614:
against any missiles. The weaknesses of the systems include potential developments in missile design such as radar or IR decoys, which would drastically reduce their chance to intercept a missile, as well as technical challenges such as dealing with multiple missiles at once and designing a system that can cover a vehicle from any angle of attack. While these may be answered and allow for lightweight, highly maneuverable vehicles that are strongly defended against missiles and rockets that are extremely well suited for urban and guerrilla warfare, such a system is unlikely to be as effective against kinetic energy projectiles, making it a poor choice for fighting against tanks. As kinetic energy projectiles move faster than guided missiles, this often means that the sensors attached to an active protection system can not keep up.
592:) or using some form of reactive armor to 'attack' the missile upon impact, disrupting the shaped charge that makes the warhead effective. Both come with the downside of significant weight and bulk. Reactive armor works best when a vehicle is specifically designed with the system integrated and while developments continue to make armor lighter, any vehicle that includes such a system necessitates a powerful engine and often will still be relatively slow. Inclusion of such armor in older vehicles as a part of a re-design is possible, as in the numerous types derived from the
516:
145:
41:
1175:
160:
27:
501:
596:. Slat armor is lighter and as such can be added to many vehicles after construction but still adds both bulk and weight. Particularly for vehicles that are designed to be transported by cargo aircraft, slat armor has to be fitted in the field after deployment. Either approach can never offer complete coverage over the vehicle, leaving tracks or wheels particularly vulnerable to attack.
401:
622:
Traditionally, before "fire-and-forget" ATGMs were used, the most effective countermeasure was to open fire at the location where the missile was fired from, to either kill the operator or force them to take cover, thus sending the missile off course. Smoke screens can also be deployed from an MBT's
604:
Jamming is potentially an effective countermeasure to specific missiles that are radar guided, however, as a general purpose defense, it is of no use against unguided anti-tank weapons, and as such it is almost never the only defense. If jamming is used continually, it can be extremely difficult for
206:
cross hairs on a target and then steer the missile into the cross hairs, i.e., the line-of-sight. To do this, an operator must be well trained (spending many hours on a simulator) and must remain stationary and in view of a target during the flight time of the missile. Because of this, the operator
635:
involved firing in front of the tank to create dust. While fire-and-forget missiles have definitive advantages in terms of guidance and operator safety, and include abilities such as top attack mode, older missiles continue in use, both in the front line armies of less developed countries, and in
269:
In 2012, first-generation systems were described as obsolete due to low hit probability, a limited ability to penetrate modern armour, and other issues. Still, many countries maintain significant stockpiles. Approximately, first generation ATGMs have an effective range of 1500m and the ability to
613:
Active protection systems show a great deal of promise, both in counteracting ATGMs and unguided weapons. Compared to armor systems, they are very lightweight, can be fitted to almost any vehicle with the internal space for the control system and could, in the future, be a near-perfect defense
321:
Second generation ATGMs are significantly easier to use than first generation systems, and accuracy rates may exceed 90%. Generally they have an effective range of between 2,500 and 5,500 meters and penetration of up to 900 mm of armor. Cost is around $ 10,000 USD per missile.
120:
that made the ATGM much more effective than these earlier weapons, and gave light infantry real capability on the battlefield against post-war tank designs. The introduction of semi-automatic guidance in the 1960s further improved the performance of ATGMs.
605:
a missile to acquire the target, locking on to the much larger return from the jammer, with the operator unlikely noticing the difference without a radar screen to see the return. However, any missile that has a backup tracking system can defeat jamming.
587:
Armor systems have continued in development alongside ATGMs, and the most recent generations of armor are specifically tested to be effective against ATGM strikes, either by deforming the missile warhead or fusing to prevent proper detonation (such as in
403:
407:
406:
402:
408:
93:. ATGMs range in size from shoulder-launched weapons, which can be transported by a single soldier, to larger tripod-mounted weapons, which require a squad or team to transport and fire, to vehicle and aircraft mounted missile systems.
458:
and the latest variants of the
Israeli Spike (such as the Spike LR2 and ER2), have been called "5th generation" by their manufacturers and marketed as such. They appear to have the following additional or amplified attributes:
179:
air to air missile concept in the closing years of World War II. Known as the X-7, it was probably never used in combat and allegedly had serious guidance to target issues. It never entered service, though a few were produced.
1116:
405:
207:
is vulnerable while guiding the missile. In addition to the low kill probability, other problems with first generation ATGMs include slow missile speed, high minimum effective range, and an inability to use
116:
and extended range to the order of hundreds of metres, but accuracy was low and hitting targets at these ranges was largely a matter of luck. It was the combination of rocket propulsion and remote
342:", and the missile operator is free to retreat. However, fire-and-forget missiles are more subject to electronic countermeasures than MCLOS and SACLOS missiles. Examples include the German
945:
392:
are designed to strike vehicles from above, where their armor is usually much weaker. Third generation systems and beyond are generally much more expensive than second generation systems.
242:") was another of the earliest ATGMs. It was jointly developed by Australia and the United Kingdom between 1951 and 1954, and was in service from 1958 until gradually replaced by the
1113:
404:
1064:
1093:
853:
920:
338:) seeker or a W band radar seeker in the nose of the missile. Once the target is identified, the missile needs no further guidance during flight; it is "
286:(SACLOS) missiles require an operator to only keep the sights on the target until impact. Automatic guidance commands are sent to the missile through
784:
871:
896:
1039:
1060:
738:
1468:
1206:
711:
283:
1009:
655:
314:
missiles. The operator must remain stationary during the missile's flight. The most widely used ATGM of all time, the
American
1292:
1270:
1179:
1085:
983:
846:
1655:
1474:
1264:
420:
anti tank guided missiles have larger range and rely on a combination of seeker for guidance. Examples include India's
372:(ERA): the small initial charge sets off the ERA while the follow-up main charge attempts to penetrate the main armor.
1298:
946:"India successfully test-fires SANT missile with 'Lock-on After Launch' & 'Lock-on Before Launch' capabilities"
425:
1622:
1462:
1375:
194:
1230:
1142:
576:
1276:
650:
124:
As of 2016, ATGMs were used by over 130 countries and many non-state actors around the world. Post-Cold-War
1549:
381:
1602:
1345:
1236:
1199:
636:
reserve service the world over, due to their lower cost or existing stockpiles of less advanced weapons.
773:
1612:
1607:
1310:
645:
424:, which has a stand-off range of 15 to 20 km (9 to 12 mi), uses dual seeker configuration of
255:
108:, generally had very short range, sometimes on the order of metres or tens of metres. Rocket-propelled
1511:
1456:
665:
560:
530:
369:
202:
to steer the missile to a target. One disadvantage of this is that an operator must keep the sight's
87:
1592:
1450:
1416:
670:
568:
526:
357:
271:
109:
1575:
1529:
572:
523:
488:
1660:
1440:
1357:
1333:
1327:
1304:
1282:
1248:
1192:
1031:
227:
1002:"Rafael's 'Smarter' Spike is Designed to Defeat Tanks with Active Protection - Defense Update"
1339:
628:
627:, and used to obscure an ATGM operator's line of sight. Other improvised methods used by the
544:
49:
20:
691:
624:
307:
443:
335:
235:
8:
1501:
1410:
1369:
439:
287:
117:
1506:
1242:
745:
34:
715:
1524:
1434:
1351:
1254:
1138:
1001:
198:(MCLOS). This requires continuous input from an operator using a joystick or similar
149:
97:
695:
1597:
1480:
1445:
1387:
1287:
660:
311:
243:
189:
129:
125:
90:
80:
969:
421:
1636:
1565:
1491:
1405:
1395:
1120:
556:
552:
504:
478:
436:
417:
377:
347:
339:
331:
259:
231:
133:
101:
30:
809:
175:
Germany developed a design for a wire-guided anti tank missile derived from the
1555:
1496:
1429:
1400:
1259:
540:
536:
428:
318:, with hundreds of thousands of missiles built, is a second-generation system.
247:
199:
105:
872:"Indian Army successfully carries out trials of third generation NAG missiles"
515:
1649:
1617:
1422:
632:
385:
365:
354:
263:
246:
missile in the late 1960s. It was intended to be light enough to deploy with
176:
299:
298:
or a TV camera view from the nose of the missile. Examples are the
Russian
258:(HESH) warhead. Other early first generation ATGMs include the West German
113:
45:
897:"India's DRDO Test Fires Indigenous Man Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile"
1560:
1485:
844:
295:
282:
Second-generation semi-automatically command guided to line-of-sight, or
219:
164:
144:
214:
The first system to become operational and to see combat was the French
1159:
The Yom Kippur War: The Epic
Encounter That Transformed The Middle East
589:
548:
508:
373:
315:
215:
208:
692:"Getting Left of Launch: Guided Missiles and the Threat to Our Force"
689:
455:
432:
343:
159:
1184:
325:
1570:
1517:
1216:
1135:
The Tank Debate: Armour and the Anglo-American
Military Tradition
984:"SPIKE 5th Gen Precision Guided Tactical Missiles [ATGM]"
519:
223:
203:
83:
1537:
1174:
1114:
Rafael to supply IDF with new 5th gen Spike LR2 guided missiles
564:
389:
239:
40:
26:
1542:
500:
303:
291:
222:
in 1955. It was also the first anti-tank missile used by the
845:
Eric G. Berman; Jonah Leff; N.R. Jenzen-Jones (April 2012).
475:
possible counter-active protection system (CAPS) capability;
1086:"MBDA met en avant la modularité du Missile Moyenne Portée"
593:
361:
251:
277:
183:
153:
254:
then in service. It used a 26 kilograms (57 lb)
136:
armors have proven to be resistant to smaller ATGMs.
19:"ATGM" redirects here. For air-launched missile, see
810:"Recent Advances in Antitank Guided Missile Systems"
334:" missiles rely on a laser, electro-optical imager (
921:"Upgraded SANT missile successfully flight tested"
218:during the early 1950s. It entered service in the
16:Guided missile for combat against armored targets
1647:
847:"Research Note No. 16: Anti-tank Guided Weapons"
736:
360:warheads, designed specifically for penetrating
326:Post Cold War: third generation ATGMs and later
651:List of gun-launched anti-tank guided missiles
463:passive dual-band seeker (TV and uncooled IR);
444:lock-on before launch and lock-on after launch
1200:
1032:"Fifth element: MMP goes live | DFNS.net Air"
690:MAJ Michael J. Trujillo; MAJ Frank Adkinson,
1137:. Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 78.
1061:"Le nouveau missile moyenne portée de MBDA"
807:
1207:
1193:
1132:
395:
449:
163:PARS 3 LR fire-and-forget missile of the
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
514:
499:
399:
158:
143:
39:
25:
1469:Semi-automatic command to line of sight
284:semi-automatic command to line of sight
250:, yet powerful enough to knock out any
1648:
1123:- Armyrecognition.com, 24 October 2017
768:
766:
656:List of man-portable anti-tank systems
278:Late Cold War: second generation ATGMs
184:Early Cold War: first generation ATGMs
86:primarily designed to hit and destroy
1188:
1096:from the original on 15 February 2018
859:from the original on 15 January 2023.
827:
484:emphasis on targets other than tanks;
188:First-generation ATGMs use a type of
1293:Submarine-launched ballistic missile
1271:Intermediate-range ballistic missile
1214:
1067:from the original on 18 January 2018
1042:from the original on 18 January 2018
869:
152:is a fire-and-forget missile of the
774:"The Market for Anti-Tank Missiles"
763:
13:
1475:Automatic command to line of sight
1265:Intercontinental ballistic missile
495:
14:
1672:
1299:Submarine-launched cruise missile
1168:
737:B. I. Yevdokimov (27 July 1967).
1173:
1012:from the original on 29 May 2017
894:
1623:List of surface-to-air missiles
1463:Manual command to line of sight
1376:Man-portable air-defense system
1151:
1126:
1107:
1078:
1053:
1024:
994:
976:
962:
938:
870:Negi, Manjeet (July 19, 2019).
790:from the original on 2022-10-09
454:Some ATGMs, notably the French
195:manual command to line of sight
170:
1231:Air-launched ballistic missile
913:
888:
863:
801:
730:
704:
700:, vol. January–March 2016
683:
582:
442:for control and guidance with
1:
1277:Short-range ballistic missile
676:
412:SANT missile fired from Mi-24
1550:Automatic target recognition
539:against ATGMs include newer
466:multipurpose tandem warhead;
7:
1603:List of missiles by country
1346:Anti-ship ballistic missile
1237:Air-launched cruise missile
639:
368:missiles attempt to defeat
294:, or the missile relies on
112:(HEAT) systems appeared in
48:tripod-mounted ATGM of the
10:
1677:
1613:List of anti-tank missiles
1608:List of anti-ship missiles
1311:Surface-to-surface missile
646:List of anti-tank missiles
599:
256:high-explosive squash head
139:
18:
1656:Anti-tank guided missiles
1631:
1585:
1512:Global Positioning System
1457:Command off line of sight
1385:
1320:
1223:
739:"ANTITANK ROCKET MISSLES"
666:List of grenade launchers
608:
569:active protection systems
531:Operation Protective Edge
370:explosive reactive armour
33:anti-tank missile of the
1593:List of military rockets
1451:Command to line-of-sight
1417:Semi-active radar homing
727:is tested against ATGMs.
671:List of rocket launchers
617:
272:rolled homogeneous armor
110:high-explosive anti-tank
77:anti-armor guided weapon
57:anti-tank guided missile
1576:Predicted line of sight
1530:Astro-inertial guidance
1119:25 October 2017 at the
817:Defence Science Journal
571:(APS) like the Israeli
489:artificial intelligence
472:less collateral damage;
396:Fourth generation ATGMs
376:weapons such as the US
353:Most modern ATGMs have
69:anti-tank guided weapon
1358:Anti-submarine missile
1334:Anti-radiation missile
1328:Anti-ballistic missile
1305:Surface-to-air missile
1283:Shoulder-fired missile
1249:Air-to-surface missile
781:Forecast International
533:
512:
507:, capable of making a
487:other updates such as
450:Fifth generation ATGMs
413:
228:Israeli Defense Forces
167:
156:
52:
37:
1534:Terrestrial guidance
1340:Anti-satellite weapon
1182:at Wikimedia Commons
1161:, Random House, p.140
1157:Rabinovich, Abraham,
852:. Small Arms Survey.
629:Israel Defense Forces
579:, and other methods.
518:
503:
469:smokeless propellant;
411:
308:NLOS version of Spike
162:
147:
96:Earlier man-portable
50:Russian Ground Forces
43:
29:
21:air-to-ground missile
950:www.timesnownews.com
895:Gady, Franz-Stefan.
808:Iyer, N. R. (1995).
236:Australian Aborigine
1411:Active radar homing
1370:Land-attack missile
1133:John Stone (2000).
927:. November 30, 2018
440:active radar homing
310:, and the American
270:penetrate 500mm of
1507:Satellite guidance
1243:Air-to-air missile
1180:Anti-tank missiles
1006:defense-update.com
925:The Times of India
557:explosive reactive
534:
513:
416:Fourth generation
414:
330:Third-generation "
168:
157:
53:
38:
35:United States Army
1643:
1642:
1525:Inertial guidance
1492:Infrared guidance
1435:Track-via-missile
1364:Anti-tank missile
1352:Anti-ship missile
1255:Ballistic missile
1178:Media related to
988:www.rafael.com.il
563:like the Russian
409:
150:Brimstone missile
126:main battle tanks
98:anti-tank weapons
91:military vehicles
65:anti-tank missile
1668:
1598:List of missiles
1481:Pursuit guidance
1446:Command guidance
1288:Standoff missile
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1130:
1124:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
998:
992:
991:
980:
974:
973:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
942:
936:
935:
933:
932:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
867:
861:
860:
858:
851:
842:
825:
824:
814:
805:
799:
798:
796:
795:
789:
778:
770:
761:
760:
758:
756:
751:on 27 April 2019
750:
744:. Archived from
743:
734:
728:
726:
724:
723:
714:. Archived from
708:
702:
701:
687:
661:List of missiles
625:smoke discharger
575:and the Russian
491:for the missile.
410:
346:and the Israeli
244:Vickers Vigilant
190:command guidance
102:anti-tank rifles
1676:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1637:Sounding rocket
1627:
1581:
1566:Contrast seeker
1406:Radar altimeter
1381:
1316:
1219:
1213:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1131:
1127:
1121:Wayback Machine
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1008:. 29 May 2017.
1000:
999:
995:
982:
981:
977:
972:. 15 June 2022.
968:
967:
963:
954:
952:
944:
943:
939:
930:
928:
919:
918:
914:
905:
903:
901:thediplomat.com
893:
889:
880:
878:
868:
864:
856:
849:
843:
828:
812:
806:
802:
793:
791:
787:
776:
772:
771:
764:
754:
752:
748:
741:
735:
731:
721:
719:
710:
709:
705:
688:
684:
679:
642:
620:
611:
602:
585:
537:Countermeasures
522:Mk 4m with the
498:
496:Countermeasures
479:man in the loop
452:
437:millimeter-wave
426:electro-optical
418:fire-and-forget
400:
398:
384:and the Indian
340:fire-and-forget
332:fire-and-forget
328:
280:
262:and the Soviet
248:airborne forces
234:(named from an
232:Malkara missile
186:
173:
142:
106:anti-tank mines
88:heavily armored
31:FGM-148 Javelin
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Radio guidance
1553:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1504:
1499:
1497:Laser guidance
1494:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1441:Anti-radiation
1438:
1432:
1430:Passive homing
1427:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1401:Radar guidance
1398:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1321:By target type
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1260:Cruise missile
1257:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1170:
1169:External links
1167:
1164:
1163:
1150:
1143:
1125:
1106:
1090:Zone Militaire
1077:
1052:
1038:. 2017-09-05.
1023:
993:
975:
961:
937:
912:
887:
862:
826:
800:
762:
729:
703:
681:
680:
678:
675:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
641:
638:
631:to defeat the
619:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
584:
581:
511:flight profile
497:
494:
493:
492:
485:
482:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
451:
448:
446:capabilities.
429:thermal imager
397:
394:
380:, the Swedish
327:
324:
279:
276:
200:control system
185:
182:
172:
169:
141:
138:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1673:
1662:
1661:Missile types
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:List of ICBMs
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Wire guidance
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:Passive radar
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
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718:on 2008-01-29
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1098:. Retrieved
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1069:. Retrieved
1055:
1044:. Retrieved
1036:DFNS.net Air
1035:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1005:
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953:. Retrieved
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792:. Retrieved
780:
753:. Retrieved
746:the original
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720:. Retrieved
716:the original
706:
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329:
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300:9M133 Kornet
281:
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193:
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174:
171:World War II
123:
114:World War II
95:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
46:9M133 Kornet
1561:TV guidance
1486:Beam riding
1224:By platform
970:"AKERON MP"
876:India Today
712:"T-90 tank"
583:Newer armor
481:technology;
220:French Army
165:German Army
1650:Categories
1144:9058230457
1100:2018-02-14
1071:2018-02-14
1046:2018-02-14
955:2021-06-26
931:2021-06-26
906:2021-06-26
881:2021-06-26
794:2019-09-13
722:2008-01-29
677:References
590:slat armor
549:perforated
509:top attack
374:Top-attack
316:BGM-71 TOW
312:Hellfire I
302:, Israeli
238:word for "
216:Nord SS.10
211:missiles.
209:top attack
1634:See also:
1378:(MANPADS)
1215:Types of
553:composite
456:Akeron MP
344:PARS 3 LR
130:composite
1471:(SACLOS)
1396:Unguided
1388:guidance
1117:Archived
1094:Archived
1065:Archived
1040:Archived
1010:Archived
854:Archived
785:Archived
755:27 April
640:See also
543:such as
134:reactive
1571:Compass
1518:GLONASS
1488:(LOSBR)
1477:(ACLOS)
1465:(MCLOS)
1459:(COLOS)
1217:missile
633:Saggers
600:Jamming
561:jammers
559:armor,
529:during
520:Merkava
378:Javelin
364:armor.
224:US Army
204:reticle
192:termed
140:History
100:, like
84:missile
1578:(PLOS)
1538:TERCOM
1453:(CLOS)
1419:(SARH)
1366:(ATGM)
1360:(ASuM)
1354:(AShM)
1348:(ASBM)
1342:(ASAT)
1301:(SLCM)
1295:(SLBM)
1279:(SRBM)
1273:(IRBM)
1267:(ICBM)
1239:(ALCM)
1233:(ALBM)
1141:
1016:29 May
609:Active
573:Trophy
565:Shtora
545:spaced
541:armors
524:Trophy
435:) and
390:MPATGM
306:, the
240:shield
230:. The
81:guided
79:is a
1586:Lists
1552:(ATR)
1543:DSMAC
1514:(GPS)
1437:(TVM)
1413:(ARH)
1372:(LAM)
1336:(ARM)
1330:(ABM)
1313:(SSM)
1307:(SAM)
1251:(ASM)
1245:(AAM)
857:(PDF)
850:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
788:(PDF)
777:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
697:ARMOR
618:Other
577:Arena
348:Spike
304:LAHAT
292:radio
288:wires
260:Cobra
75:) or
1139:ISBN
1018:2017
757:2019
594:T-72
431:(EO/
422:SANT
388:and
382:Bill
362:tank
358:HEAT
252:tank
226:and
148:The
132:and
73:ATGW
61:ATGM
44:The
1386:By
555:or
527:APS
386:Nag
336:IIR
290:or
154:RAF
63:),
55:An
1652::
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829:^
821:45
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765:^
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67:,
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71:(
59:(
23:.
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