Chemotherapy - Knowledge

3212:(NIOSH) has been conducting an assessment in the workplace since then regarding these drugs. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs has been linked to multiple health effects, including infertility and possible carcinogenic effects. A few cases have been reported by the NIOSH alert report, such as one in which a female pharmacist was diagnosed with papillary transitional cell carcinoma. Twelve years before the pharmacist was diagnosed with the condition, she had worked for 20 months in a hospital where she was responsible for preparing multiple antineoplastic drugs. The pharmacist did not have any other risk factor for cancer, and therefore, her cancer was attributed to the exposure to the antineoplastic drugs, although a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established in the literature. Another case happened when a malfunction in biosafety cabinetry is believed to have exposed nursing personnel to antineoplastic drugs. Investigations revealed evidence of genotoxic biomarkers two and nine months after that exposure. 3329:

individuals should receive information and training to inform them of the hazards of the drugs present in their areas of work. They should be informed and trained on operations and procedures in their work areas where they can encounter hazards, different methods used to detect the presence of hazardous drugs and how the hazards are released, and the physical and health hazards of the drugs, including their reproductive and carcinogenic hazard potential. Additionally, they should be informed and trained on the measures they should take to avoid and protect themselves from these hazards. This information ought to be provided when health care workers come into contact with the drugs, that is, perform the initial assignment in a work area with hazardous drugs. Moreover, training should also be provided when new hazards emerge as well as when new drugs, procedures, or equipment are introduced.

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interactions, genetics, and obesity, which have major impacts on the actual concentration of the drug in the person's bloodstream. As a result, there is high variability in the systemic chemotherapy drug concentration in people dosed by BSA, and this variability has been demonstrated to be more than ten-fold for many drugs. In other words, if two people receive the same dose of a given drug based on BSA, the concentration of that drug in the bloodstream of one person may be 10 times higher or lower compared to that of the other person. This variability is typical with many chemotherapy drugs dosed by BSA, and, as shown below, was demonstrated in a study of 14 common chemotherapy drugs.

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agents before and after each activity as well as at the end of their shifts. Cleaning should always be done using double protective gloves and disposable gowns. After employees finish up cleaning, they should dispose of the items used in the activity in a yellow chemotherapy waste container while still wearing protective gloves. After removing the gloves, they should thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water. Anything that comes into contact or has a trace of the antineoplastic drugs, such as needles, empty vials, syringes, gowns, and gloves, should be put in the chemotherapy waste container.

1107: 1701: 2274: 911: 3630:. They bind to the tumor antigen and are internalised, where the linker releases the drug into the cell. These specially targeted delivery vehicles vary in their stability, selectivity, and choice of target, but, in essence, they all aim to increase the maximum effective dose that can be delivered to the tumor cells. Reduced systemic toxicity means that they can also be used in people who are sicker and that they can carry new chemotherapeutic agents that would have been far too toxic to deliver via traditional systemic approaches. 768: 69: 3424: 3241:

vapors. Multiple studies have investigated inhalation as a route of exposure, and although air sampling has not shown any dangerous levels, it is still a potential route of exposure. Ingestion by hand to mouth is a route of exposure that is less likely compared to others because of the enforced hygienic standard in the health institutions. However, it is still a potential route, especially in the workplace, outside of a health institute. One can also be exposed to these hazardous drugs through injection by

796: 823: 1303: 1495: 3577: 15398: 788:, using the recipient's weight and height, rather than by direct measurement of body area. This formula was originally derived in a 1916 study and attempted to translate medicinal doses established with laboratory animals to equivalent doses for humans. The study only included nine human subjects. When chemotherapy was introduced in the 1950s, the BSA formula was adopted as the official standard for chemotherapy dosing for lack of a better option. 15419: 2927: 3744:(European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy), the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for electrochemotherapy were prepared, based on the experience of the leading European cancer centres on electrochemotherapy. Recently, new electrochemotherapy modalities have been developed for treatment of internal tumors using surgical procedures, endoscopic routes or percutaneous approaches to gain access to the treatment area. 2289:(alopecia) can be caused by chemotherapy that kills rapidly dividing cells; other medications may cause hair to thin. These are most often temporary effects: hair usually starts to regrow a few weeks after the last treatment, but sometimes with a change in color, texture, thickness or style. Sometimes hair has a tendency to curl after regrowth, resulting in "chemo curls." Severe hair loss occurs most often with drugs such as 3142:. Chemotherapeutic drugs may be used at high doses to permanently remove the recipient's bone marrow cells (myeloablative conditioning) or at lower doses that will prevent permanent bone marrow loss (non-myeloablative and reduced intensity conditioning). When used in non-cancer setting, the treatment is still called "chemotherapy", and is often done in the same treatment centers used for people with cancer. 1803:), or isolated infusion of chemotherapy into the liver or the lung have been used to treat some tumors. The main purpose of these approaches is to deliver a very high dose of chemotherapy to tumor sites without causing overwhelming systemic damage. These approaches can help control solitary or limited metastases, but they are by definition not systemic, and, therefore, do not treat distributed metastases or 3435: 847: 836: 3237:

is potentially exposed to hazardous drugs. Health care workers are exposed to drugs in different circumstances, such as when pharmacists and pharmacy technicians prepare and handle antineoplastic drugs and when nurses and physicians administer the drugs to patients. Additionally, those who are responsible for disposing antineoplastic drugs in health care facilities are also at risk of exposure.

3156: 2366:. Chemotherapies with high risk include procarbazine and other alkylating drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, melphalan, chlorambucil, and chlormethine. Drugs with medium risk include doxorubicin and platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin. On the other hand, therapies with low risk of gonadotoxicity include plant derivatives such as vincristine and vinblastine, 3320:

directly in the yellow chemotherapy waste container with the lid closed. Protective equipment should be removed and put into a disposable chemotherapy waste container. After this has been done, one should double bag the chemotherapy waste before or after removing one's inner gloves. Moreover, one must always wash one's hands with soap and water before leaving the drug administration site.

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hematologic side effects were eliminated. Because of the reduced toxicity, dose-adjusted patients were able to be treated for longer periods of time. BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months. Completing the course of treatment is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes.

2853:, a process in which multiple copies of a gene are produced by cancer cells. This overcomes the effect of drugs that reduce the expression of genes involved in replication. With more copies of the gene, the drug can not prevent all expression of the gene and therefore the cell can restore its proliferative ability. Cancer cells can also cause defects in the cellular pathways of 3254:

occasions have adverse reproductive outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and congenital malformations. Moreover, studies have shown that exposure to these drugs leads to menstrual cycle irregularities. Antineoplastic drugs may also increase the risk of learning disabilities among children of health care workers who are exposed to these hazardous substances.

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CDDP-resistant cells. In regard to the potential benefit that drug-resistant cells can be recruited for effective therapy by combining chemotherapy with hyperthermia, it was important to show that chemoresistance against several anticancer drugs (e.g. mitomycin C, anthracyclines, BCNU, melphalan) including CDDP could be reversed at least partially by the addition of heat.

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sparingly. However, the test played a significant role in changing the use of horizontal flow cabinets to vertical flow biological safety cabinets during the preparation of antineoplastic drugs because the former exposed health care workers to high levels of drugs. This changed the handling of drugs and effectively reduced workers' exposure to antineoplastic drugs.

2849:, in order to protect themselves from chemotherapeutics. Research on p-glycoprotein and other such chemotherapy efflux pumps is currently ongoing. Medications to inhibit the function of p-glycoprotein are undergoing investigation, but due to toxicities and interactions with anti-cancer drugs their development has been difficult. Another mechanism of resistance is 3299:, one should inspect gloves for physical defects before use and always wear double gloves and protective gowns. Health care workers are also required to wash their hands with water and soap before and after working with antineoplastic drugs, change gloves every 30 minutes or whenever punctured, and discard them immediately in a chemotherapy waste container. 7648: 1520:, for example, the adjacent unopened DNA winds tighter (supercoils), like opening the middle of a twisted rope. The stress caused by this effect is in part aided by the topoisomerase enzymes. They produce single- or double-strand breaks into DNA, reducing the tension in the DNA strand. This allows the normal unwinding of DNA to occur during 1246:. Fluorouracil is a nucleobase analogue that is metabolised in cells to form at least two active products; 5-fluourouridine monophosphate (FUMP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate (fdUMP). FUMP becomes incorporated into RNA and fdUMP inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase; both of which lead to cell death. Capecitabine is a 2869:, can occur which prevent the drugs from binding to the protein, leading to resistance to these types of drugs. Drugs used in chemotherapy can induce cell stress, which can kill a cancer cell; however, under certain conditions, cells stress can induce changes in gene expression that enables resistance to several types of drugs. In 1182:. These drugs exert their effect by either blocking the enzymes required for DNA synthesis or becoming incorporated into DNA or RNA. By inhibiting the enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, they prevent mitosis because the DNA cannot duplicate itself. Also, after misincorporation of the molecules into DNA, 3391:. In addition to this, there are other drugs used to measure the drugs directly in the urine, although they are rarely used. A measurement of these drugs directly in one's urine is a sign of high exposure levels and that an uptake of the drugs is happening either through inhalation or dermally. 3743:

Clinical electrochemotherapy has been successfully used for treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors irrespective of their histological origin. The method has been reported as safe, simple and highly effective in all reports on clinical use of electrochemotherapy. According to the ESOPE project

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The result of this pharmacokinetic variability among people is that many people do not receive the right dose to achieve optimal treatment effectiveness with minimized toxic side effects. Some people are overdosed while others are underdosed. For example, in a randomized clinical trial, investigators

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A written policy needs to be in place in case of a spill of antineoplastic products. The policy should address the possibility of various sizes of spills as well as the procedure and personal protective equipment required for each size. A trained worker should handle a large spill and always dispose

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are often less severe than that seen of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, life-threatening effects can occur. Initially, the targeted therapeutics were supposed to be solely selective for one protein. Now it is clear that there is often a range of protein targets that the drug can bind. An example target

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Several clinical studies have demonstrated that when chemotherapy dosing is individualized to achieve optimal systemic drug exposure, treatment outcomes are improved and toxic side effects are reduced. In the 5-FU clinical study cited above, people whose dose was adjusted to achieve a pre-determined

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Mir LM, Gehl J, Sersa G, Collins CG, Garbay JR, Billard V, Geertsen PF, Rudolf Z, O'Sullivan GC, Marty M (2006). "Standard operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy: Instructions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by

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Marty M, Sersa G, Garbay JR, Gehl J, Collins CG, Snoj M, Billard V, Geertsen PF, Larkin JO, Miklavcic D, Pavlovic I, Paulin-Kosir SM, Cemazar M, Morsli N, Soden DM, Rudolf Z, Robert C, O'Sullivan GC, Mir LM (2006). "Electrochemotherapy – An easy, highly effective and safe treatment of cutaneous and

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drugs. Nanoparticles can be targeted passively or actively. Passive targeting exploits the difference between tumor blood vessels and normal blood vessels. Blood vessels in tumors are "leaky" because they have gaps from 200 to 2000 nm, which allow nanoparticles to escape into the tumor. Active

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Hospital workers should never remove tubing from an IV bag that contains an antineoplastic drug, and when disconnecting the tubing in the system, they should make sure the tubing has been thoroughly flushed. After removing the IV bag, the workers should place it together with other disposable items

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Dermal exposure is thought to be the main route of exposure due to the fact that significant amounts of the antineoplastic agents have been found in the gloves worn by healthcare workers who prepare, handle, and administer the agents. Another noteworthy route of exposure is inhalation of the drugs'

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administration. In most cases, before the medication is administered to the patient, it needs to be prepared and handled by several workers. Any worker who is involved in handling, preparing, or administering the drugs, or with cleaning objects that have come into contact with antineoplastic drugs,

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is a major cause of treatment failure in chemotherapeutic drugs. There are a few possible causes of resistance in cancer, one of which is the presence of small pumps on the surface of cancer cells that actively move chemotherapy from inside the cell to the outside. Cancer cells produce high amounts

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have been developed and commercialized, becoming a nearly universal standard in chemotherapy regimens, and helping to successfully manage these symptoms in many people. Effective mediation of these unpleasant and sometimes debilitating symptoms results in increased quality of life for the recipient

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are two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side-effects for people with cancer and their families. In 1983, Coates et al. found that people receiving chemotherapy ranked nausea and vomiting as the first and second most severe side-effects, respectively. Up to 20% of people receiving highly

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In the same study, investigators compared the incidence of common 5-FU-associated grade 3/4 toxicities between the dose-adjusted people and people dosed per BSA. The incidence of debilitating grades of diarrhea was reduced from 18% in the BSA-dosed group to 4% in the dose-adjusted group and serious

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Hyperthermia has also been shown to help prevent or reverse "chemo-resistance." Chemotherapy resistance sometimes develops over time as the tumors adapt and can overcome the toxicity of the chemo medication. "Overcoming chemoresistance has been extensively studied within the past, especially using

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Urinary mutagenicity is a marker of exposure to antineoplastic drugs that was first used by Falck and colleagues in 1979 and uses bacterial mutagenicity assays. Apart from being nonspecific, the test can be influenced by extraneous factors such as dietary intake and smoking and is, therefore, used

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effects. In the past five decades, multiple studies have shown the carcinogenic effects of exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Similarly, there have been research studies that linked alkylating agents with humans developing leukemias. Studies have reported elevated risk of breast cancer, nonmelanoma

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Hazardous drugs expose health care workers to serious health risks. Many studies show that antineoplastic drugs could have many side effects on the reproductive system, such as fetal loss, congenital malformation, and infertility. Health care workers who are exposed to antineoplastic drugs on many

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are a relatively new class of cancer drugs that can overcome many of the issues seen with the use of cytotoxics. They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies. The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to the lack of cell specificity of the drugs. They will kill

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can result when the recipient does not eat or drink enough, or when the person vomits frequently, because of gastrointestinal damage. This can result in rapid weight loss, or occasionally in weight gain, if the person eats too much in an effort to allay nausea or heartburn. Weight gain can also be

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before any fever or sign of infection appears. Quinolones show effective prophylaxis mainly with hematological cancer. However, in general, for every five people who are immunosuppressed following chemotherapy who take an antibiotic, one fever can be prevented; for every 34 who take an antibiotic,

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The validity of this method in calculating uniform doses has been questioned because the formula only takes into account the individual's weight and height. Drug absorption and clearance are influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, metabolism, disease state, organ function, drug-to-drug

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Electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is followed by application of high-voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor. The treatment enables the chemotherapeutic drugs, which otherwise cannot or hardly go through the membrane of cells (such as

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to prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of chemical warfare. The survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts. After WWII was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have

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are affected. CIPN often follows the first chemotherapy dose and increases in severity as treatment continues, but this progression usually levels off at completion of treatment. The platinum-based drugs are the exception; with these drugs, sensation may continue to deteriorate for several months

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One approach that can help clinicians individualize chemotherapy dosing is to measure the drug levels in blood plasma over time and adjust dose according to a formula or algorithm to achieve optimal exposure. With an established target exposure for optimized treatment effectiveness with minimized

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of semen, ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos. As more than half of cancer patients are elderly, this adverse effect is only relevant for a minority of patients. A study in France between 1999 and 2011 came to the result that embryo freezing before administration of gonadotoxic agents to females

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Rodgers GM, Becker PS, Bennett CL, Cella D, Chanan-Khan A, Chesney C, Cleeland C, Coccia PF, Djulbegovic B, Garst JL, Gilreath JA, Kraut EH, Lin WC, Matulonis U, Millenson M, Reinke D, Rosenthal J, Sabbatini P, Schwartz RN, Stein RS, Vij R (July 2008). "Cancer- and chemotherapy-induced anemia".

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When performing cleaning and decontaminating the work area where antineoplastic drugs are used, one should make sure that there is sufficient ventilation to prevent the buildup of airborne drug concentrations. When cleaning the work surface, hospital workers should use deactivation and cleaning

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All employees whose jobs in health care facilities expose them to hazardous drugs must receive training. Training should include shipping and receiving personnel, housekeepers, pharmacists, assistants, and all individuals involved in the transportation and storage of antineoplastic drugs. These

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that is designed to decrease worker exposure. Additionally, it recommends training of all staff, the use of cabinets, implementing an initial evaluation of the technique of the safety program, and wearing protective gloves and gowns when opening drug packaging, handling vials, or labeling. When

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Drugs should only be administered using protective medical devices such as needle lists and closed systems and techniques such as priming of IV tubing by pharmacy personnel inside a ventilated cabinet. Workers should always wear personal protective equipment such as double gloves, goggles, and

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Montaudié H, Sbidian E, Paul C, Maza A, Gallini A, Aractingi S, Aubin F, Bachelez H, Cribier B, Joly P, Jullien D, Le Maître M, Misery L, Richard MA, Ortonne JP (May 2011). "Methotrexate in psoriasis: a systematic review of treatment modalities, incidence, risk factors and monitoring of liver

2829:). To counteract this they then signal for new blood vessels to grow. The newly formed tumor vasculature is poorly formed and does not deliver an adequate blood supply to all areas of the tumor. This leads to issues with drug delivery because many drugs will be delivered to the tumor by the 2428:

in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a study of people conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone for severe aplastic anemia came to the result that ovarian recovery occurred in all women younger than 26 years at time of transplantation, but only in five of 16 women older than 26 years.

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The FOLFOX study also demonstrated an improvement in treatment outcomes. Positive response increased from 46% in the BSA-dosed group to 70% in the dose-adjusted group. Median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) both improved by six months in the dose adjusted group.

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is heat treatment for cancer that can be a powerful tool when used in combination with chemotherapy (thermochemotherapy) or radiation for the control of a variety of cancers. The heat can be applied locally to the tumor site, which will dilate blood vessels to the tumor, allowing more

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involves treating a person with a number of different drugs simultaneously. The drugs differ in their mechanism and side-effects. The biggest advantage is minimising the chances of resistance developing to any one agent. Also, the drugs can often be used at lower doses, reducing

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is the primary cause for their anti-cancer effects. DNA is made of two strands and the molecules may either bind twice to one strand of DNA (intrastrand crosslink) or may bind once to both strands (interstrand crosslink). If the cell tries to replicate crosslinked DNA during

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The gowns used should be disposable gowns made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene. When wearing gowns, individuals should make sure that the gowns are closed and have long sleeves. When preparation is done, the final product should be completely sealed in a plastic bag.

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Pfirschke C, Engblom C, Rickelt S, Cortez-Retamozo V, Garris C, Pucci F, Yamazaki T, Poirier-Colame V, Newton A, Redouane Y, Lin YJ, Wojtkiewicz G, Iwamoto Y, Mino-Kenudson M, Huynh TG, Hynes RO, Freeman GJ, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ (February 2016).

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O'Grady, Naomi P.; Alexander, Mary; Burns, Lillian A.; Dellinger, E. Patchen; Garland, Jeffrey; Heard, Stephen O.; Lipsett, Pamela A.; Masur, Henry; Mermel, Leonard A.; Pearson, Michele L.; Raad, Issam I.; Randolph, Adrienne G.; Rupp, Mark E.; Saint, Sanjay (1 May 2011).

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drugs. Low-certainty evidence also suggests that probiotics may have a preventative and treatment effect of diarrhoea related to chemotherapy alone and with radiotherapy. However, a high index of suspicion is appropriate, since diarrhoea and bloating are also symptoms of

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Capitain O, Asevoaia A, Boisdron-Celle M, Poirier AL, Morel A, Gamelin E (December 2012). "Individual fluorouracil dose adjustment in FOLFOX based on pharmacokinetic follow-up compared with conventional body-area-surface dosing: a phase II, proof-of-concept study".

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Saam J, Critchfield GC, Hamilton SA, Roa BB, Wenstrup RJ, Kaldate RR (September 2011). "Body surface area-based dosing of 5-fluoruracil results in extensive interindividual variability in 5-fluorouracil exposure in colorectal cancer patients on FOLFOX regimens".

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and is often fatal unless promptly recognized and aggressively treated. Successful treatment hinges on early diagnosis provided by a high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated cases, and sometimes elective right

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The four phases of the cell cycle. G1 – the initial growth phase. S – the phase in which DNA is synthesised. G2 – the second growth phase in preparation for cell division. M – mitosis; where the cell divides to produce two daughter cells that continue the cell

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Dose response relationship of cell killing by chemotherapeutic drugs on normal and cancer cells. At high doses the percentage of normal and cancer cells killed is very similar. For this reason, doses are chosen where anti-tumour activity exceeds normal cell

3481:(cancers of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas. Their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable. Concurrently, during a military operation in World War II, following a German 711:

is given after a local treatment (radiotherapy or surgery). It can be used when there is little evidence of cancer present, but there is risk of recurrence. It is also useful in killing any cancerous cells that have spread to other parts of the body. These

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any rapidly dividing cell, tumor or normal. Targeted therapies are designed to affect cellular proteins or processes that are utilised by the cancer cells. This allows a high dose to cancer tissues with a relatively low dose to other tissues. Although the

1545:. Drugs that target topoisomerase II can be divided into two groups. The topoisomerase II poisons cause increased levels enzymes bound to DNA. This prevents DNA replication and transcription, causes DNA strand breaks, and leads to programmed cell death ( 11517:

DeJoy DM, Smith TD, Woldu H, Dyal MA, Steege AL, Boiano JM (July 2017). "Effects of organizational safety practices and perceived safety climate on PPE usage, engineering controls, and adverse events involving liquid antineoplastic drugs among nurses".

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The health care worker should also wipe all waste containers inside the ventilated cabinet before removing them from the cabinet. Finally, workers should remove all protective wear and put them in a bag for their disposal inside the ventilated cabinet.

2506:(CIPN), a progressive, enduring, and often irreversible condition, causing pain, tingling, numbness and sensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes progressing to the arms and legs. Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN include 2453:

usually is recommended if pregnancy in this period is found during chemotherapy. Second- and third-trimester exposure does not usually increase the teratogenic risk and adverse effects on cognitive development, but it may increase the risk of various

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Berger AM, Abernethy AP, Atkinson A, Barsevick AM, Breitbart WS, Cella D, Cimprich B, Cleeland C, Eisenberger MA, Escalante CP, Jacobsen PB, Kaldor P, Ligibel JA, Murphy BA, O'Connor T, Pirl WF, Rodler E, Rugo HS, Thomas J, Wagner LI (August 2010).

971:. Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason, the effect on the cell is dose dependent; the fraction of cells that die is directly proportional to the dose of drug. 12367:

Soden DM, Larkin JO, Collins CG, Tangney M, Aarons S, Piggott J, Morrissey A, Dunne C, O'Sullivan GC (February 2006). "Successful application of targeted electrochemotherapy using novel flexible electrodes and low dose bleomycin to solid tumours".

2985:. They prevent mitosis by various mechanisms including damaging DNA and inhibition of the cellular machinery involved in cell division. One theory as to why these drugs kill cancer cells is that they induce a programmed form of cell death known as 1229:

and purine production, which are both essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. Pemetrexed is another anti-metabolite that affects purine and pyrimidine production, and therefore also inhibits DNA synthesis. It primarily inhibits the enzyme

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by means of interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death if

3498:. Since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion-dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply. 2328:. It is usually associated with systemic treatment due to the high mitotic rate of hair follicles, and more reversible than androgenic hair loss, although permanent cases can occur. Chemotherapy induces hair loss in women more often than men. 7684:"Comparison of different platelet count thresholds to guide administration of prophylactic platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with haematological disorders after myelosuppressive chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation" 11190: 914:

Two DNA bases that are cross-linked by a nitrogen mustard. Different nitrogen mustards will have different chemical groups (R). The nitrogen mustards most commonly alkylate the N7 nitrogen of guanine (as shown here) but other atoms can be

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emetogenic agents in this era postponed, or even refused potentially curative treatments. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are common with many treatments and some forms of cancer. Since the 1990s, several novel classes of

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Bartelink IH, Bredius RG, Belitser SV, Suttorp MM, Bierings M, Knibbe CA, et al. (2014). "Association Between Busulfan Exposure and Outcome in Children Receiving Intravenous Busulfan Before Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation".

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Elad S, Zadik Y, Hewson I, Hovan A, Correa ME, Logan R, Elting LS, Spijkervet FK, Brennan MT (August 2010). "A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea".

2857:(programmed cell death). As most chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells in this manner, defective apoptosis allows survival of these cells, making them resistant. Many chemotherapy drugs also cause DNA damage, which can be repaired by 2784:

Chemotherapy does not always work, and even when it is useful, it may not completely destroy the cancer. People frequently fail to understand its limitations. In one study of people who had been newly diagnosed with incurable,

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Specially targeted delivery vehicles aim to increase effective levels of chemotherapy for tumor cells while reducing effective levels for other cells. This should result in an increased tumor kill or reduced toxicity or both.

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Although people receiving chemotherapy are encouraged to wash their hands, avoid sick people, and take other infection-reducing steps, about 85% of infections are due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the person's own

1332:. They are hollow, rod-shaped structures that are required for cell division, among other cellular functions. Microtubules are dynamic structures, which means that they are permanently in a state of assembly and disassembly. 3359:

program must be established. In case of exposure, occupational health professionals need to ask for a detailed history and do a thorough physical exam. They should test the urine of the potentially exposed worker by doing a

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toxicities, dosing can be personalized to achieve target exposure and optimal results for each person. Such an algorithm was used in the clinical trials cited above and resulted in significantly improved treatment outcomes.

3138:). Conditioning regimens are used to suppress the recipient's immune system in order to allow a transplant to engraft. Cyclophosphamide is a common cytotoxic drug used in this manner and is often used in conjunction with 1841:

of the body, such as blood cells and the cells lining the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Chemotherapy-related toxicities can occur acutely after administration, within hours or days, or chronically, from weeks to years.

278:(hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-called 739:), repeated doses must be administered to continue to reduce the size of the tumor. Current chemotherapy regimens apply drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited by toxicity. 689:

Consolidation chemotherapy is given after remission in order to prolong the overall disease-free time and improve overall survival. The drug that is administered is the same as the drug that achieved remission.

1565:. The second group, catalytic inhibitors, are drugs that block the activity of topoisomerase II, and therefore prevent DNA synthesis and translation because the DNA cannot unwind properly. This group includes 722:

Salvage chemotherapy or palliative chemotherapy is given without curative intent, but simply to decrease tumor load and increase life expectancy. For these regimens, in general, a better toxicity profile is

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found 85% of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) did not receive the optimal therapeutic dose when dosed by the BSA standard—68% were underdosed and 17% were overdosed.

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are found in the blood. High levels of phosphate induce secondary hypoparathyroidism, resulting in low levels of calcium in the blood. This causes kidney damage and the high levels of potassium can cause

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and magnetic particles. Nanoparticles made of magnetic material can also be used to concentrate agents at tumor sites using an externally applied magnetic field. They have emerged as a useful vehicle in

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regimen. The incidence of serious diarrhea was reduced from 12% in the BSA-dosed group of patients to 1.7% in the dose-adjusted group, and the incidence of severe mucositis was reduced from 15% to 0.8%.

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In males previously having undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy, there appears to be no increase in genetic defects or congenital malformations in their children conceived after therapy. The use of

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basis. For continuous, frequent or prolonged intravenous chemotherapy administration, various systems may be surgically inserted into the vasculature to maintain access. Commonly used systems are the

4813:"Individual fluorouracil dose adjustment based on pharmacokinetic follow-up compared with conventional dosage: results of a multicenter randomized trial of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer" 11198: 735:

is often used as a measure to determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose reduction is required. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die with each treatment (

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Courbiere B, Decanter C, Bringer-Deutsch S, Rives N, Mirallié S, Pech JC, De Ziegler D, Carré-Pigeon F, May-Panloup P, Sifer C, Amice V, Schweitzer T, Porcu-Buisson G, Poirot C (September 2013).

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Nutritional problems are also frequently seen in cancer patients at diagnosis and through chemotherapy treatment. Research suggests that in children and young people undergoing cancer treatment,

9162:"Platinum-induced ototoxicity in children: a consensus review on mechanisms, predisposition, and protection, including a new International Society of Pediatric Oncology Boston ototoxicity scale" 11228: 5114:

Buffery PJ, Allen KM, Chin PK, Moore GA, Barclay ML, Begg EJ (February 2014). "Thirteen years' experience of pharmacokinetic monitoring and dosing of busulfan: can the strategy be improved?".

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chemotherapeutic medication to enter the tumor. Additionally, the tumor cell membrane will become more porous, further allowing more of the chemotherapeutic medicine to enter the tumor cell.

3316:

protective gowns when opening the outer bag and assembling the delivery system to deliver the drug to the patient, and when disposing of all material used in the administration of the drugs.

2800:. This is because the brain has an extensive system in place to protect it from harmful chemicals. Drug transporters can pump out drugs from the brain and brain's blood vessel cells into the 1194:(the DNA synthesis phase). For this reason, at a certain dose, the effect plateaus and proportionally no more cell death occurs with increased doses. Subtypes of the anti-metabolites are the 2522:, and the platinum-based drugs. Whether CIPN arises, and to what degree, is determined by the choice of drug, duration of use, the total amount consumed and whether the person already has 2187:

may be a consequence of the cancer or its treatment, and can last for months to years after treatment. One physiological cause of fatigue is anemia, which can be caused by chemotherapy,

705:

chemotherapy is given prior to a local treatment such as surgery, and is designed to shrink the primary tumor. It is also given for cancers with a high risk of micrometastatic disease.

3477:. It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer. Therefore, in December 1942, several people with advanced 3087:; and anti-proliferative properties. Although methotrexate is used to treat both multiple sclerosis and ankylosing spondylitis, its efficacy in these diseases is still uncertain. 2480:

might increase this risk. In females previously having undergone chemotherapy, miscarriage and congenital malformations are not increased in subsequent conceptions. However, when

2384:. This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles. 1739:). According to a recent (2016) systematic review, oral therapies present additional challenges for patients and care teams to maintain and support adherence to treatment plans. 1343:

are the two main groups of anti-microtubule agents, and although both of these groups of drugs cause microtubule dysfunction, their mechanisms of action are completely opposite:

6484:

Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni L (June 2004). "Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity".

3568:. In terms of metaphorical language, 'chemotherapy' can be paralleled with the idea of a 'storm', as both can cause distress but afterwards may have a healing/cleaning effect. 3051:. In some cases they are often used at lower doses, which means that the side effects are minimized, while in other cases doses similar to ones used to treat cancer are used. 2789:, more than two-thirds of people with lung cancer and more than four-fifths of people with colorectal cancer still believed that chemotherapy was likely to cure their cancer. 2396:

caused a delay of treatment in 34% of cases, and a live birth in 27% of surviving cases who wanted to become pregnant, with the follow-up time varying between 1 and 13 years.

250:

is initiated. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs: cells in the

2535:

after the end of treatment. Some CIPN appears to be irreversible. Pain can often be managed with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment.

12989: 12156:

Larkin, John O.; Collins, Christopher G.; Aarons, Simon; Tangney, Mark; Whelan, Maria; O'Reily, Seamus; Breathnach, Oscar; Soden, Declan M.; O'Sullivan, Gerald C. (2007).

4947:"Modeling the 5-fluorouracil area under the curve versus dose relationship to develop a pharmacokinetic dosing algorithm for colorectal cancer patients receiving FOLFOX6" 3035:), which mobilizes immune cells with antitumor functions. Chemotherapeutic drugs that cause cancer immunogenic tumor cell death can make unresponsive tumors sensitive to 9961: 2181:

and new drugs to increase platelet counts during chemotherapy are being developed. Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed to allow platelet counts to recover.

2165:. Myelosuppressive therapy can cause a tendency to bleed easily, leading to anemia. Medications that kill rapidly dividing cells or blood cells can reduce the number of 1190:) is induced. Unlike alkylating agents, anti-metabolites are cell cycle dependent. This means that they only work during a specific part of the cell cycle, in this case 6118:

Ngo QA, Roussi F, Cormier A, Thoret S, Knossow M, Guénard D, Guéritte F (January 2009). "Synthesis and biological evaluation of vinca alkaloids and phomopsin hybrids".

11080:

Bacigalupo A, Ballen K, Rizzo D, Giralt S, Lazarus H, Ho V, Apperley J, Slavin S, Pasquini M, Sandmaier BM, Barrett J, Blaise D, Lowski R, Horowitz M (December 2009).

4999:

Hunter RJ, Navo MA, Thaker PH, Bodurka DC, Wolf JK, Smith JA (February 2009). "Dosing chemotherapy in obese patients: actual versus assigned body surface area (BSA)".

12262:

Testori A, Tosti G, Martinoli C, Spadola G, Cataldo F, Verrecchia F, Baldini F, Mosconi M, Soteldo J, Tedeschi I, Passoni C, Pari C, Di Pietro A, Ferrucci PF (2010).

9693:

Gerstner ER, Fine RL (June 2007). "Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier to chemotherapy in metastatic brain tumors: establishing a treatment paradigm".

3279: 2649:(liver damage) can be caused by many cytotoxic drugs. The susceptibility of an individual to liver damage can be altered by other factors such as the cancer itself, 2488:

is practised between or shortly after treatment, possible genetic risks to the growing oocytes exist, and hence it has been recommended that the babies be screened.

8291:

Hijiya N, Hudson MM, Lensing S, Zacher M, Onciu M, Behm FG, Razzouk BI, Ribeiro RC, Rubnitz JE, Sandlund JT, Rivera GK, Evans WE, Relling MV, Pui CH (March 2007).

747:

The effectiveness of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. The overall effectiveness ranges from being curative for some cancers, such as some

222:

for cancer: they are introduced into the blood stream (the system) and therefore can treat cancer anywhere in the body. Systemic therapy is often used with other,

2592:. Although prophylaxis is available and is often initiated in people with large tumors, this is a dangerous side-effect that can lead to death if left untreated. 1478:

alkaloids in that they bind to tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation. Podophyllotoxin is used to produce two other drugs with different mechanisms of action:

1138:

are a group of molecules that impede DNA and RNA synthesis. Many of them have a similar structure to the building blocks of DNA and RNA. The building blocks are

2865:. Upregulation of these genes can overcome the DNA damage and prevent the induction of apoptosis. Mutations in genes that produce drug target proteins, such as 5528: 3245:. Research conducted in this area has established that occupational exposure occurs by examining evidence in multiple urine samples from health care workers. 819:

target exposure realized an 84% improvement in treatment response rate and a six-month improvement in overall survival (OS) compared with those dosed by BSA.

15350: 14430: 12557: 12552: 9868:

Moschovi M, Critselis E, Cen O, Adamaki M, Lambrou GI, Chrousos GP, Vlahopoulos S (2015). "Drugs acting on homeostasis: challenging cancer cell adaptation".

3209: 1585:

are a varied group of drugs that have various mechanisms of action. The common theme that they share in their chemotherapy indication is that they interrupt

7181: 5655:

Wagstaff AJ, Ibbotson T, Goa KL (2003). "Capecitabine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the management of advanced breast cancer".

10444:

Kehe K, Balszuweit F, Steinritz D, Thiermann H (September 2009). "Molecular toxicology of sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous inflammation and blistering".

7649:"Prophylactic platelet transfusion for prevention of bleeding in patients with haematological disorders after chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation" 7154: 5488:"Heterocyclic quinones XIII. Dimerization in the series of 5,8-quinazolinediones: Synthesis and anti tumor effects of bis(4-amino-5,8-quinazolinediones)" 2825:

in tumors are very different from those seen in normal tissues. As a tumor grows, tumor cells furthest away from the blood vessels become low in oxygen (

2543:

Some people receiving chemotherapy report fatigue or non-specific neurocognitive problems, such as an inability to concentrate; this is sometimes called

3538:). Ehrlich was not optimistic that effective chemotherapy drugs would be found for the treatment of cancer. The first modern chemotherapeutic agent was 887:

dosing rely upon results from blood tests to calculate the optimal dose for each person. Simple blood tests are also available for dose optimization of

11384: 1765:

Depending on the person, the cancer, the stage of cancer, the type of chemotherapy, and the dosage, intravenous chemotherapy may be given on either an

6804:

Verhoef C, de Wilt JH, ten Hagen TL, Eggermont AM (October 2008). "Isolated hepatic perfusion for the treatment of liver tumors: sunset or sunrise?".

776:

Dosage of chemotherapy can be difficult: If the dose is too low, it will be ineffective against the tumor, whereas, at excessive doses, the toxicity (

11220: 902:

The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types.

14398: 7647:

Estcourt L, Stanworth S, Doree C, Hopewell S, Murphy MF, Tinmouth A, Heddle N, et al. (Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group) (May 2012).

1837:

Chemotherapeutic techniques have a range of side effects that depend on the type of medications used. The most common medications affect mainly the

12982: 5313:

Siddik ZH (2005). "Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents: DNA-Interactive Alkylating Agents and Antitumour Platinum-Based Drugs".

2804:

and blood circulation. These transporters pump out most chemotherapy drugs, which reduces their efficacy for treatment of brain tumors. Only small

2014:

4/6 approved for the prevention of myelosuppression caused by chemotherapy. The drug is given before chemotherapy to protect bone marrow function.

6874:

Chitwood K, Etzkorn J, Cohen G (September 2013). "Topical and intralesional treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer: efficacy and cost comparisons".

15407: 7682:

Estcourt LJ, Stanworth SJ, Doree C, Hopewell S, Trivella M, Murphy MF, et al. (Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group) (November 2015).

667:

Induction chemotherapy is the first line treatment of cancer with a chemotherapeutic drug. This type of chemotherapy is used for curative intent.

7314:

Gibson RJ, Keefe DM (September 2006). "Cancer chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea and constipation: mechanisms of damage and prevention strategies".

2683:

and also due direct effects of drug clearance by the kidneys. Different drugs will affect different parts of the kidney and the toxicity may be

1987:

one death can be prevented. Sometimes, chemotherapy treatments are postponed because the immune system is suppressed to a critically low level.

1762:. The devices have different applications regarding duration of chemotherapy treatment, method of delivery and types of chemotherapeutic agent. 9646:"Temozolomide, a novel alkylating agent with activity in the central nervous system, may improve the treatment of advanced metastatic melanoma" 8588:"Pregnancies following high-dose cyclophosphamide with or without high-dose busulfan or total-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation" 2346:

is secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors. Survivors of

5869:

van Der Heijden R, Jacobs DI, Snoeijer W, Hallard D, Verpoorte R (March 2004). "The Catharanthus alkaloids: pharmacognosy and biotechnology".

13433: 13423: 13408: 3202: 3194: 11496: 11300:"Reproductive Health Risks Associated with Occupational Exposures to Antineoplastic Drugs in Health Care Settings: A Review of the Evidence" 5267:

Asher V, Lee J, Bali A (September 2012). "Preoperative serum albumin is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in ovarian cancer".

11978:

Mokhtari, Reza Bayat; Homayouni, Tina S.; Baluch, Narges; Morgatskaya, Evgeniya; Kumar, Sushil; Das, Bikul; Yeger, Herman (30 March 2017).

3262:

skin cancer, and cancer of the rectum among nurses who are exposed to these drugs. Other investigations revealed that there is a potential

1235: 191:). Therapies with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarily 12558:

NIOSH List of Antineoplastic and Other Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare Settings, 2016, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4580:

Kaestner SA, Sewell GJ (February 2007). "Chemotherapy dosing part I: scientific basis for current practice and use of body surface area".

1946:

are necessary. (In autologous BMTs, cells are removed from the person before the treatment, multiplied and then re-injected afterward; in

14420: 12975: 3513:

without a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning was broader. The term was coined in the early 1900s by

3449:

to treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although the specific chemicals first used were not originally intended for that purpose.

8436:

Gurgan T, Salman C, Demirol A (October 2008). "Pregnancy and assisted reproduction techniques in men and women after cancer treatment".

15201: 8688: 4540:

Felici A, Verweij J, Sparreboom A (September 2002). "Dosing strategies for anticancer drugs: the good, the bad and body-surface area".

3201:

after publishing a recommendation in 1983 regarding handling hazardous drugs. The adaptation of federal regulations came when the U.S.

2503: 2497: 15161: 11367: 3622:, drug and a linker between them. The antibody will be targeted at a preferentially expressed protein in the tumour cells (known as a 8586:

Sanders JE, Hawley J, Levy W, Gooley T, Buckner CD, Deeg HJ, Doney K, Storb R, Sullivan K, Witherspoon R, Appelbaum FR (April 1996).

8109: 5690:

Rowinsky EK, Donehower RC (October 1991). "The clinical pharmacology and use of antimicrotubule agents in cancer chemotherapeutics".

3347:

of all cleanup materials in the chemical waste container according to EPA regulations, not in a yellow chemotherapy waste container.

3012:

at any time. Malignancies with slower growth rates, such as indolent lymphomas, tend to respond to chemotherapy much more modestly.

692:

Intensification chemotherapy is identical to consolidation chemotherapy but a different drug than the induction chemotherapy is used.

2575:. The rapid breakdown of cancer cells causes the release of chemicals from the inside of the cells. Following this, high levels of 2212: 1309:

alkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. Both mechanisms cause defective mitosis.

7271:

Keidan RD, Fanning J, Gatenby RA, Weese JL (March 1989). "Recurrent typhlitis. A disease resulting from aggressive chemotherapy".

15464: 13981: 13624: 12539: 7993: 11129:

Sorsa M, Hämeilä M, Järviluoma E (September 2006). "Handling anticancer drugs: from hazard identification to risk management?".

3704:) to preferentially target the nanoparticles to the tumor cells. There are many types of nanoparticle delivery systems, such as 780:) will be intolerable to the person receiving it. The standard method of determining chemotherapy dosage is based on calculated 11048: 10636:

Galluzzi L, Buqué A, Kepp O, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G (February 2017). "Immunogenic cell death in cancer and infectious disease".

8152:

Can G, Demir M, Erol O, Aydiner A (June 2013). "A comparison of men and women's experiences of chemotherapy-induced alopecia".

2544: 1751: 8679: 2256: 655:

There are a number of strategies in the administration of chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Chemotherapy may be given with a

14774: 11746: 11599: 11572: 11282: 10428: 9422: 7915: 7569:

Vadhan-Raj S (January 2009). "Management of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia: current status of thrombopoietic agents".

7040: 5098: 4318: 4289: 4219: 4194: 4158: 3841: 2354:

during the 30 years after treatment than the general population. Not all of this increase can be attributed to chemotherapy.

7922:

Nausea and vomiting are two of the most feared cancer treatment-related side effects for cancer patients and their families.

2966:(genes that help to prevent cancer), which gives cancer cells their malignant characteristics, such as uncontrolled growth. 1178:). Anti-metabolites resemble either nucleobases or nucleosides (a nucleotide without the phosphate group), but have altered 15061: 15054: 13117: 8154: 6917:

Estcourt, Lise J; Stanworth, Simon J; Hopewell, Sally; Doree, Carolyn; Trivella, Marialena; Massey, Edwin (29 April 2016).

5917: 2334:

offers a means of preventing both permanent and temporary hair loss; however, concerns about this method have been raised.

17: 8709: 2697:(damage to the inner ear) is a common side effect of platinum based drugs that can produce symptoms such as dizziness and 2230:

and more efficient treatment cycles, due to less stoppage of treatment due to better tolerance and better overall health.

852:

5-FU dose management in the FOLFOX regimen increases treatment response significantly and improves survival by six months.

3851: 3409:. Several classification schemes have been used to subdivide the medicines used for cancer into several different types. 3364:

or microscopic examination, mainly looking for blood, as several antineoplastic drugs are known to cause bladder damage.

2766: 1950:

BMTs, the source is a donor.) However, some people still develop diseases because of this interference with bone marrow.

1225:. When the enzyme is inhibited by methotrexate, the cellular levels of folate coenzymes diminish. These are required for 12403:

Miklavcic D, Snoj M, Zupanic A, Kos B, Cemazar M, Kropivnik M, Bracko M, Pecnik T, Gadzijev E, Sersa G (February 2010).

4508:

Du Bois D, Du Bois EF (1989). "A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. 1916".

3016:

may also display varying sensitivities to chemotherapy agents, depending on the subclonal populations within the tumor.

2776:

may help with this leading to weight gain and increased calorie and protein intake, when compared to enteral nutrition.

1347:

alkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly. By doing so, they can induce

14804: 14667: 14095: 11253:"Personal protective equipment for health care workers who work with hazardous drugs" (Document). NIOSH. October 2008. 5330: 3166: 3135: 2473: 7994:"Chemotherapy-Related Hair Loss (Alopecia) in Children - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center" 3740:

bleomycin and cisplatin), to enter the cancer cells. Hence, greater effectiveness of antitumor treatment is achieved.

2342:

Development of secondary neoplasia after successful chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment can occur. The most common

811:. Because of their higher BSA, clinicians often arbitrarily reduce the dose prescribed by the BSA formula for fear of 14428: 12213:

Larkin JO, Collins CG, Aarons S, Tangney M, Whelan M, O'Reily S, Breathnach O, Soden DM, O'Sullivan GC (March 2007).

11480: 8267: 7359:"Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-related diarrhoea in people with cancer" 6441: 6414: 6053: 5966: 5933: 5853: 5201: 4811:

Gamelin E, Delva R, Jacob J, Merrouche Y, Raoul JL, Pezet D, Dorval E, Piot G, Morel A, Boisdron-Celle M (May 2008).

863:

Similar results were found in a study involving people with colorectal cancer who have been treated with the popular

8510:"Prevention of chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage: possible roles for hormonal and non-hormonal attenuating agents" 5536: 13515: 13041: 12590: 11651:

Fenn JE, Udelsman R (March 2011). "First use of intravenous chemotherapy cancer treatment: rectifying the record".

10962:

Gray OM, McDonnell GV, Forbes RB (August 2006). "A systematic review of oral methotrexate for multiple sclerosis".

6586:

Dorr RT (April 1992). "Bleomycin pharmacology: mechanism of action and resistance, and clinical pharmacokinetics".

180: 3047:

Some chemotherapy drugs are used in diseases other than cancer, such as in autoimmune disorders, and noncancerous

3023:

also make crucial contributions to the antitumor effects of chemotherapy. For example, the chemotherapeutic drugs

2370:

such as bleomycin and dactinomycin, and antimetabolites such as methotrexate, mercaptopurine, and 5-fluorouracil.

14957: 14413: 8747: 7105:

Gafter-Gvili A, Fraser A, Paul M, Vidal L, Lawrie TA, van de Wetering MD, Kremer LC, Leibovici L (January 2012).

1250:

of 5-fluorouracil that is broken down in cells to produce the active drug. The deoxynucleoside analogues include

925: 127: 11005:

Ntali S, Bertsias G, Boumpas DT (June 2011). "Cyclophosphamide and lupus nephritis: when, how, for how long?".

3665: 3596: 3418: 2662: 8339:

Brydøy M, Fosså SD, Dahl O, Bjøro T (2007). "Gonadal dysfunction and fertility problems in cancer survivors".

7604:

Sekhon SS, Roy V (May 2006). "Thrombocytopenia in adults: A practical approach to evaluation and management".

7158: 3657:, are both in late clinical trials, and the latter has been granted accelerated approval for the treatment of 2137:

can be a combined outcome caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and possible cancer-related causes such as

15449: 12905: 12456:"Hyperthermia Combined with Chemotherapy – Biological Rationale, Clinical Application, and Treatment Results" 11392: 8692: 4625:

Pinkel D (August 1958). "The use of body surface area as a criterion of drug dosage in cancer chemotherapy".

4334:

Nastoupil LJ, Rose AC, Flowers CR (May 2012). "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: current treatment approaches".

3816: 3406: 3400: 3356: 3296: 1983: 1377:. They bind to specific sites on tubulin, inhibiting the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The original 187:

can augment chemotherapy). This meaning excludes the more-selective agents that block extracellular signals (

150:

chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to

3205:(OSHA) first released its guidelines in 1986 and then updated them in 1996, 1999, and, most recently, 2006. 14656: 14438: 13861: 8293:"Cumulative incidence of secondary neoplasms as a first event after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia" 7936:"A History of Drug Discovery for Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting and the Implications for Future Research" 3580: 3494:

similar effects against cancer. The first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research was

3489:, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by the 3096: 2903: 2899: 1955: 1705: 287: 716:

can be treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and can reduce relapse rates caused by these disseminated cells.

15267: 14042: 13018: 10872:

Chen J, Veras MM, Liu C, Lin J (February 2013). Chen J (ed.). "Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis".

7107:"Antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in afebrile neutropenic patients following chemotherapy" 5227: 3778: 3275: 2477: 1742:

There are many intravenous methods of drug delivery, known as vascular access devices. These include the

967:, or tries to repair it, the DNA strands can break. This leads to a form of programmed cell death called 201: 12967: 8549:

Tichelli A, Rovó A (August 2013). "Fertility issues following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation".

4751:

Baker SD, Verweij J, Rowinsky EK, Donehower RC, Schellens JH, Grochow LB, Sparreboom A (December 2002).

15459: 14917: 14406: 14167: 14016: 13765: 13267: 12936: 6919:"Granulocyte transfusions for treating infections in people with neutropenia or neutrophil dysfunction" 6839:

Hendriks JM, Van Schil PE (1998). "Isolated lung perfusion for the treatment of pulmonary metastases".

3229: 2997: 2721: 2455: 1747: 1713: 1402: 31: 11361:"preventing occupational exposure to antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in health care settings" 3119:

and dexamethasone has also shown promise as a treatment for AL amyloidosis. Other drugs used to treat

2701:. Children treated with platinum analogues have been found to be at risk for developing hearing loss. 938:, there are now many types of alkylating agents in use. They are so named because of their ability to 142:

intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or to

13492: 13358: 13071: 12730: 6613:

Verweij J, Pinedo HM (October 1990). "Mitomycin C: mechanism of action, usefulness and limitations".

6153:

Croteau, Rodney; Ketchum, Raymond E. B.; Long, Robert M.; Kaspera, Rüdiger; Wildung, Mark R. (2006).

2748: 2377: 2150: 2023: 1716:. The arm board stabilizes the arm during needle insertion. Anti-cancer IV drip is seen at top right. 1351:

in the cancer cells. Following this, cell cycle arrest occurs, which induces programmed cell death (

434: 12035:

Sievers EL, Linenberger M (November 2001). "Mylotarg: antibody-targeted chemotherapy comes of age".

10235:

Zhang J, Yang PL, Gray NS (January 2009). "Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors".

8107:

Al-Mohanna H, Al-Khenaizan S (2010). "Permanent alopecia following cranial irradiation in a child".

2113:

caused by some steroid medications. These side-effects can frequently be reduced or eliminated with

13502: 13028: 12765: 12723: 9358:"Medical interventions for the prevention of platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer" 9260:"Different infusion durations for preventing platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer" 8765: 8469:"Emergency IVF for embryo freezing to preserve female fertility: a French multicentre cohort study" 4412:"The present and future management of malignant brain tumours: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy" 2531: 1815: 1669: 799:

5-FU dose management results in significantly better response and survival rates versus BSA dosing.

756: 695: 206: 9035: 4237:"Maintenance therapy to suppress micrometastasis: the new challenge for adjuvant cancer treatment" 4187:

The Royal Marsden Hospital handbook of cancer chemotherapy: a guide for the multidisciplinary team

3008:) are more sensitive to chemotherapy, as a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoing 2238: 930:

Alkylating agents are the oldest group of chemotherapeutics in use today. Originally derived from

807:

There has been controversy over the use of BSA to calculate chemotherapy doses for people who are

14972: 14650: 14501: 12998: 12858: 12822: 12760: 12543: 8604: 8587: 3615: 3474: 3225: 2895: 2793: 2485: 2410: 2279:

Green approximately a year later, after concluding chemotherapy, with chemotherapy induced curls.

2011: 1796: 1755: 1721: 1709: 1517: 1503: 1214: 12563: 12264:"Electrochemotherapy for cutaneous and subcutaneous tumor lesions: a novel therapeutic approach" 12129:

Vines T, Faunce T (May 2009). "Assessing the safety and cost-effectiveness of early nanodrugs".

9448:

Kwakman, Johannes J.M.; Elshot, Yannick S.; Punt, Cornelis J.A.; Koopman, Miriam (13 May 2020).

5914:

Metal Catalyzed Reductive C—C Bond Formation: A Departure from Preformed Organometallic Reagents

3885:

Alfarouk KO, Stock CM, Taylor S, Walsh M, Muddathir AK, Verduzco D, et al. (15 July 2015).

1234:, but also has effects on DHFR, aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and 15009: 14764: 13870: 13353: 13082: 12863: 12817: 11589: 6757:"Isolated limb perfusion for malignant melanoma: systematic review on effectiveness and safety" 6755:

Moreno-Ramirez D, de la Cruz-Merino L, Ferrandiz L, Villegas-Portero R, Nieto-Garcia A (2010).

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Damayanthi Y, Lown JW (June 1998). "Podophyllotoxins: current status and recent developments".

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or transcription. Inhibition of topoisomerase I or II interferes with both of these processes.

1313: 1019: 51: 35: 11738: 11562: 9160:

Brock PR, Knight KR, Freyer DR, Campbell KC, Steyger PS, Blakley BW, et al. (July 2012).

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Weeks JC, Catalano PJ, Cronin A, Finkelman MD, Mack JW, Keating NL, Schrag D (October 2012).

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3806: 3661: 3650: 3634: 3048: 2963: 2620: 2523: 1682: 1541: 1366: 708: 367: 81:. Cold mittens and cold booties are placed on her hands and feet to reduce harm to her nails. 11730: 11360: 6648:

Greer JA, Amoyal N, Nisotel L, Fishbein JN, MacDonald J, Stagl J, et al. (March 2016).

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Wei D, Heus P, van de Wetering FT, van Tienhoven G, Verleye L, Scholten RJ (August 2018).

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Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, Grothe W, Yong WP, Tai BC, Ho J, Unverzagt S (August 2017).

2739:

Specific chemotherapeutic agents are associated with organ-specific toxicities, including

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Connor, Thomas H.; Lawson, Christina C.; Polovich, Martha; McDiarmid, Melissa A. (2014).

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Chon SY, Champion RW, Geddes ER, Rashid RM (July 2012). "Chemotherapy-induced alopecia".

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Adjei AA (June 2004). "Pemetrexed (ALIMTA), a novel multitargeted antineoplastic agent".

3768:

Chemotherapy is used in veterinary medicine similar to how it is used in human medicine.

3734: 3654: 3446: 3221: 2993: 2978: 2801: 2688: 2631:. Other chemotherapeutic agents that cause cardiotoxicity, but at a lower incidence, are 2589: 2320:

Chemotherapy induced hair loss occurs by a non-androgenic mechanism, and can manifest as

2000: 1995: 1838: 1743: 1724: 1442:, are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree, 1348: 188: 12548: 11142: 10492: 10389: 10118:

Gerber DE (February 2008). "Targeted therapies: a new generation of cancer treatments".

9960:

Ryan SL, Beard S, Barr MP, Umezawa K, Heavey S, Godwin P, et al. (September 2019).

6754: 6544: 6170: 3193:

In the 1970s, antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drugs were identified as hazardous, and the

15412: 15277: 15136: 14590: 13791: 13328: 12848: 12518: 12475: 12431: 12404: 12293: 12239: 12230: 12215:"Electrochemotherapy: aspects of preclinical development and early clinical experience" 12214: 12190: 12173: 12157: 12106: 12079: 12060: 12012: 11979: 11867: 11842: 11711: 11686:

Chabner BA, Roberts TG (January 2005). "Timeline: Chemotherapy and the war on cancer".

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Heavey S, Godwin P, Baird AM, Barr MP, Umezawa K, Cuffe S, et al. (October 2014).

9893: 9814:

Multidrug Resistance in Cancer. Generating Inhibitors of P-Glycoprotein: Where to, Now?

9753: 9675: 9580: 9555: 9531: 9506: 9482: 9449: 9433: 9382: 9357: 9333: 9308: 9284: 9259: 9235: 9210: 9186: 9161: 9066: 8981: 8823: 8574: 8364: 8134: 8045:

Lemieux J (October 2012). "Reducing chemotherapy-induced alopecia with scalp cooling".

7970: 7935: 7842: 7817: 7763: 7708: 7683: 7629: 7617: 7582: 7442: 7407: 7383: 7358: 7339: 7296: 7231: 7219: 7131: 7106: 7082: 6951: 6918: 6899: 6781: 6756: 6732: 6699: 6674: 6649: 6509: 6380: 6355: 6336: 6243: 6195: 6154: 6095: 6070: 6013: 5986: 5909: 5762: 5637: 5589: 5564: 5415: 5390: 5292: 5183: 5139: 5071: 4971: 4946: 4842: 4681: 4656: 4485: 4460: 4436: 4411: 4392: 4105: 4080: 4013: 3986: 3967: 3913: 3886: 3242: 3068: 2830: 2756: 2414: 2373: 2351: 2343: 2317:. Permanent thinning or hair loss can result from some standard chemotherapy regimens. 2273: 2104:

are common side-effects of chemotherapeutic medications that kill fast-dividing cells.

2093: 1975: 1122: 910: 879:

Oncologists are already individualizing dosing of some cancer drugs based on exposure.

732: 291: 11775: 11762:

Joensuu H (March 2008). "Systemic chemotherapy for cancer: from weapon to treatment".

11664: 11632: 10296: 10279: 9507:"Nutritional support in children and young people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy" 8085: 7008: 6975: 6852: 6563: 6528: 6231: 5832:

L. (Periwinkle): Production of Vindoline and Catharanthine in Multiple Shoot Cultures"

4553: 4476: 3954: 3937: 3173: 3031:

can cause tumor cells to die in a way that is detectable by the immune system (called

15454: 15418: 15373: 15156: 15146: 15049: 14879: 14835: 14819: 14623: 14613: 14556: 14546: 13468: 12951: 12941: 12853: 12667: 12510: 12436: 12385: 12285: 12280: 12263: 12244: 12195: 12177: 12138: 12111: 12052: 12048: 12017: 11999: 11960: 11916: 11872: 11823: 11779: 11742: 11731: 11715: 11703: 11668: 11595: 11568: 11535: 11476: 11453: 11435: 11337: 11319: 11278: 11154: 11111: 11022: 10979: 10941: 10889: 10843: 10839: 10807: 10755: 10711: 10653: 10622: 10610: 10569: 10551: 10504: 10461: 10424: 10401: 10358: 10301: 10252: 10209: 10162: 10127: 10100: 10082: 10043: 9996: 9984: 9942: 9885: 9850: 9794: 9745: 9710: 9667: 9626: 9585: 9536: 9487: 9469: 9418: 9387: 9338: 9289: 9240: 9191: 9142: 9101: 9097: 9058: 9016: 8973: 8932: 8905: 8864: 8815: 8811: 8777: 8661: 8609: 8566: 8531: 8490: 8449: 8418: 8356: 8314: 8273: 8263: 8241: 8206: 8171: 8126: 8089: 8054: 8027: 7975: 7957: 7911: 7874: 7867:"Nausea and Vomiting Related to Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version" 7847: 7798: 7755: 7713: 7664: 7621: 7586: 7551: 7515: 7488: 7447: 7429: 7388: 7331: 7288: 7223: 7136: 7074: 7036: 7013: 6995: 6956: 6938: 6891: 6856: 6821: 6786: 6737: 6719: 6679: 6630: 6626: 6595: 6568: 6501: 6466: 6437: 6410: 6385: 6328: 6247: 6235: 6200: 6182: 6135: 6100: 6049: 6018: 5962: 5929: 5886: 5849: 5808: 5754: 5746: 5707: 5703: 5672: 5668: 5629: 5594: 5565:"Enzymology of purine and pyrimidine antimetabolites used in the treatment of cancer" 5509: 5468: 5420: 5326: 5284: 5175: 5131: 5094: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5016: 4976: 4927: 4878: 4834: 4774: 4730: 4686: 4634: 4607: 4557: 4517: 4490: 4441: 4384: 4343: 4314: 4285: 4278: 4258: 4215: 4190: 4154: 4110: 4018: 3959: 3918: 3791: 3705: 3627: 3584: 3466: 3076: 3036: 2808: 2698: 2654: 2584: 2162: 2123: 2065: 2043: 1926: 1879: 1646: 1324:

function. Microtubules are an important cellular structure composed of two proteins,

781: 679: 604: 579: 267: 227: 45: 12522: 12479: 12297: 12064: 11055: 11034: 10991: 10855: 10516: 10264: 10221: 10174: 9897: 9757: 9679: 9070: 8985: 8884:"Cognitive impairment associated with chemotherapy for cancer: report of a workshop" 8827: 8578: 8368: 8138: 7767: 7633: 7300: 7235: 6772: 6665: 6513: 5766: 5641: 5296: 5187: 5143: 5075: 4962: 4396: 2877:

is thought to play a role in resistance to chemotherapy, via inflammatory pathways.

1978:. The risk of illness and death can be reduced by taking common antibiotics such as 15383: 15206: 15131: 15119: 15044: 14910: 14789: 14578: 13308: 13150: 13145: 12840: 12718: 12502: 12467: 12426: 12416: 12377: 12349: 12321: 12275: 12234: 12226: 12185: 12169: 12101: 12091: 12044: 12007: 11991: 11950: 11906: 11862: 11854: 11813: 11771: 11695: 11660: 11628: 11547: 11527: 11443: 11427: 11327: 11311: 11254: 11166: 11146: 11101: 11093: 11014: 10971: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10885: 10881: 10835: 10797: 10789: 10745: 10701: 10693: 10665: 10645: 10600: 10559: 10543: 10496: 10453: 10393: 10348: 10340: 10313: 10291: 10244: 10201: 10154: 10090: 10074: 10033: 10023: 9976: 9932: 9924: 9877: 9840: 9784: 9737: 9702: 9657: 9616: 9575: 9567: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9477: 9461: 9428: 9410: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9230: 9222: 9181: 9173: 9132: 9093: 9050: 9008: 8965: 8895: 8854: 8807: 8651: 8599: 8558: 8521: 8480: 8445: 8441: 8408: 8398: 8348: 8304: 8233: 8198: 8163: 8118: 8081: 7965: 7947: 7903: 7898:

Gill P, Grothey A, Loprinzi C (2006). "Nausea and Vomiting in the Cancer Patient".

7837: 7833: 7829: 7790: 7745: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7660: 7656: 7613: 7578: 7543: 7478: 7437: 7419: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7323: 7280: 7215: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7086: 7066: 7003: 6987: 6946: 6934: 6930: 6883: 6848: 6813: 6776: 6768: 6727: 6711: 6669: 6661: 6622: 6558: 6548: 6493: 6375: 6367: 6340: 6318: 6270: 6227: 6190: 6174: 6127: 6090: 6082: 6071:"Safety and efficacy of vinorelbine in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer" 6008: 5998: 5921: 5878: 5798: 5738: 5699: 5664: 5621: 5584: 5576: 5499: 5458: 5410: 5402: 5366: 5318: 5276: 5167: 5123: 5047: 5008: 4966: 4958: 4919: 4870: 4846: 4824: 4764: 4720: 4676: 4668: 4597: 4589: 4549: 4480: 4472: 4431: 4423: 4374: 4248: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4056: 4008: 4000: 3971: 3949: 3908: 3898: 3482: 3454: 3380: 3116: 3088: 3028: 2955: 2885: 2850: 2725: 2632: 2556: 2392: 2347: 2321: 2306: 2196: 2026:(typhlitis) is a "life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of chemotherapy." 2004:, to counteract depression of the immune system in people undergoing chemotherapy. 1918: 1875: 1859: 1759: 1513: 1434: 1218: 1087: 999: 975: 767: 557: 439: 380: 357: 331: 263: 211: 131: 123: 14850: 11955: 11938: 11818: 11801: 11531: 10397: 9980: 9881: 9662: 9645: 9621: 9604: 9054: 7864: 7343: 6976:"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a primer for the primary care physician" 6903: 6291:

Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. The Role of Topoisomerases in DNA Replication

6274: 4253: 4236: 3683:(nm) sized particles that can promote tumor selectivity and aid in delivering low- 2265:

just before the start of his chemotherapy treatment, with naturally straight hair.

218:

The use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or targeted therapy) is

68: 15423: 15368: 15237: 15232: 15071: 15004: 14999: 14885: 14831: 14672: 14563: 14516: 12956: 12931: 12576: 12381: 12353: 12325: 11315: 10697: 9414: 8562: 5841: 5625: 5171: 5127: 3991: 3701: 3564: 3441:

pioneered the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancer

3423: 3198: 3092: 3071:. The anti-inflammatory response seen in RA is thought to be due to increases in 2954:

susceptibility and environmental factors. These factors lead to accumulations of

2890: 2841: 2760: 2650: 2446: 2331: 2325: 2158: 1804: 1649:(molecules insert between the two strands of DNA), generation of highly reactive 1521: 1509: 1467: 1451: 1382: 1147: 1135: 1091: 995: 736: 713: 660: 461: 255: 151: 147: 143: 12080:"Nanoliposomes in Cancer Therapy: Marketed Products and Current Clinical Trials" 11191:"Chemotherapy: Biomarkers of Exposure, Effect, Reproductive Hazards, and Cancer" 10419:

Hoskins WJ, Perez CA, Young RC, Barakat RR, Markman M, Randall ME, eds. (2005).

9605:"The blood-brain barrier and cancer: transporters, treatment, and Trojan horses" 5370: 4060: 2030:

is an intestinal infection which may manifest itself through symptoms including

994:

and derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustards include

30:

This article is about the cancer treatment. For antimicrobial chemotherapy, see

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Allen TM (October 2002). "Ligand-targeted therapeutics in anticancer therapy".

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Secondary neoplasias following chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunosuppression

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Henry DH (July 2006). "The role of intravenous iron in cancer-related anemia".

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during chemotherapy and for a few months after the last dose (e.g. 6 month for

2154: 2055: 1967: 1930: 1863: 1811: 1333: 1291: 1179: 1130: 1083: 1039: 795: 777: 719:

Maintenance chemotherapy is a repeated low-dose treatment to prolong remission.

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Minchinton AI, Tannock IF (August 2006). "Drug penetration in solid tumours".

9012: 8969: 8352: 7866: 7483: 7466: 7327: 7070: 6817: 6178: 6003: 5406: 5280: 4769: 4752: 3903: 1359:, an essential process that tumours utilise in order to grow and metastasise. 15438: 15334: 15307: 15166: 14984: 14895: 14875: 14871: 14734: 14662: 14551: 14466: 14302: 14192: 14154: 14131: 14063: 14058: 14048: 13824: 13820: 13808: 13615: 13398: 13363: 13183: 13163: 12682: 12181: 12003: 11439: 11323: 11259: 10555: 10086: 9962:"Targeting NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC" 9773:"Multidrug resistance: can new drugs help chemotherapy score against cancer?" 9706: 9473: 9177: 8766:"Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity: the value of neuroprotective strategies" 8656: 8640:"Genetic and teratogenic effects of cancer treatments on gametes and embryos" 8639: 8309: 8292: 8277: 8018:

Chadha V, Shenoi SD (2003). "Hair loss in cancer chemotherapeutic patients".

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Vitale, Ilio; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Castedo, Maria; Kroemer, Guido (June 2011).

5059: 5036:"Practical treatment guide for dose individualisation in cancer chemotherapy" 4829: 4812: 4725: 4708: 4427: 3836: 3826: 3676: 3623: 3462: 3427: 3100: 3020: 3009: 2974: 2826: 2604: 2576: 2462: 2074: 1851: 1790: 1657: 1650: 1590: 1586: 1474:). It has anti-microtubule activity, and its mechanism is similar to that of 1444: 1428:

Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class,

1302: 1222: 1110: 1094:

in biologically important molecules. Non-classical alkylating agents include

1075: 964: 955: 826:

5-FU dose management avoids serious side effects experienced with BSA dosing.

326: 259: 78: 12564:

https://en.wikiversity.org/International_Ototoxicity_Management_Group_(IOMG)

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Taléns-Visconti R, Díez-Sales O, de Julián-Ortiz JV, Nácher A (April 2022).

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de Jonge MJ, Verweij J (February 2006). "Renal toxicities of chemotherapy".

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Koeller J, Eble M (1988). "Mitoxantrone: A novel anthracycline derivative".

3526: 2153:. Treatments to mitigate anemia include hormones to boost blood production ( 1508:

Topoisomerase inhibitors are drugs that affect the activity of two enzymes:

15292: 15211: 14905: 14739: 14729: 14645: 14640: 14342: 14327: 14297: 14277: 14159: 14107: 14068: 13956: 13935: 13842: 13804: 13705: 13680: 13676: 13560: 13525: 13478: 13463: 13418: 13293: 13263: 13188: 13006: 12623: 12514: 12440: 12421: 12389: 12289: 12248: 12199: 12142: 12115: 12056: 12021: 11964: 11920: 11895:"Nanotherapeutics to overcome conventional cancer chemotherapy limitations" 11876: 11827: 11783: 11707: 11672: 11539: 11457: 11341: 11158: 11115: 11026: 10983: 10945: 10893: 10847: 10811: 10759: 10715: 10682:"Immunogenic Chemotherapy Sensitizes Tumors to Checkpoint Blockade Therapy" 10657: 10614: 10573: 10508: 10465: 10376:

Perera FP (November 1997). "Environment and cancer: who are susceptible?".

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The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs

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Shannon, Vickie R. (9 July 2019). "Cancer Treatment-Related Lung Injury".

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Rodrigues, Fabio G; Dasilva, Giovanna; Wexner, Steven D (7 January 2017).

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Windebank AJ, Grisold W (March 2008). "Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy".

6991: 6715: 5925: 5485: 4214:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3861: 3846: 3801: 3458: 3450: 3024: 2870: 2744: 2694: 2666: 2640: 2608: 2527: 2507: 2466: 2438: 2400: 2363: 2290: 2226: 2109: 2007: 1959: 1907: 1899: 1883: 1855: 1826: 1778: 1638: 1634: 1609: 1602: 1598: 1570: 1554: 1516:. When the DNA double-strand helix is unwound, during DNA replication or 1459: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1321: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1226: 1114: 1079: 1071: 1067: 1043: 1035: 959: 935: 931: 880: 702: 628: 623: 609: 592: 569: 565: 561: 552: 538: 534: 447: 443: 416: 402: 398: 390: 376: 353: 343: 251: 11843:"Experimental Observations on the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Syphilis" 9913:"Strategic targeting of the PI3K-NFκB axis in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC" 6261:

Liu YQ, Yang L, Tian X (2007). "Podophyllotoxin: current perspectives".

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Corrie PG, Pippa G. (2008). "Cytotoxic chemotherapy: clinical aspects".

3576: 3519: 3371:

Biomarkers of exposure to antineoplastic drugs commonly include urinary

1793:, and eliminate the need for repeated insertion of peripheral cannulae. 27:

Treatment of cancer using drugs that inhibit cell division or kill cells

15354: 15325: 15283: 15252: 15247: 15186: 15181: 15171: 15109: 15095: 15035: 14990: 14938: 14858: 14854: 14795: 14755: 14710: 14706: 14596: 14532: 14482: 14447: 14443: 14387: 14382: 14357: 14322: 14307: 14282: 14265: 14255: 14213: 14184: 14149: 14115: 14032: 14022: 14002: 13966: 13951: 13946: 13916: 13850: 13846: 13828: 13776: 13755: 13715: 13710: 13649: 13580: 13555: 13530: 13453: 13388: 13348: 13343: 13323: 13318: 13298: 13288: 13278: 13193: 13173: 13155: 13063: 12891: 12740: 12677: 12641: 11416:"A Review of Isolation Gowns in Healthcare: Fabric and Gown Properties" 11224: 10734:"Dual purpose: some cancer therapies used to treat autoimmune diseases" 8956:

Shaikh AY, Shih JA (June 2012). "Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity".

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Shapiro J, Price VH (April 1998). "Hair regrowth. Therapeutic agents".

7284: 3987:"Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence" 3811: 3722: 3684: 3658: 3562:"any treatment of disease with drugs" is often expressed with the word 3559: 3551: 3531: 3384: 3258: 3104: 2947: 2862: 2805: 2717: 2628: 2616: 2612: 2511: 2502:

Between 30 and 40 percent of people undergoing chemotherapy experience

2367: 2310: 2298: 2262: 2174: 2149:), hereditary disease, kidney dysfunction, nutritional deficiencies or 2142: 2114: 1939: 1903: 1770: 1630: 1626: 1582: 1566: 1562: 1528: 1483: 1429: 1414: 1410: 1275: 1271: 1259: 1251: 1210: 1199: 1195: 1183: 1163: 1143: 1139: 1121:. The drugs are very similar but they have subtle differences in their 1118: 1023: 1011: 987: 939: 892: 812: 640: 507: 489: 295: 184: 12471: 11082:"Defining the intensity of conditioning regimens: working definitions" 10778:"Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis" 10678: 10479:

Makin G, Hickman JA (July 2000). "Apoptosis and cancer chemotherapy".

9928: 9845: 9828: 8732: 6887: 6497: 6131: 6086: 5580: 5088: 4379: 4362: 3266:

effect from anti-neoplastic drugs to workers in health care settings.

1692:

Mitomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic with the ability to alkylate DNA.

784:(BSA). The BSA is usually calculated with a mathematical formula or a 97: 15262: 15242: 15216: 15191: 15126: 15104: 14932: 14845: 14719: 14377: 14367: 14362: 14332: 14312: 14260: 14250: 14238: 14233: 14179: 14174: 14120: 14053: 13926: 13921: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13781: 13771: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13720: 13700: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13644: 13639: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13565: 13545: 13540: 13383: 13373: 13198: 13046: 12910: 12796: 12781: 12662: 12646: 12562:

Wikiversity page for the International Ototoxicity Management Group:

8466: 8413: 5987:"Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine" 5958: 4908: 3680: 3478: 3108: 3072: 3060: 2986: 2943: 2854: 2812: 2752: 2636: 2442: 2418: 2314: 2302: 2286: 2146: 2119: 2069: 2061: 2027: 1922: 1786: 1782: 1766: 1728: 1678: 1656:

Actinomycin is a complex molecule that intercalates DNA and prevents

1617: 1594: 1550: 1546: 1532: 1479: 1439: 1406: 1352: 1187: 1063: 1059: 1031: 1027: 1003: 991: 983: 968: 896: 748: 644: 632: 542: 511: 493: 474: 470: 466: 394: 372: 271: 247: 205:. Other inhibitions of growth-signals, such as those associated with 74: 12340:

the Cliniporator™ by means of invasive or non-invasive electrodes".

11911: 11894: 11699: 11616: 10605: 10588: 10248: 10189: 10078: 10063:"Combining Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapies in Cancer Treatment" 10010:

Godwin P, Baird AM, Heavey S, Barr MP, O'Byrne KJ, Gately K (2013).

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Ward EJ, Henry LM, Friend AJ, Wilkins S, Phillips RS (August 2015).

9309:"Platinum-induced hearing loss after treatment for childhood cancer" 6371: 5868: 5742: 5463: 5446: 3434: 2926: 2413:(S1P) has shown similar effect, but its mechanism of inhibiting the 1850:

Virtually all chemotherapeutic regimens can cause depression of the

15363: 15227: 15223: 15196: 14635: 14568: 14487: 14127: 13891: 13695: 13634: 13590: 13550: 13520: 13273: 13137: 13133: 13058: 12900: 12791: 12750: 12735: 12608: 12600: 10776:

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has been found to be beneficial in reducing fatigue in people with

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require that the recipient be capable of undergoing the treatment.

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In the broad sense, most chemotherapeutic drugs work by impairing

2874: 1653:

that damage intercellular molecules and topoisomerase inhibition.

15339: 15257: 14922: 14689: 14511: 14461: 13231: 12801: 12786: 10586: 9450:"Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome" 7818:"Exercise for the management of cancer-related fatigue in adults" 4313:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Willians & Wilkins. 3709: 3693: 3495: 3120: 2970: 2866: 2405: 2188: 1422: 1418: 1247: 1191: 1171: 1159: 1155: 943: 675: 231: 176: 10587:

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Morgan S, Anderson RA, Gourley C, Wallace WH, Spears N (2012).

5156: 3642: 3626:) or on cells that the tumor can utilise, such as blood vessel 2935: 2894:

for targeted therapy is the BCR-ABL1 protein produced from the

2858: 2669:(where bile does not flow from the liver to the intestine) and 2461:

Female patients of reproductive potential should use effective

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Combined modality chemotherapy is the use of drugs with other

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The MASCC Textbook of Cancer Supportive Care and Survivorship

11297: 8998: 6483: 4750: 3638: 3555: 2797: 2623:). The cause of this is most likely due to the production of 2047: 1991: 1895: 1891: 1633:. Other clinically used drugs in the anthracycline group are 1317: 846: 835: 808: 12261: 11275:

Antineoplastic drugs: Occupational exposure and health risks

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3542:, an arsenic compound discovered in 1907 and used to treat 3486: 3465:(blood production). A similar family of compounds known as 2951: 2195:, primary and metastatic disease or nutritional depletion. 822: 815:. In many cases, this can result in sub-optimal treatment. 656: 139: 12212: 12155: 10775: 7734:"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines Cancer-related fatigue" 6647: 5903: 4859: 4810: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 3145: 1573:, which also have other significant mechanisms of action. 1320:-derived chemicals that block cell division by preventing 12366: 10635: 9159: 8290: 7532: 7270: 6152: 5787:"Microtubule-binding natural products for cancer therapy" 5231: 5089:

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3697: 3280:

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Some types of chemotherapy are gonadotoxic and may cause

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As chemotherapy affects cell division, tumors with high

2981:. As these drugs cause damage to cells, they are termed 2526:. Though the symptoms are mainly sensory, in some cases 1062:

and diaziquone (AZQ). Cisplatin and derivatives include

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as meaning any use of chemicals to treat any disease (

1421:

and prevent proper microtubule formation required for

266:(decreased production of blood cells, hence that also 14431:

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System

12553:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

10009: 9910: 9118: 8764:

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5113: 5033: 4074: 4072: 4070: 3984: 3210:

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2796:

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1539:, which is obtained from the Chinese ornamental tree 12310: 11004: 10529: 9959: 9356:

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6873: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4333: 2880: 12338: 11581: 11516: 11049:"NCCN Guidelines: Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis" 10961: 10909: 10061:Vanneman, Matthew; Dranoff, Glenn (22 March 2012). 9119:Humphreys BD, Soiffer RJ, Magee CC (January 2005). 8638:Arnon J, Meirow D, Lewis-Roness H, Ornoy A (2001). 8435: 8151: 7897: 6429: 6402: 6288:Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. (2000). 5825: 5654: 4987: 4410:Rampling R, James A, Papanastassiou V (June 2004). 4284:(6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3935: 2555:In particularly large tumors and cancers with high 2399:Potential protective or attenuating agents include 1708:receiving chemotherapy. The girl on the left has a 1198:, fluoropyrimidines, deoxynucleoside analogues and 12034: 11304:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 8387:"How do chemotherapeutic agents damage the ovary?" 6287: 5980: 5978: 5388: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4416:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 4306: 4277: 4067: 3332: 3282:(ACGIH) have not set workplace safety guidelines. 3083:-2 enzyme pathways; reduction in pro-inflammatory 2962:(genes that control the growth rate of cells) and 2769:is another side effect to cytotoxic chemotherapy. 2122:, a very serious and potentially life-threatening 1712:inserted in her neck. The girl on the right has a 11899:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 11893:Chidambaram M, Manavalan R, Kathiresan K (2011). 11520:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 9727: 7873:, Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US), 7815: 7261: 7093: 6838: 5689: 5228:"Customizing Chemotherapy for Better Cancer Care" 4706: 4528: 4458: 4209: 4189:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. 3936:Johnstone RW, Ruefli AA, Lowe SW (January 2002). 2687:(only seen on blood or urine tests) or may cause 2409:in humans, but some studies show no such effect. 1417:-specific. They bind to the tubulin molecules in 15436: 11932: 11930: 11888: 11886: 11188: 10957: 10955: 10905: 10903: 10867: 10865: 10771: 10769: 10727: 10725: 9643: 8797: 7783:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 7180:Commissioner, Office of the (12 February 2021). 7035:. Arlington, VA: Scrub Hill Press. p. 130. 3461:and was discovered to be a potent suppressor of 3278:set for antineoplastic drugs, i.e., OSHA or the 3197:(ASHP) has since then introduced the concept of 171:now means the non-specific use of intracellular 10871: 10421:Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology 10329:"Mechanisms of inherited cancer susceptibility" 10277: 10060: 9083: 8931:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 8731:Grisold W, Oberndorfer S, Windebank AJ (2012). 8508:Roness H, Kalich-Philosoph L, Meirow D (2014). 6396: 6307:"The molecular perspective: DNA topoisomerases" 5975: 5840:. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 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Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4148: 4144: 3601: 3203:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 3195:American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2910:has enzyme activity that can be inhibited by 2387:People may choose between several methods of 14429:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the 12495:Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 11936: 11650: 11614: 11007:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 10478: 10369: 9812:Crowley E, McDevitt CA, Callaghan R (2009). 9692: 8710:"Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy" 8605:10.1182/blood.V87.7.3045.bloodjournal8773045 8548: 8071: 8017: 7809: 7774: 7724: 7597: 7562: 7526: 7499: 7464: 7458: 7179: 6832: 6797: 6748: 6477: 6430:Offermanns S, Rosenthal W (14 August 2008). 6403:Offermanns S, Rosenthal W (14 August 2008). 6347: 6298: 6068: 5948: 5837:Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 26 5773: 5648: 5605: 5551: 5431: 5377: 5266: 4741: 4697: 4645: 4568: 4304: 4184: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 2819:are able to cross this blood–brain barrier. 2080: 2017: 1236:glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase 12128: 12084:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11653:Journal of the American College of Surgeons 11213: 11086:Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 10916:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10874:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9511:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9362:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9313:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9264:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9215:The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 8375: 7822:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7688:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7653:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7363:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7313: 7111:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6973: 6923:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6606: 6579: 6520: 6456: 6260: 6211: 6155:"Taxol biosynthesis and molecular genetics" 5683: 4657:"How to calculate the dose of chemotherapy" 4280:Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy (paperback) 4228: 4085:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3978: 3610: 3115:. Recently, bortezomid in combination with 2712:Less common side-effects include red skin ( 2376:by chemotherapy appears to be secondary to 1645:. The mechanisms of anthracyclines include 1616:were the first, and were obtained from the 1489: 659:intent or it may aim to prolong life or to 14421: 14407: 12990: 12976: 12591: 12577: 11795: 11793: 11554: 11131:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 8955: 8923:Adeyinka, Adebayo; Bashir, Khalid (2022), 8788: 8620: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8191:Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 7568: 7157:. Cancer.org. 10 June 2008. Archived from 6806:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4081:"Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer" 3350: 2504:chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy 2498:Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy 2350:are more than 13 times as likely to get a 1297: 974:The subtypes of alkylating agents are the 67: 12430: 12420: 12279: 12238: 12189: 12105: 12095: 12011: 11980:"Combination therapy in combating cancer" 11954: 11910: 11866: 11817: 11799: 11560: 11470: 11447: 11331: 11258: 11105: 10935: 10801: 10749: 10705: 10604: 10563: 10352: 10295: 10187: 10094: 10037: 10027: 9936: 9844: 9788: 9661: 9620: 9579: 9530: 9481: 9432: 9381: 9332: 9283: 9234: 9185: 9136: 9033: 8899: 8858: 8672: 8655: 8603: 8525: 8484: 8412: 8402: 8308: 8110:Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 7969: 7951: 7841: 7749: 7707: 7603: 7482: 7441: 7423: 7382: 7255:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 6th Edition 7248: 7130: 7024: 7007: 6950: 6780: 6731: 6673: 6562: 6552: 6379: 6322: 6194: 6094: 6012: 6002: 5802: 5784: 5588: 5529:"Principles of Oncologic Pharmacotherapy" 5503: 5462: 5414: 5356: 5308: 5306: 5082: 4970: 4828: 4768: 4724: 4680: 4601: 4484: 4435: 4378: 4252: 4121: 4104: 4046: 4012: 3985:Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA (2018). 3953: 3912: 3902: 3633:The first approved drug of this type was 2665:(obstruction of the veins in the liver), 1625:. Derivatives of these compounds include 755:, to being needless in others, like most 126:that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( 12492: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11471:Reinhardt, Peter A. (29 November 2017). 11420:Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 10738:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 10333:Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 9777:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 8847:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 8800:Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 8757: 8707: 7471:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 6304: 5520: 4757:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 4360: 4203: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 3575: 3501: 3433: 3422: 2925: 2491: 2237: 2213:Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting 1825:involvement, or with meningeal disease, 1699: 1576: 1493: 1301: 1105: 909: 821: 794: 766: 751:, to being ineffective, such as in some 241:Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are 12549:Hazardous Drug Exposures in Health Care 11790: 11761: 11473:Infectious and Medical Waste Management 11373:from the original on 13 September 2004. 10731: 10326: 10278:Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (January 2000). 9826: 9816:. Springer Protocols. pp. 405–432. 9770: 9404: 8834: 8703: 8701: 8325: 8044: 5389:Damia G, D'Incalci M (September 1998). 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 4298: 4234: 4167: 3747: 3146:Occupational exposure and safe handling 2550: 2538: 1074:. They impair cell function by forming 301: 14: 15437: 15408:Pharmacological classification systems 14775:Selective estrogen receptor modulators 12453: 11728: 11413: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11248: 11246: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11176: 10375: 10117: 9547: 8840: 7205: 6526: 6433:Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology 6406:Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology 6353: 6035: 5826:Hirata K, Miyamoto K, Miura Y (1994). 5562: 5312: 5303: 4654: 4624: 3728: 2921: 2545:post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment 2206: 1846:Immunosuppression and myelosuppression 1752:peripherally inserted central catheter 1673:, also intercalates DNA, but produces 1535:, are semi-synthetically derived from 15055:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 14402: 12971: 12572: 11937:Teicher BA, Chari RV (October 2011). 11639: 10912:"Methotrexate for multiple sclerosis" 10144: 8262:. Vol. 55. 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Connor, PhD (March 2014). 8753:from the original on 12 August 2012. 8698: 8155:European Journal of Oncology Nursing 7307: 6980:Canadian Medical Association Journal 6585: 6075:Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology 5339: 3430:did pioneering work in chemotherapy. 3323: 3149: 3130:Chemotherapy drugs are also used in 3111:is commonly used as a treatment for 919: 14668:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists 11348: 11243: 11231:from the original on 10 August 2021 11173: 9870:Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 9603:Deeken JF, Löscher W (March 2007). 9560:The New England Journal of Medicine 8770:The Netherlands Journal of Medicine 8733:"Chemotherapy and polyneuropathies" 7208:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 7147: 7049: 6529:"Actinomycin and DNA transcription" 3852:Radiation induced cognitive decline 3394: 2324:, telogen effluvium, or less often 2126:that requires immediate treatment. 1597:; other prominent examples include 1217:(DHFR), an enzyme that regenerates 1150:. The nucleobases are divided into 138:. Chemotherapy may be given with a 24: 12231:10.1097/01.sla.0000250419.36053.33 12174:10.1097/01.sla.0000250419.36053.33 11802:"A history of cancer chemotherapy" 11800:DeVita VT, Chu E (November 2008). 7618:10.1097/01.smj.0000209275.75045.d4 7583:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2008.12.007 7220:10.1097/01.mog.0000198073.14169.3b 3721:for poorly soluble agents such as 3645:). The drug was approved to treat 3136:hematopoietic stem cell transplant 2474:assisted reproductive technologies 2169:in the blood, which can result in 2022:Due to immune system suppression, 1902:-colony-stimulating factor, e.g., 1832: 1829:chemotherapy may be administered. 1814:, are used to treat some cases of 1101: 25: 15476: 12533: 11665:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.10.018 11633:10.1001/jama.1919.26110010018009f 10194:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology 10188:Chen HX, Cleck JN (August 2009). 9644:Agarwala SS, Kirkwood JM (2000). 8689:U.S. National Library of Medicine 7412:World Journal of Gastroenterology 6232:10.2174/0929867305666220314204426 5204:. Ark Diagnostics. Archived from 3310: 3176:and remove advice or instruction. 3134:prior to bone marrow transplant ( 2881:Cytotoxics and targeted therapies 2679:(kidney damage) can be caused by 2432: 2391:prior to chemotherapy, including 1894:) can be improved with synthetic 1498:Topoisomerase I and II Inhibitors 15417: 15397: 15396: 12486: 12447: 12396: 12360: 12332: 12281:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01370.x 12255: 12206: 12149: 12049:10.1097/00001622-200111000-00016 11971: 11755: 11722: 11679: 11608: 11510: 11489: 11464: 11407: 11385:"Hazardous Drugs Program Guides" 11377: 11291: 11267: 11122: 11073: 11041: 10840:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03991.x 10782:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 10672: 10629: 10580: 10523: 10412: 10054: 10003: 9953: 9904: 9861: 9805: 9498: 9441: 9398: 9349: 9300: 9251: 9098:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2005.11.011 9036:"Hepatotoxicity of chemotherapy" 8992: 8916: 8812:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2008.00156.x 8724: 8708:del Pino BM (23 February 2010). 8542: 8460: 8429: 8284: 8252: 8145: 8100: 8065: 7986: 7927: 7871:PDQ Cancer Information Summaries 7789:(3 Suppl 1): S91–3, quiz S94–5. 7273:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 6627:10.1097/00001813-199010000-00002 5669:10.2165/00003495-200363020-00009 5052:10.2165/00003495-199856060-00006 3822:Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs 3763: 3671: 3341: 3154: 2763:therapy for Hodgkin's disease). 2272: 2255: 1810:Topical chemotherapies, such as 1527:Two topoisomerase I inhibitors, 1432:, was originally extracted from 1238:. The fluoropyrimidines include 845: 834: 742: 14805:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones 11588:Holland JF, Pollock RE (2010). 9833:Medical Principles and Practice 7891: 7858: 7675: 7640: 7612:(5): 491–8, quiz 499–500, 533. 7399: 7350: 7242: 7199: 7173: 6967: 6910: 6867: 6773:10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0325 6690: 6666:10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0405 6641: 6450: 6423: 6281: 6254: 6146: 6111: 6062: 6029: 5942: 5897: 5862: 5819: 5718: 5692:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 5535:(11th ed.). Archived from 5479: 5260: 5254:"A Brief History of BSA Dosing" 5246: 5220: 5194: 5150: 5107: 5027: 4963:10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0357 4938: 4853: 4618: 4516:(5): 303–11, discussion 312–3. 4501: 4452: 4403: 4354: 4327: 3333:Housekeeping and waste disposal 3079:; effects on immuno-regulatory 2728:. Some medications can trigger 2595: 2415:sphingomyelin apoptotic pathway 1365:alkaloids are derived from the 1355:). These drugs can also affect 926:Alkylating antineoplastic agent 50:. For other uses of chemo, see 15465:Occupational safety and health 11591:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 8 10928:10.1002/14651858.CD003208.pub2 10886:10.1002/14651858.CD004524.pub4 9523:10.1002/14651858.cd003298.pub3 9374:10.1002/14651858.cd009219.pub5 9325:10.1002/14651858.cd010181.pub2 9276:10.1002/14651858.CD010885.pub5 8446:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.07.007 7834:10.1002/14651858.CD006145.pub3 7700:10.1002/14651858.CD010983.pub2 7661:10.1002/14651858.CD004269.pub3 7375:10.1002/14651858.cd008831.pub3 7123:10.1002/14651858.CD004386.pub3 6935:10.1002/14651858.CD005339.pub2 6120:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 5317:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 4367:American Journal of Hematology 4097:10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4 3929: 3817:Experimental cancer treatments 3666:anaplastic large cell lymphoma 3597:Experimental cancer treatments 3419:History of cancer chemotherapy 3285: 2938:is the uncontrolled growth of 2779: 2421:action of chemotherapy drugs. 2357: 13: 1: 14557:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics 12906:Clonally transmissible cancer 12409:BioMedical Engineering OnLine 11956:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-1417 11819:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611 11776:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70075-5 11561:Ian Olver (19 October 2010). 11532:10.1080/15459624.2017.1285496 10398:10.1126/science.278.5340.1068 10297:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 9981:10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.006 9882:10.1586/14737140.2015.1095095 9663:10.1634/theoncologist.5-2-144 9622:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2854 9055:10.1634/theoncologist.6-2-162 8958:Current Heart Failure Reports 8693:National Institutes of Health 8086:10.1016/S0733-8635(05)70017-6 6853:10.1016/S0960-7404(98)00028-0 6275:10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.06.070 6069:Faller BA, Pandit TN (2011). 5527:Takimoto CH, Calvo E (2008). 5445:Malhotra V, Perry MC (2003). 4554:10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00151-x 4477:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61196-X 4254:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0437 3955:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00625-6 3868: 3546:. This was later followed by 3407:list of antineoplastic agents 3401:List of antineoplastic agents 3297:personal protective equipment 3042: 2836: 2458:and fetal myelosuppression. 1984:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 1858:and leading to a decrease of 179:(cell division) or to induce 15268:Wakefulness-promoting agents 12382:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.03.057 12354:10.1016/j.ejcsup.2006.08.003 12326:10.1016/j.ejcsup.2006.08.002 11316:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000249 10698:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.024 9917:Cancer Biology & Therapy 9695:Journal of Clinical Oncology 9415:10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_52 9166:Journal of Clinical Oncology 8888:Journal of Clinical Oncology 8563:10.1586/17474086.2013.816507 7249:Sinicrope, Frank A. (2003). 6704:Clinical Infectious Diseases 5951:"Africa's gift to the world" 5949:Cooper R, Deakin JJ (2016). 5704:10.1016/0163-7258(91)90086-2 5626:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-040010 5451:Cancer Biology & Therapy 5172:10.1097/FTD.0b013e3182a04fc7 5128:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31829dc940 4817:Journal of Clinical Oncology 4713:Journal of Clinical Oncology 4305:Chabner B, Longo DL (2005). 4212:The Chemotherapy source book 3581:Scanning electron micrograph 3469:were studied further during 3387:, and urinary metabolite of 3276:occupational exposure limits 3097:systemic lupus erythematosus 3055:is used in the treatment of 2904:acute lymphoblastic leukemia 2900:chronic myelogenous leukemia 2478:micromanipulation techniques 2417:may also interfere with the 2233: 1944:bone marrow cell transplants 1706:acute lymphoblastic leukemia 1458:obtained primarily from the 288:systemic lupus erythematosus 7: 12131:Journal of Law and Medicine 12037:Current Opinion in Oncology 9771:Goldman B (February 2003). 8551:Expert Review of Hematology 7408:"Neutropenic enterocolitis" 6263:Current Bioactive Compounds 6220:Current Medicinal Chemistry 5871:Current Medicinal Chemistry 5371:10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.10.003 5116:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 5091:Practical clinical oncology 4361:Freedman A (October 2012). 4185:Wood M, Brighton D (2005). 4061:10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.10.012 3771: 3571: 3257:Moreover, these drugs have 3091:is sometimes used to treat 2873:, the transcription factor 2861:in the cell that carry out 2663:hepatic sinusoidal syndrome 2627:in the cell and subsequent 1695: 73:A woman being treated with 10: 15481: 14918:Intravenous immunoglobulin 13493:Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 12937:Index of oncology articles 12312:subcutaneous metastases". 11594:. PMPH-USA. p. 1758. 11432:10.1177/155892501501000313 11414:Kilinc, F. Selcen (2015). 11098:10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.07.004 10976:10.1191/1352458506ms1299oa 10638:Nature Reviews. Immunology 10593:Nature Reviews. Immunology 10327:Hodgson S (January 2008). 9034:King PD, Perry MC (2001). 8238:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.02.026 8203:10.1016/j.sder.2008.12.001 8168:10.1016/j.ejon.2012.06.003 7795:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.12.015 6324:10.1634/stemcells.20-5-470 6294:. New York: W. H. Freeman. 5323:10.1002/0470025077.chap84b 5013:10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.07.005 4924:10.1016/j.clcc.2012.05.004 4912:Clinical Colorectal Cancer 4875:10.1016/j.clcc.2011.03.015 4863:Clinical Colorectal Cancer 4594:10.1016/j.clon.2006.10.010 4542:European Journal of Cancer 4461:"Non-melanoma skin cancer" 4235:Epstein RJ (August 2005). 4210:Perry, Michael J. (2008). 4005:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011 3787:Antimicrobial chemotherapy 3732: 3602:Targeted delivery vehicles 3594: 3536:antibacterial chemotherapy 3485:on the Italian harbour of 3416: 3412: 3398: 3274:As of 2018, there were no 3248: 2998:acute myelogenous leukemia 2902:and in some patients with 2495: 2456:complications of pregnancy 2210: 1974:, or other members of the 1854:, often by paralysing the 1748:peripheral venous catheter 1714:peripheral venous catheter 1608:Among the anthracyclines, 1501: 1403:non-small-cell lung cancer 1401:(used in the treatment of 1286:. The thiopurines include 1142:; a molecule comprising a 1128: 942:many molecules, including 923: 43: 32:Antimicrobial chemotherapy 29: 15392: 15348: 15320: 15276: 15085: 15020: 14983: 14931: 14844: 14788: 14748: 14705: 14589: 14525: 14437: 14083: 13860: 13501: 13491: 13359:Mirvetuximab soravtansine 13251: 13132: 13092: 13027: 13014: 12924: 12877: 12835: 12810: 12774: 12696: 12655: 12622: 12615: 11996:10.18632/oncotarget.16723 11019:10.1007/s12016-009-8196-0 10732:Ben-Ari ET (April 2004). 10536:British Journal of Cancer 10458:10.1016/j.tox.2009.01.019 10280:"The hallmarks of cancer" 10206:10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.94 10120:American Family Physician 9013:10.1016/j.cld.2013.07.010 8970:10.1007/s11897-012-0083-y 8644:Human Reproduction Update 8514:Human Reproduction Update 8391:Human Reproduction Update 8353:10.1080/02841860601166958 7940:Frontiers in Pharmacology 7328:10.1007/s00520-006-0040-y 7316:Supportive Care in Cancer 7071:10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3 7059:Supportive Care in Cancer 6818:10.1016/j.soc.2008.04.007 6527:Sobell HM (August 1985). 6179:10.1007/s11101-005-3748-2 6004:10.3390/molecules17055893 5281:10.1007/s12032-011-0019-5 4661:British Journal of Cancer 3904:10.1186/s12935-015-0221-1 3891:Cancer Cell International 3290:NIOSH recommends using a 2977:), effectively targeting 2845:of these pumps, known as 2749:interstitial lung disease 2378:premature ovarian failure 2151:anemia of chronic disease 2129: 2081:Gastrointestinal distress 2024:neutropenic enterocolitis 2018:Neutropenic enterocolitis 1933:) are destroyed, meaning 1472:Sinopodophyllum hexandrum 1397:alkaloids were produced: 1205:The anti-folates include 762: 757:non-melanoma skin cancers 603: 578: 551: 524: 460: 433: 320: 317: 314: 207:receptor tyrosine kinases 94: 86: 66: 61: 14973:Topoisomerase inhibitors 14657:renin–angiotensin system 14651:Calcium channel blockers 13503:Receptor tyrosine kinase 13029:Receptor tyrosine kinase 11943:Clinical Cancer Research 11260:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2009106 10481:Cell and Tissue Research 9707:10.1200/JCO.2006.10.0677 9609:Clinical Cancer Research 9178:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.1110 9001:Clinics in Liver Disease 8310:10.1001/jama.297.11.1207 7953:10.3389/fphar.2018.00913 7908:10.1007/0-387-31056-8_83 7606:Southern Medical Journal 6036:Raviña, Enrique (2011). 5883:10.2174/0929867043455846 5620:(12 Pt 2): 4276s–4280s. 5614:Clinical Cancer Research 5202:"ARK Methotrexate Assay" 5001:Cancer Treatment Reviews 4830:10.1200/jco.2007.13.3934 4726:10.1200/JCO.2012.44.2863 4428:10.1136/jnnp.2004.040535 4241:Clinical Cancer Research 3637:(Mylotarg), released by 3616:Antibody-drug conjugates 3611:Antibody-drug conjugates 2946:behaviour: invasion and 2532:autonomic nervous system 2445:, especially during the 2100:, abdominal cramps, and 1816:non-melanoma skin cancer 1670:Streptomyces verticillus 1549:). These agents include 1490:Topoisomerase inhibitors 1213:. Methotrexate inhibits 1098:and hexamethylmelamine. 905: 696:Combination chemotherapy 13093:Others for solid tumors 12999:Targeted cancer therapy 12859:Prostate cancer staging 12823:Paraneoplastic syndrome 12544:American Cancer Society 12507:10.1053/svms.2003.36617 11195:The Oncology Pharmacist 11151:10.1196/annals.1371.008 10029:10.3389/fonc.2013.00120 9407:Oncologic Critical Care 8901:10.1200/JCO.2004.08.094 8123:10.2310/7750.2010.09014 7751:10.6004/jnccn.2010.0067 7548:10.6004/jnccn.2008.0042 7484:10.1093/jnci/91.19.1616 6554:10.1073/pnas.82.16.5328 6486:Pharmacological Reviews 5563:Parker WB (July 2009). 5407:10.1023/A:1008060720608 4770:10.1093/jnci/94.24.1883 4655:Gurney H (April 2002). 3475:Yale School of Medicine 3351:Occupational monitoring 2896:Philadelphia chromosome 2486:embryo cryopreservation 2411:Sphingosine-1-phosphate 2077:to prevent recurrence. 2012:cyclin-dependent kinase 1797:Isolated limb perfusion 1756:central venous catheter 1710:central venous catheter 1504:Topoisomerase inhibitor 1314:Anti-microtubule agents 1298:Anti-microtubule agents 1215:dihydrofolate reductase 1018:. Nitrosoureas include 954:. This ability to bind 128:chemotherapeutic agents 34:. For the journal, see 14765:Hormonal contraception 14695:Bile acid sequestrants 14476:Proton-pump inhibitors 14439:gastrointestinal tract 13354:Loncastuximab tesirine 13083:Trastuzumab deruxtecan 12897:Tumor suppressor genes 12864:Gleason grading system 12818:Precancerous condition 12422:10.1186/1475-925X-9-10 11688:Nature Reviews. Cancer 10237:Nature Reviews. Cancer 10147:Nature Reviews. Cancer 10067:Nature Reviews. Cancer 9730:Nature Reviews. Cancer 9466:10.4081/oncol.2020.442 9138:10.1681/ASN.2004100843 8925:"Tumor Lysis Syndrome" 8841:Savage L (July 2007). 8657:10.1093/humupd/7.4.394 7998:www.urmc.rochester.edu 7571:Seminars in Hematology 6360:Nature Reviews. Cancer 6354:Nitiss JL (May 2009). 6159:Phytochemistry Reviews 5804:10.1055/s-0030-1250073 5256:. My Care Diagnostics. 4673:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600139 4149:Rachel Airley (2009). 3797:Cancer-related fatigue 3719:magnetic drug delivery 3647:acute myeloid leukemia 3592: 3530:), such as the use of 3442: 3431: 3405:There is an extensive 3140:total body irradiation 3095:, a common symptom of 3065:ankylosing spondylitis 3033:immunogenic cell death 2964:tumor suppressor genes 2932: 2741:cardiovascular disease 2659:nutritional deficiency 2571:, some people develop 2482:in vitro fertilization 2389:fertility preservation 2243: 1956:gastrointestinal tract 1912:efbemalenograstim alfa 1888:neutrophil granulocyte 1823:central nervous system 1744:winged infusion device 1717: 1622:Streptomyces peucetius 1499: 1310: 1126: 1020:N-Nitroso-N-methylurea 916: 827: 800: 773: 435:Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 195:for breast cancer and 52:Chemo (disambiguation) 13429:Sacituzumab govitecan 13369:Moxetumomab pasudotox 13339:Inotuzumab ozogamicin 13242:Gemtuzumab ozogamicin 13078:Trastuzumab emtansine 13019:monoclonal antibodies 13003:antineoplastic agents 12916:Carcinogenic bacteria 12656:Malignant progression 12158:"Electrochemotherapy" 11615:Krumbhaar EB (1919). 11221:"Chemotherapy Safety" 10751:10.1093/jnci/96.8.577 10501:10.1007/s004419900160 10016:Frontiers in Oncology 9790:10.1093/jnci/95.4.255 9572:10.1056/NEJMoa1204410 8527:10.1093/humupd/dmu019 8486:10.1093/humrep/det268 8440:. 29 Suppl B: 152–9. 8404:10.1093/humupd/dms022 7577:(1 Suppl 2): S26-32. 7425:10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.42 7155:"Coriolus Versicolor" 6046:John Wiley & Sons 5834:. In Bajaj YP (ed.). 3807:Chemotherapy regimens 3651:trastuzumab emtansine 3635:gemtuzumab ozogamicin 3579: 3437: 3426: 3132:conditioning regimens 3049:plasma cell dyscrasia 2929: 2621:liposomal doxorubicin 2524:peripheral neuropathy 2520:proteasome inhibitors 2496:Further information: 2492:Peripheral neuropathy 2449:, to the extent that 2424:In chemotherapy as a 2241: 2211:Further information: 2179:platelet transfusions 2068:. It has a very poor 1890:count below 0.5 x 10/ 1720:Most chemotherapy is 1703: 1577:Cytotoxic antibiotics 1542:Camptotheca acuminata 1497: 1454:is an antineoplastic 1367:Madagascar periwinkle 1305: 1109: 1054:. Aziridines include 1042:. Tetrazines include 913: 825: 798: 770: 729:chemotherapy regimens 709:Adjuvant chemotherapy 309:chemotherapy regimens 15450:Antineoplastic drugs 15374:Radiopharmaceuticals 15162:Antiparkinson agents 13284:Belantamab mafodotin 12869:Dukes classification 12268:Dermatologic Therapy 12097:10.3390/ijms23084249 11859:10.1084/jem.37.4.525 11764:The Lancet. Oncology 11737:. Springer. p. 10794:10.1136/ard.60.8.729 10650:10.1038/nri.2016.107 10548:10.1038/bjc.2012.581 10345:10.1631/jzus.B073001 9409:. pp. 531–556. 9227:10.1620/tjem.219.177 9086:Seminars in Oncology 8074:Dermatologic Clinics 6992:10.1503/cmaj.1011625 6876:Dermatologic Surgery 6588:Seminars in Oncology 6305:Goodsell DS (2002). 6048:. pp. 157–159. 5926:10.1007/128_2007_130 4422:(Suppl 2): ii24-30. 3832:Hyperthermia therapy 3753:Hyperthermia therapy 3748:Hyperthermia therapy 3447:small-molecule drugs 3357:medical surveillance 3174:rewrite this section 3057:rheumatoid arthritis 3014:Heterogeneic tumours 2774:parenteral nutrition 2681:tumor lysis syndrome 2573:tumor lysis syndrome 2551:Tumor lysis syndrome 2539:Cognitive impairment 2518:alkaloids, taxanes, 2426:conditioning regimen 2382:primordial follicles 1925:(cells that produce 1750:, midline catheter, 1464:Podophyllum peltatum 1373:, formerly known as 1232:thymidylate synthase 684:hyperthermia therapy 302:Treatment strategies 284:rheumatoid arthritis 18:Antineoplastic agent 15157:Antimigraine agents 15147:Antidementia agents 15050:Anti-inflammatories 14740:Medicated dressings 14680:Antihyperlipidemics 14507:Diabetes medication 14137:Denileukin diftitox 13799:(ALK, ROS1, NTRK), 13404:Polatuzumab vedotin 13394:Oportuzumab monatox 12688:Sentinel lymph node 11990:(23): 38022–38043. 11143:2006NYASA1076..628S 10493:1994RSPTB.345..319H 10390:1997Sci...278.1068P 9827:Luqmani YA (2005). 9007:(4): 671–86, ix–x. 8860:10.1093/jnci/djm072 8714:NCI Cancer Bulletin 8683:drug label/data at 7514:(8 Suppl 6): 21–4. 6545:1985PNAS...82.5328S 6171:2006PChRv...5...75C 5830:Catharanthus roseus 5505:10.1248/cpb.36.3933 5457:(4 Suppl 1): S2-4. 5315:The Cancer Handbook 4153:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4151:Cancer chemotherapy 3735:Electrochemotherapy 3729:Electrochemotherapy 3655:brentuximab vedotin 3649:. Two other drugs, 3618:(ADCs) comprise an 3000:and the aggressive 2979:fast-dividing cells 2922:Mechanism of action 2802:cerebrospinal fluid 2794:blood–brain barrier 2755:) and occasionally 2689:acute kidney injury 2207:Nausea and vomiting 2010:is an inhibitor of 2001:Trametes versicolor 1996:medicinal mushrooms 1886:(a decrease of the 1839:fast-dividing cells 1371:Catharanthus roseus 1357:blood vessel growth 1349:mitotic catastrophe 311: 307:Common combination 189:signal transduction 110:(often abbreviated 15010:Immunosuppressants 14880:Antimycobacterials 14836:Antithyroid agents 14820:Mineralocorticoids 14624:Cardiac stimulants 14614:Cardiac glycosides 14606:cardiac therapy / 14502:Anti-obesity drugs 13823:(ROS1, TRK, ALK), 13329:Enfortumab vedotin 12736:Respiratory system 12342:Eur J Cancer Suppl 12314:Eur J Cancer Suppl 11729:Faguet GB (2005). 11395:on 27 October 2019 10964:Multiple Sclerosis 9839:(Suppl 1): 35–48. 8473:Human Reproduction 7285:10.1007/BF02554529 6716:10.1093/cid/cir257 6594:(2 Suppl 5): 3–8. 5961:. pp. 46–51. 5920:. pp. 25–52. 3662:Hodgkin's lymphoma 3593: 3550:(sulfa drugs) and 3443: 3432: 3292:ventilated cabinet 3216:Routes of exposure 3103:along with either 3069:multiple sclerosis 2933: 2886:Targeted therapies 2851:gene amplification 2831:circulatory system 2767:Hand-foot syndrome 2757:secondary neoplasm 2708:Other side-effects 2590:cardiac arrhythmia 2374:Female infertility 2352:secondary neoplasm 2344:secondary neoplasm 2338:Secondary neoplasm 2249:Chemotherapy curls 2244: 2163:blood transfusions 1821:If the cancer has 1718: 1683:chemically reduced 1500: 1468:Himalayan mayapple 1413:. These drugs are 1311: 1127: 1123:chemical structure 917: 828: 801: 774: 733:Performance status 368:Hodgkin's lymphoma 306: 292:multiple sclerosis 202:hormonal therapies 158:, which is called 15460:Cancer treatments 15432: 15431: 15335:Ophthalmologicals 15045:Anabolic steroids 14948:Anticancer agents 14911:Ectoparasiticides 14631:Antihypertensives 14579:Antifibrinolytics 14396: 14395: 14079: 14078: 13487: 13486: 13469:Tisotumab vedotin 12965: 12964: 12952:Cancer and nausea 12831: 12830: 12668:Carcinoma in situ 12472:10.1159/000026986 12454:Issels R (1999). 12219:Annals of Surgery 12162:Annals of Surgery 11748:978-1-4020-3618-7 11733:The War on Cancer 11601:978-1-60795-014-1 11574:978-1-4419-1225-1 11284:978-90-393-4331-9 10834:(Suppl 2): 12–8. 10430:978-0-7817-4689-2 10384:(5340): 1068–73. 9929:10.4161/cbt.29841 9846:10.1159/000086183 9424:978-3-319-74587-9 7917:978-0-387-24291-0 7042:978-0-9645467-5-2 7031:Huang ES (2000). 6986:(10): 1569–1577. 6888:10.1111/dsu.12300 6841:Surgical Oncology 6812:(4): 877–94, xi. 6615:Anti-Cancer Drugs 6498:10.1124/pr.56.2.6 6459:Clinical Pharmacy 6132:10.1021/jm801064y 6087:10.4137/CMO.S5074 6038:"Vinca alkaloids" 5581:10.1021/cr900028p 5498:(10): 3933–3947. 5492:Chem. Pharm. Bull 5100:978-0-521-61816-8 4582:Clinical Oncology 4380:10.1002/ajh.23313 4320:978-0-7817-5628-0 4291:978-0-7817-3629-9 4276:Skeel RT (2003). 4221:978-0-7817-7328-7 4196:978-0-443-07101-0 4160:978-0-470-09254-5 3792:Cancer and nausea 3780:Anti-Cancer Drugs 3628:endothelial cells 3585:mesoporous silica 3467:nitrogen mustards 3445:The first use of 3324:Employee training 3191: 3190: 3167:a manual or guide 3077:immunosuppression 3037:immune checkpoint 3006:Hodgkin's disease 2956:genetic mutations 2809:alkylating agents 2655:immunosuppression 2557:white cell counts 2124:medical emergency 2066:medical emergency 2044:distended abdomen 1880:blood transfusion 1860:white blood cells 1647:DNA intercalation 1569:, merbarone, and 1460:American mayapple 976:nitrogen mustards 958:to DNA via their 920:Alkylating agents 782:body surface area 680:radiation therapy 672:cancer treatments 661:palliate symptoms 653: 652: 605:Pancreatic cancer 580:Colorectal cancer 298:and many others. 282:). These include 268:immunosuppression 132:alkylating agents 122:) is the type of 105: 104: 77:chemotherapy for 47:Anti-Cancer Drugs 16:(Redirected from 15472: 15421: 15400: 15399: 15384:Senotherapeutics 15238:Neuroprotectives 15233:Mood stabilizers 15132:Anti-ADHD agents 15072:Muscle relaxants 15005:Immunostimulants 15000:Immunomodulators 14832:Thyroid hormones 14770:Fertility agents 14673:Renin inhibitors 14564:Antihemorrhagics 14531:forming organs ( 14517:Dietary minerals 14423: 14416: 14409: 14400: 14399: 14110:peptide against 13683:(AXL, ALK, LTK)) 13499: 13498: 13309:Dinutuximab beta 13025: 13024: 12992: 12985: 12978: 12969: 12968: 12766:Endocrine system 12731:Digestive system 12620: 12619: 12593: 12586: 12579: 12570: 12569: 12527: 12526: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12451: 12445: 12444: 12434: 12424: 12400: 12394: 12393: 12364: 12358: 12357: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12308: 12302: 12301: 12283: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12242: 12210: 12204: 12203: 12193: 12153: 12147: 12146: 12126: 12120: 12119: 12109: 12099: 12075: 12069: 12068: 12032: 12026: 12025: 12015: 11975: 11969: 11968: 11958: 11934: 11925: 11924: 11914: 11890: 11881: 11880: 11870: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11821: 11797: 11788: 11787: 11759: 11753: 11752: 11736: 11726: 11720: 11719: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11648: 11637: 11636: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11514: 11508: 11507: 11501: 11493: 11487: 11486: 11468: 11462: 11461: 11451: 11411: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11391:. Archived from 11381: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11365: 11357: 11346: 11345: 11335: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11271: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11250: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11217: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11197:. Archived from 11186: 11171: 11170: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11109: 11077: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11066: 11060: 11053: 11045: 11039: 11038: 11002: 10996: 10995: 10959: 10950: 10949: 10939: 10907: 10898: 10897: 10869: 10860: 10859: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10805: 10773: 10764: 10763: 10753: 10729: 10720: 10719: 10709: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10633: 10627: 10626: 10608: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10567: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10373: 10367: 10366: 10356: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10299: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10098: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10041: 10031: 10007: 10001: 10000: 9966: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9940: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9865: 9859: 9858: 9848: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9792: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9690: 9684: 9683: 9665: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9624: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9583: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9534: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9485: 9454:Oncology Reviews 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9385: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9336: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9287: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9238: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9189: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9140: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9040: 9031: 9025: 9024: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8903: 8879: 8873: 8872: 8862: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8795: 8786: 8785: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8737: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8705: 8696: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8659: 8635: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8584:In turn citing: 8582: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8529: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8488: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8416: 8406: 8382: 8373: 8372: 8336: 8323: 8322: 8312: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7973: 7955: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7845: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7753: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7711: 7694:(11): CD010983. 7679: 7673: 7672: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7486: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7445: 7427: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7386: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7134: 7102: 7091: 7090: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7011: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6954: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6784: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6710:(9): e162–e193. 6694: 6688: 6687: 6677: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6566: 6556: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6383: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6326: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6198: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6098: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6016: 6006: 5982: 5973: 5972: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5806: 5782: 5771: 5770: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5592: 5569:Chemical Reviews 5560: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5466: 5442: 5429: 5428: 5418: 5386: 5375: 5374: 5354: 5337: 5336: 5310: 5301: 5300: 5269:Medical Oncology 5264: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5234:on 28 April 2014 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5208:on 28 April 2014 5198: 5192: 5191: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5046:(6): 1019–1038. 5031: 5025: 5024: 4996: 4985: 4984: 4974: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4906: 4887: 4886: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4832: 4823:(13): 2099–105. 4808: 4783: 4782: 4772: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4605: 4577: 4566: 4565: 4537: 4526: 4525: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4471:(9715): 673–85. 4456: 4450: 4449: 4439: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4382: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4312: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4182: 4165: 4164: 4146: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4076: 4065: 4064: 4044: 4027: 4026: 4016: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3957: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3906: 3882: 3702:receptor ligands 3455:chemical warfare 3395:Available agents 3381:cyclophosphamide 3186: 3183: 3177: 3165:is written like 3158: 3157: 3150: 3117:cyclophosphamide 3089:Cyclophosphamide 3029:cyclophosphamide 2726:sexual impotence 2633:cyclophosphamide 2437:Chemotherapy is 2393:cryopreservation 2348:childhood cancer 2322:alopecia totalis 2307:cyclophosphamide 2276: 2259: 2197:Aerobic exercise 2159:iron supplements 2058:and tenderness. 1919:myelosuppression 1876:thrombocytopenia 1760:implantable port 1685:and reacts with 1514:topoisomerase II 1435:Taxus brevifolia 1383:natural products 1219:tetrahydrofolate 1146:, a sugar and a 1136:Anti-metabolites 1092:phosphate groups 1000:cyclophosphamide 849: 838: 558:Cyclophosphamide 440:Cyclophosphamide 381:cyclophosphamide 358:cyclophosphamide 332:Cyclophosphamide 312: 305: 264:myelosuppression 220:systemic therapy 212:targeted therapy 161:medical oncology 134:) in a standard 124:cancer treatment 98:edit on Wikidata 71: 59: 58: 21: 15480: 15479: 15475: 15474: 15473: 15471: 15470: 15469: 15435: 15434: 15433: 15428: 15424:Medicine portal 15388: 15344: 15316: 15311: 15303:Cough medicines 15298:Bronchodilators 15279: 15272: 15152:Antidepressants 15142:Anticonvulsants 15090: 15081: 15077:Bisphosphonates 15067:Corticosteroids 15029: 15016: 14988: 14979: 14963:Spindle poisons 14953:Antimetabolites 14936: 14927: 14849: 14840: 14815:Glucocorticoids 14810:Corticosteroids 14791: 14784: 14751: 14744: 14701: 14619:Antiarrhythmics 14592: 14585: 14542:Antithrombotics 14530: 14521: 14497:Antipropulsives 14493:Antidiarrhoeals 14470: 14441: 14433: 14427: 14397: 14392: 14246:Pi3K inhibitors 14144:mTOR inhibitors 14075: 13856: 13827:(VEGFR, FGFR), 13483: 13247: 13128: 13088: 13010: 12996: 12966: 12961: 12920: 12873: 12827: 12806: 12770: 12692: 12651: 12611: 12597: 12536: 12531: 12530: 12491: 12487: 12452: 12448: 12401: 12397: 12365: 12361: 12337: 12333: 12309: 12305: 12260: 12256: 12211: 12207: 12154: 12150: 12127: 12123: 12076: 12072: 12033: 12029: 11976: 11972: 11949:(20): 6389–97. 11935: 11928: 11912:10.18433/J30C7D 11891: 11884: 11839: 11835: 11812:(21): 8643–53. 11806:Cancer Research 11798: 11791: 11760: 11756: 11749: 11727: 11723: 11700:10.1038/nrc1529 11684: 11680: 11649: 11640: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11586: 11582: 11575: 11559: 11555: 11515: 11511: 11499: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11469: 11465: 11412: 11408: 11398: 11396: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11370: 11363: 11359: 11358: 11349: 11296: 11292: 11285: 11273: 11272: 11268: 11252: 11251: 11244: 11234: 11232: 11219: 11218: 11214: 11204: 11202: 11201:on 25 June 2021 11187: 11174: 11127: 11123: 11092:(12): 1628–33. 11078: 11074: 11064: 11062: 11061:on 25 June 2021 11058: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11042: 11003: 10999: 10960: 10953: 10922:(2): CD003208. 10908: 10901: 10880:(2): CD004524. 10870: 10863: 10823: 10819: 10774: 10767: 10730: 10723: 10677: 10673: 10634: 10630: 10606:10.1038/nri2216 10585: 10581: 10528: 10524: 10477: 10473: 10442: 10438: 10431: 10417: 10413: 10374: 10370: 10325: 10321: 10276: 10272: 10249:10.1038/nrc2559 10233: 10229: 10186: 10182: 10143: 10139: 10116: 10112: 10079:10.1038/nrc3237 10059: 10055: 10008: 10004: 9964: 9958: 9954: 9923:(10): 1367–77. 9909: 9905: 9876:(12): 1405–17. 9866: 9862: 9825: 9821: 9810: 9806: 9769: 9765: 9742:10.1038/nrc1893 9726: 9722: 9701:(16): 2306–12. 9691: 9687: 9642: 9638: 9601: 9597: 9566:(17): 1616–25. 9552: 9548: 9517:(8): CD003298. 9503: 9499: 9446: 9442: 9425: 9403: 9399: 9368:(5): CD009219. 9354: 9350: 9319:(8): CD010181. 9305: 9301: 9270:(1): CD010885. 9256: 9252: 9207: 9203: 9172:(19): 2408–17. 9158: 9154: 9117: 9113: 9082: 9078: 9038: 9032: 9028: 8997: 8993: 8954: 8950: 8941: 8939: 8921: 8917: 8880: 8876: 8839: 8835: 8796: 8789: 8762: 8758: 8750: 8735: 8729: 8725: 8706: 8699: 8677: 8673: 8636: 8621: 8583: 8547: 8543: 8506: 8502: 8465: 8461: 8434: 8430: 8383: 8376: 8341:Acta Oncologica 8337: 8326: 8303:(11): 1207–15. 8289: 8285: 8270: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8222: 8218: 8187: 8183: 8150: 8146: 8105: 8101: 8070: 8066: 8043: 8039: 8016: 8012: 8002: 8000: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7932: 7928: 7918: 7896: 7892: 7883: 7881: 7863: 7859: 7828:(9): CD006145. 7814: 7810: 7779: 7775: 7729: 7725: 7680: 7676: 7655:(5): CD004269. 7645: 7641: 7602: 7598: 7567: 7563: 7531: 7527: 7504: 7500: 7477:(19): 1616–34. 7463: 7459: 7404: 7400: 7369:(8): CD008831. 7355: 7351: 7312: 7308: 7269: 7262: 7247: 7243: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7178: 7174: 7164: 7162: 7161:on 25 June 2010 7153: 7152: 7148: 7117:(1): CD004386. 7103: 7094: 7065:(8): 993–1006. 7054: 7050: 7043: 7029: 7025: 6972: 6968: 6929:(4): CD005339. 6915: 6911: 6872: 6868: 6837: 6833: 6802: 6798: 6753: 6749: 6695: 6691: 6646: 6642: 6611: 6607: 6584: 6580: 6539:(16): 5328–31. 6525: 6521: 6482: 6478: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6401: 6397: 6372:10.1038/nrc2607 6352: 6348: 6303: 6299: 6286: 6282: 6259: 6255: 6216: 6212: 6151: 6147: 6116: 6112: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6034: 6030: 5997:(5): 5893–914. 5983: 5976: 5969: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5902: 5898: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5842:Springer-Verlag 5824: 5820: 5797:(11): 1037–43. 5783: 5774: 5743:10.1038/nrm3115 5723: 5719: 5688: 5684: 5653: 5649: 5610: 5606: 5561: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5525: 5521: 5484: 5480: 5464:10.4161/cbt.199 5443: 5432: 5401:(1–3): 165–73. 5387: 5378: 5355: 5340: 5333: 5311: 5304: 5265: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5160:Ther Drug Monit 5155: 5151: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5087: 5083: 5032: 5028: 4997: 4988: 4943: 4939: 4907: 4890: 4858: 4854: 4809: 4786: 4749: 4742: 4705: 4698: 4667:(8): 1297–302. 4653: 4646: 4627:Cancer Research 4623: 4619: 4578: 4569: 4548:(13): 1677–84. 4538: 4529: 4506: 4502: 4457: 4453: 4408: 4404: 4359: 4355: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4274: 4270: 4247:(15): 5337–41. 4233: 4229: 4222: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4183: 4168: 4161: 4147: 4122: 4091:(8): CD004064. 4077: 4068: 4045: 4030: 3992:Cell Metabolism 3983: 3979: 3934: 3930: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3774: 3766: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3674: 3613: 3604: 3599: 3574: 3565:pharmacotherapy 3507: 3421: 3415: 3403: 3397: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3313: 3288: 3272: 3251: 3218: 3199:hazardous drugs 3187: 3181: 3178: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3093:lupus nephritis 3075:, which causes 3045: 3019:Cells from the 2924: 2883: 2839: 2782: 2722:water retention 2710: 2704: 2651:viral hepatitis 2598: 2553: 2541: 2500: 2494: 2447:first trimester 2435: 2360: 2340: 2326:alopecia areata 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2236: 2215: 2209: 2132: 2083: 2020: 1931:red blood cells 1917:In very severe 1864:red blood cells 1848: 1835: 1833:Adverse effects 1805:micrometastases 1799:(often used in 1704:Two girls with 1698: 1579: 1510:topoisomerase I 1506: 1492: 1452:Podophyllotoxin 1300: 1180:chemical groups 1148:phosphate group 1133: 1104: 1102:Antimetabolites 996:mechlorethamine 928: 922: 908: 857: 856: 855: 854: 853: 850: 841: 840: 839: 765: 745: 737:fractional kill 714:micrometastases 462:Germ cell tumor 304: 256:digestive tract 152:pharmacotherapy 144:reduce symptoms 101: 90:chemo, CTX, CTx 82: 55: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15478: 15468: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15426: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15393: 15390: 15389: 15387: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15369:Contrast media 15366: 15360: 15358: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15342: 15337: 15331: 15329: 15322:sensory organs 15318: 15317: 15315: 15314: 15309: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15289: 15287: 15274: 15273: 15271: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15221: 15220: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15167:Antipsychotics 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15137:Antiaddictives 15134: 15129: 15124: 15123: 15122: 15117: 15107: 15101: 15099: 15092:nervous system 15083: 15082: 15080: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15062:Antirheumatics 15059: 15058: 15057: 15047: 15041: 15039: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15012: 15007: 14996: 14994: 14981: 14980: 14978: 14977: 14976: 14975: 14970: 14968:Antineoplastic 14965: 14960: 14955: 14944: 14942: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14914: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14901:Antiprotozoals 14896:Antiparasitics 14893: 14888: 14883: 14876:Antibacterials 14872:Antimicrobials 14868: 14866: 14842: 14841: 14839: 14838: 14829: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14817: 14807: 14801: 14799: 14786: 14785: 14783: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14761: 14759: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14742: 14737: 14735:Antipsoriatics 14732: 14727: 14722: 14716: 14714: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14699: 14698: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14663:ACE inhibitors 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14627: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14602: 14600: 14591:cardiovascular 14587: 14586: 14584: 14583: 14582: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14561: 14560: 14559: 14554: 14552:Anticoagulants 14549: 14538: 14536: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14464: 14453: 14451: 14435: 14434: 14426: 14425: 14418: 14411: 14403: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14274: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14236: 14223: 14222: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14193:CDK inhibitors 14189: 14188: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14164: 14163: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14140: 14124: 14104: 14092:fusion protein 14087: 14085: 14081: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14073: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14008: 14007: 14006: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13931: 13930: 13924: 13912: 13911: 13910: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13866: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13854: 13833: 13832: 13831:(VEGFR, EGFR). 13787: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13685: 13684: 13668: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13612: 13611: 13610: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13589:HER1/EGFR and 13585: 13584: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13507: 13505: 13496: 13489: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13268:+hyaluronidase 13261: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13245: 13228: 13227: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13142: 13140: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13126: 13114: 13108: 13096: 13094: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13086: 13080: 13075: 13072:+hyaluronidase 13055: 13049: 13033: 13031: 13022: 13012: 13011: 12995: 12994: 12987: 12980: 12972: 12963: 12962: 12960: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12928: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12894: 12889: 12883: 12881: 12879:Carcinogenesis 12875: 12874: 12872: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12845: 12843: 12833: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12763: 12761:Nervous system 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12724:nasopharyngeal 12721: 12716: 12711: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12659: 12657: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12628: 12626: 12617: 12613: 12612: 12596: 12595: 12588: 12581: 12573: 12567: 12566: 12560: 12555: 12546: 12535: 12534:External links 12532: 12529: 12528: 12485: 12466:(5): 374–381. 12446: 12395: 12370:Cancer Letters 12359: 12331: 12303: 12254: 12205: 12168:(3): 469–479. 12148: 12121: 12070: 12027: 11970: 11926: 11882: 11833: 11789: 11754: 11747: 11721: 11678: 11638: 11607: 11600: 11580: 11573: 11553: 11526:(7): 485–493. 11509: 11488: 11481: 11463: 11426:(3): 180–190. 11406: 11376: 11347: 11310:(9): 901–910. 11290: 11283: 11266: 11242: 11212: 11172: 11121: 11072: 11040: 10997: 10951: 10899: 10861: 10817: 10765: 10721: 10671: 10628: 10579: 10542:(3): 479–485. 10522: 10471: 10436: 10429: 10411: 10368: 10319: 10270: 10227: 10180: 10159:10.1038/nrc903 10153:(10): 750–63. 10137: 10110: 10073:(4): 237–251. 10053: 10002: 9952: 9903: 9860: 9819: 9804: 9763: 9720: 9685: 9650:The Oncologist 9636: 9615:(6): 1663–74. 9595: 9546: 9497: 9440: 9423: 9397: 9348: 9299: 9250: 9201: 9152: 9111: 9076: 9043:The Oncologist 9026: 8991: 8948: 8915: 8894:(11): 2233–9. 8874: 8853:(14): 1070–1. 8833: 8787: 8756: 8723: 8697: 8671: 8650:(4): 394–403. 8619: 8598:(7): 3045–52. 8541: 8500: 8459: 8428: 8374: 8324: 8283: 8268: 8251: 8216: 8181: 8144: 8099: 8064: 8037: 8010: 7985: 7926: 7916: 7890: 7857: 7808: 7773: 7723: 7674: 7639: 7596: 7561: 7525: 7498: 7457: 7398: 7349: 7322:(9): 890–900. 7306: 7260: 7241: 7198: 7172: 7146: 7092: 7048: 7041: 7023: 6966: 6909: 6882:(9): 1306–16. 6866: 6847:(1–2): 59–63. 6831: 6796: 6761:The Oncologist 6747: 6689: 6654:The Oncologist 6640: 6605: 6578: 6519: 6492:(2): 185–229. 6476: 6449: 6442: 6422: 6415: 6395: 6346: 6297: 6280: 6253: 6210: 6145: 6110: 6061: 6054: 6028: 5974: 5967: 5941: 5934: 5896: 5861: 5854: 5818: 5772: 5737:(6): 385–392. 5717: 5682: 5647: 5604: 5575:(7): 2880–93. 5550: 5539:on 15 May 2009 5519: 5478: 5430: 5395:Cytotechnology 5376: 5338: 5332:978-0470025062 5331: 5302: 5259: 5245: 5219: 5193: 5149: 5106: 5099: 5081: 5026: 4986: 4957:(3): 296–302. 4951:The Oncologist 4937: 4888: 4852: 4784: 4763:(24): 1883–8. 4740: 4719:(31): 3896–7. 4696: 4644: 4617: 4567: 4527: 4500: 4451: 4402: 4373:(10): 988–95. 4353: 4326: 4319: 4297: 4290: 4268: 4227: 4220: 4202: 4195: 4166: 4159: 4120: 4066: 4028: 3999:(3): 529–547. 3977: 3928: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3749: 3746: 3733:Main article: 3730: 3727: 3673: 3670: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3595:Main article: 3573: 3570: 3506: 3500: 3453:was used as a 3439:Jane C. Wright 3417:Main article: 3414: 3411: 3399:Main article: 3396: 3393: 3389:5-fluorouracil 3362:urine dipstick 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3312: 3311:Administration 3309: 3287: 3284: 3271: 3268: 3250: 3247: 3217: 3214: 3189: 3188: 3162: 3160: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3113:AL amyloidosis 3081:cyclooxygenase 3044: 3041: 2923: 2920: 2916:small molecule 2908:fusion protein 2882: 2879: 2847:p-glycoprotein 2838: 2835: 2787:stage 4 cancer 2781: 2778: 2734:pseudoallergic 2709: 2706: 2677:Nephrotoxicity 2671:liver fibrosis 2647:Hepatotoxicity 2601:Cardiotoxicity 2597: 2594: 2552: 2549: 2540: 2537: 2493: 2490: 2434: 2433:Teratogenicity 2431: 2359: 2356: 2339: 2336: 2278: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2235: 2232: 2208: 2205: 2155:erythropoietin 2131: 2128: 2082: 2079: 2056:abdominal pain 2019: 2016: 1968:Herpes simplex 1847: 1844: 1834: 1831: 1812:5-fluorouracil 1697: 1694: 1667:isolated from 1591:anthracyclines 1581:The cytotoxic 1578: 1575: 1502:Main article: 1491: 1488: 1381:alkaloids are 1299: 1296: 1292:mercaptopurine 1131:Antimetabolite 1129:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1076:covalent bonds 1040:streptozotocin 924:Main article: 921: 918: 907: 904: 851: 844: 843: 842: 833: 832: 831: 830: 829: 764: 761: 744: 741: 725: 724: 720: 717: 706: 700: 693: 690: 687: 668: 651: 650: 647: 626: 620: 619: 616: 614:5-fluorouracil 607: 601: 600: 595: 585:5-fluorouracil 582: 576: 575: 572: 555: 549: 548: 545: 528: 526:Bladder cancer 522: 521: 518: 504: 503: 500: 498:5-fluorouracil 487: 485:Stomach cancer 481: 480: 477: 464: 458: 457: 454: 437: 431: 430: 427: 409: 408: 405: 387: 386: 383: 370: 364: 363: 360: 350: 349: 346: 340:5-fluorouracil 329: 323: 322: 319: 316: 303: 300: 260:hair follicles 103: 102: 95: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 72: 64: 63: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15477: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15425: 15420: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15395: 15394: 15391: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15352: 15347: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15323: 15319: 15313: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15293:Decongestants 15291: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15281: 15275: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15225: 15222: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15212:Dissociatives 15210: 15208: 15205: 15204: 15203: 15202:Hallucinogens 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15112: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15093: 15088: 15084: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15056: 15053: 15052: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15033: 15027: 15023: 15019: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15002: 15001: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14986: 14982: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14950: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14934: 14930: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14906:Anthelmintics 14904: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14860: 14856: 14852: 14847: 14843: 14837: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14787: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14753: 14750:genitourinary 14747: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14730:Antipruritics 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14678: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14658: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14646:Beta blockers 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14611: 14610: 14609: 14604: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14594: 14588: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14547:Antiplatelets 14545: 14544: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14528: 14524: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14459: 14458: 14455: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14445: 14440: 14436: 14432: 14424: 14419: 14417: 14412: 14410: 14405: 14404: 14401: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14303:Larotrectinib 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14247: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14230: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14194: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14155:Ridaforolimus 14153: 14151: 14148: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14141: 14138: 14134: 14133: 14129: 14125: 14122: 14118: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14102: 14098: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14088: 14086: 14082: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14064:Pirtobrutinib 14062: 14060: 14059:Orelabrutinib 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14049:Acalabrutinib 14047: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14040: 14039: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14019: 14018: 14014: 14010: 14009: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13933: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13919: 13918: 13914: 13913: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13868: 13867: 13865: 13863: 13859: 13852: 13848: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13835: 13834: 13830: 13826: 13825:Selpercatinib 13822: 13821:Repotrectinib 13818: 13814: 13810: 13809:Larotrectinib 13806: 13802: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13789: 13788: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13768: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13687: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13673: 13669: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13622: 13617: 13616:RTK class III 13614: 13613: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13592: 13587: 13586: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13518: 13517: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13500: 13497: 13494: 13490: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13399:Pembrolizumab 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13364:Mogamulizumab 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13250: 13243: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13211: 13210: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13184:Mosunetuzumab 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13171: 13170: 13165: 13164:Mosunetuzumab 13161: 13157: 13153: 13152: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13124: 13120: 13119: 13115: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13103: 13102: 13098: 13097: 13095: 13091: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13060: 13056: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13020: 13017: 13013: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12993: 12988: 12986: 12981: 12979: 12974: 12973: 12970: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12923: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12815: 12813: 12809: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12773: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12714:oropharyngeal 12712: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12704:Head and neck 12702: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12683:Primary tumor 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12654: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12624:Benign tumors 12621: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12606: 12602: 12594: 12589: 12587: 12582: 12580: 12575: 12574: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12538: 12537: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12489: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12450: 12442: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12399: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12376:(2): 300–10. 12375: 12371: 12363: 12355: 12351: 12348:(11): 14–25. 12347: 12343: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12307: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12274:(6): 651–61. 12273: 12269: 12265: 12258: 12250: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12225:(3): 469–79. 12224: 12220: 12216: 12209: 12201: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12152: 12144: 12140: 12137:(5): 822–45. 12136: 12132: 12125: 12117: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12074: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12031: 12023: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11974: 11966: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11933: 11931: 11922: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11889: 11887: 11878: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11853:(4): 525–42. 11852: 11848: 11844: 11837: 11829: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11796: 11794: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11758: 11750: 11744: 11740: 11735: 11734: 11725: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11682: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11611: 11603: 11597: 11593: 11592: 11584: 11576: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11557: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11513: 11505: 11498: 11492: 11484: 11482:9781315894430 11478: 11475:. CRC Press. 11474: 11467: 11459: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11410: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11380: 11369: 11362: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11343: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11294: 11286: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11261: 11256: 11249: 11247: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11216: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11137:(1): 628–34. 11136: 11132: 11125: 11117: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11076: 11057: 11050: 11044: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11013:(3): 181–91. 11012: 11008: 11001: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10970:(4): 507–10. 10969: 10965: 10958: 10956: 10947: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10906: 10904: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10868: 10866: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10821: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10788:(8): 729–35. 10787: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10770: 10761: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10728: 10726: 10717: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10692:(2): 343–54. 10691: 10687: 10683: 10675: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10644:(2): 97–111. 10643: 10639: 10632: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10526: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10487:(1): 143–52. 10486: 10482: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10440: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10415: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10372: 10364: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10200:(8): 465–77. 10199: 10195: 10191: 10184: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10141: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10114: 10106: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10006: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9864: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9823: 9815: 9808: 9800: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9736:(8): 583–92. 9735: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9656:(2): 144–51. 9655: 9651: 9647: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9501: 9493: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9435: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9393: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9352: 9344: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9221:(3): 177–86. 9220: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9148: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9131:(1): 151–61. 9130: 9126: 9122: 9115: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9049:(2): 162–76. 9048: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8995: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8964:(2): 117–27. 8963: 8959: 8952: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8792: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8760: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8704: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8675: 8667: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8557:(4): 375–88. 8556: 8552: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8520:(5): 759–74. 8519: 8515: 8511: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8479:(9): 2381–8. 8478: 8474: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8397:(5): 525–35. 8396: 8392: 8388: 8381: 8379: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8269:9783318006155 8265: 8261: 8255: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8232:(1): e37-47. 8231: 8227: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8162:(3): 255–60. 8161: 8157: 8156: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8080:(2): 341–56. 8079: 8075: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8053:(10): 681–2. 8052: 8048: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8014: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7902:: 1482–1496. 7901: 7894: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7744:(8): 904–31. 7743: 7739: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7542:(6): 536–64. 7541: 7537: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7265: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7052: 7044: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6767:(4): 416–27. 6766: 6762: 6758: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6660:(3): 354–76. 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6465:(8): 574–81. 6464: 6460: 6453: 6445: 6443:9783540389163 6439: 6435: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6416:9783540389163 6412: 6408: 6407: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6366:(5): 338–50. 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6292: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6226:(3): 205–52. 6225: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6126:(1): 134–42. 6125: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6055:9783527326693 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5979: 5970: 5968:9781498704304 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5935:9783540728795 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5877:(5): 607–28. 5876: 5872: 5865: 5857: 5855:9783540563914 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5791:Planta Medica 5788: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5663:(2): 217–36. 5662: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5307: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275:(3): 2005–9. 5274: 5270: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4342:(5): 488–95. 4341: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4301: 4293: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3948:(2): 153–64. 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837:Immunotherapy 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3827:Drug delivery 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3764:Other animals 3761: 3757: 3754: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677:Nanoparticles 3672:Nanoparticles 3669: 3667: 3664:and systemic 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3624:tumor antigen 3621: 3617: 3608: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3554:. In today's 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3492: 3491:Allied forces 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463:hematopoiesis 3460: 3457:agent during 3456: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3428:Sidney Farber 3425: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3348: 3342:Spill control 3339: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3243:needle sticks 3238: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226:intramuscular 3223: 3213: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3185: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3163:This section 3161: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101:Dexamethasone 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021:immune system 3017: 3015: 3011: 3010:cell division 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975:cell division 2972: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942:coupled with 2941: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823:Blood vessels 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625:free radicals 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605:anthracycline 2602: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2463:contraception 2459: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2332:Scalp cooling 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2275: 2264: 2258: 2240: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2201:solid tumours 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145:destruction ( 2144: 2140: 2136: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2075:hemicolectomy 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:Herpesviridea 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:immune system 1843: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1791:extravasation 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725:intravenously 1723: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675:free radicals 1672: 1671: 1666: 1663:Bleomycin, a 1661: 1659: 1658:RNA synthesis 1654: 1652: 1651:free radicals 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:cell division 1584: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1518:transcription 1515: 1511: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1445:Taxus baccata 1441: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385:that include 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1308: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1223:dihydrofolate 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Deoxycytidine 1108: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 965:cell division 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 927: 912: 903: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 873: 869: 866: 861: 848: 837: 824: 820: 816: 814: 810: 805: 797: 793: 789: 787: 783: 779: 769: 760: 758: 754: 750: 743:Effectiveness 740: 738: 734: 730: 721: 718: 715: 710: 707: 704: 701: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 666: 665: 664: 662: 658: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 617: 615: 611: 608: 606: 602: 599: 596: 594: 590: 586: 583: 581: 577: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 556: 554: 550: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 529: 527: 523: 519: 517: 513: 509: 506: 505: 501: 499: 495: 491: 488: 486: 482: 478: 476: 472: 468: 465: 463: 459: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438: 436: 432: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 410: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 389: 388: 384: 382: 378: 374: 371: 369: 365: 361: 359: 355: 352: 351: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 330: 328: 327:Breast cancer 324: 313: 310: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 244: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 224:local therapy 221: 216: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 162: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 99: 93: 89: 85: 80: 79:breast cancer 76: 70: 65: 60: 57: 53: 49: 48: 40: 38: 33: 19: 15445:Chemotherapy 15207:Psychedelics 15177:Aphrodisiacs 14947: 14851:infestations 14827:Sex hormones 14780:Sex hormones 14725:Cicatrizants 14655: 14641:Vasodilators 14608:antianginals 14605: 14457:stomach acid 14456: 14343:Pexidartinib 14328:Odronextamab 14298:Gilteritinib 14278:Cabozantinib 14225: 14191: 14166: 14160:Temsirolimus 14142: 14126: 14108:proapoptotic 14106: 14090: 14069:Zanubrutinib 14041: 14011: 13980: 13957:Lestaurtinib 13936:Janus kinase 13934: 13915: 13869: 13862:Non-receptor 13843:Cabozantinib 13836: 13805:Infigratinib 13790: 13764: 13706:Fruquintinib 13688: 13681:Gilteritinib 13677:Lestaurtinib 13670: 13619: 13588: 13561:Mobocertinib 13526:Aumolertinib 13514: 13479:Tremelimumab 13464:Tislelizumab 13419:Retifanlimab 13294:Blinatumomab 13264:Atezolizumab 13235: 13217: 13207: 13189:Obinutuzumab 13167: 13149: 13116: 13099: 13057: 13040: 12599:Overview of 12540:Chemotherapy 12501:(2): 67–72. 12498: 12494: 12488: 12463: 12459: 12449: 12412: 12408: 12398: 12373: 12369: 12362: 12345: 12341: 12334: 12320:(11): 3–13. 12317: 12313: 12306: 12271: 12267: 12257: 12222: 12218: 12208: 12165: 12161: 12151: 12134: 12130: 12124: 12087: 12083: 12073: 12043:(6): 522–7. 12040: 12036: 12030: 11987: 11983: 11973: 11946: 11942: 11905:(1): 67–77. 11902: 11898: 11850: 11846: 11836: 11809: 11805: 11767: 11763: 11757: 11732: 11724: 11694:(1): 65–72. 11691: 11687: 11681: 11659:(3): 413–7. 11656: 11652: 11624: 11620: 11610: 11590: 11583: 11563: 11556: 11523: 11519: 11512: 11503: 11491: 11472: 11466: 11423: 11419: 11409: 11397:. Retrieved 11393:the original 11388: 11379: 11307: 11303: 11293: 11274: 11269: 11233:. Retrieved 11215: 11203:. Retrieved 11199:the original 11194: 11134: 11130: 11124: 11089: 11085: 11075: 11063:. Retrieved 11056:the original 11043: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10967: 10963: 10919: 10915: 10877: 10873: 10831: 10827: 10820: 10785: 10781: 10744:(8): 577–9. 10741: 10737: 10689: 10685: 10674: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10599:(1): 59–73. 10596: 10592: 10582: 10539: 10535: 10525: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10420: 10414: 10381: 10377: 10371: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10290:(1): 57–70. 10287: 10283: 10273: 10243:(1): 28–39. 10240: 10236: 10230: 10197: 10193: 10183: 10150: 10146: 10140: 10126:(3): 311–9. 10123: 10119: 10113: 10070: 10066: 10056: 10019: 10015: 10005: 9972: 9968: 9955: 9920: 9916: 9906: 9873: 9869: 9863: 9836: 9832: 9822: 9813: 9807: 9783:(4): 255–7. 9780: 9776: 9766: 9733: 9729: 9723: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9653: 9649: 9639: 9612: 9608: 9598: 9563: 9559: 9549: 9514: 9510: 9500: 9457: 9453: 9443: 9406: 9400: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9316: 9312: 9302: 9267: 9263: 9253: 9218: 9214: 9204: 9169: 9165: 9155: 9128: 9124: 9114: 9092:(1): 68–73. 9089: 9085: 9079: 9046: 9042: 9029: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8940:, retrieved 8928: 8918: 8891: 8887: 8877: 8850: 8846: 8836: 8806:(1): 27–46. 8803: 8799: 8776:(1): 18–25. 8773: 8769: 8759: 8743: 8739: 8726: 8717: 8713: 8678: 8674: 8647: 8643: 8595: 8591: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8517: 8513: 8503: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8437: 8431: 8394: 8390: 8347:(4): 480–9. 8344: 8340: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8259: 8254: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8117:(3): 141–3. 8114: 8108: 8102: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8026:(2): 131–2. 8023: 8019: 8013: 8001:. Retrieved 7997: 7988: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7921: 7899: 7893: 7882:, retrieved 7870: 7860: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7741: 7737: 7726: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7652: 7642: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7539: 7535: 7528: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7418:(1): 42–47. 7415: 7411: 7401: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7279:(3): 206–9. 7276: 7272: 7254: 7244: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7189:. Retrieved 7185: 7175: 7163:. Retrieved 7159:the original 7149: 7114: 7110: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7032: 7026: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6707: 6703: 6692: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6432: 6425: 6405: 6398: 6363: 6359: 6349: 6317:(5): 470–1. 6314: 6310: 6300: 6290: 6283: 6269:(1): 37–66. 6266: 6262: 6256: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6165:(1): 75–97. 6162: 6158: 6148: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6041: 6031: 5994: 5990: 5954: 5944: 5913: 5899: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5836: 5829: 5821: 5794: 5790: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5698:(1): 35–84. 5695: 5691: 5685: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5572: 5568: 5541:. Retrieved 5537:the original 5532: 5522: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5454: 5450: 5398: 5394: 5365:(1): 19–23. 5362: 5358: 5314: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5248: 5236:. Retrieved 5232:the original 5222: 5210:. Retrieved 5206:the original 5196: 5166:(1): 93–99. 5163: 5159: 5152: 5122:(1): 86–92. 5119: 5115: 5109: 5090: 5084: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5007:(1): 69–78. 5004: 5000: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4918:(4): 263–7. 4915: 4911: 4869:(3): 203–6. 4866: 4862: 4855: 4820: 4816: 4760: 4756: 4716: 4712: 4664: 4660: 4633:(7): 853–6. 4630: 4626: 4620: 4603:10026.1/3714 4588:(1): 23–37. 4585: 4581: 4545: 4541: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4308: 4300: 4279: 4271: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4211: 4205: 4186: 4150: 4088: 4084: 4055:(1): 24–28. 4052: 4048: 3996: 3990: 3980: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3894: 3890: 3857:Radiotherapy 3779: 3767: 3758: 3751: 3742: 3738: 3675: 3632: 3614: 3605: 3589:nanoparticle 3587:, a type of 3563: 3548:sulfonamides 3540:arsphenamine 3535: 3525: 3518: 3515:Paul Ehrlich 3511:chemotherapy 3510: 3508: 3504:chemotherapy 3503: 3471:World War II 3444: 3404: 3377:methotrexate 3370: 3366: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3301: 3289: 3273: 3259:carcinogenic 3256: 3252: 3239: 3234:subcutaneous 3219: 3207: 3192: 3179: 3172:Please help 3164: 3129: 3125:lenalidomide 3053:Methotrexate 3046: 3018: 3004:, including 2994:growth rates 2991: 2982: 2968: 2934: 2891:side effects 2884: 2840: 2821: 2817:temozolomide 2791: 2783: 2771: 2765: 2738: 2711: 2703: 2693: 2685:asymptomatic 2675: 2645: 2599: 2596:Organ damage 2554: 2542: 2528:motor nerves 2515: 2501: 2471: 2460: 2436: 2423: 2404: 2401:GnRH analogs 2398: 2386: 2372: 2361: 2341: 2330: 2319: 2295:daunorubicin 2285: 2216: 2193:radiotherapy 2183: 2133: 2106:Malnutrition 2102:constipation 2084: 2060: 2021: 2006: 1999: 1989: 1952: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1916: 1878:may require 1849: 1836: 1820: 1809: 1795: 1775:Hickman line 1764: 1741: 1737:capecitabine 1719: 1691: 1668: 1665:glycopeptide 1662: 1655: 1643:mitoxantrone 1620: 1614:daunorubicin 1607: 1580: 1559:mitoxantrone 1540: 1537:camptothecin 1526: 1507: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1450: 1443: 1433: 1427: 1394: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1361: 1344: 1334: 1312: 1306: 1244:capecitabine 1240:fluorouracil 1207:methotrexate 1204: 1196:anti-folates 1134: 1096:procarbazine 1052:temozolomide 1048:mitozolomide 1008:chlorambucil 980:nitrosoureas 973: 929: 901: 889:methotrexate 878: 874: 870: 862: 858: 817: 806: 802: 790: 778:side-effects 775: 753:brain tumors 746: 726: 654: 637:methotrexate 589:folinic acid 531:Methotrexate 516:capecitabine 456:CHOP, R-CVP 452:prednisolone 425:prednisolone 421:procarbazine 336:methotrexate 315:Cancer type 280:autoimmunity 240: 236:hyperthermia 223: 219: 217: 210: 200: 169:chemotherapy 168: 166: 159: 119: 115: 114:, sometimes 111: 108:Chemotherapy 107: 106: 62:Chemotherapy 56: 46: 37:Chemotherapy 36: 15340:Otologicals 15312:antagonists 15278:respiratory 15253:Orexigenics 15248:Neurotoxins 15197:Euphoriants 15187:Entactogens 15182:Depressants 15172:Anxiolytics 15110:Anesthetics 14886:Antifungals 14483:Antiemetics 14471:antagonists 14373:Tebentafusp 14353:Regorafenib 14348:Quizartinib 14338:Pemigatinib 14318:Midostaurin 14293:Erdafitinib 14288:Entrectinib 14271:Parsaclisib 14219:Trilaciclib 14209:Palbociclib 14204:Dalpiciclib 14199:Abemaciclib 14101:Aflibercept 14028:Entrectinib 13998:Selumetinib 13993:Cobimetinib 13988:Binimetinib 13972:Ruxolitinib 13962:Momelotinib 13942:Baricitinib 13840:inhibitors: 13817:Pralsetinib 13813:Pemigatinib 13801:Futibatinib 13797:Entrectinib 13794:inhibitors: 13726:Regorafenib 13630:Avapritinib 13576:Rociletinib 13571:Osimertinib 13536:Dacomitinib 13474:Toripalimab 13459:Teclistamab 13449:Talquetamab 13444:Tafasitamab 13439:Sugemalimab 13434:Serplulimab 13424:Sabatolimab 13414:Ramucirumab 13409:Prolgolimab 13379:Necitumumab 13334:Epcoritamab 13314:Dostarlimab 13304:Daratumumab 13259:Amivantamab 13224:Alemtuzumab 13214:Brentuximab 13204:Tositumomab 13179:Ibritumomab 13160:Elranatamab 13123:Bevacizumab 13111:Edrecolomab 13106:Catumaxomab 13068:Trastuzumab 13052:Panitumumab 12947:Cancer pain 12887:Cancer cell 12632:Hyperplasia 12090:(8): 4249. 11399:22 November 11205:22 November 11065:25 February 10826:toxicity". 10452:(1): 12–9. 9975:: 217–227. 9969:Lung Cancer 8197:(1): 11–4. 7251:"Typhlitis" 7214:(1): 44–7. 6621:(1): 5–13. 5844:. pp. 5238:25 November 3862:Virotherapy 3847:Ototoxicity 3802:Chemo brain 3679:are 1–1000 3532:antibiotics 3459:World War I 3451:Mustard gas 3286:Preparation 3230:intrathecal 3222:intravenous 3025:oxaliplatin 2871:lung cancer 2780:Limitations 2745:doxorubicin 2736:reactions. 2695:Ototoxicity 2667:cholestasis 2641:clofarabine 2609:doxorubicin 2567:, and some 2512:epothilones 2508:thalidomide 2467:doxorubicin 2439:teratogenic 2380:by loss of 2368:antibiotics 2364:infertility 2358:Infertility 2291:doxorubicin 2227:antiemetics 2110:dehydration 2008:Trilaciclib 1960:oral cavity 1958:(including 1908:lenograstim 1900:granulocyte 1884:Neutropenia 1856:bone marrow 1827:intrathecal 1779:Port-a-Cath 1639:aclarubicin 1635:pirarubicin 1610:doxorubicin 1603:actinomycin 1599:mitomycin C 1583:antibiotics 1571:aclarubicin 1555:doxorubicin 1522:replication 1399:vinorelbine 1391:vinblastine 1387:vincristine 1375:Vinca rosea 1322:microtubule 1288:thioguanine 1284:pentostatin 1280:clofarabine 1268:fludarabine 1264:azacitidine 1256:gemcitabine 1227:thymidylate 1200:thiopurines 1164:pyrimidines 1140:nucleotides 1115:gemcitabine 1072:oxaliplatin 1068:carboplatin 1044:dacarbazine 1036:fotemustine 1030:(CCNU) and 960:alkyl group 936:World War I 932:mustard gas 881:Carboplatin 703:Neoadjuvant 629:Doxorubicin 624:Bone cancer 610:Gemcitabine 593:oxaliplatin 570:vinorelbine 566:vincristine 562:doxorubicin 553:Lung cancer 539:doxorubicin 535:vincristine 448:vincristine 444:doxorubicin 417:vincristine 403:dacarbazine 399:vinblastine 391:Doxorubicin 377:doxorubicin 354:Doxorubicin 344:vinorelbine 252:bone marrow 175:to inhibit 87:Other names 15439:Categories 15263:Stimulants 15243:Nootropics 15217:Deliriants 15192:Entheogens 15127:Anorectics 15105:Analgesics 14958:Alkylating 14891:Antivirals 14846:infections 14720:Emollients 14574:Coagulants 14444:metabolism 14388:Venetoclax 14383:Vandetanib 14358:Ripretinib 14323:Nintedanib 14308:Lenvatinib 14283:Capmatinib 14266:Idelalisib 14256:Copanlisib 14229:inhibitors 14214:Ribociclib 14185:Vismodegib 14170:inhibitors 14150:Everolimus 14116:prohibitin 14033:Lorlatinib 14023:Crizotinib 14003:Trametinib 13967:Pacritinib 13952:Filgotinib 13947:Fedratinib 13851:Crizotinib 13847:Capmatinib 13829:Vandetanib 13777:Brigatinib 13756:Vandetanib 13716:Nintedanib 13711:Lenvatinib 13650:Ripretinib 13581:Vandetanib 13556:Lazertinib 13531:Brigatinib 13454:Tarlatamab 13389:Olaratumab 13349:Isatuximab 13344:Ipilimumab 13324:Elotuzumab 13319:Durvalumab 13299:Cemiplimab 13289:Bermekimab 13279:Axatilimab 13194:Ofatumumab 13174:Glofitamab 13156:Glofitamab 13064:Pertuzumab 12892:Carcinogen 12756:Urogenital 12697:Topography 12678:Metastasis 12642:Pseudocyst 12616:Conditions 11984:Oncotarget 11770:(3): 304. 11389:lni.wa.gov 11225:Cancer.org 10446:Toxicology 10339:(1): 1–4. 9460:(1): 442. 8942:8 November 8929:StatPearls 8003:8 November 7884:8 November 6311:Stem Cells 6081:: 131–44. 5910:Krische MJ 3869:References 3812:Cytostasis 3723:paclitaxel 3690:antibodies 3685:solubility 3659:refractory 3552:penicillin 3385:ifosfamide 3379:, urinary 3105:bortezomib 3043:Other uses 2948:metastasis 2863:DNA repair 2842:Resistance 2837:Resistance 2806:lipophilic 2718:xerostomia 2629:DNA damage 2617:idarubicin 2613:epirubicin 2559:, such as 2311:ifosfamide 2299:paclitaxel 2263:Hank Green 2143:blood cell 2115:antiemetic 1980:quinolones 1940:autologous 1923:stem cells 1904:filgrastim 1781:, and the 1771:outpatient 1681:, becomes 1631:idarubicin 1627:epirubicin 1595:bleomycins 1567:novobiocin 1563:teniposide 1529:irinotecan 1484:teniposide 1430:paclitaxel 1415:cell cycle 1411:vinflunine 1276:cladribine 1272:nelarabine 1260:decitabine 1252:cytarabine 1211:pemetrexed 1184:DNA damage 1144:nucleobase 1119:decitabine 1088:sulfhydryl 1034:(MeCCNU), 1024:carmustine 1012:ifosfamide 992:cisplatins 988:aziridines 984:tetrazines 956:covalently 915:alkylated. 893:paclitaxel 813:overdosing 674:, such as 649:MAP/MAPIE 641:ifosfamide 508:Epirubicin 490:Epirubicin 296:vasculitis 185:DNA repair 181:DNA damage 148:palliative 15413:ATC codes 15379:Dressings 15364:Antidotes 15228:Sedatives 15224:Hypnotics 14933:malignant 14790:endocrine 14636:Diuretics 14569:Platelets 14529:and blood 14488:Laxatives 14378:Tepotinib 14368:Sunitinib 14363:Sorafenib 14333:Pazopanib 14313:Masitinib 14261:Duvelisib 14251:Alpelisib 14239:Sotorasib 14234:Adagrasib 14180:Sonidegib 14175:Glasdegib 14121:Adipotide 14054:Ibrutinib 13927:Dasatinib 13922:Bosutinib 13907:Radotinib 13902:Ponatinib 13897:Nilotinib 13887:Dasatinib 13882:Bosutinib 13877:Asciminib 13845:(VEGFR), 13803:(FGFR2), 13782:Ceritinib 13772:Alectinib 13751:Toceranib 13746:Tivozanib 13741:Sunitinib 13736:Sorafenib 13731:Semaxanib 13721:Pazopanib 13701:Cediranib 13665:Toceranib 13660:Sunitinib 13655:Sorafenib 13645:Pazopanib 13640:Masitinib 13607:Tucatinib 13602:Neratinib 13597:Lapatinib 13566:Olmutinib 13546:Gefitinib 13541:Erlotinib 13516:HER1/EGFR 13384:Nivolumab 13374:Naxitamab 13199:Rituximab 13047:Cetuximab 13042:HER1/EGFR 12911:Oncovirus 12901:oncogenes 12854:Ann Arbor 12797:Papilloma 12782:Carcinoma 12775:Histology 12719:laryngeal 12663:Dysplasia 12647:Hamartoma 12460:Onkologie 12415:(1): 10. 12182:0003-4932 12004:1949-2553 11716:205467419 11627:: 39–41. 11440:1558-9250 11324:1076-2752 11235:10 August 10623:205490545 10556:0007-0920 10087:1474-175X 9997:199025494 9474:1970-5565 8414:1842/9543 8278:606559421 7962:1663-9812 7434:1007-9327 7000:0820-3946 6943:1469-493X 6724:1058-4838 6248:247493530 6187:1568-7767 5991:Molecules 5959:CRC Press 5751:1471-0072 5060:0012-6667 4510:Nutrition 3897:(1): 71. 3782:(journal) 3714:liposomes 3681:nanometer 3509:The word 3502:The term 3479:lymphomas 3264:genotoxic 3182:June 2023 3109:melphalan 3085:cytokines 3073:adenosine 3061:psoriasis 3039:therapy. 3002:lymphomas 2996:(such as 2987:apoptosis 2983:cytotoxic 2960:oncogenes 2944:malignant 2855:apoptosis 2813:lomustine 2753:bleomycin 2637:docetaxel 2585:phosphate 2581:potassium 2577:uric acid 2569:leukemias 2565:teratomas 2561:lymphomas 2443:pregnancy 2419:apoptosis 2315:etoposide 2303:docetaxel 2287:Hair loss 2234:Hair loss 2167:platelets 2147:hemolysis 2120:typhlitis 2070:prognosis 2062:Typhlitis 2028:Typhlitis 1948:allogenic 1935:allogenic 1868:platelets 1787:phlebitis 1783:PICC line 1767:inpatient 1729:melphalan 1722:delivered 1679:metal ion 1618:bacterium 1551:etoposide 1547:apoptosis 1533:topotecan 1480:etoposide 1440:docetaxel 1407:vindesine 1353:apoptosis 1337:alkaloids 1330:β-tubulin 1326:α-tubulin 1188:apoptosis 1078:with the 1064:cisplatin 1060:mytomycin 1032:semustine 1028:lomustine 1004:melphalan 969:apoptosis 897:docetaxel 749:leukemias 723:expected. 699:toxicity. 645:etoposide 633:cisplatin 543:cisplatin 512:cisplatin 494:cisplatin 475:cisplatin 471:etoposide 467:Bleomycin 395:bleomycin 373:Docetaxel 272:mucositis 248:apoptosis 243:cytotoxic 228:radiation 197:androgens 193:estrogens 183:(so that 167:The term 75:docetaxel 39:(journal) 15455:Oncology 15258:Serenics 14923:Vaccines 14690:Fibrates 14512:Vitamins 14462:Antacids 14168:hedgehog 14130:against 14128:exotoxin 14094:against 14043:Bruton's 13892:Imatinib 13815:(FGFR), 13811:(NTRK), 13696:Axitinib 13635:Axitinib 13591:HER2/neu 13551:Icotinib 13521:Afatinib 13495:("-nib") 13274:Avelumab 13146:lymphoid 13138:lymphoma 13134:Leukemia 13059:HER2/neu 13021:("-mab") 12932:Research 12792:Blastoma 12609:oncology 12523:39060053 12515:12831063 12480:37581171 12441:20178589 12390:15964138 12298:46534637 12290:21054709 12249:17435555 12200:17435555 12143:19554862 12116:35457065 12065:27827980 12057:11673694 12022:28410237 11965:22003066 11921:21501554 11877:19868743 11828:18974103 11784:18308256 11708:15630416 11673:21247779 11540:28326998 11458:26989351 11368:Archived 11342:25153300 11277:. 2006. 11229:Archived 11159:17119240 11116:19896087 11035:11902371 11027:20107927 10992:46120577 10984:16900766 10946:15106195 10894:23450553 10856:13015911 10848:21388454 10812:11454634 10760:15100330 10716:26872698 10686:Immunity 10658:27748397 10615:18097448 10574:23299535 10517:22909070 10509:10928287 10466:19651324 10363:18196605 10306:10647931 10265:17934366 10257:19104514 10222:30482752 10214:19581909 10175:21014917 10167:12360278 10132:18297955 10105:22437869 10048:23720710 9989:31446998 9947:25025901 9898:28992964 9890:26523494 9855:16103712 9799:12591977 9758:42818461 9750:16862189 9715:17538177 9680:25331035 9672:10794805 9631:17363519 9590:23094723 9541:26301790 9492:32431787 9392:31063591 9343:27486906 9294:31961948 9245:19851045 9196:22547603 9147:15574506 9106:16473645 9071:39518402 9063:11306728 9021:24099024 8986:35723897 8978:22382639 8937:30085527 8910:15169812 8869:17623791 8828:20411101 8820:18346229 8782:22271810 8748:Archived 8685:DailyMed 8666:11476352 8579:25139582 8571:23991924 8536:24833728 8495:23832792 8454:18790328 8438:Placenta 8423:22647504 8369:20672988 8361:17497315 8319:17374815 8246:22178150 8211:19341937 8176:22901547 8139:43583651 8131:20487675 8059:23187775 8032:17642856 7980:30233361 7900:Oncology 7879:26389491 7852:23152233 7803:16500197 7768:70400559 7760:20870636 7718:26576687 7669:22592695 7634:16527763 7626:16711312 7591:19245931 7556:18597709 7520:16925107 7508:Oncology 7493:10511589 7452:28104979 7393:30168576 7336:16604351 7301:46090832 7236:25479771 7228:16319675 7165:7 August 7141:22258955 7079:20544224 7018:15136552 6961:27128488 6896:23915332 6861:10421507 6826:18722924 6791:20348274 6742:21460264 6684:26921292 6514:13138853 6506:15169927 6390:19377506 6333:12351817 6205:20622989 6140:19072542 6105:21695100 6023:22609781 5891:15032608 5813:20577942 5767:22483746 5759:21527953 5677:12515569 5642:31467685 5634:15217974 5599:19476376 5473:14508075 5425:19002790 5359:Medicine 5297:19558612 5289:21735143 5212:28 April 5188:21072472 5180:24061446 5144:28646787 5136:24299921 5076:36211632 5021:18922643 4981:22382460 4932:22683364 4883:21855044 4839:18445839 4779:12488482 4735:22965963 4691:11953888 4639:13573353 4612:17305252 4562:12175683 4495:20171403 4446:15146036 4397:35447562 4389:23001911 4348:22730604 4336:Oncology 4263:16061845 4115:28850174 4049:Medicine 4023:29514064 3964:11832206 3923:26180516 3772:See also 3710:polymers 3694:proteins 3620:antibody 3572:Research 3544:syphilis 3527:-therapy 3483:air raid 3373:platinum 3295:wearing 3123:such as 2912:imatinib 2811:such as 2730:allergic 2714:erythema 2530:and the 2451:abortion 2222:vomiting 2175:bleeding 2139:bleeding 2098:diarrhea 2094:anorexia 2090:vomiting 2040:diarrhea 2036:vomiting 1972:shingles 1801:melanoma 1754:(PICC), 1733:busulfan 1696:Delivery 1593:and the 1168:cytosine 1084:carboxyl 1056:thiotepa 1026:(BCNU), 1016:busulfan 944:proteins 940:alkylate 934:used in 891:, 5-FU, 885:busulfan 786:nomogram 657:curative 321:Acronym 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