135:
of antenatal visits, pregnant women receive and what care and information is given at each visit. It has been suggested that women who have low-risk pregnancies should have fewer antenatal visits. However, when this was tested, women with fewer visits had babies who were much more likely to be admitted to neonatal intensive care and stay there for longer (though this could down to chance results). A 2015 Cochrane Review findings buttresses this notion, with evidence that in settings with limited resources, where the number of visits is already low, programmes of ANC with reduced visits are associated with an increase in perinatal mortality. Therefore, it is doubtful that the reduced visits model is ideal, even in low income countries (LICs), where pregnant women are already attending fewer appointments. Not only is visiting prenatal care early is highly recommended, but also a more flexible pathway allowing more visits, from the time a pregnant woman books for prenatal care, as it potentially enables more attention to those women who come late. Also, women who had fewer antenatal visits were not as satisfied with the care they received compared with women who had the standard number of visits. A new alternative for some of the routine prenatal care visits is
143:
campaigns reaching many people, enabling communities to take control of their own health, informative-education-communication interventions and financial incentives. A review looking at these interventions found that one intervention helps improve the number of women receiving antenatal care. However interventions used together may reduce baby deaths in pregnancy and early life, lower numbers of low birth weight babies born and improve numbers of women receiving antenatal care.
1514:
3411:
2657:
73:. It is provided in the form of medical checkups, consisting of recommendations on managing a healthy lifestyle and the provision of medical information such as maternal physiological changes in pregnancy, biological changes, and prenatal nutrition including prenatal vitamins, which prevents potential health problems throughout the course of the pregnancy and promotes the mother and child's health alike. The availability of routine prenatal care, including
2681:
2669:
418:
giving feedback affect how much the parents worry and the mother's health behaviour although there is not enough evidence to make clear conclusions. In a small study, mothers receiving high feedback were more likely to stop smoking and drinking alcohol however the quality of the study is low and more research is needed to say for certain which type of feedback is better.
275:
In some countries, such as the UK, the symphysial fundal height (SFH) is measured as part of antenatal appointments from 25 weeks gestation. (The SFH is measured from the woman's pubic bone to the top of the uterus.) A review into this practice found only one piece of research so there is not enough
121:
The traditional form of antenatal care has developed from the early 1900s and there is very little research to suggest that it is the best way of giving antenatal care. Antenatal care can be costly and uses many staff. The following paragraphs describe research on other forms of antenatal care, which
197:
In many countries, women are given a summary of their case notes including important background information about their pregnancy, such as their medical history, growth charts and any scan reports. If the mother goes to a different hospital for care or to give birth the summary of her case notes can
166:
Group antenatal care has a couple of obvious benefits: it costs less than one-to-one visits and the women have more hours of care as a group than on their own. Only small studies have been conducted looking at group care but they have found that mothers knew more about pregnancy, birth and parenting
436:
Proper prenatal care affects all women of various social backgrounds. While availability of such services have considerable personal health and social benefits, socioeconomic problems prevent its universal adoption in both developing and developed nations, such as the US. Although women can benefit
134:
recommends that pregnant women should all receive at least eight antenatal visits to spot and treat problems and give immunizations. Although antenatal care is important to improve the health of both mother and baby, many women do not receive eight visits. There is little evidence behind the number
421:
Women experiencing a complicated pregnancy may have a test called a
Doppler ultrasound to look at the blood flow to their unborn baby. This is performed to detect signs that the baby is not getting a normal blood flow and therefore is 'at risk'. A review looked at performing Doppler ultrasounds on
417:
Levels of feedback from the ultrasound can differ. High feedback is when the parents can see the screen and are given a detailed description of what they can see. Low feedback is when the findings are discussed at the end and the parents are given a picture of the ultrasound. The different ways of
175:
Midwife-led care for low-risk women is where a midwife team (and GP if needed) leads the care a woman receives and she does not usually see a specialist doctor in her pregnancy. Women with midwife-led pregnancies are more likely to give birth without being induced but have natural labours. However
158:
birth (VPTB) and very low birth weight (VLBW) were much more common for immigrants than locals (CastellĂł et al., 2012). The study showed the importance of prenatal care and how universal prenatal care would help people of all origins get proper care before pregnancy/birth (CastellĂł et al., 2012).
201:
A review looking into women keeping their own case notes shows they have more risk of having a caesarean section. However the women reported feeling more in control having their notes and would like to have them again in future pregnancies. 25% of women reported their hospital notes were lost in
157:
A study examined the differences in early and low-weight birth deliveries between local and immigrant women and saw the difference caused by prenatal care received. The study, between 1997 and 2008, looked at 21,708 women giving birth in a region of Spain. The results indicated that very preterm
290:
A review looking into which of these charts detected small babies found that there is no good quality research to show which is best. More research is needed before the customized growth charts are recommended because they cost more money and take more time for the health care workers to make.
142:
There are many ways of changing health systems to help women access antenatal care, such as new health policies, educating health workers and health service re-organisation. Community interventions to help people change their behavior can also play a part. Examples of interventions are media
422:
all women even if they were at 'low risk' of having complications. The review found that routine
Doppler ultrasounds may have reduced the number of preventable baby deaths but the evidence was not strong enough to recommend that they should be made routine for all pregnant women.
40:
297:
are most commonly performed during the second trimester at approximately week 20. Ultrasounds are considered relatively safe and have been used for over 35 years for monitoring pregnancy. Among other things, ultrasounds are used to:
2719:
2523:
803:
1362:
Sheiner E, Hallak M, Twizer I, Mazor M, Katz M, Shoham-Vardi I (September 2001). "Lack of prenatal care in two different societies living in the same region and sharing the same medical facilities".
276:
evidence to say whether measuring the SFH helps to detect small or large babies. As measuring the SFH is not costly and is used in many places, the review recommends carrying on this practice.
2712:
414:
Early scans mean that multiple pregnancies can be detected at an early stage of pregnancy and also gives more accurate due dates so that less women are induced who do not need to be.
167:
in the group setting. The mothers reported liking the group care and the review found no difference between how the pregnancies developed between the group and individual settings.
2705:
3416:
4913:
2528:
194:
At the initial antenatal care visit and with the aid of a special booking checklist the pregnant women become classified into either normal risk or high risk.
616:
2970:
437:
by utilizing prenatal care services, there exists various levels of health care accessibility between different demographics throughout the United States.
4407:
3312:
1057:"Customised versus population-based growth charts as a screening tool for detecting small for gestational age infants in low-risk pregnant women"
4013:
1214:"High feedback versus low feedback of prenatal ultrasound for reducing maternal anxiety and improving maternal health behaviour in pregnancy"
205:
Prenatal diagnosis or prenatal screening (note that "Prenatal
Diagnosis" and "Prenatal Screening" refer to two different types of tests) is
4976:
4961:
3982:
1503:
4814:
2579:
945:
411:
A review looking at routine ultrasounds past 24 weeks found that there is no evidence to show any benefits to the mother or the baby.
4740:
286:
Customized growth chart, which is worked out by looking at the mother's height and weight, and the weights of their previous babies.
4903:
2638:
4926:
4400:
2685:
2561:
1471:
4938:
2599:
451:
4178:
4108:
2950:
2917:
4323:
4933:
3683:
1401:"Regional distribution of antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 in men and women in Ontario, Canada"
5053:
4776:
4282:
3450:
2533:
4943:
4393:
4148:
2965:
2673:
2643:
431:
391:
Generally an ultrasound is ordered whenever an abnormality is suspected or along a schedule similar to the following:
4670:
4183:
4048:
3368:
3223:
3150:
2845:
2538:
1686:
1442:
4918:
4607:
4592:
4287:
3987:
3512:
3395:
1871:
256:
4339:
4053:
3016:
2754:
2240:
2063:
1837:
1496:
343:
279:
Growth charts are a way of detecting small babies by the measuring the SFH. There are two types of growth chart:
1461:
723:
4860:
4642:
4416:
4103:
2897:
1526:
17:
4128:
4035:
3537:
3099:
2621:
2589:
2487:
4840:
4725:
4715:
4133:
4093:
3592:
3383:
3166:
3011:
2566:
2482:
1820:
673:"Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes"
146:
The World Health
Organization (WHO) reported that in 2015 around 830 women died every day from problems in
567:
Dowswell, T; Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gates, S; GĂĽlmezoglu, AM; Khan-Neelofur, D; Piaggio, G (16 July 2015).
4908:
4850:
3962:
3773:
3746:
3179:
2697:
2095:
2038:
1602:
4809:
4457:
4168:
4005:
3763:
3688:
3658:
3290:
3089:
3063:
2799:
2745:
2661:
2626:
2616:
1656:
1538:
1489:
446:
4490:
4452:
4447:
4218:
3830:
3570:
3494:
3327:
3317:
3235:
3135:
2419:
2289:
2247:
2108:
671:
Mbuagbaw, L; Medley, N; Darzi, AJ; Richardson, M; Habiba Garga, K; Ongolo-Zogo, P (1 December 2015).
294:
131:
4893:
4582:
4437:
3580:
2853:
2631:
2155:
1971:
1938:
1830:
4971:
4898:
4824:
4615:
4508:
4153:
4018:
3756:
3517:
3484:
3443:
3252:
3174:
2932:
2584:
2438:
2230:
1923:
642:
470:
4620:
4602:
4557:
4442:
4272:
4088:
3653:
3532:
3373:
3347:
3125:
2945:
2940:
2912:
2889:
2789:
2497:
2365:
2355:
2220:
1943:
1876:
1851:
1787:
1661:
4799:
4786:
4462:
4267:
4123:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
3892:
3845:
3840:
3808:
3628:
3337:
3332:
2784:
2477:
2279:
2083:
1758:
1320:
1001:"Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth"
971:
836:
754:
Catling, CJ; Medley, N; Foureur, M; Ryan, C; Leap, N; Teate, A; Homer, CS (4 February 2015).
70:
1055:
Carberry, AE; Gordon, A; Bond, DM; Hyett, J; Raynes-Greenow, CH; Jeffery, HE (16 May 2014).
5020:
4865:
4700:
4432:
4374:
4313:
4173:
4030:
3954:
3862:
3852:
3648:
3549:
3527:
3342:
3211:
3106:
2927:
2902:
2492:
2443:
1763:
1753:
1681:
1676:
1651:
1636:
1631:
226:
395:
7 weeks — confirm pregnancy, ensure that it's neither molar or ectopic, determine due date
8:
5048:
4720:
4660:
4577:
4424:
4277:
4188:
4143:
4043:
3902:
3820:
3803:
3768:
3623:
3544:
3504:
3378:
3322:
3216:
3145:
3130:
3111:
2960:
2774:
1996:
1953:
1918:
1825:
1805:
180:
or preterm birth. Around the same number of women in each group had a caesarean section.
5058:
4966:
4855:
4761:
4562:
4485:
4163:
4058:
4023:
3882:
3731:
3643:
3608:
3489:
3436:
3352:
3307:
3282:
3247:
3094:
3084:
2779:
2594:
2323:
2177:
1948:
1933:
1387:
1350:
1292:
1267:
1238:
1213:
1182:
1157:
1130:
1105:
1081:
1056:
1025:
1000:
922:
897:
864:
780:
755:
697:
672:
593:
568:
533:
189:
94:
74:
1425:
1400:
202:
hospital though none of the women forgot to take their own notes to any appointments.
4735:
4655:
4242:
4118:
3857:
3798:
3638:
3618:
3613:
3257:
3229:
3189:
3184:
3119:
2993:
2794:
2769:
2737:
2414:
2333:
2257:
2235:
1748:
1666:
1517:
1430:
1391:
1379:
1342:
1337:
1297:
1243:
1187:
1135:
1086:
1030:
927:
869:
785:
702:
598:
538:
520:
317:
4997:
4992:
4888:
4872:
4213:
3825:
3698:
3693:
3587:
3140:
3079:
2811:
1976:
1743:
1738:
1420:
1412:
1371:
1354:
1332:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1020:
1016:
1012:
917:
913:
909:
859:
855:
851:
775:
771:
767:
692:
688:
684:
588:
584:
580:
528:
512:
90:
1476:
837:"Midwife-led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women"
114:
weekly visits after 36th week to the delivery, from the 38th week to the 42nd week
4819:
4756:
4690:
4650:
4632:
4500:
4385:
4262:
3977:
3872:
3741:
3633:
3522:
3471:
3295:
3262:
3051:
3036:
2816:
2472:
2328:
2192:
2150:
2011:
1986:
1910:
1800:
1782:
1728:
1612:
321:
237:
154:. Only 5 lived in high-income countries. The rest lived in low-income countries.
1481:
1416:
105:
4308:
4223:
3929:
3877:
3575:
3390:
3300:
3196:
3056:
3045:
2985:
2863:
2515:
2342:
2318:
2262:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2113:
1991:
1775:
1646:
1592:
569:"Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy"
381:
377:
243:
78:
2524:
The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
1466:
1375:
516:
387:
Determine due date (based on measurements and relative developmental progress)
5042:
5015:
4549:
4517:
4512:
4480:
4318:
4208:
3972:
3724:
3565:
3479:
3272:
3242:
2975:
2858:
2553:
2467:
2428:
2404:
2313:
2197:
2130:
2001:
1905:
1866:
1723:
1558:
524:
399:
313:
218:
86:
500:
283:
Population based chart, which shows a standard growth and size for each baby
176:
they are less likely to have their waters broken, an instrumental delivery,
5027:
5010:
4354:
3934:
3887:
3835:
3793:
3428:
3267:
3201:
2382:
2377:
2118:
2018:
1963:
1691:
1570:
1565:
1434:
1383:
1301:
1247:
1191:
1139:
1090:
1034:
931:
873:
832:
789:
706:
602:
542:
471:"WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience"
336:
332:
136:
2727:
1346:
999:
Robert Peter, J; Ho, JJ; Valliapan, J; Sivasangari, S (8 September 2015).
100:
Traditional prenatal care in high-income countries generally consists of:
4845:
4804:
4771:
4539:
4532:
4344:
3939:
3897:
3815:
3206:
2955:
2907:
2840:
2821:
2806:
2372:
2308:
2145:
2088:
2028:
2023:
1861:
1810:
1671:
1446:
366:
309:
251:
82:
1513:
52:
5005:
4705:
4695:
4627:
4349:
3867:
3789:
3668:
3463:
2826:
2733:
1770:
1710:
1641:
266:
262:
206:
177:
151:
4794:
4682:
4522:
3459:
2870:
2729:
2160:
2033:
1893:
1883:
1718:
1696:
1623:
328:
198:
be used by the midwives and doctors until her hospital notes arrive.
147:
501:"Modelling Prenatal Care Pathways at a Central Hospital in Zimbabwe"
4766:
4710:
4567:
4527:
4228:
3944:
2764:
2543:
2360:
2274:
2252:
2172:
2073:
1981:
1888:
1815:
1733:
1553:
222:
111:
fortnightly visits from the 28th week to the 36th week of pregnancy
1106:"Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)"
998:
952:. National Institute for Health Care and Excellemce. 26 March 2008
3751:
3069:
2462:
2433:
2409:
2391:
2187:
2167:
362:
407:
34 weeks (some areas) — evaluate size, verify placental position
4572:
4257:
3719:
3714:
3073:
2300:
2182:
2006:
1928:
1587:
1582:
1577:
835:; Soltani, H; Gates, S; Shennan, A; Devane, D (28 April 2016).
214:
1321:"Does Prenatal Care Improve Birth Outcomes? A Critical Review"
122:
may reduce the burden on maternity services in all countries.
4303:
3967:
3736:
3032:
3003:
2836:
2062:
1597:
1548:
898:"Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy"
804:"Everything NICE says on a topic in an interactive flowchart"
670:
499:
David, Rodreck; Evans, Ruth; Fraser, Hamish SF (2021-01-01).
358:
354:
350:
210:
2971:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
1268:"Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy"
2267:
370:
1399:
Howard M, Sellors JW, Jang D, et al. (January 2003).
896:
Brown, HC; Smith, HJ; Mori, R; Noma, H (14 October 2015).
831:
39:
2078:
1265:
643:"Health IT Startup: Doxy.me - Electronic Health Reporter"
566:
2529:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
1361:
1266:
Alfirevic, Z; Stampalija, T; Medley, N (15 April 2015).
753:
617:"WHO recommendation on antenatal care contact schedules"
1054:
398:
13–14 weeks (some areas) — evaluate the possibility of
1155:
229:
during pregnancy through series of regular check-ups.
2219:
1158:"Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy"
1156:
Whitworth, M; Bricker, L; Mullan, C (14 July 2015).
756:"Group versus conventional antenatal care for women"
810:. National Institute for Health Care and Excellemce
4415:
1103:
895:
3313:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1511:
1398:
1104:Bricker, L; Medley, N; Pratt, JJ (29 June 2015).
77:, has played a part in reducing the frequency of
5040:
498:
349:Note the development of fetal body parts (e.g.,
225:have the ability to monitor mother's health and
117:Assessment of parental needs and family dynamics
1261:
1259:
1257:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1151:
1149:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
994:
992:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
161:
1445:. Womenshealth.gov. April 2006. Archived from
1211:
946:"Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies"
827:
825:
4401:
3444:
2713:
1497:
3458:
1254:
1198:
1146:
1041:
989:
880:
749:
747:
745:
666:
664:
662:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
232:Physical examinations generally consist of:
4977:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
4962:Birth control movement in the United States
1272:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1218:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1162:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1110:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1061:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1005:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
972:"Fetal Growth - Fundal Height Measurements"
902:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
844:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
822:
760:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
677:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
573:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
308:Assess possible risks to the mother (e.g.,
4815:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
4408:
4394:
3451:
3437:
2720:
2706:
2580:International Center for Research on Women
1504:
1490:
1318:
38:
1472:EngenderHealth-Prenatal Care and Planning
1467:CDC US birth and prenatal care statistics
1424:
1336:
1291:
1237:
1212:Nabhan, AF; Aflaifel, N (4 August 2015).
1181:
1129:
1080:
1024:
921:
863:
779:
742:
718:
716:
696:
659:
592:
549:
532:
404:18–20 weeks — see the expanded list above
183:
97:and other preventable health problems.
14:
5041:
713:
452:Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition
4389:
3432:
2951:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2918:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
2701:
2299:
1485:
3017:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
2668:
2562:Office of Research on Women's Health
494:
492:
490:
327:Check for fetal malformation (e.g.,
108:(from the 1st week to the 28th week)
104:monthly visits during the first two
4283:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
2680:
2600:Society for Women's Health Research
2534:International Day of the Girl Child
257:Doppler fetal heart rate monitoring
170:
24:
2966:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
2644:Birth control in the United States
1311:
432:Prenatal care in the United States
44:A doctor performs a prenatal exam.
27:Medical check-ups during pregnancy
25:
5070:
4671:self-report sexual risk behaviors
3224:Pain management during childbirth
3151:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2539:Commission on the Status of Women
1549:External female genitalia (vulva)
1455:
487:
125:
4741:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
4288:Postpartum physiological changes
3988:Postpartum physiological changes
3513:Assisted reproductive technology
3410:
3409:
3396:Sexual activity during pregnancy
2679:
2667:
2656:
2655:
1872:Assisted reproductive technology
1512:
425:
209:for diseases or conditions in a
75:prenatal screening and diagnosis
4861:Sexually transmitted infections
4340:Adaptation to extrauterine life
1838:Breastfeeding and mental health
1097:
964:
938:
344:intrauterine growth retardation
4417:Sexual and reproductive health
3983:Maternal physiological changes
2898:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
1284:10.1002/14651858.CD001450.pub4
1230:10.1002/14651858.CD007208.pub3
1174:10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3
1122:10.1002/14651858.CD001451.pub4
1073:10.1002/14651858.CD008549.pub3
1017:10.1002/14651858.CD008136.pub3
914:10.1002/14651858.CD002856.pub3
856:10.1002/14651858.CD004667.pub5
796:
772:10.1002/14651858.CD007622.pub3
689:10.1002/14651858.CD010994.pub2
635:
609:
585:10.1002/14651858.CD000934.pub3
463:
13:
1:
3538:partner-assisted reproduction
3100:Prelabor rupture of membranes
2488:Social determinants of health
457:
302:Diagnose pregnancy (uncommon)
4841:Disorders of sex development
3379:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3030:Maternal care related to the
3012:Gestational thrombocytopenia
2483:Gender disparities in health
1821:Mother-to-child transmission
1338:10.1016/0029-7844(94)00408-6
647:electronichealthreporter.com
248:(Mother's) height and weight
162:Group versus individual care
7:
4851:Reproductive system disease
3774:Traditional birth attendant
3180:Cephalopelvic disproportion
2096:Pelvic inflammatory disease
2039:Hormone replacement therapy
1603:Reproductive system disease
1417:10.1128/JCM.41.1.84-89.2003
1325:Obstetrics & Gynecology
730:. World Health Organization
623:. World Health Organization
440:
10:
5075:
5054:Health issues in pregnancy
4810:Obstetrics and gynaecology
4006:Brain health and pollution
3291:Breastfeeding difficulties
3090:Constriction ring syndrome
3064:Braxton Hicks contractions
2590:Black Women's Health Study
1657:Complications of pregnancy
447:Brain health and pollution
429:
305:Check for multiple fetuses
187:
4985:
4954:
4881:
4833:
4785:
4749:
4726:Pregnant patients' rights
4681:
4641:
4591:
4548:
4499:
4491:Pre-conception counseling
4473:
4448:Abortion-rights movements
4423:
4367:
4332:
4296:
4250:
4241:
4219:Chorionic villus sampling
4201:
3996:
3953:
3922:
3915:
3782:
3707:
3676:
3667:
3601:
3571:Obstetric ultrasonography
3558:
3503:
3495:Pre-conception counseling
3470:
3404:
3361:
3328:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
3318:Pubic symphysis diastasis
3281:
3165:
3029:
3002:
2984:
2926:
2888:
2879:
2835:
2753:
2744:
2651:
2608:
2567:Women's Health Initiative
2552:
2514:
2505:
2454:
2420:Major depressive disorder
2288:
2248:Intimate partner violence
2210:
2109:Female genital mutilation
2104:
2053:
1962:
1904:
1850:
1796:
1709:
1622:
1611:
1537:
1524:
1376:10.1080/01443610120071974
1319:Fiscella K (March 1995).
517:10.1177/11786329211062742
271:Discussion with caregiver
236:Collection of (mother's)
49:
37:
32:
4612:Gamete Cryopreservation
4458:Circumcision controversy
4438:Compulsory sterilization
4109:Intrahepatic cholestasis
2854:Gestational hypertension
2156:Gynaecological disorders
1972:Culture and menstruation
1939:Contraceptive prevalence
1831:Compulsory sterilization
505:Health Services Insights
4972:Social hygiene movement
4825:Transgender health care
4179:Motor vehicle emissions
4040:Concomitant conditions
4014:environmental toxicants
3757:Auxiliary nurse midwife
3518:artificial insemination
3485:Natural family planning
3253:Umbilical cord prolapse
3175:Amniotic fluid embolism
2933:dermatoses of pregnancy
2439:Urinary tract infection
2231:Abuse during childbirth
4800:Genitourinary medicine
4603:In vitro fertilization
4558:Hormonal contraception
4443:Contraceptive security
4273:Postpartum confinement
3533:in vitro fertilisation
3369:Concomitant conditions
3348:Postpartum thyroiditis
3126:Circumvallate placenta
2946:Impetigo herpetiformis
2941:Gestational pemphigoid
2913:Hyperemesis gravidarum
2846:hypertensive disorders
2356:Cardiovascular disease
1944:Contraceptive security
1877:In vitro fertilization
1788:Postpartum confinement
1662:Hyperemesis gravidarum
1443:"Prenatal Care - FAQs"
4463:Intersex human rights
4268:Postpartum depression
4149:Pruritic folliculitis
3893:Unassisted childbirth
3338:Postpartum infections
3333:Postpartum depression
2478:Healthcare inequality
2280:Gender discrimination
2084:Human papilloma virus
1759:Vesicovaginal fistula
511:: 11786329211062742.
384:for possible problems
295:Obstetric ultrasounds
184:Prenatal examinations
71:preventive healthcare
5021:tax on childlessness
4777:Genital modification
4701:Unintended pregnancy
4433:Reproductive Justice
4375:Gravidity and parity
4355:Congenital disorders
4314:Lactation consultant
4184:Pre-existing disease
3863:Childbirth positions
3853:Rupture of membranes
3550:Unintended pregnancy
3528:fertility medication
3343:Postpartum psychosis
3212:Obstetrical bleeding
3107:Obstetrical bleeding
2928:Integumentary system
2903:Gestational diabetes
2882:related to pregnancy
2880:Other, predominantly
2585:Nurses' Health Study
2493:Reproductive justice
2444:Urinary incontinence
2064:Sexually transmitted
1919:Intrauterine devices
1764:Rectovaginal fistula
1754:Obstetrical fistulae
1682:Gestational diabetes
1677:Obstetrical bleeding
1652:Adolescent pregnancy
1637:Gravidity and parity
1632:Unintended pregnancy
724:"Maternal mortality"
242:Checking (mother's)
227:prenatal development
4721:Pregnancy from rape
4578:Intrauterine device
4278:Sex after pregnancy
4085:Endocrine diseases
4031:Prenatal depression
3903:Placental expulsion
3821:Uterine contraction
3804:cervical effacement
3545:Fertility awareness
3323:Postpartum bleeding
3146:Placental abruption
3131:Monochorionic twins
2961:Prurigo gestationis
2498:Women's empowerment
2366:Alzheimer's disease
1997:Cloth menstrual pad
1954:Fertility awareness
1924:Oral contraceptives
1806:Perinatal mortality
1462:Pregnancy Education
1449:on 24 October 2008.
976:Perinatal Institute
217:before it is born.
95:neonatal infections
4967:History of condoms
4856:Sexual dysfunction
4762:Sexual orientation
4716:Options counseling
4563:Male contraception
4486:Genetic counseling
4054:Hypercoagulability
3883:Natural childbirth
3732:Postterm pregnancy
3490:Male contraceptive
3353:Puerperal mastitis
3308:Breast engorgement
3095:Monoamniotic twins
3085:Chorionic hematoma
2595:Cartwright Inquiry
2506:Politics, research
2324:Endometrial cancer
2178:Sexual intercourse
1949:Planned parenthood
1934:Male contraceptive
1405:J. Clin. Microbiol
190:Prenatal diagnosis
5036:
5035:
4736:Teenage pregnancy
4453:Genital integrity
4383:
4382:
4368:Obstetric history
4363:
4362:
4324:Confinement nanny
4237:
4236:
4104:Acute fatty liver
3911:
3910:
3799:cervical dilation
3426:
3425:
3384:Thyroid disorders
3374:Diabetes mellitus
3258:Uterine inversion
3190:Shoulder dystocia
3185:Obstructed labour
3161:
3160:
3025:
3024:
2994:Chorea gravidarum
2770:Ectopic pregnancy
2695:
2694:
2575:
2574:
2400:
2399:
2351:
2350:
2334:Papanicolaou test
2290:Non-communicable
2258:Sexual harassment
2236:Domestic violence
2206:
2205:
2049:
2048:
1846:
1845:
1749:Retained placenta
1667:Ectopic pregnancy
1477:Care and Planning
1364:J Obstet Gynaecol
339:, clenched fists)
318:ectopic pregnancy
60:
59:
16:(Redirected from
5066:
4998:Two-child policy
4993:One-child policy
4873:Gender dysphoria
4410:
4403:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4248:
4247:
4214:Cardiotocography
3920:
3919:
3826:Vaginal delivery
3699:Nesting instinct
3674:
3673:
3659:Rudimentary horn
3588:Prenatal testing
3453:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3413:
3412:
3248:Postmature birth
3236:Placenta accreta
3141:Placenta praevia
3136:Placenta accreta
3080:Chorioamnionitis
2890:Digestive system
2886:
2885:
2812:Fetal resorption
2800:Rudimentary horn
2757:abortive outcome
2751:
2750:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2683:
2682:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2658:
2512:
2511:
2297:
2296:
2217:
2216:
2211:Non-reproductive
2060:
2059:
1977:Feminine hygiene
1744:Cesarian section
1739:Obstructed labor
1620:
1619:
1535:
1534:
1516:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1450:
1438:
1428:
1395:
1358:
1340:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1028:
996:
987:
986:
984:
982:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
942:
936:
935:
925:
908:(10): CD002856.
893:
878:
877:
867:
841:
829:
820:
819:
817:
815:
800:
794:
793:
783:
751:
740:
739:
737:
735:
720:
711:
710:
700:
683:(12): CD010994.
668:
657:
656:
654:
653:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
613:
607:
606:
596:
564:
547:
546:
536:
496:
485:
484:
482:
481:
467:
346:condition exists
342:Determine if an
171:Midwife-led care
91:low birth weight
65:, also known as
53:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
29:
21:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
4981:
4950:
4923:United Kingdom
4877:
4829:
4820:Sexual medicine
4781:
4757:Gender identity
4745:
4691:Maternal health
4677:
4637:
4633:fertility fraud
4594:
4587:
4544:
4495:
4469:
4419:
4414:
4384:
4379:
4359:
4328:
4292:
4263:Postpartum care
4233:
4197:
4100:Liver diseases
4094:Thyroid disease
3992:
3978:Gestational age
3949:
3907:
3873:Labor induction
3778:
3769:Perinatal nurse
3742:Birth attendant
3703:
3663:
3597:
3593:Medical imaging
3554:
3523:fertility fraud
3499:
3466:
3457:
3427:
3422:
3400:
3357:
3301:Cracked nipples
3296:Low milk supply
3277:
3263:Uterine rupture
3157:
3052:Oligohydramnios
3037:amniotic cavity
3031:
3021:
2998:
2980:
2931:
2922:
2881:
2875:
2844:
2831:
2817:Molar pregnancy
2756:
2740:
2726:
2696:
2691:
2647:
2632:Family planning
2610:
2604:
2571:
2548:
2507:
2501:
2473:Gender equality
2456:
2450:
2396:
2347:
2329:Cervical cancer
2291:
2284:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2193:Sex differences
2151:Forced marriage
2100:
2065:
2055:
2045:
1987:Menstrual cycle
1958:
1911:Family planning
1909:
1900:
1853:
1842:
1801:Maternal deaths
1792:
1783:Postpartum care
1729:Multiple births
1705:
1614:
1607:
1540:
1531:
1528:
1520:
1510:
1458:
1453:
1441:
1314:
1312:Further reading
1309:
1278:(4): CD001450.
1264:
1255:
1224:(8): CD007208.
1210:
1199:
1168:(7): CD007058.
1154:
1147:
1116:(6): CD001451.
1102:
1098:
1067:(5): CD008549.
1053:
1042:
1011:(9): CD008136.
997:
990:
980:
978:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
944:
943:
939:
894:
881:
850:(4): CD004667.
839:
830:
823:
813:
811:
802:
801:
797:
766:(2): CD007622.
752:
743:
733:
731:
722:
721:
714:
669:
660:
651:
649:
641:
640:
636:
626:
624:
615:
614:
610:
579:(7): CD000934.
565:
550:
497:
488:
479:
477:
469:
468:
464:
460:
443:
434:
428:
322:molar pregnancy
238:medical history
192:
186:
173:
164:
128:
69:, is a type of
56:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5072:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4939:teen pregnancy
4931:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4520:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:Health visitor
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4224:Nonstress test
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:Skin diseases
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3930:Amniotic fluid
3926:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Multiple birth
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:Bradley method
3680:
3678:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3576:Pregnancy test
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3509:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3391:Maternal death
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Fetal distress
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3057:Polyhydramnios
3054:
3046:amniotic fluid
3041:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2986:Nervous system
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:HELLP syndrome
2856:
2850:
2848:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:Pregnancy with
2748:
2742:
2741:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2609:Women's health
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2516:United Nations
2509:
2508:& advocacy
2503:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2455:Sociocultural
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2343:Ovarian cancer
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2319:Uterine cancer
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2263:Sexual assault
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Child marriage
2138:
2136:Breast ironing
2133:
2128:
2126:Breast binding
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2114:Clitoridectomy
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1992:Menstrual aids
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1776:Husband stitch
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1647:Antenatal care
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1593:Fallopian tube
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1545:
1543:
1539:Reproductive
1532:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:Women's health
1509:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1456:External links
1454:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1396:
1359:
1331:(3): 468–479.
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1253:
1197:
1145:
1096:
1040:
988:
963:
937:
879:
821:
795:
741:
712:
658:
634:
608:
548:
486:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
449:
442:
439:
430:Main article:
427:
424:
409:
408:
405:
402:
396:
389:
388:
385:
382:umbilical cord
378:amniotic fluid
374:
347:
340:
325:
306:
303:
288:
287:
284:
273:
272:
269:
259:
254:
249:
246:
244:blood pressure
240:
188:Main article:
185:
182:
172:
169:
163:
160:
127:
126:Visits numbers
124:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
79:maternal death
67:antenatal care
58:
57:
50:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
18:Antenatal care
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5071:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:child benefit
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4945:
4944:birth control
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:United States
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Prenatal care
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4583:Sterilization
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4550:Contraception
4547:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Birth spacing
4516:
4514:
4513:childlessness
4510:
4509:Childfreeness
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Sex education
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:Monthly nurse
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Amniocentesis
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Vaginal flora
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:Substance use
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:Fundal height
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3725:Preterm birth
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Hypnobirthing
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:3D ultrasound
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Birth control
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3273:Uterine atony
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Preterm birth
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2976:Stretch marks
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:Pre-eclampsia
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:Pathology of
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2688:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2554:United States
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Disadvantaged
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:Urinary tract
2427:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:Mental health
2403:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Breast cancer
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2223:against women
2218:
2215:
2209:
2199:
2198:Sex education
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Breast health
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Menstrual cup
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:Contraception
1903:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Childlessness
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1852:Reproductive
1849:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:Sterilization
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Preterm birth
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
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87:birth defects
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63:Prenatal care
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33:Prenatal care
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19:
5028:Abortion law
5011:bachelor tax
4730:
4661:vulvovaginal
4595:reproduction
4049:Hypertension
4036:Immunization
4019:in pregnancy
3997:
3935:Amniotic sac
3888:Silent birth
3831:Presentation
3794:Bishop score
3764:Obstetrician
3654:Interstitial
3581:home testing
3415:
3408:
3268:Vasa praevia
3228:
3202:Locked twins
3118:
3068:
3044:
2790:Interstitial
2684:
2672:
2660:
2383:Hip fracture
2378:Osteoporosis
2119:Infibulation
2019:Dysmenorrhea
2012:Sanitary pad
1964:Menstruation
1692:Preeclampsia
1687:Hypertension
1571:Labia majora
1566:Labia minora
1447:the original
1408:
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137:Telemedicine
129:
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4914:Philippines
4846:Infertility
4805:Gynaecology
4772:Transgender
4540:Sperm theft
4533:foster care
4345:Apgar score
4129:Hepatitis C
4115:Infections
3955:Development
3940:Endometrium
3898:Water birth
3816:Bloody show
3747:Men's roles
3677:Preparation
3629:Heterotopic
3207:Nuchal cord
2956:Linea nigra
2908:Hepatitis E
2841:proteinuria
2822:Miscarriage
2807:Embryo loss
2785:Heterotopic
2686:WikiProject
2373:Bone health
2309:Lung cancer
2146:Dyspareunia
2089:HPV vaccine
2029:Amenorrhoea
2024:Menorrhagia
1862:Infertility
1811:Stillbirths
1672:Miscarriage
1411:(1): 84–9.
475:www.who.int
310:miscarriage
267:urine tests
261:(Mother's)
252:Pelvic exam
5049:Childbirth
5043:Categories
5006:baby bonus
5002:Financial
4882:By country
4706:childbirth
4696:Obstetrics
4628:Sperm bank
4350:Child care
4243:Postpartum
4202:Procedures
4154:Dermatoses
4010:Nutrition
3868:Home birth
3790:Pelvimetry
3669:Childbirth
3649:Unintended
3505:Conception
3464:childbirth
3217:Postpartum
3112:Antepartum
2827:Stillbirth
2738:puerperium
2736:, and the
2734:childbirth
2611:by country
2415:Depression
2066:infections
1771:Episiotomy
1711:Childbirth
1642:Obstetrics
833:Sandall, J
652:2016-05-11
480:2021-12-04
458:References
376:Check the
324:condition)
178:episiotomy
152:childbirth
106:trimesters
5059:Midwifery
4919:Singapore
4834:Disorders
4795:Andrology
4683:Pregnancy
4667:Research
4523:Parenting
4474:Education
3858:Caesarean
3624:Abdominal
3460:Pregnancy
3283:Puerperal
2871:Eclampsia
2775:Abdominal
2746:Pregnancy
2730:pregnancy
2241:Pregnancy
2221:Violence
2161:Vaginitis
2034:Menopause
1894:Fostering
1884:Parenting
1854:life plan
1719:Midwifery
1697:Eclampsia
1624:Pregnancy
1613:Maternal
1392:218859219
525:1178-6329
329:club foot
148:pregnancy
4909:Pakistan
4787:Medicine
4767:Intersex
4750:Identity
4711:Abortion
4593:Assisted
4568:Safe sex
4528:adoption
4501:Planning
4251:Maternal
4229:Abortion
4174:Bleeding
4124:COVID-19
4089:Diabetes
4074:Cannabis
4024:prenatal
3945:Placenta
3916:Prenatal
3846:shoulder
3841:cephalic
3809:position
3783:Delivery
3644:Postterm
3609:Cervical
3472:Planning
3417:Category
3230:placenta
3120:placenta
2780:Cervical
2765:Abortion
2662:Category
2622:Ethiopia
2544:UN Women
2361:Dementia
2292:diseases
2275:Femicide
2253:Misogyny
2173:Polygamy
2074:Safe sex
1982:Menarche
1889:Adoption
1816:Abortion
1734:Oxytocin
1554:Clitoris
1435:12517830
1384:12521796
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790:25922865
707:26621223
627:July 30,
603:26184394
543:34880627
441:See also
369:, other
223:midwives
4955:History
4904:Ireland
4656:Women's
4160:Others
4134:Malaria
4079:Opioids
4069:Alcohol
4064:Smoking
3923:Anatomy
3752:Midwife
3720:Newborn
3639:Ovarian
3619:Ectopic
3614:Cryptic
3559:Testing
3070:chorion
2795:Ovarian
2674:Commons
2463:Poverty
2457:factors
2434:Urethra
2410:Anxiety
2392:Anaemia
2188:Puberty
2168:Leblouh
2054:Sexual
1929:Condoms
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1347:7862395
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320:, or a
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2639:Russia
2301:Cancer
2213:health
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3737:Doula
3708:Roles
3634:Molar
3602:Types
3362:Other
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3033:fetus
3004:Blood
2843:, and
2837:Edema
2627:India
2617:China
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1598:Ovary
1541:tract
1388:S2CID
1351:S2CID
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3998:Care
3462:and
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1380:PMID
1343:PMID
1298:PMID
1244:PMID
1222:2015
1188:PMID
1166:2015
1136:PMID
1087:PMID
1031:PMID
1009:2015
983:2017
958:2017
950:NICE
928:PMID
906:2015
870:PMID
848:2016
816:2017
808:NICE
786:PMID
736:2017
703:PMID
629:2020
599:PMID
577:2015
539:PMID
521:ISSN
380:and
265:and
221:and
150:and
130:The
4616:Egg
4119:HIV
2079:HIV
1421:PMC
1413:doi
1372:doi
1333:doi
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1280:doi
1234:PMC
1226:doi
1178:PMC
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1126:PMC
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