631:. It is widely known as the Bengough-Stuart process but, due to the safety regulations regarding air quality control, is not preferred by vendors when the additive material associated with type II doesn't break tolerances. In North America, it is known as Type I because it is so designated by the MIL-A-8625 standard, but it is also covered by AMS 2470 and MIL-A-8625 Type IB. In the UK it is normally specified as Def Stan 03/24 and used in areas that are prone to come into contact with propellants etc. There are also Boeing and Airbus standards. Chromic acid produces thinner, 0.5 μm to 18 μm (0.00002" to 0.0007") more opaque films that are softer, ductile, and to a degree self-healing. They are harder to dye and may be applied as a pretreatment before painting. The method of film formation is different from using sulfuric acid in that the voltage is ramped up through the process cycle.
273:
253:
233:
282:
262:
242:
619:(e.g., AMS 2469, AMS 2470, AMS 2471, AMS 2472, AMS 2482, ASTM B580, ASTM D3933, ISO 10074, and BS 5599), and corporation-specific specs (such as those of Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Airbus and other large contractors). AMS 2468 is obsolete. None of these specifications define a detailed process or chemistry, but rather a set of tests and quality assurance measures which the anodized product must meet. BS 1615 guides the selection of alloys for anodizing. For British defense work, a detailed chromic and sulfuric anodizing processes are described by DEF STAN 03-24/3 and DEF STAN 03-25/3 respectively.
588:. Each process provides corrosion resistance, with anodizing offering a significant advantage when it comes to ruggedness or physical wear resistance. The reason for combining the processes can vary, however, the significant difference between anodizing and chromate conversion coating is the electrical conductivity of the films produced. Although both stable compounds, chromate conversion coating has a greatly increased electrical conductivity. Applications where this may be useful are varied, however the issue of grounding components as part of a larger system is an obvious one.
924:
363:
sealed, either through hydro-thermal sealing or precipitating sealing, to reduce porosity and interstitial pathways that allow corrosive ion exchange between the surface and the substrate. Precipitating seals enhance chemical stability but are less effective in eliminating ionic exchange pathways. Most recently, new techniques to partially convert the amorphous oxide coating into more stable micro-crystalline compounds have been developed that have shown significant improvement based on shorter bond lengths.
220:
857:
788:
643:
engineered anodizing. Very thin coatings similar to those produced by chromic anodizing are known as Type IIB. Thick coatings require more process control, and are produced in a refrigerated tank near the freezing point of water with higher voltages than the thinner coatings. Hard anodizing can be made between 13 and 150 μm (0.0005" to 0.006") thick. Anodizing thickness increases wear resistance, corrosion resistance, ability to retain lubricants and
175:. Anodized aluminium surfaces, for example, are harder than aluminium but have low to moderate wear resistance that can be improved with increasing thickness or by applying suitable sealing substances. Anodic films are generally much stronger and more adherent than most types of paint and metal plating, but also more brittle. This makes them less likely to crack and peel from ageing and wear, but more susceptible to cracking from thermal stress.
936:
blue, green, and yellow to red as the deposited metal layer thickens. Beyond a specific thickness, the optical interference vanishes, and the color turns bronze. Interference-colored anodized aluminum parts exhibit a distinctive quality: their color varies when viewed from different angles. The interference coloring involves a 3-step process: sulfuric acid anodizing, electrochemical modification of the anodic pore, and metal (tin) deposition.
524:
20:
211:. The phosphoric acid processes are the most recent major development, so far only used as pretreatments for adhesives or organic paints. A wide variety of proprietary and increasingly complex variations of all these anodizing processes continue to be developed by industry, so the growing trend in military and industrial standards is to classify by coating properties rather than by process chemistry.
810:. The colour formed is dependent on the thickness of the oxide (which is determined by the anodizing voltage); it is caused by the interference of light reflecting off the oxide surface with light travelling through it and reflecting off the underlying metal surface. AMS 2488 Type II anodizing produces a thicker matte grey finish with higher wear resistance.
664:, can enter a 'runaway' situation, in which the current drives the acid to attack the aluminium far more aggressively than normal, resulting in huge pits and scarring. Also, if the current or voltage are driven too high, 'burning' can set in; in this case, the supplies act as if nearly shorted and large, uneven and amorphous black regions develop.
1027:
dimension. A general practice on engineering drawing is to specify that "dimensions apply after all surface finishes". This will force the machine shop to take into account the anodization thickness when performing the final machining of the mechanical part before anodization. Also in the case of small holes
607:, MIL-A-8625, which defines three types of aluminium anodizing. Type I is chromic acid anodizing, Type II is sulphuric acid anodizing, and Type III is sulphuric acid hard anodizing. Other anodizing specifications include more MIL-SPECs (e.g., MIL-A-63576), aerospace industry specs by organizations such as
774:
anodizes similarly to titanium and niobium with a range of attractive colours being formed by interference at different film thicknesses. Again the film thickness is dependent on the anodizing voltage and typically ranges from 18 to 23 Angstroms per volt depending on electrolyte and temperature. Uses
707:
baths in which aluminium oxide is insoluble. In these processes, the coating growth stops when the part is fully covered, and the thickness is linearly related to the voltage applied. These coatings are free of pores, relative to the sulfuric and chromic acid processes. This type of coating is widely
647:
coatings, and electrical and thermal insulation. Sealing Type III will improve corrosion resistance at the cost of reducing abrasion resistance. Sealing will reduce this greatly. Standards for thin (Soft/Standard) sulfuric anodizing are given by MIL-A-8625 Types II and IIB, AMS 2471 (undyed), and AMS
198:
DEF STAN 03-24/3. It is still used today despite its legacy requirements for a complicated voltage cycle now known to be unnecessary. Variations of this process soon evolved, and the first sulfuric acid anodizing process was patented by Gower and O'Brien in 1927. Sulfuric acid soon became and remains
944:
Sealing is the final step in the anodizing process. Acidic anodizing solutions produce pores in the anodized coating. These pores can absorb dyes and retain lubricants but are also an avenue for corrosion. When lubrication properties are not critical, they are usually sealed after dyeing to increase
362:
chemistry, which results in stripping the coating and corrosion of the substrate. To combat this, various techniques have been developed either to reduce the number of fissures, to insert more chemically stable compounds into the oxide, or both. For instance, sulphuric-anodized articles are normally
337:
thick, which provides very effective protection against corrosion. Aluminium alloys typically form a thicker oxide layer, 5–15 nm thick, but tend to be more susceptible to corrosion. Aluminium alloy parts are anodized to greatly increase the thickness of this layer for corrosion resistance. The
1039:
to restore the original dimensions. Alternatively, special oversize taps may be used to precompensate for this growth. In the case of unthreaded holes that accept fixed-diameter pins or rods, a slightly oversized hole to allow for the dimension change may be appropriate. Depending on the alloy and
931:
Another interesting coloring method is anodizing interference coloring. The thin oil film resting on the water's surface displays a rainbow hue due to the interference between light reflected from the water-oil interface and the oil film's surface. Because the oil film's thickness isn't regulated,
868:
The most common anodizing processes, for example, sulphuric acid on aluminium, produce a porous surface which can accept dyes easily. The number of dye colours is almost endless; however, the colours produced tend to vary according to the base alloy. The most common colours in the industry, due to
505:
Conditions such as electrolyte concentration, acidity, solution temperature, and current must be controlled to allow the formation of a consistent oxide layer. Harder, thicker films tend to be produced by more concentrated solutions at lower temperatures with higher voltages and currents. The film
935:
In the anodizing coloring of aluminum, desired colors are achieved by depositing a controllably thick metal layer (typically tin) at the base of the porous structure. This involves reflections on the aluminum substrate and the upper metal surface. The color resulting from interference shifts from
501:
and continue growing the coating to greater thickness beyond what is produced by auto-passivation. These pores allow for the dye to be absorbed, however, this must be followed by sealing or the dye will not stay. Dye is typically followed up by a clean nickel acetate seal. Because the dye is only
464:
and pulsed current is also possible but rarely used. The voltage required by various solutions may range from 1 to 300 V DC, although most fall in the range of 15 to 21 V. Higher voltages are typically required for thicker coatings formed in sulfuric and organic acid. The anodizing current varies
656:
Anodizing can produce yellowish integral colours without dyes if it is carried out in weak acids with high voltages, high current densities, and strong refrigeration. Shades of colour are restricted to a range which includes pale yellow, gold, deep bronze, brown, grey, and black. Some advanced
594:
The process steps can typically involve chromate conversion coating the entire component, followed by a masking of the surface in areas where the chromate coating must remain intact. Beyond that, the chromate coating is then dissolved in unmasked areas. The component can then be anodized, with
422:
thick will increase the part dimensions by 1 μm per surface. If the part is anodized on all sides, then all linear dimensions will increase by the oxide thickness. Anodized aluminium surfaces are harder than aluminium but have low to moderate wear resistance, although this can be improved with
1026:
Anodizing will raise the surface since the oxide created occupies more space than the base metal converted. This will generally not be of consequence except where there are tight tolerances. If so, the thickness of the anodizing layer has to be taken into account when choosing the machining
642:
is the most widely used solution to produce an anodized coating. Coatings of moderate thickness 1.8 μm to 25 μm (0.00007" to 0.001") are known as Type II in North
America, as named by MIL-A-8625, while coatings thicker than 25 μm (0.001") are known as Type III, hard-coat, hard anodizing, or
919:
Splash effects are created by dying the unsealed porous surface in lighter colours and then splashing darker colour dyes onto the surface. Aqueous and solvent-based dye mixtures may also be alternately applied since the coloured dyes will resist each other and leave spotted effects.
417:
In typical commercial aluminium anodizing processes, the aluminium oxide is grown down into the surface and out from the surface by equal amounts. Therefore, anodizing will increase the part dimensions on each surface by half the oxide thickness. For example, a coating that is 2
413:
if exposed to temperatures above 80 °C (353 K). The coating can crack, but it will not peel. The melting point of aluminium oxide is 2050°C (2323K), much higher than pure aluminium's 658°C (931K). This and the insulativity of aluminium oxide can make welding more difficult.
202:
Oxalic acid anodizing was first patented in Japan in 1923 and later widely used in
Germany, particularly for architectural applications. Anodized aluminium extrusion was a popular architectural material in the 1960s and 1970s, but has since been displaced by cheaper
64:
and wear, and provides better adhesion for paint primers and glues than bare metal does. Anodic films can also be used for several cosmetic effects, either with thick porous coatings that can absorb dyes or with thin transparent coatings that add reflected
406:, in electrolytic capacitors, and on many other products both for corrosion resistance and the ability to retain dye. Although anodizing only has moderate wear resistance, the deeper pores can better retain a lubricating film than a smooth surface would.
1571:
Imam, M. A., Moniruzzaman, M., & Mamun, M. A. ANODIZING OF ZINC FOR IMPROVED SURFACE PROPERTIES. Proceedings of a meeting held 20–24 November 2011, 18th
International Corrosion Congress, Perth, Australia, pp. 199–206 (2012),
949:
Long immersion in boiling-hot—96–100 °C (205–212 °F)—deionized water or steam is the simplest sealing process, although it is not completely effective and reduces abrasion resistance by 20%. The oxide is converted into its
869:
them being relatively cheap, are yellow, green, blue, black, orange, purple and red. Though some may prefer lighter colours, in practice they may be difficult to produce on certain alloys such as high-silicon casting grades and
648:
2472 (dyed), BS EN ISO 12373/1 (decorative), BS 3987 (Architectural). Standards for thick sulphuric anodizing are given by MIL-A-8625 Type III, AMS 2469, BS ISO 10074, BS EN 2536 and the obsolete AMS 2468 and DEF STAN 03-26/1.
1006:. Integral color anodizing produces no VOCs, heavy metals, or halogens as all of the byproducts found in the effluent streams of other processes come from their dyes or plating materials. The most common anodizing effluents,
496:
the aluminium oxide. The acid action is balanced with the oxidation rate to form a coating with nanopores, 10–150 nm in diameter. These pores are what allow the electrolyte solution and current to reach the aluminium
960:
Cold sealing process, where the pores are closed by impregnation of a sealant in a room-temperature bath, is more popular due to energy savings. Coatings sealed in this method are not suitable for adhesive bonding.
754:
anodizes in a similar fashion to titanium with a range of attractive colors being formed by interference at different film thicknesses. Again the film thickness is dependent on the anodizing voltage. Uses include
357:
Although anodizing produces a very regular and uniform coating, microscopic fissures in the coating can lead to corrosion. Further, the coating is susceptible to chemical dissolution in the presence of high- and
667:
Integral colour anodizing is generally done with organic acids, but the same effect has been produced in laboratories with very dilute sulfuric acid. Integral colour anodizing was originally performed with
657:
variations can produce a white coating with 80% reflectivity. The shade of colour produced is sensitive to variations in the metallurgy of the underlying alloy and cannot be reproduced consistently.
436:
A desmut solution can be applied to the surface of aluminium to remove contaminates. Nitric acid is typically used to remove smut (residue), but is being replaced because of environmental concerns.
957:
Mid-temperature sealing process which works at 160–180 °F (70–80 °C) in solutions containing organic additives and metal salts. However, this process will likely leach the colors.
739:
is anodized primarily as a primer for paint. A thin (5 μm) film is sufficient for this. Thicker coatings of 25 μm and up can provide mild corrosion resistance when sealed with oil, wax, or
1040:
thickness of the anodized coating, the same may have a significantly negative effect on fatigue life. Conversely, anodizing may increase fatigue life by preventing corrosion pitting.
994:
Anodizing is one of the more environmentally friendly metal finishing processes. Except for organic (aka integral colour) anodizing, the by-products contain only small amounts of
595:
anodizing taking to the unmasked areas. The exact process will vary dependent on service provider, component geometry and required outcome. It helps to protect aluminium article.
885:. Dyed anodizing is usually sealed to reduce or eliminate dye bleed out. White color cannot be applied due to the larger molecule size than the pore size of the oxide layer.
591:
The dual finishing process uses the best each process has to offer, anodizing with its hard wear resistance and chromate conversion coating with its electrical conductivity.
1522:
873:. Another concern is the "lightfastness" of organic dyestuffs—some colours (reds and blues) are particularly prone to fading. Black dyes and gold produced by
448:
through an electrolytic solution, with the aluminium object serving as the anode (the positive electrode in an electrolytic cell). The current releases
1222:
Son, Seong Ho; Kwon, Dae Chol; Jeong, Do Won (2008). "Development of Free Nitric acid, Non-P Desmut
Solution for Surface Treatment Aluminium Alloys".
409:
Anodized coatings have a much lower thermal conductivity and coefficient of linear expansion than aluminium. As a result, the coating will crack from
708:
used to make electrolytic capacitors because the thin aluminium films (typically less than 0.5 μm) would risk being pierced by acidic processes.
616:
502:
superficial, the underlying oxide may continue to provide corrosion protection even if minor wear and scratches break through the dyed layer.
973:
seals are commonly used. MIL-A-8625 requires sealing for thin coatings (Types I and II) and allows it as an option for thick ones (Type III).
822:
683:, have been more common since the 1960s. Thicknesses of up to 50 μm can be achieved. Organic acid anodizing is called Type IC by MIL-A-8625.
892:) can be electrolytically deposited in the pores of the anodic coating to provide more lightfast colours. Metal dye colors range from pale
691:
Anodizing can be carried out in phosphoric acid, usually as a surface preparation for adhesives. This is described in standard ASTM D3933.
1614:
1379:
1368:
844:
can be anodized at lower voltages (20–30 V) as well as using direct currents from silicate baths containing varying concentration of
802:
AMS 2488 Type III anodizing of titanium generates an array of different colours without dyes, for which it is sometimes used in art,
1662:
837:
with voltages of up to 200 V can produce olive green coatings up to 80 μm thick. The coatings are hard and corrosion resistant.
366:
Some aluminium aircraft parts, architectural materials, and consumer products are anodized. Anodized aluminium can be found on
1745:
1718:
1429:
1206:
1173:
1445:
Biason Gomes, M. A.; Onofre, S.; Juanto, S.; de S. Bulhões, L. O. (1991). "Anodization of niobium in sulphuric acid media".
1740:. Vol. 2 (Sixth ed.). Materials Park, Ohio & Stevenage, UK: ASM International & Finishing Publications.
195:
1577:
1515:
1397:
571:
553:
140:
accelerating the underlying metal to corrosion. Carbon flakes or nodules in iron or steel with high carbon content (
1800:
272:
171:
of the metal near the surface. Thick coatings are normally porous, so a sealing process is often needed to achieve
908:. Alternatively, the colour may be produced integral to the film. This is done during the anodizing process using
252:
1015:
604:
232:
66:
1761:
338:
corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys is significantly decreased by certain alloying elements or impurities:
281:
1317:
1292:
549:
1589:
1790:
716:
498:
1014:, are recycled for the manufacturing of alum, baking powder, cosmetics, newsprint and fertilizer or used by
1054:
1710:
799:
10 in) to several micrometers. Standards for titanium anodizing are given by AMS 2487 and AMS 2488.
585:
1547:"AMS2488D: Anodic Treatment - Titanium and Titanium Alloys Solution pH 13 or Higher - SAE International"
545:
1003:
261:
1198:
534:
241:
116:
metal exfoliates when oxidized under neutral or alkaline micro-electrolytic conditions; i.e., the
1638:
878:
538:
493:
323:
316:
315:. However, anodizing does not increase the strength of the aluminium object. The anodic layer is
38:
870:
723:
are applied. This causes sparks to occur and results in more crystalline/ceramic type coatings.
132:) forms by anoxic anodic pits and large cathodic surface, these pits concentrate anions such as
1035:, anodizing may cause the screws to bind, thus the threaded holes may need to be chased with a
157:
77:
743:. Standards for magnesium anodizing are given in AMS 2466, AMS 2478, AMS 2479, and ASTM B893.
1795:
1235:
1190:
322:
When exposed to air at room temperature, or any other gas containing oxygen, pure aluminium
1489:
986:, a unique type of surface staining that can affect the structural integrity of the metal.
905:
172:
8:
1191:
1007:
983:
680:
461:
125:
1493:
1258:
1462:
1239:
945:
corrosion resistance and dye retention. There are three most common types of sealing.
826:
776:
760:
676:
612:
161:
1687:
1666:
1785:
1741:
1724:
1714:
1573:
1501:
1425:
1313:
1288:
1202:
1169:
1011:
893:
608:
168:
141:
57:
27:
have an anodized aluminium surface that has been dyed; they are made in many colours.
1466:
1243:
194:–based process was called the Bengough–Stuart process and was documented in British
1497:
1454:
1231:
923:
841:
121:
1546:
1480:
Chiou, Y. L. (1971). "A note on the thicknesses of anodized niobium oxide films".
164:. This oxide remains conformal even when plated on wiring and the wiring is bent.
1766:
1401:
845:
803:
740:
510:
for bright decorative work up to 150 micrometres for architectural applications.
351:
81:
966:
460:
at the surface of the aluminium anode, creating a build-up of aluminium oxide.
445:
410:
391:
330:
291:
219:
208:
149:
982:
Anodized aluminium surfaces that are not regularly cleaned are susceptible to
465:
with the area of aluminium being anodized and typically ranges from 30 to 300
1779:
1728:
1333:
1036:
909:
882:
856:
807:
639:
148:) may cause an electrolytic potential and interfere with coating or plating.
303:
Aluminium alloys are anodized to increase corrosion resistance and to allow
1028:
995:
830:
787:
628:
399:
191:
113:
1688:"Aluminium Anodizing in Dubai, UAE | Anodizing services | أنودة"
1394:
795:
An anodized oxide layer has a thickness in the range of 30 nanometers (1.2
1764:, an article on anodizing titanium from Theodore Gray's How2.0 column in
1049:
669:
371:
308:
153:
35:
1615:"Aluminum Anodizing Color: Anodizing Principle, Type, Colors, and More"
1516:"ECM - eCells & Materials Conferences - Open Scientific Discussion"
1458:
970:
673:
661:
507:
379:
375:
367:
117:
1444:
1424:. Finishing Publications Ltd. and ASM International. pp. 39–40.
1168:. Finishing Publications Ltd. and ASM International. pp. 34–38.
874:
861:
736:
334:
327:
294:
184:
145:
101:
93:
61:
24:
1334:"Anodizing - WELCO Welding & Coating Solutions - Bruck i.d. Opf"
1189:
Kutz, Myer (2005-06-02). "Protective coatings for aluminum alloys".
954:
form and the resulting swelling reduces the porosity of the surface.
523:
951:
913:
834:
771:
720:
704:
449:
395:
383:
312:
187:
183:
Anodizing was first used on an industrial scale in 1923 to protect
137:
109:
85:
19:
1590:"Why is there no white anodized aluminum? (Anodized Aluminum 101)"
999:
756:
751:
492:
solution, typically sulphuric acid or chromic acid, which slowly
453:
347:
204:
167:
Anodizing changes the microscopic texture of the surface and the
133:
105:
97:
73:
1310:
The surface treatment and finishing of aluminium and its alloys
962:
901:
848:, sodium hydroxide, borax, sodium nitrite and nickel sulphate.
700:
466:
457:
387:
339:
304:
1738:
The
Surface Treatment and Finishing of Aluminum and its Alloys
864:
cases are dyed following anodizing and before thermal sealing.
1032:
897:
470:
53:
42:
603:
The most widely used anodizing specification in the US is a
419:
818:
644:
489:
403:
343:
129:
89:
791:
Selected colors achievable through anodization of titanium
889:
76:
of threaded components and to make dielectric films for
821:
is rarely anodized, but a process was developed by the
359:
41:
process used to increase the thickness of the natural
444:
The anodized aluminium layer is created by passing a
634:
80:. Anodic films are most commonly applied to protect
1256:
1193:Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials
1777:
1639:"Aluminum Anodizing Interference Coloring | AAC"
1422:Coating and Surface Treatment Systems for Metals
1312:. Ohio Teddington: ASM International Finishing.
1166:Coating and Surface Treatment Systems for Metals
711:
584:Anodizing can be performed in combination with
969:, cobalt acetate, and hot sodium or potassium
1735:
1356:
1136:
1124:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1075:
823:International Lead Zinc Research Organization
660:Anodizing in some organic acids, for example
598:
1221:
1021:
932:the resulting rainbow color appears random.
694:
352:2000-, 4000-, 6000 and 7000-series Al alloys
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1350:
552:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1089:
1072:
825:and covered by MIL-A-81801. A solution of
152:are commonly anodized electrolytically in
1612:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
572:Learn how and when to remove this message
52:because the part to be treated forms the
1406:
922:
855:
786:
622:
218:
18:
1419:
1307:
1257:Larry Chesterfield (February 1, 2001).
1197:. Norwich, NY: William Andrew. p.
1163:
989:
719:is a similar process, but where higher
199:the most common anodizing electrolyte.
1778:
1393:US Military Specification MIL-A-8625,
1389:
1387:
1236:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.569.309
1142:
1704:
1479:
1282:
1112:
223:Colored anodized aluminium key blanks
45:layer on the surface of metal parts.
1285:The technology of anodizing aluminum
1188:
916:electrolyte and a pulsed current.
550:adding citations to reliable sources
517:
488:uminium) is usually performed in an
84:, although processes also exist for
60:. Anodizing increases resistance to
1736:Sheasby, P. G.; Pinner, R. (2001).
1447:Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
1384:
871:2000-series aluminium-copper alloys
699:Anodizing can also be performed in
506:thickness can range from under 0.5
13:
1287:. Stonehouse: Technicopy Limited.
686:
627:The oldest anodizing process uses
72:Anodizing is also used to prevent
14:
1812:
1755:
1613:Machining, Capable (2023-03-07).
635:Sulfuric acid (Type II & III)
513:
190:parts from corrosion. This early
679:containing oxygen, particularly
522:
280:
271:
260:
251:
240:
231:
1698:
1680:
1663:"Anodizing and the environment"
1655:
1631:
1606:
1582:
1565:
1539:
1528:from the original on 2011-09-27
1508:
1473:
1438:
1373:
1362:
1326:
1301:
1276:
1016:industrial wastewater treatment
726:
651:
476:Aluminium anodizing (eloxal or
439:
1250:
1215:
1182:
1130:
1118:
1106:
888:Alternatively, metal (usually
806:, body piercing jewellery and
326:by forming a surface layer of
1:
1060:
927:Anodizing interference colors
904:shades are commonly used for
717:Plasma electrolytic oxidation
712:Plasma electrolytic oxidation
456:(the negative electrode) and
354:tend to be most susceptible.
1707:Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
1502:10.1016/0040-6090(71)90027-7
1065:
1055:Phosphate conversion coating
731:
214:
7:
1043:
977:
782:
766:
586:chromate conversion coating
290:Colored anodized aluminium
10:
1817:
1594:www.bluebuddhaboutique.com
1004:volatile organic compounds
939:
746:
599:Widely used specifications
426:
178:
1762:"Titanium in Technicolor"
1705:Davis, Joseph R. (1993).
1357:Sheasby & Pinner 2001
1137:Sheasby & Pinner 2001
1125:Sheasby & Pinner 2001
1101:Sheasby & Pinner 2001
1084:Sheasby & Pinner 2001
1022:Mechanical considerations
851:
695:Borate and tartrate baths
431:
1420:Edwards, Joseph (1997).
1164:Edwards, Joseph (1997).
292:Raspberry Pi 4
1801:Metallurgical processes
1224:Materials Science Forum
879:ferric ammonium oxalate
813:
423:thickness and sealing.
78:electrolytic capacitors
67:light wave interference
16:Metal treatment process
1283:Brace, Arthur (1979).
928:
865:
792:
307:(colouring), improved
224:
158:red fuming nitric acid
48:The process is called
28:
1259:"Smut and Desmutting"
926:
859:
790:
623:Chromic acid (Type I)
222:
196:defence specification
156:or by treatment with
22:
1791:Corrosion prevention
990:Environmental impact
906:architectural metals
546:improve this section
173:corrosion resistance
1669:on 8 September 2008
1553:. SAE International
1494:1971TSF.....8R..37C
1359:, pp. 327–425.
1308:Wernick, S (1987).
1103:, pp. 597–742.
1086:, pp. 427–596.
1008:aluminium hydroxide
984:panel edge staining
777:tantalum capacitors
761:commemorative coins
681:sulfosalicylic acid
462:Alternating current
160:to form hard black
126:hydrated iron oxide
1459:10.1007/BF01077589
1400:2007-10-06 at the
1263:Products Finishing
929:
866:
827:ammonium phosphate
793:
677:aromatic compounds
605:U.S. military spec
225:
162:Iron(II,III) oxide
29:
1747:978-0-904477-23-8
1720:978-0-87170-496-2
1711:ASM International
1643:www.anodizing.org
1619:Capable Machining
1453:(11): 1023–1026.
1431:978-0-904477-16-0
1208:978-0-8155-1749-8
1175:978-0-904477-16-0
1012:aluminium sulfate
804:costume jewellery
582:
581:
574:
169:crystal structure
142:high-carbon steel
58:electrolytic cell
1808:
1751:
1732:
1709:(4th ed.).
1692:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1665:. Archived from
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1482:Thin Solid Films
1477:
1471:
1470:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1417:
1404:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1161:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1087:
1081:
842:galvanized steel
798:
577:
570:
566:
563:
557:
526:
518:
284:
275:
264:
255:
244:
235:
128:, also known as
122:ferric hydroxide
82:aluminium alloys
56:electrode of an
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1767:Popular Science
1758:
1748:
1721:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1478:
1474:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1418:
1407:
1402:Wayback Machine
1395:ASSIST database
1392:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1162:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1046:
1024:
992:
980:
942:
912:mixed with the
854:
846:sodium silicate
816:
796:
785:
769:
749:
741:sodium silicate
734:
729:
714:
697:
689:
687:Phosphoric acid
654:
637:
625:
601:
578:
567:
561:
558:
543:
527:
516:
442:
434:
429:
331:aluminium oxide
324:self-passivates
301:
300:
299:
298:
287:
286:
285:
277:
276:
267:
266:
265:
257:
256:
247:
246:
245:
237:
236:
217:
181:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1756:External links
1754:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1733:
1719:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1679:
1654:
1630:
1605:
1581:
1564:
1538:
1507:
1488:(4): R37–R39.
1472:
1437:
1430:
1405:
1383:
1372:
1361:
1349:
1325:
1318:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1249:
1214:
1207:
1181:
1174:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1115:, p. 376.
1105:
1088:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1023:
1020:
991:
988:
979:
976:
975:
974:
967:nickel acetate
958:
955:
941:
938:
853:
850:
815:
812:
784:
781:
768:
765:
748:
745:
733:
730:
728:
725:
713:
710:
696:
693:
688:
685:
653:
650:
636:
633:
624:
621:
600:
597:
580:
579:
530:
528:
521:
515:
514:Dual-finishing
512:
446:direct current
441:
438:
433:
430:
428:
425:
411:thermal stress
392:sporting goods
311:, or improved
289:
288:
279:
278:
270:
269:
268:
259:
258:
250:
249:
248:
239:
238:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
216:
213:
209:powder coating
180:
177:
150:Ferrous metals
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1813:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1689:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1578:9781618393630
1575:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1268:September 10,
1264:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
987:
985:
972:
968:
964:
959:
956:
953:
948:
947:
946:
937:
933:
925:
921:
917:
915:
911:
910:organic acids
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
863:
858:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
811:
809:
808:wedding rings
805:
800:
789:
780:
778:
773:
764:
762:
758:
753:
744:
742:
738:
724:
722:
718:
709:
706:
702:
692:
684:
682:
678:
675:
671:
665:
663:
658:
649:
646:
641:
640:Sulfuric acid
632:
630:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
592:
589:
587:
576:
573:
565:
562:February 2024
555:
551:
547:
541:
540:
536:
531:This section
529:
525:
520:
519:
511:
509:
503:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
424:
421:
415:
412:
407:
405:
401:
400:window frames
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
361:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
332:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
293:
283:
274:
263:
254:
243:
234:
221:
212:
210:
206:
200:
197:
193:
189:
186:
176:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
44:
40:
37:
33:
26:
21:
1796:Electrolysis
1772:
1765:
1737:
1706:
1699:Bibliography
1682:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1584:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1550:
1541:
1530:. Retrieved
1510:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1421:
1380:STAN 03-25/3
1375:
1369:STAN 03-24/3
1364:
1352:
1341:. Retrieved
1338:www.welco.eu
1337:
1328:
1309:
1303:
1284:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1252:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1192:
1184:
1165:
1139:, p. 9.
1132:
1127:, p. 5.
1120:
1108:
1025:
996:heavy metals
993:
981:
943:
934:
930:
918:
887:
867:
839:
817:
801:
794:
770:
750:
735:
727:Other metals
715:
698:
690:
666:
659:
655:
652:Organic acid
638:
629:chromic acid
626:
602:
593:
590:
583:
568:
559:
544:Please help
532:
504:
485:
481:
477:
475:
443:
440:Electrolysis
435:
416:
408:
365:
356:
321:
302:
201:
192:chromic acid
182:
166:
114:carbon steel
71:
49:
47:
36:electrolytic
31:
30:
1551:www.sae.org
1230:: 309–312.
1050:Black oxide
881:) are more
670:oxalic acid
508:micrometres
484:idation of
480:ectrolytic
380:flashlights
376:multi-tools
372:smartphones
368:MP3 players
309:lubrication
154:nitric acid
39:passivation
1780:Categories
1673:2008-09-08
1648:2023-08-28
1624:2023-08-28
1599:2020-07-27
1532:2011-06-15
1343:2021-04-12
1319:0904477096
1294:0905228081
1113:Davis 1993
1061:References
1031:to accept
971:dichromate
674:sulfonated
662:malic acid
317:insulative
120:(actually
118:iron oxide
112:. Iron or
25:carabiners
1729:246875365
1557:4 January
1066:Citations
1018:systems.
894:champagne
883:lightfast
875:inorganic
862:iPod Mini
737:Magnesium
732:Magnesium
533:does not
499:substrate
494:dissolves
328:amorphous
295:heat sink
215:Aluminium
185:Duralumin
146:cast iron
102:zirconium
94:magnesium
69:effects.
62:corrosion
50:anodizing
32:Anodizing
1786:Coatings
1523:Archived
1467:95285286
1398:Archived
1244:95989141
1044:See also
1029:threaded
1000:halogens
978:Cleaning
952:hydrated
914:sulfuric
860:Colored
840:Zinc or
835:fluoride
831:chromate
783:Titanium
775:include
772:Tantalum
767:Tantalum
721:voltages
705:tartrate
450:hydrogen
396:firearms
384:cookware
313:adhesion
205:plastics
188:seaplane
138:chloride
110:tantalum
86:titanium
1490:Bibcode
940:Sealing
877:means (
757:jewelry
752:Niobium
747:Niobium
554:removed
539:sources
454:cathode
452:at the
427:Process
388:cameras
348:silicon
333:2 to 3
179:History
134:sulfate
106:hafnium
98:niobium
74:galling
1744:
1727:
1717:
1576:
1465:
1428:
1316:
1291:
1242:
1205:
1172:
1033:screws
963:Teflon
902:Bronze
852:Dyeing
701:borate
672:, but
615:, and
490:acidic
458:oxygen
432:Desmut
346:, and
340:copper
305:dyeing
108:, and
34:is an
23:These
1526:(PDF)
1519:(PDF)
1463:S2CID
1240:S2CID
1002:, or
898:black
404:roofs
350:, so
297:cases
54:anode
43:oxide
1742:ISBN
1725:OCLC
1715:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1559:2019
1426:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1270:2021
1203:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1010:and
833:and
819:Zinc
814:Zinc
759:and
645:PTFE
613:ASTM
537:any
535:cite
358:low-
344:iron
207:and
136:and
130:rust
90:zinc
1498:doi
1455:doi
1232:doi
1228:569
1199:353
1037:tap
896:to
890:tin
703:or
617:ISO
609:SAE
548:by
124:or
1782::
1723:.
1713:.
1641:.
1617:.
1592:.
1549:.
1521:.
1496:.
1484:.
1461:.
1451:21
1449:.
1408:^
1386:^
1336:.
1261:.
1238:.
1226:.
1201:.
1144:^
1091:^
1074:^
998:,
965:,
900:.
829:,
779:.
763:.
611:,
486:Al
482:Ox
478:El
473:.
420:μm
402:,
398:,
394:,
390:,
386:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
370:,
360:pH
342:,
335:nm
319:.
144:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
1750:.
1731:.
1690:.
1676:.
1651:.
1627:.
1602:.
1561:.
1535:.
1504:.
1500::
1492::
1486:8
1469:.
1457::
1434:.
1346:.
1322:.
1297:.
1272:.
1246:.
1234::
1211:.
1178:.
797:×
575:)
569:(
564:)
560:(
556:.
542:.
471:m
469:/
467:A
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
