312:
384:
58:
355:, who, persuaded by his wife, daughter, and Filosofova, agreed to host courses for women in St. Petersburg. Filosofova's husband was at that time serving as a chief aide to Milyutin. Tolstoy countered by allowing the lectures at his own apartments, where he could monitor them. The political movement in favor of women's education continued to grow, and by October 1869, the Russian government permitted a limited set of courses for women on advanced subjects. The courses began in January 1870. They became known as the
250:. Filosofov's father-in-law is described as a "tyrannical figure" by academic Marianna Muravyeva, and the lifestyle at the estate had a powerful effect on Filosofova, whose family did not keep serfs. Filosofova's father-in-law sexually abused the serfs under his control. At the Filosofov estate, she first began to consider social issues, and especially the plight of poor peasants and serfs. Upon the liberation of the serfs in 1861, Filosofova wrote that it was a "holy day".
344:. Tolstoy argued that women would abandon education after being married, and dismissed the signatories by stating that they were "sheep" merely following the latest fashion. He rejected the petition in late 1868, but allowed mixed-gender public lectures which women could attend. However, these were rapidly taken up, overwhelmingly by women. Filosofova also opened a local school at her husband's Bezhanitsy estate, which survived well into the 20th century.
206:. Together, the three friends and allies were referred to as the "triumvirate". They founded and led several charitable organizations designed to promote women's cultural and economic independence, such as the Society for Cheap Lodgings and Other Benefits for the Citizens of St. Petersburg. Filosofova served as the president of that organization for a number of years.
261:. Trubnikova gave Filosofova books on women's issues and discussed them with her, and Filosofova credited Trubnikova with helping develop her beliefs. Filosofova later said of Trubnikova that she was "an angel, gentle and patient. She developed me, read with me. This was hard, since I didn't know anything." Filosofova, Trubnikova, and
304:
included a day care and a communal kitchen. The society acquired its own building, and a large contract for sewing work from the military. Trubnikova was the first president; Filosofova also served as president of the society for a number of years until its closure in 1879. Filosofova was clear in her goal, as she once wrote to
296:
Petersburg in 1859. The group had two factions, the "German party" and the "Russian party", which differed on their preferred approach. The "Germans" favored a then-traditional method of philanthropy that involved close supervision of the poor. The "Russians" focused on self-help and direct aid, attempting to avoid
286:
adherent for dressing like "a doll" at an important meeting, Filosofova replied that "clothes do not make the woman", according to
Ruthchild. Filosofova and her husband maintained a close relationship, even as her work sometimes resulted in setbacks for his governmental career; she did not wish to be
397:
Filosofova was known for her kindness and generosity, and occasionally provided aid to the families of exiled or imprisoned revolutionaries. Her sympathies were unpopular with
Russian officials. In 1879, she was exiled abroad for raising money for a revolutionary group, and only allowed to return in
238:
As was typical for wealthy
Russians, Diaghileva was educated at home, and later wrote that all she learned was "French, German, and curtseying." In 1855 she married Vladimir Dmitryevich Filosofov, seventeen years her senior, a senior official in the Ministry of War and Defence. Their first child was
234:
Born as Anna
Pavlovna Diaghileva on 5 April 1837 in Saint Petersburg, she was from a rich, aristocratic family. Diaghileva was the oldest of nine children. Diaghileva's father, Pavel Diaghilev, retired from a role with the Ministry of Finance in 1850 and started a distillery business. Her mother was
303:
In early 1861, the organization split in two, with the triumvirate leading the "Russians". The reduced group's charter was approved in
February 1861. The organization provided housing and work as seamstresses to its female clients (primarily widows and women whose husbands had abandoned them). It
438:
and eventually acting as chairwoman of the first
Russian women's congress in 1908. Filosofova's goal for the meeting, to unify the Russian's women movement, was largely unrealized. After the congress, Filosofova and some of her associates received deprecating letters from the ultra-conservative
295:
Through
Trubnikova's salon, Filosofova became connected with a large group of wealthy women concerned with the economic and educational status of women in Russia. The triumvirate, along with a number of others, founded the Society for Cheap Lodgings and Other Benefits for the Citizens of St.
335:
In 1867, the triumvirate began pushing for
Russian universities to create courses for women. Demonstrating "considerable skill in rallying popular support", according to the historian Christine Johansen, the women wrote a carefully-worded petition to
308:: "giving women the opportunity for an autonomous path to employment and a morally and materially independent status." She also provided support for a proposed large-scale Society for Women's Labor in 1865, but the organization was never incorporated.
321:
454:
Society. Three years later, a celebration was held for the fiftieth jubilee of
Filosofova's work. Scores of women's organizations, both from Russia and beyond, dedicated speeches to Filosofova, while Duma members feted her at the
221:
on suspicion of revolutionary sympathies. After her return to Russia, she continued to work as an activist and philanthropist in support of
Russian women. Outliving both Trubnikova and Stasova, she survived to participate in the
265:
became close friends and allies, and were referred to by their contemporaries as the "triumvirate". The three spent much of their lives working to advance the cause of women, leading the first organized feminist movement in the
402:
in 1881, Filosofova could not find supporters for further social projects. Her husband's official position was also weakened because of her revolutionary connections, and the family was forced to live at a lower income level.
351:, state policy was poorly coordinated and inconsistent due to the competing impulses of rival ministers, and the triumvirate looked for another path to support women's education. They appealed to more liberal war minister
243:, who became a well-known writer). The scholar Rochelle Ruthchild writes that Filosofova was "almost constantly pregnant" between 1858 and 1872, although it did not appear to significantly affect her health or her work.
599:
Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2009). "Reframing public and private space in mid-nineteenth century Russia : the triumvirate of Anna Filosofova, Nadezhda Stasova, and Mariia Trubnikova". In Worobec, Christine D. (ed.).
274:
wrote that " members perfectly complemented one another. The plans and will came from Trubnikova. Stasova's part was the performance, the persistence in doing the job. Filosofova embodied spirituality and ethics."
411:
217:. Continuing opposition meant that their successes were sometimes limited or reversed. Filosofova also founded a mixed-gender school at her own family's estate. From 1879 to 1881, Filosofova was briefly
418:
in 1904 for her work with the Society for Assistance for Higher Women's Courses. In 1905, the universities of Russia were opened to women and the women's university courses were no longer necessary.
737:
Pashova, Anastasiya; Vodenicharov, Petar (2019). ""The New Women" – the First Professional Intellectual Organization of Women in Russia". In Michailidis, Iakovos D.; Antoniou, Giorgos (eds.).
459:. Muravyeva writes that Filosofova had become a "living legend" for younger generations of feminists, as a symbol of progress and the "last living founder" of the movement. She died in
414:, which, under the restrictive laws of the Tsarist autocracy, was limited to philanthropic ventures such as a kindergarten, hostel, and employment service. Filosofova was recognized by
311:
282:, Filosofova and the other members of the triumvirate were not radical in public style or fashion, and retained their stations in the good graces of the upper class. Criticized by a
340:. They gathered over 400 signatures among middle and upper-class women. However, there was widespread opposition to the education of women, including by the relevant minister,
186:
Filosofova was born into a noble, wealthy family. She married Vladimir Filosofov at a young age; she and her husband had six children. Initially concerned with the plight of
971:
359:
courses, after their host beginning in 1872, the Vladimir college. Some female students felt they did not go far enough, and formed a separate set of lectures called the
981:
986:
316:
976:
410:. In 1892 she joined the Saint Petersburg Committee for the Promotion of Literacy. In 1895 Filosofova, along with Stasova and others, founded the
447:; he called it "an assembly of whores". Filosofova made the letter public and took Purishkevich to court; he was sentenced to one month in jail.
209:
Subsequently, the triumvirate successfully pushed government officials to allow higher education for women, resulting in the creation of the
542:
367:
courses were closed in 1875. In 1876, Filosofova obtained approbation to open the first Russian university aimed at women, known as the
966:
246:
Filosofova's husband came from a serf-owning family, and after their marriage she made frequent visits to the Filosofov estate in
528:
Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th Centuries
399:
740:
Institution Building and Research under Foreign Domination. Europe and the Black Sea Region (early 19th – early 20th centuries)
789:
Johanson, Christine (1987). "Chapter II: The Politics of Minimal Concessions - Women's Courses in Moscow and St. Petersburg".
991:
802:
752:
721:
683:
655:
611:
363:
courses. Many women seeking higher education went abroad in order to complete their education, largely to Zurich. The
887:
536:
226:
and chair the first Russian women's congress in 1908, becoming a revered feminist figure. Filosofova died in 1912.
435:
375:. These courses, too, were eventually shut down (in 1886) and re-opened under strict government control in 1889.
825:"Autocratic Politics, Public Opinion, and Women's Medical Education During the Reign of Alexander II, 1855-1881"
427:
22:
372:
406:
Filosofova resumed her activities at the end of the 1880s with charitable work to aid the famine-struck
223:
283:
279:
271:
235:
named Anna Ivanovna and ran the distillery after 1855, as Pavel had become fanatically religious.
794:
337:
526:
444:
415:
961:
956:
525:
Muravyeva, Marianna (2006). De Haan, Francisca; Daskalova, Krasimira; Loutfi, Anna (eds.).
716:. Studies in Russian literature and theory. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press.
8:
430:
in 1899, attending its first meeting in London. She "actively" took part in the Russian
932:
880:
The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilsm, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930
852:
431:
203:
130:
924:
883:
860:
844:
798:
748:
717:
679:
651:
607:
532:
368:
348:
258:
214:
191:
187:
916:
836:
460:
456:
262:
254:
240:
199:
195:
168:
151:
141:
82:
738:
601:
352:
714:
Mothers and daughters: women of the intelligentsia in nineteenth-century Russia
606:. The human tradition around the world. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
341:
267:
86:
383:
950:
928:
848:
239:
born in 1858; they eventually had six, three girls and three boys (including
920:
864:
712:
Engel, Barbara Alpern (2000). "Searching for a politics of personal life".
407:
305:
936:
904:
650:. Vol. One (A-L). Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 224–6.
287:
subordinated, writing to him that "to yield to you is beyond my power."
856:
824:
247:
26:
905:"The Forgotten Minority: Women Students in Imperial Russia, 1872–1917"
451:
297:
840:
180:
57:
34:
744:
463:
on 17 March 1912, and her funeral drew thousands of attendees.
531:. Central European University Press. pp. 135–138, 526–9.
218:
791:
Women's struggle for higher education in Russia: 1855 – 1900
198:, who educated her on the subject. Alongside Trubnikova and
440:
398:
1881. After the conservative backlash following the
202:, Filosofova was one of the earliest leaders of the
736:
678:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 11–25.
450:In 1908, Filosofova helped establish the Russian
421:
972:Women's rights activists from the Russian Empire
948:
882:. Princeton University Press. pp. 67–69.
179:; 5 April 1837 – 17 March 1912) was a Russian
412:Russian Women's Mutual Philanthropic Society
229:
982:19th-century women from the Russian Empire
300:and maintain the privacy of those aided.
190:, she became a feminist after joining the
56:
987:Untitled nobility from the Russian Empire
673:
645:
598:
524:
822:
788:
382:
310:
977:Philanthropists from the Russian Empire
902:
426:Filosofova was elected chairman of the
949:
877:
784:
648:Encyclopedia of women social reformers
603:The human tradition in imperial Russia
545:from the original on 24 September 2023
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
290:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
711:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
818:
816:
814:
669:
667:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
330:
378:
278:In contrast to the contemporaneous
13:
896:
761:
692:
473:
253:In the late 1850s, Filosofova met
14:
1003:
967:Feminists from the Russian Empire
811:
664:
620:
557:
183:, activist, and philanthropist.
674:Ruthchild, Rochelle G. (2010).
436:Constitutional Democratic Party
871:
730:
428:International Council of Women
422:Revolution of 1905 and acclaim
1:
747:: Epikentro. pp. 71–91.
466:
388:
23:Eastern Slavic naming customs
992:19th-century philanthropists
823:Johanson, Christine (1979).
371:, after their nominal head,
16:Russian activist (1837–1912)
7:
373:Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin
10:
1008:
315:Portrait of Filosofova by
224:Russian Revolution of 1905
21:In this name that follows
20:
903:Dudgeon, Ruth A. (1982).
646:Rappaport, Helen (2001).
400:assassination of the Tsar
280:Russian nihilist movement
172:
147:
136:
126:
109:
93:
64:
55:
48:
878:Stites, Richard (1977).
272:Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams
230:Early life and education
204:Russian women's movement
173:Анна Павловна Философова
165:Anna Pavlovna Filosofova
104:Saint Petersburg, Russia
69:Anna Pavlovna Diaghileva
921:10.1163/187633182X00010
795:McGill University Press
676:Equality and Revolution
394:
327:
445:Vladimir Purishkevich
386:
314:
257:through the latter's
793:. Kingston, Canada:
291:Activism and career
270:. The later author
432:Revolution of 1905
395:
328:
131:Feminism in Russia
804:978-0-7735-0565-0
754:978-960-458-948-7
723:978-0-8101-1740-2
685:978-0-8229-7375-1
657:978-1-57607-101-4
613:978-0-7425-3737-8
369:Bestuzhev Courses
338:Tsar Alexander II
331:Women's education
215:Bestuzhev Courses
162:
161:
157:
999:
941:
940:
900:
894:
893:
875:
869:
868:
820:
809:
808:
786:
759:
758:
734:
728:
727:
709:
690:
689:
671:
662:
661:
643:
618:
617:
596:
555:
554:
552:
550:
522:
461:Saint Petersburg
457:Mariinsky Palace
416:Tsar Nicholas II
393:
390:
379:Exile and return
325:
317:Mikhail Bryansky
263:Nadezhda Stasova
255:Maria Trubnikova
213:courses and the
200:Nadezhda Stasova
196:Maria Trubnikova
174:
155:
152:Sergei Diaghilev
142:Dmitry Filosofov
100:
83:Saint Petersburg
78:
76:
60:
46:
45:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
996:
947:
946:
945:
944:
909:Russian History
901:
897:
890:
876:
872:
841:10.2307/2496713
821:
812:
805:
787:
762:
755:
735:
731:
724:
710:
693:
686:
672:
665:
658:
644:
621:
614:
597:
558:
548:
546:
539:
523:
474:
469:
424:
391:
381:
353:Dmitry Milyutin
333:
319:
293:
232:
122:
105:
102:
98:
89:
80:
74:
72:
71:
70:
51:
50:Anna Filosofova
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1005:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
943:
942:
895:
888:
870:
835:(3): 426–443.
810:
803:
760:
753:
729:
722:
691:
684:
663:
656:
619:
612:
556:
537:
471:
470:
468:
465:
434:, joining the
423:
420:
380:
377:
349:Tsarist Russia
342:Dmitry Tolstoy
332:
329:
292:
289:
268:Russian Empire
231:
228:
160:
159:
149:
145:
144:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:philanthropist
117:
113:
111:
107:
106:
103:
101:(aged 74)
95:
91:
90:
81:
68:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1004:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
891:
889:9781400843275
885:
881:
874:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:Slavic Review
826:
819:
817:
815:
806:
800:
796:
792:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
756:
750:
746:
742:
741:
733:
725:
719:
715:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
687:
681:
677:
670:
668:
659:
653:
649:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
615:
609:
605:
604:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
544:
540:
538:963-7326-39-1
534:
530:
529:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
472:
464:
462:
458:
453:
448:
446:
442:
437:
433:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
404:
401:
385:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
323:
318:
313:
309:
307:
301:
299:
298:patronization
288:
285:
281:
276:
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
236:
227:
225:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
170:
166:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:6, including
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
97:17 March 1912
96:
92:
88:
84:
67:
63:
59:
54:
47:
44:
40:
36:
33: and the
32:
28:
24:
19:
912:
908:
898:
879:
873:
832:
828:
790:
739:
732:
713:
675:
647:
602:
547:. Retrieved
527:
452:Theosophical
449:
425:
408:Volga region
405:
396:
365:Vladimirskii
364:
361:Alarchinskie
360:
357:Vladimirskii
356:
346:
334:
306:Anatoly Koni
302:
294:
277:
252:
245:
237:
233:
211:Vladimirskii
210:
208:
185:
176:
164:
163:
99:(1912-03-17)
79:5 April 1837
43:
38:
30:
18:
962:1912 deaths
957:1837 births
915:(1): 1–26.
549:27 November
392: 1880
387:Filosofova
320: [
110:Occupations
35:family name
951:Categories
467:References
248:Bezhanitsy
177:Diaghileva
75:1837-04-05
39:Filosofova
27:patronymic
929:0094-288X
849:0037-6779
148:Relatives
937:24652820
865:11633168
543:Archived
284:nihilist
181:feminist
137:Children
127:Movement
116:Activist
31:Pavlovna
857:2496713
443:deputy
169:Russian
935:
927:
886:
863:
855:
847:
801:
751:
745:Athens
720:
682:
654:
610:
535:
326:, 1876
241:Dmitry
219:exiled
175:; née
156:nephew
87:Russia
25:, the
933:JSTOR
853:JSTOR
324:]
259:salon
192:salon
188:serfs
925:ISSN
884:ISBN
861:PMID
845:ISSN
799:ISBN
749:ISBN
718:ISBN
680:ISBN
652:ISBN
608:ISBN
551:2011
533:ISBN
441:Duma
94:Died
65:Born
917:doi
837:doi
347:In
194:of
37:is
29:is
953::
931:.
923:.
911:.
907:.
859:.
851:.
843:.
833:38
831:.
827:.
813:^
797:.
763:^
743:.
694:^
666:^
622:^
559:^
541:.
475:^
389:c.
322:ru
171::
85:,
939:.
919::
913:9
892:.
867:.
839::
807:.
757:.
726:.
688:.
660:.
616:.
553:.
167:(
158:)
154:(
77:)
73:(
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
