Kong, Charlie; Brasier, Alexander; Brasier, Martin (1 August 2016).
754:
1863:
1188:"Early Archean (3.3-billion to 3.5-billion-year-old) microfossils from Warrawoona Group, Australia"
1516:
Olcott Marshall, Alison; Jehlička, Jan; Rouzaud, Jean-Noel; Marshall, Craig P. (1 January 2014).
387:
370:
1375:
Brasier, M.; Green, O.; Lindsay, J.; McLoughlin, N.; Steele, A.; Stoakes, C. (21 October 2005).
470:
The most important part of the Pilbara Craton to understand the early Earth crust is called the
2061:
471:
465:
440:
781:
654:
1808:
1471:"Hydrothermal alteration and microfossil artefacts of the 3,465-million-year-old Apex chert"
2053:
2024:
1995:
1966:
1927:
1875:
1820:
1757:
1702:
1636:
1579:
1529:
1482:
1435:
1388:
1322:
1254:
1242:
1199:
1134:
955:
946:
868:
790:
664:
104:
739:
8:
2147:
2057:
2028:
1999:
1970:
1931:
1879:
1824:
1761:
1706:
1640:
1583:
1533:
1486:
1439:
1392:
1326:
1258:
1203:
1138:
959:
872:
794:
27:
Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere located in Pilbara, Western Australia
2079:
1899:
1789:
1726:
1668:
1354:
1286:
1187:
1168:
1155:
1122:
1095:
1070:
1046:
1017:
889:
856:
811:
776:
607:
2036:
2007:
1978:
1624:
2098:
Deformation and gold mineralisation of the Archaean Pilbara Craton, Western Australia
2075:
1903:
1891:
1844:
1836:
1781:
1773:
1718:
1660:
1652:
1605:
1545:
1498:
1451:
1404:
1346:
1338:
1278:
1270:
1243:"Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex Chert: New Evidence of the Antiquity of Life"
1223:
1215:
1172:
1160:
1100:
1051:
894:
816:
649:
620:
602:
581:
550:
395:
160:
2083:
1939:
1730:
1672:
1447:
1400:
967:
2157:
2122:
2071:
2032:
2003:
1974:
1935:
1883:
1828:
1793:
1765:
1710:
1644:
1595:
1587:
1537:
1490:
1443:
1396:
1330:
1290:
1262:
1207:
1150:
1142:
1090:
1082:
1041:
1031:
963:
884:
876:
806:
798:
734:
50:
1625:"Self-Assembled Silica-Carbonate Structures and Detection of Ancient Microfossils"
1358:
1266:
990:"Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago"
914:"Oldest evidence of life on land found in 3.48-billion-year-old Australian rocks"
679:
439:
Based on geology alone where the eastern continuous oldest portion is called the
410:
145:
90:
1832:
1146:
684:
422:
834:
443:
and younger surface lithologies within the larger craton have different names.
2116:
1895:
1840:
1777:
1722:
1691:"Haematite pseudomicrofossils present in the 3.5-billion-year-old Apex Chert"
1689:
Marshall, Craig P.; Emry, Julienne R.; Olcott Marshall, Alison (April 2011).
1656:
1609:
1591:
1549:
1541:
1502:
1455:
1408:
1342:
1274:
1219:
1211:
659:
578:
40:
1648:
1036:
777:"Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits"
447:
1848:
1785:
1690:
1664:
1350:
1282:
1227:
1164:
1104:
1086:
1055:
898:
820:
631:
627:
finding abiotic processes to be a more likely culprit for their formation.
598:
594:
428:
There are two subregional geographical classification regimes used, being:
414:
196:
1745:
1470:
1310:
880:
1887:
852:
674:
669:
63:
56:
2097:
1469:
Pinti, Daniele L.; Mineau, Raymond; Clement, Valentin (September 2009).
802:
542:
511:
1515:
1714:
1600:
585:
555:
538:
452:
406:
170:
46:
1769:
1494:
1334:
939:
918:
519:
515:
483:
418:
409:(billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth, along with the
204:
774:
1015:
644:
402:
391:
185:
135:
70:
1743:
1120:
606:
composing the filaments has also been repeatedly examined with
546:
499:
495:
491:
77:
1374:
589:
561:
209:
Map of Australia with the Pilbara region highlighted in red.
1688:
507:
503:
487:
1807:
Pasteris, Jill Dill; Wopenka, Brigitte (1 December 2003).
1308:
717:
851:
1862:
Gregorio, Bradley T. De; Sharp, Thomas G. (1 May 2006).
1565:
597:
analysis has since shown the setting for the purported
541:
and other related mineral deposits (often found around
2014:
718:
Hickman and Van Kranendonk, Arthur and Martin (2012).
558:
alteration that may have been microbially influenced.
2043:
1311:"Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils"
855:; Christian, D; Wacey, D; Hazen, RM (December 2013).
434:
Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia
1468:
1746:"Laser–Raman imagery of Earth's earliest fossils"
1116:
1114:
1075:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
2114:
1806:
401:The Pilbara Craton is one of only two pristine
1111:
1861:
1421:
537:may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old
1985:
1956:
1185:
525:
1622:
981:
905:
768:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
357:
203:
89:
2065:
1599:
1154:
1094:
1045:
1035:
888:
810:
738:
1916:
1009:
988:Tyrell, Kelly April (18 December 2017).
560:
446:
95:Satellite view in 2013 of Pilbara Craton
1623:Garcia-Ruiz, J. M. (14 November 2003).
698:
14:
2115:
1240:
1186:Schopf, J.; Packer, B. (3 July 1987).
1068:
987:
827:
350:
1684:
1682:
1561:
1559:
1422:Vankranendonk, M. (1 February 2006).
1370:
1368:
1304:
1302:
1300:
911:
845:
436:based upon interacting geo-ecosystems
345:
335:
320:
310:
300:
290:
634:in the northeastern Pilbara Craton.
340:
330:
325:
315:
305:
295:
285:
280:
270:
486:deposits and also economic to mine
421:supercontinent or the continent of
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
24:
1679:
1556:
1365:
1297:
1071:"Fossil evidence of Archaean life"
275:
225:
25:
2169:
2091:
1069:Schopf, J. William (9 May 2006).
482:There are extensive high quality
386:is an old and stable part of the
2076:10.1046/j.1365-3121.1998.00199.x
617:transmission electron microscopy
218:
54:
1950:
1940:10.1016/j.precamres.2009.02.004
1910:
1855:
1800:
1737:
1616:
1509:
1462:
1448:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.09.005
1415:
1401:10.1016/j.precamres.2005.06.008
1241:Schopf, J. W. (30 April 1993).
1234:
1179:
1062:
995:University of Wisconsin-Madison
968:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.07.003
740:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i1/028
933:
747:
13:
1:
2037:10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00186-4
2008:10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00098-X
1979:10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00043-3
835:"Dresser Formation - Pilbara"
691:
477:
122:up to 20 km (12 mi)
2128:Geology of Western Australia
1267:10.1126/science.260.5108.640
7:
2108:Tectonic/Volcanic Landforms
637:
369:Pilbara Craton part of the
10:
2174:
1833:10.1089/153110703322736051
1147:10.1038/s41598-019-53272-5
584:in 3.465-billion-year-old
463:
459:
282:Pilbara Craton subregions:
526:Evidence of earliest life
202:
191:
181:
176:
166:
156:
151:
141:
131:
126:
118:
110:
100:
88:
39:
34:
1592:10.1016/j.gr.2015.07.010
1542:10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.006
1212:10.1126/science.11539686
1649:10.1126/science.1090163
1037:10.1073/pnas.1718063115
388:continental lithosphere
371:continental lithosphere
272:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
267:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
262:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
257:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
252:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
247:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
242:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
237:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
232:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
227:▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮▮
2153:Physiographic sections
1087:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834
566:
472:Eastern Pilbara Craton
466:Eastern Pilbara Craton
456:
441:Eastern Pilbara Craton
1868:American Mineralogist
1428:Earth-Science Reviews
881:10.1089/ast.2013.1030
782:Nature Communications
655:Centralian Superbasin
564:
450:
2017:Precambrian Research
1988:Precambrian Research
1959:Precambrian Research
1920:Precambrian Research
1888:10.2138/am.2006.2149
1381:Precambrian Research
947:Precambrian Research
912:Staff (9 May 2017).
665:Geology of Australia
327:Carnarvon subregion:
105:Geological formation
2058:1998TeNov..10..250Z
2029:2003PreR..127..167T
2000:2001PreR..105....1O
1971:2003PreR..125..191K
1932:2009PreR..173...50S
1880:2006AmMin..91..784D
1825:2003AsBio...3..727P
1762:2002Natur.416...73S
1707:2011NatGe...4..240M
1641:2003Sci...302.1194G
1635:(5648): 1194–1197.
1584:2016GondR..36..296W
1534:2014GondR..25..284O
1487:2009NatGe...2..640P
1440:2006ESRv...74..197V
1393:2005PreR..140...55B
1327:2002Natur.416...76B
1259:1993Sci...260..640S
1204:1987Sci...237...70S
1139:2019NatSR...916712A
960:2008PreR..167...93V
873:2013AsBio..13.1103N
803:10.1038/ncomms15263
795:2017NatCo...815263D
549:) uncovered in the
532:earliest known life
375:IBRA classification
373:using version 7 of
342:Gascoyne subregion:
41:Stratigraphic range
2143:Historical geology
2138:Structural geology
1127:Scientific Reports
608:Raman spectroscopy
577:may be fossils of
567:
457:
1695:Nature Geoscience
1572:Gondwana Research
1522:Gondwana Research
1475:Nature Geoscience
1253:(5108): 640–646.
1081:(1470): 869–885.
839:pilbara.mq.edu.au
650:Australian Shield
551:Dresser Formation
396:Western Australia
213:
212:
197:Pilbara#Etymology
161:Western Australia
16:(Redirected from
2165:
2133:Economic geology
2087:
2069:
2040:
2023:(1–3): 167–180.
2011:
1982:
1965:(3–4): 191–243.
1944:
1943:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1874:(5–6): 784–789.
1859:
1853:
1852:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1715:10.1038/ngeo1084
1686:
1677:
1676:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1434:(3–4): 197–240.
1419:
1413:
1412:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
909:
903:
902:
892:
849:
843:
842:
831:
825:
824:
814:
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
751:
745:
744:
742:
724:
715:
530:Evidence of the
361:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
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258:
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248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
207:
93:
84:
80:
73:
66:
59:
53:
51:Paleoproterozoic
32:
31:
21:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2067:10.1.1.566.6728
1953:
1948:
1947:
1915:
1911:
1860:
1856:
1805:
1801:
1770:10.1038/416073a
1756:(6876): 73–76.
1742:
1738:
1687:
1680:
1621:
1617:
1564:
1557:
1514:
1510:
1495:10.1038/ngeo601
1467:
1463:
1420:
1416:
1387:(1–2): 55–102.
1373:
1366:
1335:10.1038/416076a
1321:(6876): 76–81.
1307:
1298:
1239:
1235:
1198:(4810): 70–73.
1184:
1180:
1119:
1112:
1067:
1063:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
986:
982:
972:
970:
954:(1–2): 93–124.
938:
934:
924:
922:
910:
906:
867:(12): 1103–24.
850:
846:
833:
832:
828:
773:
769:
759:
757:
753:
752:
748:
722:
716:
699:
694:
689:
680:Western Plateau
640:
528:
480:
468:
462:
411:Kaapvaal Craton
390:located in the
380:
379:
378:
368:
363:
362:
355:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
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1813:Astrobiology
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1133:(1): 16712.
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1074:
1064:
1030:(1): 53–58.
1027:
1021:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
993:
983:
971:. Retrieved
951:
945:
935:
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917:
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861:Astrobiology
860:
847:
838:
829:
786:
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770:
758:. Retrieved
755:"CAPAD 2014"
749:
730:
726:
632:microfossils
629:
625:
621:hydrothermal
603:hydrothermal
599:microfossils
595:petrogenetic
573:evidence of
570:
568:
529:
481:
469:
427:
415:South Africa
400:
383:
381:
177:Type section
29:
1994:(1): 1–15.
1578:: 296–313.
1001:27 December
973:30 December
675:Perth Basin
670:Ore genesis
543:hot springs
453:lithologies
65:Proterozoic
2148:Bornhardts
2117:Categories
2046:Terra Nova
692:References
586:Australian
565:Apex chert
522:deposits.
512:molybdenum
478:Mineralogy
394:region of
352:Ashburton
337:Cape Range
292:Chichester
146:Greenstone
18:Apex chert
2062:CiteSeerX
1904:129380309
1896:1945-3027
1841:1531-1074
1778:1476-4687
1723:1752-0908
1657:0036-8075
1610:1342-937X
1601:2164/9044
1550:1342-937X
1503:1752-0908
1456:0012-8252
1409:0301-9268
1343:1476-4687
1275:0036-8075
1220:0036-8075
1173:207986473
853:Noffke, N
789:: 15263.
556:haematite
539:geyserite
322:Roebourne
312:Hamersley
302:Fortescue
182:Named for
171:Australia
127:Lithology
119:Thickness
47:Eoarchean
2084:52261989
1849:14987478
1786:11882894
1731:55506242
1673:12117608
1665:14615534
1351:11882895
1283:11539831
1228:11539686
1165:31723181
1105:16754604
1056:29255053
919:Phys.org
899:24205812
821:28486437
727:Episodes
638:See also
613:scanning
520:fluorite
516:vanadium
484:iron ore
419:Vaalbara
405:3.8–2.7
403:Archaean
347:GAS01 -
192:Named by
152:Location
2158:Pilbara
2123:Cratons
2054:Bibcode
2025:Bibcode
1996:Bibcode
1967:Bibcode
1928:Bibcode
1876:Bibcode
1821:Bibcode
1794:4382712
1758:Bibcode
1703:Bibcode
1637:Bibcode
1629:Science
1580:Bibcode
1530:Bibcode
1483:Bibcode
1436:Bibcode
1389:Bibcode
1323:Bibcode
1291:2109914
1255:Bibcode
1247:Science
1200:Bibcode
1192:Science
1156:6853986
1135:Bibcode
1096:1578735
1047:5776830
956:Bibcode
890:3870916
869:Bibcode
812:5436104
791:Bibcode
760:1 April
645:Archaea
547:geysers
535:on land
460:Geology
392:Pilbara
332:CAR01 -
317:PIL04 -
307:PIL03 -
297:PIL02 -
287:PIL01 -
186:Pilbara
167:Country
136:Granite
132:Primary
72:Archean
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1750:Nature
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1359:819491
1357:
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1044:
925:13 May
897:
887:
819:
809:
601:to be
571:direct
500:nickel
496:copper
492:silver
157:Region
2080:S2CID
1900:S2CID
1790:S2CID
1727:S2CID
1669:S2CID
1355:S2CID
1287:S2CID
1169:S2CID
723:(PDF)
590:chert
588:Apex
142:Other
1892:ISSN
1845:PMID
1837:ISSN
1782:PMID
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1405:ISSN
1347:PMID
1339:ISSN
1279:PMID
1271:ISSN
1224:PMID
1216:ISSN
1161:PMID
1101:PMID
1052:PMID
1023:PNAS
1003:2017
975:2022
927:2017
895:PMID
817:PMID
762:2023
615:and
545:and
518:and
508:zinc
504:lead
488:gold
432:The
382:The
195:See
111:Area
101:Type
79:Had.
58:Pha.
2072:doi
2033:doi
2021:127
2004:doi
1992:105
1975:doi
1963:125
1936:doi
1924:173
1884:doi
1829:doi
1766:doi
1754:416
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1633:302
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1196:237
1151:PMC
1143:doi
1091:PMC
1083:doi
1079:361
1042:PMC
1032:doi
1028:115
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