349:
361:
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29:
299:). It is composed of three lobes: the anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobes. In many animals, these lobes are distinct. However, in humans, the intermediate lobe is but a few cell layers thick and indistinct; as a result, it is often considered part of the anterior pituitary. In all animals, the fleshy, glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the
459:, giving rise to the anterior pituitary. The anterior wall of Rathke's pouch proliferates, filling most of the pouch to form the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis. The posterior wall of the anterior pituitary forms the pars intermedia. Its formation from the soft tissues of the upper palate contrasts with the posterior pituitary, which originates from
1154:(FSH). This shows that the anterior pituitary gland is involved in behavioral functions as well as being part of a larger pathway for stress responses. It is also known that (HPA) hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin homeostasis. There is evidence linking hyperactivity of HPA hormones to stress-related skin diseases and skin tumors.
1951:
Pendleton, Neil; Punab, Margus; Silman, Alan J; Vanderschueren, Dirk; Rockwood, Kenneth; Wu, Frederick C W; European Male Aging Study Group (May 2011). "Frailty in relation to variations in hormone levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in older men: results from the
European male aging study".
1950:
Tajar, Abdelouahid; O'Connell, Matthew D L; Mitnitski, Arnold B; O'Neill, Terence W; Searle, Samuel D; Huhtaniemi, Ilpo T; Finn, Joseph D; Bartfai, György; Boonen, Steven; Casanueva, Felipe F; Forti, Gianni; Giwercman, Aleksander; Han, Thang S; Kula, Krzysztof; Labrie, Fernand; Lean, Michael E J;
389:), arising from the posterior lobe. (The pituitary stalk connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary.) The function of the pars tuberalis is poorly understood. However, it has been seen to be important in receiving the endocrine signal in the form of
348:
341:
Nota bene: The terms "basophil" and "acidophil" are used by some books, whereas others prefer not to use these terms. This is due to the possible confusion with white blood cells, where one may also find basophils and acidophils.
322:
The pars distalis (distal part) comprises the majority of the anterior pituitary and is where the bulk of pituitary hormone production occurs. The pars distalis contains two types of cells, including
1727:
Lin, M.T; Ho, L.T; and Uang, W.N. (1983) Effects of anterior pituitary hormones and their releasing hormones physiological and behavioral functions in rats. J. steroid
Biochem. Vol. 19(1) 433-38.
421:(intermediate part) sits between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary, forming the boundary between the anterior and posterior pituitaries. It is very small and indistinct in humans.
360:
1691:
Malendowicz, L.K; Rucinski, M; Belloni, A.S; Ziolkowska, A; and
Nussdorfer, G.C. (2007) Leptin and the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Int Rev Cytol. 263: 63-102.
1303:
results from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) often being released by a pituitary adenoma. This disorder can cause disfigurement and possibly death and can lead to
1928:
1682:
Le
Tissier, P.R; Hodson, D.J; Lafont C; Fontanaud P; Schaeffer, M; Mollard, P. (2012) Anterior pituitary cell networks. Front Neuroendocrinol. Aug; 33(3):252-66
857:, at the base of the brain. At this site, these cells can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland (the
1348:
is characterized by a decreased secretion of hormones released by the anterior pituitary. For example, hypo-secretion of GH prior to puberty can be a cause of
893:(ACTH) and also to stimulate TSH, GH and LH release. Clinical evidence supports the experimental findings of the excitatory and inhibitory effects GABA has on
164:
1299:(tumour), which are benign apart from a tiny fraction. There are mainly three types of anterior pituitary tumors and their associated disorders. For example,
1718:
Racagni, G; Apud, J.A; Cocchi, D; Locatelli, V; Muller, E.E. (1982) GABAergic control of anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Life Sci. Aug 30;31(9):823-38.
1582:
Dardente, H (2012). "Melatonin-dependent timing of seasonal reproduction by the pars tuberalis: pivotal roles for long daylengths and thyroid hormones".
2239:
1146:
mechanisms were slowed, but injections of ACTH restored their performance. In addition, stress may delay the release of reproductive hormones such as
869:
Aside from hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary, other systems in the body have been shown to regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
1427:
502:(Greek: trophe, "nourishment"). Trophic hormones directly affect growth either as hyperplasia or hypertrophy on the tissue it is stimulating.
1929:"Expression of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Common Skin Diseases: Evidence of its Association with Stress-related Disease Activity"
140:
1138:
response (fight or flight), anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibition of reproduction/growth. When the anterior pituitary gland is removed (
1473:
2636:
1295:
is the condition where the pituitary secretes excessive amounts of hormones. This hypersecretion often results in the formation of a
1384:. If the hypopituitarism is caused by the blood loss associated with childbirth, the disorder is referred to as Sheehan syndrome.
217:
213:
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It has been shown that infant mice who were stroked with a paintbrush (simulating motherly care) had more release and binding of
2232:
1709:
Hedge, G.A. (1977) Roles for the prostaglandins in the regulation of anterior pituitary secretion. Life Sci. Jan 1;20(1):17-33.
1356:
can be caused by hypo-secretion of ACTH which, in turn, does not signal the adrenal cortex to produce a sufficient amount of
2212:
914:
The homeostatic maintenance of the anterior pituitary is crucial to our physiological well being. Increased plasma levels of
338:(beta cells). These cells all together produce hormones of the anterior pituitary and release them into the blood stream.
2631:
1259:
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Nelson, R. J. (2011) An
Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology, 4th Edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
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could be caused by the destruction or removal of the anterior pituitary tissue through traumatic brain injury, tumor,
2225:
1507:
471:
The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell, and they are defined by the hormones they secrete:
1083:
1017:
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and frailty in elderly men because of the eventual decrease in production of testosterone. This lower level of
1175:
1779:
Aguilera, Greti (1998-10-01). "Corticotropin
Releasing Hormone, Receptor Regulation and the Stress Response".
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Morgan, PJ; Williams, LM (1996). "The pars tuberalis of the pituitary: a gateway for neuroendocrine output".
159:
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263:. Proper functioning of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via
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The release of GH, LH, and FSH are required for correct human development, including gonadal development.
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381:(tubular part) forms a part of the sheath extending up from the pars distalis, which joins with the
115:
98:
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Wheater, P., Burkitt, H., Daniels, V. 1987. Functional
Histology. Churchill Livingstone: New York.
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increase metabolism and induce cutaneous vasoconstriction, increased plasma levels also result in
2393:
2304:
1830:
Aguilera, Greti (December 1994). "Regulation of
Pituitary ACTH Secretion during Chronic Stress".
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147:
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Sone, M. and
Osamura, R.Y. (2001) Leptin and the pituitary. Pituitary. Jan-Apr; 4(1-2): 15-23.
1323:. A third type of pituitary adenoma secretes excess ACTH, which in turn, causes an excess of
1079:
841:
Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones secreted by the
805:
2196:
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Dobson, H; R F Smith (2000-07-02). "What is stress, and how does it affect reproduction?".
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release in a cascading effect that ends with the production of glucocorticoids from the
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if increased beyond homeostatic levels through an increased metabolic mechanism only.
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secretion, dependent on GABA's site of action within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
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Ciccarelli, E; F Camanni (June 1996). "Diagnosis and drug therapy of prolactinoma".
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under stress conditions can cause the following: metabolic effects (mobilization of
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1525:"Circadian clock gene Per2 is not necessary for the photoperiodic response in mice"
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397:(length of day). The expression of this subunit is regulated by the secretion of
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Microanatomy of the pars distalis showing chromophobes, basophils, and acidophils
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405:. Earlier studies have shown localization of melatonin receptors in this region.
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which drives the ongoing will to mate together with a constant production of
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Eosinophilic follicles are a common normal finding in the anterior pituitary.
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Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic.
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Marieb, E. 2004. Human
Anatomy and Physiology. Benjamin Cummings: New York.
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which are thought to stimulate and support the endocrine cell populations.
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in bones close in puberty. The most common type of pituitary tumour is a
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to release hormones, causing numerous cascading physiological responses.
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from the pineal gland which can also affect the secretion levels in the
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are named for their ability to act directly on target tissues or other
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and testosterone. In addition, melatonin may affect production of
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1098:(ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Then, this acts on the
456:
268:
1927:
Jung Eun Kim; Baik Kee Cho; Dae Ho Cho; Hyun Jeong Park (2013).
1214:, well-being and mood, muscle and bone strength, and metabolism.
1134:), bone re-absorption (calcium mobilization), activation of the
1758:(4th ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
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1372:, among other causes. This disorder used to be referred to as
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Eroschenko, Victor P.; Fiore, Mariano S. H. di (2013-01-01).
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Light information received by the eyes is transmitted to the
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Scacchi, Massimo; Francesco Cavagnini (2006). "Acromegaly".
1078:(HPA), the anterior pituitary gland has a large role in the
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1202:(LH and FSH) caused by normal aging may be responsible for
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393:(a β subunit of TSH), informing the pars tuberalis of the
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DiFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations
980:(LH) secreted from the anterior pituitary stimulates the
2001:
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The anterior pituitary plays a role in stress response.
2213:
Secretion of hormones from the Anterior Pituitary Gland
1874:
2208:
The Pituitary Network Association -- www.pituitary.org
2199: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
988:, whilst in the males, LH stimulates the synthesis of
310:
The anterior pituitary is composed of three regions:
1662:
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in response to light information transmitted to the
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455:The pouch eventually loses its connection with the
1122:to slow the production of CRH and ACTH. Increased
1653:
1114:act back on the anterior pituitary gland and the
873:can either stimulate or inhibit the secretion of
2649:
2002:Juszczak, Marlena; Monika Michalska (2006). "".
1753:
1170:, the anterior pituitary gland also affects the
1082:'s stress response. Stress induces a release of
498:Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are
1885:
1823:
1495:
1307:, a hormone disorder shown in "giants" such as
1254:). Diminishing light stimulates the release of
825:
291:sits in a protective bony enclosure called the
2125:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Simmonds' Disease"
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1624:
953:decreases with decreasing temperature values.
330:. The chromophils can be further divided into
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2065:
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1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
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1401:, meaning "glandular undergrowth", from the
1397:The anterior pituitary is also known as the
1756:An introduction to behavioral endocrinology
941:but through a decreased metabolism action.
432:The anterior pituitary is derived from the
2637:List of human endocrine organs and actions
2240:
2226:
2022:
1953:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
1523:Ikegami, K; Iigo, M; Yoshimura, T (2013).
27:
2156:
2004:Postępy Higieny I Medycyny Doświadczalnej
1995:
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1360:. This is a life-threatening condition.
385:(also known as the infundibular stalk or
243:The anterior pituitary regulates several
2116:
1829:
1781:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
1778:
1581:
1433:The anterior pituitary is the anterior,
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1210:can have other effects, such as reduced
1178:(GnRH), which stimulates the release of
922:through a mechanism involving increased
881:(GH) and can stimulate the secretion of
278:
2122:
1943:
1931:. National Research Foundation of Korea
1230:(GH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
1020:(CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates
836:
224:, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the
2650:
859:hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels
491:(TSH). It also contains non-endocrine
2221:
1502:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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1281:
1031:
1491:
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16:Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
1474:Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis
1327:to be secreted and is the cause of
1260:hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
1168:hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
1076:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
1011:Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
864:
236:, protruding off the bottom of the
13:
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2123:Summers, V. K. (September 1947).
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1094:, which activates the release of
901:Effects of the anterior pituitary
436:, more specifically from that of
2086:10.2165/00003495-199651060-00004
1965:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03398.x
1596:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02250.x
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232:, is located at the base of the
1920:
1832:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
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1354:secondary adrenal insufficiency
1084:corticotropin-releasing hormone
1018:Corticotropin releasing hormone
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1176:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
427:
283:The anterior pituitary complex
1:
1898:10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00080-4
1793:10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00079-4
1584:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
1479:
1311:, where it occurs before the
1198:. The decrease in release of
2129:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1550:10.1371/journal.pone.0058482
1392:
1184:follicle-stimulating hormone
1174:. The hypothalamus releases
1152:follicle-stimulating hormone
955:follicle-stimulating hormone
849:in the hypothalamus project
826:Role in the endocrine system
629:Follicle-stimulating hormone
274:
216:lobe that together with the
7:
1889:Animal Reproduction Science
1455:
1096:adrenocorticotropic hormone
891:adrenocorticotropic hormone
883:thyroid-stimulating hormone
590:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
543:Adrenocorticotropic hormone
466:
10:
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2197:Histology image: 14002loa
2043:10.1007/s11102-006-0409-4
1754:Nelson, Randy J. (2011).
1376:but now according to the
889:are now known to inhibit
440:, part of the developing
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22:Anterior pituitary gland
2305:Somatomammotrophic cell
2141:10.1136/pgmj.23.263.441
1627:Reviews of Reproduction
1252:suprachiasmatic nucleus
1054:Release of the hormone
741:carbohydrate metabolism
493:folliculostellate cells
228:(hypophysis) which, in
1844:10.1006/frne.1994.1013
1462:anatomical terminology
1166:Operating through the
1074:Operating through the
933:. Increased levels of
284:
172:Anatomical terminology
2203:Embryology at unc.edu
1639:10.1530/ror.0.0010153
1277:Clinical significance
1080:neuroendocrine system
957:(FSH) also may cause
806:prostatic hyperplasia
282:
247:processes, including
2620:Organ of Zuckerkandl
2610:Enteroendocrine cell
1319:which hypersecretes
847:Neuroendocrine cells
837:Hypothalamic control
297:Turkish chair/saddle
66:Superior hypophyseal
2663:Human head and neck
2399:Parafollicular cell
1541:2013PLoSO...858482I
1248:circadian pacemaker
1180:luteinizing hormone
1172:reproductive system
1148:luteinizing hormone
1130:, fatty acids, and
978:luteinising hormone
908:Thermal homeostasis
875:luteinizing hormone
666:Luteinizing hormone
659:reproductive system
305:posterior pituitary
303:composition of the
222:posterior pituitary
2543:Islets of pancreas
2317:Corticotropic cell
1892:. 60–61: 743–752.
1460:This article uses
1335:Decreased activity
1282:Increased activity
1223:Tactile responding
1144:avoidance learning
1032:Behavioral effects
334:(alpha cells) and
285:
198:anterior pituitary
2645:
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2485:
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2409:Parathyroid gland
2380:
2379:
2322:Gonadotropic cell
2295:Somatotropic cell
1469:Triple bolus test
1420:Additional images
1378:Diseases Database
1374:Simmonds' disease
1329:Cushing's disease
1313:epiphyseal plates
1297:pituitary adenoma
1239:Circadian rhythms
1142:) in rats, their
1120:negative feedback
1058:is essential for
821:
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735:Promotes growth;
579:mineralocorticoid
324:chromophobe cells
200:(also called the
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2658:Endocrine system
2594:Corpora arenacea
2459:Zona reticularis
2454:Zona fasciculata
2449:Zona glomerulosa
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2334:Chromophobe cell
2327:Thyrotropic cell
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1352:. In addition,
1293:Hyperpituitarism
1288:Hyperpituitarism
967:Gonadal function
865:Other mechanisms
622:thyroid hormones
528:Secretory cells
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508:endocrine glands
500:trophic hormones
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1458:
1451:
1442:
1439:pituitary gland
1431:
1422:
1412:("under"), and
1399:adenohypophysis
1395:
1390:
1362:Hypopituitarism
1346:Hypopituitarism
1343:
1341:Hypopituitarism
1337:
1309:André the Giant
1290:
1284:
1279:
1112:glucocorticoids
1104:glucocorticoids
1034:
982:ovulation cycle
937:also result in
903:
867:
855:median eminence
839:
834:
828:
802:spermatogenesis
504:Tropic hormones
469:
444:in the embryo.
430:
419:pars intermedia
414:Pars intermedia
383:pituitary stalk
367:
364:
355:
352:
289:pituitary gland
277:
226:pituitary gland
202:adenohypophysis
182:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2643:
2642:
2640:
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2624:
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2606:
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2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2526:Granulosa cell
2523:
2513:
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2511:
2506:
2495:
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2402:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2372:Herring bodies
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2300:Prolactin cell
2297:
2290:Acidophil cell
2287:
2282:
2280:Pars tuberalis
2277:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2191:External links
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2115:
2080:(6): 954–965.
2064:
2037:(4): 297–303.
2021:
1994:
1959:(5): 814–821.
1942:
1919:
1873:
1838:(4): 321–350.
1822:
1787:(8): 329–336.
1771:
1765:978-0878936205
1764:
1729:
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1702:
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1672:978-0878936205
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1240:
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1228:growth hormone
1224:
1218:
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1216:
1215:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1140:hypophysectomy
1100:adrenal cortex
1072:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1052:
1051:Breast-feeding
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1026:adrenal cortex
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
971:
970:
969:
968:
912:
911:
910:
909:
902:
899:
887:Prostaglandins
879:growth hormone
866:
863:
838:
835:
830:Main article:
827:
824:
819:
818:
808:
786:
776:mammary glands
769:
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759:
756:
753:
750:
744:
743:
733:
731:adipose tissue
724:
719:
714:
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703:Growth hormone
699:
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682:
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603:
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586:
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575:glucocorticoid
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
548:
547:Corticotropin
545:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
483:(LH and FSH);
468:
465:
446:Rathke's pouch
438:Rathke's pouch
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
422:
415:
409:
408:
407:
406:
379:pars tuberalis
375:
374:Pars tuberalis
369:
368:
365:
358:
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320:
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276:
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184:
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68:
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54:Rathke's pouch
47:
41:
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32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2675:
2664:
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2595:
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2590:
2587:
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2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2531:Corpus luteum
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Theca interna
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
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2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Adrenal gland
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
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2387:
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2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
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2341:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:Basophil cell
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Pars distalis
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
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2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2168:
2164:
2159:
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2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
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2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
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2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
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1636:
1633:(3): 153–61.
1632:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:(2): 249–66.
1589:
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1578:
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1566:
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1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:(3): e58482.
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1509:9781451113419
1505:
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1490:
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1436:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1385:
1383:
1380:it is called
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
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1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
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1289:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:gonadotropins
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
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1089:
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1073:
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1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1029:
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1013:
1012:
1008:Main article
1001:
1000:
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862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
833:
823:
816:
812:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:Secretion of
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
712:
709:
707:Somatotropin
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:Glycoprotein
675:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:Glycoprotein
638:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
620:Secretion of
619:
617:
616:Thyroid gland
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:
580:
576:
573:Secretion of
572:
570:
569:Adrenal gland
567:
565:
562:
560:
559:Corticotrophs
557:
555:
552:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
485:corticotropes
482:
478:
474:
464:
462:
461:neuroectoderm
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
420:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:
362:
357:
350:
345:
344:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
316:Pars distalis
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:sella turcica
290:
281:
272:
270:
267:that measure
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:physiological
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:pars anterior
203:
199:
195:
191:
179:
173:
169:
166:
163:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
93:
90:
88:
84:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2581:Pineal gland
2571:Epsilon cell
2509:Sertoli cell
2422:Oxyphil cell
2352:Pars nervosa
2266:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1922:
1887:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1755:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1498:
1437:lobe of the
1416:("growth").
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1366:tuberculosis
1344:
1317:prolactinoma
1291:
1244:pineal gland
1208:testosterone
1196:testosterone
1116:hypothalamus
1092:hypothalamus
1015:
1009:
1007:
976:, primarily
974:Gonadotropes
972:
947:hyperthermia
931:vasodilation
920:hyperthermia
913:
868:
843:hypothalamus
840:
832:Hypothalamus
822:
794:progesterone
758:Polypeptide
752:Lactotropin
717:Somatotrophs
713:Polypeptide
680:Gonadotrophs
643:Gonadotrophs
601:Glycoprotein
594:Thyrotropin
519:Other names
497:
481:gonadotropes
473:somatotropes
470:
454:
431:
403:pineal gland
387:infundibulum
386:
340:
321:
309:
296:
286:
257:reproduction
242:
238:hypothalamus
205:
201:
197:
187:
141:A11.1.00.002
129:birnlex_1581
91:
2632:Development
2615:Paraganglia
2589:Pinealocyte
2504:Leydig cell
2010:: 431–438.
1408:("gland"),
1186:. Then the
1132:amino acids
1102:to produce
1088:vasopressin
1039:Development
959:hypothermia
939:hypothermia
762:Lactotrophs
697:production
695:Sex hormone
606:Thyrotrophs
554:Polypeptide
489:thyrotropes
487:(ACTH) and
477:lactotropes
452:in origin.
442:hard palate
428:Development
395:photoperiod
265:blood tests
81:Identifiers
76:Hypophyseal
50:Oral mucosa
2652:Categories
2566:Delta cell
2551:Alpha cell
2417:Chief cell
1480:References
1301:acromegaly
1086:(CRH) and
984:in female
924:metabolism
817:secretion
657:Growth of
525:Structure
522:Symbol(s)
450:ectodermal
332:acidophils
111:NeuroNames
2556:Beta cell
2367:Pituicyte
2344:Posterior
2149:0032-5473
2094:0012-6667
2051:1573-7403
2031:Pituitary
2016:1732-2693
1973:1532-5415
1906:0378-4320
1852:0091-3022
1801:1043-2760
1435:glandular
1393:Etymology
1321:prolactin
1305:gigantism
1268:prolactin
1256:melatonin
1204:impotence
1182:(LH) and
1150:(LH) and
1090:from the
1060:lactation
1056:prolactin
951:prolactin
928:cutaneous
877:(LH) and
798:lactation
790:estrogens
767:Acidophil
748:Prolactin
722:Acidophil
673:LH, ICSH
670:Lutropin
583:androgens
531:Staining
399:melatonin
336:basophils
275:Structure
261:lactation
218:posterior
210:glandular
208:) is the
45:Precursor
2627:Placenta
2499:Testicle
2267:Anterior
2167:20258051
2110:35481175
2059:17077948
1989:43285151
1981:21568952
1914:10844239
1868:24818312
1817:30175791
1809:18406298
1612:12723490
1604:22070540
1569:23505514
1529:PLOS ONE
1456:See also
1370:syphilis
1358:cortisol
1350:dwarfism
1325:cortisol
1264:estrogen
1246:via the
1192:estrogen
1190:produce
1124:cortisol
1110:. These
1108:cortisol
1106:such as
1002:HPA axis
990:androgen
784:prostate
710:GH, STH
685:Basophil
648:Basophil
611:Basophil
564:Basophil
516:Hormone
467:Function
448:is also
434:ectoderm
271:levels.
214:anterior
188:A major
123:NeuroLex
2561:PP cell
2469:Medulla
2386:Thyroid
2158:2529616
2102:8736617
1935:4 March
1860:7895891
1647:9414453
1560:3591342
1537:Bibcode
1388:History
1128:glucose
986:mammals
918:induce
885:(TSH).
853:to the
772:Ovaries
537:Effect
534:Target
479:(PRL);
457:pharynx
269:hormone
192:of the
104:D010903
39:Details
2491:Gonads
2441:Cortex
2165:
2155:
2147:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2057:
2049:
2014:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1912:
1904:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1762:
1670:
1645:
1610:
1602:
1567:
1557:
1506:
1414:physis
1406:adeno-
1212:libido
1188:gonads
1071:Stress
780:testes
690:Gonads
653:Gonads
475:(GH);
301:neural
259:, and
253:growth
249:stress
230:humans
220:lobe (
196:, the
62:Artery
2603:Other
2516:Ovary
2362:Stalk
2106:S2CID
2074:Drugs
1985:S2CID
1864:S2CID
1813:S2CID
1608:S2CID
1403:Greek
1368:, or
1250:(the
1163:Aging
1118:with
994:sperm
949:and
851:axons
737:lipid
727:Liver
550:ACTH
234:brain
190:organ
176:[
165:74627
87:Latin
2163:PMID
2145:ISSN
2098:PMID
2090:ISSN
2055:PMID
2047:ISSN
2012:ISSN
1977:PMID
1969:ISSN
1937:2014
1910:PMID
1902:ISSN
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