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1048:. None of the three women received the three-quarters vote at the April 1892 meeting that was required for election. One Fellow specifically implied that the women would largely serve as a distraction and simply a social element to the meetings without contributing much of worth. Annie did not take lightly to the prejudice against her and other women throughout her field occupied largely by men, and she especially did not agree with the results of the 1892
132:(14 April 1868 – 15 September 1947) was an Irish-British astronomer, who recorded the first evidence of the movement of sunspot emergence from the poles toward the equator over the Sun's 11-year cycle. She was one of the leading astronomers of her time, but because of her gender, her contribution was often underplayed at the time. In 1916 she was elected to the Royal Astronomical Society, 21 years after being refused membership because of her gender.
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terrestrial magnetic storms coinciding with the sunspots' rotation period which was seen in the 1898 eclipse in India. The
Maunders thought that the magnetic storms were made of positively and negatively charged electrified particles, an "insight far predates better-known statements on the same matter, and has much in common with our present-day understanding".
357:, which made it possible to look for faint and distant corona. To take photos of the eclipse, Annie took a series of photographs with her camera and ranging exposures during the couple minutes of the totality of the eclipse. Her photographs recorded a stream from the Sun that extended over 10 million kilometres. The Irish science writer
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of the children was 21 and the youngest was 7. Annie was described as having an active mind and a "lively imagination combined with a tireless zeal in seeking evidence and working out details before presenting any conclusions." Walter died in 1928 at the age of 76. Annie died almost two decades later, aged 79, in
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Annie and Walter were married in 1895, and Annie was required to resign from her job due to restrictions on married women working in public service. It is believed that "the lady computer scheme began as an experiment, was destined to have a time limit and was not repeated". Forty years passed before
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to analyse sunspots, showing the latitude of the sunspots over time. The butterfly diagram "is one of the most powerful representations of the inner workings of the Sun". The paper originally had two desiccated butterflies but a third was added after the 11 to 12-year course. Annie was not published
200:
Annie, aged 27, married Walter, aged 45, in a
Presbyterian church in Greenwich on 28 December 1895. Walter and Annie had no children together; although, Walter had five children from a previous marriage. Annie was 17 years younger than Walter and only nine years older than his oldest son. The oldest
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Annie co-authored with her husband on some papers. In 1907, she published a paper covering "an analysis of the formidable sunspot data-set that had been gathered at the ROG, covering 1889–1901" as sole author. This analysis contained data that took 13 years to collect, and 19 tables of results. In
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Church in
Strabane until 1882. Her mother was the daughter of a minister at the same church. Annie was one of six children brought up in a devoutly Christian household with a "serious minded upbringing." All of the children were talented, high-level academics. Her older sister, Hester Dill Russell
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in 1908, with her husband Walter as co-author. (She was credited by her husband as the primary author.) The book was written for the amateur readers, containing her photographs of the sun and the Milky Way, in hopes to draw in more people to the field of astronomy. The book discusses the sudden
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to observe the total eclipse of the Sun on 28 May of that year. Annie's stepdaughters Edith and Irene joined the observation, with Edith keeping time and Irene taking photographs; Irene published an account of her experience of the eclipse in the BAA journal. The members of the association that
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at other universities) in the university results list. Annie was the first woman from
Ireland to receive this rank. Her mathematician tutor was a fellow of a men's college. He praised her for ability to "throw herself into her work with such success, in spite of being more than ordinarily
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at the time. In her first year at
Greenwich (1891), the number of recorded observations in the solar department exceeded 7 times the average number of recordings for the past 35 years. While she was not credited for this, Walter Maunder nominated her for the Fellowship of the
250:" assigned to the solar department. This was a special department set up in 1873 to photograph the sun. Annie was offered £4 a month which she regarded as being barely enough to live on, as a teacher she had made £8 a year and was provided housing.
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corona photographs that were published, one was Walter's and one was Annie's. The only expedition in which Annie's expenses were paid for was the expedition to Canada where the
Maunders were invited and sponsored by the Canadian Government.
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from India in 1898. With this camera she captured the longest ray, coronal streamer, seen at the time with her own equipment that she operated and designed herself. Her camera was designed with a large field-of-view for photographing the
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in which Annie was not included as an official observer (though her husband Walter was) and had to pay her own way. Since Annie was not an official observer, she decided to go to a separate location to photograph the eclipse. Of the two
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handicapped, even for a woman, with insufficiency of preliminary training". However the restrictions of the period did not allow her to receive the bachelor's degree she had earned; Cambridge did not award degrees to women until 1948.
428:, President of the Royal Society used the butterfly diagram as the subject of his 1943 presidential address, an honour for something she considered as her "most cherished pieces of work". The butterfly diagram is currently in the
444:, a famous physicist, confirmed her findings and suggested an explanation for the asymmetry. Modern science and data has also confirmed her observations on the asymmetrical nature of the sunspots. Annie published
176:. Winning a prize in an 1886 intermediate school examination at the age of 18, Annie was able to sit the Girton open entrance scholarship examination and was awarded a three-year scholarship of £35 annually.
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observed, "Mrs. Maunder with her tiny lens has beaten all the big instruments." Annie's description of the direction and motion of the particles in the corona which she observed, describes the now accepted
713:"Catalogue of Recurrent Groups of Sun Spots for the Years 1874 to 1906 Compiled by Mrs. Annie S. D. Maunder, from the Ledgers of Groups of Sun Spots Published in the Greenwich Observations, 1886-1907"
1082:(AMAT), as part of a revival of telescopy in London enabled by cleaner air and advanced technology. There is also to be an exhibition about Maunder's story, on the ground floor of the building.
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since 1875, he wanted an association of people from every class of society who were interested in astronomy, especially open for women. Annie had first been nominated for election to the
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329:, her first in 1896 in Norway. For the Maunders expedition to India in 1898, Walter was not a designated member of the expedition, so he and Annie went on their own.
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In 1897, Annie received a grant from Girton
College to acquire a short-focus camera with a 1.5-inch lens which she took on expeditions. The lens used was made by
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The Total Solar
Eclipse, 1900: Report of the Expeditions Organized by the British Astronomical Association to Observe the Total Solar Eclipse of 1900, May 28
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Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2014), "Maunder, Annie Scott Dill
Russell", in Hockey, Thomas; Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine (eds.),
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In 2016 the RAS established the Annie
Maunder medal for an outstanding contribution to outreach and public engagement in astronomy or geophysics.
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on 25 November 1891, just over a year since Walter participated in its foundation in 1890. Annie had two stints as the editor of the
183:, and in 1889 she passed the degree examinations with honours, as the top mathematician of her year at Girton. Here, she also ranked
566:"Some Experiments on the Limits of Vision for Lines and Spots as applicable to the Question of the Actuality of the Canals of Mars"
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hoping to be considered for the position. Annie's father submitted a request for her to obtain the job, and a powerful promoter,
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in the final MB examination in 1891. Hester became a medical missionary in India and later married another medical missionary.
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234:, wrote her a letter of recommendation. For a year, Annie worked as a mathematics mistress at the Ladies' High School on the
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this paper she found east–west asymmetries in sunspots, a controversial finding which she could not explain. Years later,
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1984:
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1507:"Obligatory Amateurs: Annie Maunder (1868–1947) and British Women Astronomers at the Dawn of Professional Astronomy"
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272:, and she spent a great deal of time photographing the sun. She also tracked the movements of a great number of
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24 years earlier due strongly in part to Walter's recommendation. Along with her were two additional nominees,
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1022:(RAS) in November 1916, ten months after the bar on female Fellows was lifted. She had become a member of the
531:"Preliminary note on observations of the Total Solar Eclipse of 1901 May 18, made at Pamplemousses, Mauritius"
148:, Ireland, to William Andrew Russell and Hessy Nesbitt Russell (née Dill). Her father was the minister of the
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481:"Expedition for the Observation of the Total Solar Eclipse, August 9th, 1896. Mr. and Mrs. Maunder's Report"
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to capture pictures of sunspots, find their location, and determine their properties. There, Annie assisted
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was in charge of financing and organizing expeditions through the National Eclipse Committee of the
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In January 1890, Annie was told about a position at Greenwich that was available by her good friend
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755:"An Apparent Influence of the Earth on the Numbers and Areas of Sun-spots in the Cycle 1889-1901"
686:"An Apparent Influence of the Earth on the Numbers and Areas of Sun-spots in the Cycle 1889-1901"
2027:
Kinder, A. J. (1 February 2008). "Edward Walter Maunder FRAS (1851-1928): his life and times".
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initially from 1894 to 1896 and then from 1917 to 1930. Although Walter had been fellow of the
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Greenwich Observations in Astronomy, Magnetism and Meteorology Made at the Royal Observatory
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Annie and her sister Hester pursued secondary education at the Ladies Collegiate School in
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300:(BAA) by her husband who was president at the time. She kept this position for 35 years.
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Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions that Changed How We Look at the Universe
1973:
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2245:"Giant leap for women: early 'lady' astronomers have asteroids named in their honour"
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1373:(1994). "Alice Everett and Annie Russell Maunder, torch bearing women astronomers".
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456:"Hints for Board Ship and Tent Life in India during the Eclipse Expedition of 1898"
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which was caused by a magnetic storm resulting in the largest spot ever record at
1894:
1428:; Grew, S. (1996). "The Family Background of Annie S. D. Maunder (née Russell)".
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2156:"Women and the RAS: 100 years of FellowshipWOMEN & THE RAS: INTRODUCTION"
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436:(the director of the High Altitude Observatory) during the Second World War.
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313:. However, the two continued to collaborate, and Annie accompanied Walter on
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2299:
Online catalogue of Annie Scott Dill Maunder's personal and working papers
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348:, a famous London optician. She used this camera to photograph the outer
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In 2023 an asteroid was named after Maunder; it is called Anniemaunder.
651:"Rotation Period of the Sun from Greenwich Sun-spot Measures, 1879-1901"
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as coauthor on her husband's paper over the butterfly diagram. In 1943
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or "Annie", COSPAR 2022-033M) was launched into space as part of the
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on the Moon is jointly named for Walter and Annie Maunder, as is the
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of Greenwich. Annie took part in five eclipse expeditions with the
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880:"La Période de Rotation du Soleil d'après les Orages Magnétiques"
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In 1900 Annie, along with other members of the BAA, travelled to
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1896:
Women in Early British and Irish Astronomy: Stars and Satellites
1753:"A pioneer of solar astronomyWOMEN & THE RAS: ANNIE MAUNDER"
905:"The Rotation Period of the Sun as Derived from Magnetic Storms"
377:
Edith Maunder calling time on the solar eclipse in Algier, 1900.
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235:
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2106:"1916 November 10 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society".
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had installed a new telescope in its Altazimuth Pavilion, the
591:"Date of Passage of the Vernal Equinox from Taurus into Aries"
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Jr, S. James Gates; Pelletier, Cathie (24 September 2019).
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until she was offered the position by the Chief Assistant,
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2204:"Blue Plaques to tell stories of working class experience"
2301:, Cambridge University Library; accessed 11 October 2015.
1975:
The Maunder minimum and the variable sun-earth connection
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In May 1901, the Maunders went on a solar expedition in
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in 1900. Photographed by her stepdaughter Edith Maunder.
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another woman astronomer was hired alongside men at the
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Annie Scott Dill Russell was born in 1868 in The Manse,
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in 1892. In November 1894, she was made editor of the
1970:
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to Annie and Walter Maunder at their former home in
2407:
20th-century women scientists from Northern Ireland
1751:Fletcher, Lyndsay; Dalla, Silvia (1 October 2016).
1972:
1971:Wei Hock Soon, Willie; Yaskell, Steven H. (2003).
2352:20th-century mathematicians from Northern Ireland
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1629:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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1193:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
909:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
690:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
655:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
595:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
535:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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2029:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
1262:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
630:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
570:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
510:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
485:Memoirs of the British Astronomical Association
460:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
1625:"Obituary Notices:- Maunder, Annie Scott Dill"
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1133:"Annie Maunder – pioneering female astronomer"
1104:On 1 April 2022, a satellite named after her (
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504:Maunder, A S D; Maunder, E W (February 1898).
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454:Maunder, A S D; Maunder, H D (November 1897).
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336:Annie Maunder and her two cameras, at work in
2412:20th-century scientists from Northern Ireland
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878:Maunder, A S D; Maunder, E W (January 1923).
479:Maunder, A S D; Maunder, E W (January 1898).
226:. In response, Annie wrote many times to the
2397:People educated at Victoria College, Belfast
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738:"The "Highways" and the "Waterways" of Mars"
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1101:(1908) while they were living in Brockley.
624:Maunder, A S D; Maunder, E W (April 1904).
589:Maunder, A S D; Maunder, E W (March 1904).
135:
2062:Association, British Astronomical (1901).
1512:British Journal for the History of Science
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940:"The Origin of the Symbols of the Planets"
903:Maunder, A S D; Maunder, E W (June 1924).
649:Maunder, A S D; Maunder, E W (June 1905).
564:Maunder, A S D; Maunder, E W (July 1903).
42:
2432:19th-century British women mathematicians
2427:20th-century British women mathematicians
2377:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
2278:"A Stellar Tribute | Girton College"
2179:
1768:
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1557:, Springer New York, pp. 1418–1420,
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1259:(1947). "Obituary: Mrs. Walter Maunder".
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1555:Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
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372:
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218:Work at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich
212:
2316:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2228:"Astromers honoured with blue plaque".
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1074:In June 2018 it was announced that the
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264:program. Her duties included using the
242:. In 1891, Annie began her work at the
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432:. Annie gave the butterfly diagram to
419:In 1904, Annie and Walter created the
153:(later Smith), studied medicine under
125:Annie Scott Dill Maunder (née Russell)
2243:Ferguson, Donna (10 September 2023).
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1080:Annie Maunder Astrographic Telescope
2402:19th-century Irish women scientists
2367:Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
1139:from the original on 30 August 2017
1097:, south London. The Maunders wrote
1018:She was elected as a Fellow of the
159:London School of Medicine for Women
24:
2134:
1993:
1925:
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990:"The Origin of the Constellations"
884:Bulletin de l'Observatoire de Lyon
25:
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2347:19th-century Irish mathematicians
2292:
2154:Bailey, Mandy (1 February 2016).
2068:. "Knowledge" Office. p. 62.
1913:from the original on 4 April 2019
1665:
1578:
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963:Maunder, A S D (September 1934).
2357:Irish people of Scottish descent
988:Maunder, A S D (December 1936).
855:"The Zoroastrian Star-Champions"
830:"The Zoroastrian Star-Champions"
828:Maunder, A S D (December 1912).
805:"The Zoroastrian Star-Champions"
803:Maunder, A S D (November 1912).
297:British Astronomical Association
195:
161:. Hester qualified as the first
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1979:. Singapore: World Scientific.
778:Maunder, A S D (October 1912).
742:Knowledge & Scientific News
711:Maunder, A S D (January 1909).
529:Maunder, A S D (January 1902).
414:
2422:20th-century Irish astronomers
2417:19th-century Irish astronomers
1125:
938:Maunder, A S D (August 1934).
736:Maunder, A S D (August 1907).
27:British astronomer (1868–1947)
13:
1:
2392:Scientists from County Tyrone
1563:10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_912
1118:
853:Maunder, A S D (March 1913).
2232:. 17 March 2022. p. 11.
2114:: 479–493. 1 December 1916.
1076:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
753:Maunder, A S D (June 1911).
244:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
7:
1099:The Heavens and their Story
684:Maunder, A S D (May 1907).
446:The Heavens and their Story
280:of 1894. This included the
76:15 September 1947 (aged 79)
48:Annie S. D. Maunder in 1931
10:
2448:
2387:Irish women mathematicians
2311:"Annie Scott Dill Maunder"
2160:Astronomy & Geophysics
1757:Astronomy & Geophysics
1431:Irish Astronomical Journal
1376:Irish Astronomical Journal
1188:"Annie Scott Dill Maunder"
1020:Royal Astronomical Society
780:"The Date of the Bundahis"
626:"The Oldest Astronomy III"
291:Royal Astronomical Society
282:giant sunspot of July 1892
266:Dallmeyer photo-heliograph
155:Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
2372:British women astronomers
1534:10.1017/s0007087499003878
1055:
430:High Altitude Observatory
304:Collaboration with Walter
246:, serving as one of the "
181:Girton College, Cambridge
111:
103:
95:
87:
72:
53:
41:
34:
2321:University of St Andrews
1899:. Springer Netherlands.
136:Early life and education
67:, County Tyrone, Ireland
58:Annie Scott Dill Russell
36:Annie Scott Dill Maunder
18:Annie Scott Dill Maunder
2181:10.1093/astrogeo/atw037
2172:2016A&G....57a1.19B
1770:10.1093/astrogeo/atw181
1503:Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey
1112:Aleph-1 constellation.
2382:Irish women scientists
1650:10.1093/mnras/108.1.48
1215:10.1093/mnras/108.1.48
965:"Old Cometary Records"
930:10.1093/mnras/84.8.610
703:10.1093/mnras/67.7.451
676:10.1093/mnras/65.8.813
616:10.1093/mnras/64.5.488
378:
341:
556:10.1093/mnras/62.1.57
388:Mary Acworth Evershed
386:accompanied her were
376:
335:
213:Astronomical research
172:, which later became
116:Edward Walter Maunder
99:Annie Russell Maunder
2362:People from Strabane
2307:Robertson, Edmund F.
2282:www.girton.cam.ac.uk
1893:Brück, Mary (2009).
506:"The Zodiacal Light"
2305:O'Connor, John J.;
2120:1916Obs....39..479.
2041:2008JBAA..118...21K
1641:1948MNRAS.108...48.
1525:2000BrJHS..33...67O
1444:1996IrAJ...23...55B
1389:1994IrAJ...21..281B
1275:1947JBAA...57..238.
1206:1948MNRAS.108...48.
1006:1936Obs....59..367M
981:1934Obs....57..278M
956:1934Obs....57..238M
921:1924MNRAS..84..610M
896:1923BuLyo...6...19M
871:1913Obs....36..136M
846:1912Obs....35..438M
821:1912Obs....35..393M
796:1912Obs....35..362M
771:1911Obs....34..236M
729:1909GOAMM..69O...1M
667:1905MNRAS..65..813M
642:1904JBAA...14..241M
607:1904MNRAS..64..488M
582:1903JBAA...13..344M
547:1902MNRAS..62A..57M
522:1898JBAA....8..174W
497:1898MmBAA...6...20M
472:1897JBAA....8...38R
392:Lilian Martin-Leake
253:Annie worked under
240:Herbert Hall Turner
434:Walter Orr Roberts
379:
342:
2092:978-1-5417-6223-7
2085:. PublicAffairs.
421:butterfly diagram
366:structure of the
323:Royal Observatory
311:Royal Observatory
228:Royal Observatory
179:Annie studied at
122:
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969:The Observatory
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859:The Observatory
834:The Observatory
809:The Observatory
784:The Observatory
759:The Observatory
442:Arthur Schuster
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295:Journal of the
262:photoheliograph
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2262:10 September
2260:. Retrieved
2249:The Observer
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2211:. Retrieved
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1974:
1915:. Retrieved
1895:
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1635:: 48. 1948.
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1628:
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719:. Series 2.
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415:Publications
400:
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359:Agnes Clerke
350:solar corona
343:
307:
294:
252:
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199:
189:second class
178:
167:
163:exhibitioner
150:Presbyterian
139:
124:
123:
29:
2342:1947 deaths
2337:1868 births
2213:20 February
1383:: 280–291.
1091:blue plaque
1089:unveiled a
1060:The crater
1029:BAA Journal
661:: 813–825.
601:: 488–505.
396:C O Stevens
118:(1851–1928)
88:Nationality
2331:Categories
2230:The Herald
1269:(6): 238.
1143:2 February
1119:References
1110:Satellogic
1052:election.
723:: O1–O50.
576:(9): 344.
368:solar wind
203:Wandsworth
80:Wandsworth
2257:0029-7712
2190:1366-8781
2128:0029-7704
2049:0007-0297
2035:: 21–42.
1779:1366-8781
1659:0035-8711
1519:: 67–84.
1438:: 55–56.
890:: 19–21.
541:: 57–63.
408:Mauritius
403:Mauritius
355:Milky Way
286:Greenwich
259:Greenwich
209:in 1947.
107:Astronomy
1917:12 April
1911:Archived
1505:(2000).
1186:(1948).
1137:Archived
1106:ÑuSat 23
1095:Brockley
274:sunspots
142:Strabane
65:Strabane
2168:Bibcode
2116:Bibcode
2037:Bibcode
1637:Bibcode
1521:Bibcode
1440:Bibcode
1385:Bibcode
1271:Bibcode
1202:Bibcode
1062:Maunder
1002:Bibcode
977:Bibcode
952:Bibcode
917:Bibcode
892:Bibcode
867:Bibcode
842:Bibcode
817:Bibcode
792:Bibcode
767:Bibcode
725:Bibcode
663:Bibcode
638:Bibcode
603:Bibcode
578:Bibcode
543:Bibcode
518:Bibcode
493:Bibcode
468:Bibcode
383:Algiers
338:Algiers
257:on the
170:Belfast
157:at the
91:British
2255:
2188:
2126:
2089:
2047:
1983:
1903:
1777:
1657:
1569:
1056:Legacy
394:, and
319:Walter
207:London
112:Spouse
2264:2023
2253:ISSN
2215:2022
2186:ISSN
2124:ISSN
2087:ISBN
2045:ISSN
1981:ISBN
1919:2019
1901:ISBN
1775:ISSN
1655:ISSN
1567:ISBN
1145:2021
1044:and
129:FRAS
73:Died
54:Born
2176:doi
2033:118
1765:doi
1645:doi
1633:108
1559:doi
1529:doi
1210:doi
1198:108
1050:RAS
1038:RAS
1034:RAS
1024:BAA
925:doi
698:doi
671:doi
611:doi
551:doi
370:.
327:BAA
2333::
2319:,
2313:,
2309:,
2280:.
2251:.
2247:.
2206:.
2184:.
2174:.
2164:57
2162:.
2158:.
2136:^
2122:.
2112:39
2110:.
2043:.
2031:.
1995:^
1927:^
1909:.
1787:^
1773:.
1761:57
1759:.
1755:.
1667:^
1653:.
1643:.
1631:.
1627:.
1580:^
1565:,
1543:^
1527:.
1517:33
1515:.
1509:.
1452:^
1436:23
1434:.
1397:^
1381:21
1379:.
1282:^
1267:57
1265:.
1224:^
1208:.
1196:.
1190:.
1153:^
1135:.
1068:.
998:59
996:.
992:.
973:57
971:.
967:.
948:57
946:.
942:.
923:.
913:84
911:.
907:.
886:.
882:.
863:36
861:.
857:.
838:35
836:.
832:.
813:35
811:.
807:.
788:35
786:.
782:.
763:34
761:.
757:.
744:.
740:.
721:69
715:.
694:67
692:.
688:.
669:.
659:65
657:.
653:.
634:14
632:.
628:.
609:.
599:64
597:.
593:.
574:13
572:.
568:.
549:.
539:62
537:.
533:.
512:.
508:.
487:.
483:.
462:.
458:.
390:,
205:,
144:,
2284:.
2266:.
2217:.
2192:.
2178::
2170::
2130:.
2118::
2095:.
2051:.
2039::
1989:.
1921:.
1781:.
1767::
1661:.
1647::
1639::
1561::
1537:.
1531::
1523::
1446:.
1442::
1391:.
1387::
1273::
1218:.
1212::
1204::
1147:.
1008:.
1004::
983:.
979::
958:.
954::
933:.
927::
919::
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