Animation - Knowledge

2719:: a flip book (sometimes, especially in British English, called a flick book) is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children, they also are geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, they appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners. Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flip books. 482: 493: 1361: 822: 2605: 10415: 7825: 10425: 7835: 6551: 47: 2765: 6585: 630: 2338: 6568: 165: 1474:(also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called 1879: 1364: 1363: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1369: 1420:

whatever style is employed on a particular film. Since the early 1980s, teams of about 500 to 600 people, of whom 50 to 70 are animators, typically have created feature-length animated films. It is relatively easy for two or three artists to match their styles; synchronizing those of dozens of artists is more difficult.

537: 2695:: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins that can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation. 2236:

encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact. 3D animation can create

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Most commonly a form of clay animation in which a long bread-like "loaf" of clay, internally packed tight and loaded with varying imagery, is sliced into thin sheets, with the animation camera taking a frame of the end of the loaf for each cut, eventually revealing the movement of the internal images

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is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the materials used to create the animation. Computer

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A mix of 2D and 3D animation elements that emphasize the illusion of depth utilizing the pseudo-3D effect. During the 1970s, the term “2.5D” started to gain recognition. But its background comes from anime and manga during the 1920s where theatrical stage productions were popular. Stage adaptations

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Another problem unique to animation is the requirement to maintain a film's consistency from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger. Animators, like all artists, necessarily have individual styles, but must subordinate their individuality in a consistent way to

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of a live-action film, but every take on an animated film must be manually rendered by animators (although the task of rendering slightly different takes has been made less tedious by modern computer animation). It is pointless for a studio to pay the salaries of dozens of animators to spend weeks

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involves the use of less detailed or more stylized drawings and methods of movement usually a choppy or "skippy" movement animation. Limited animation uses fewer drawings per second, thereby limiting the fluidity of the animation. This is a more economic technique. Pioneered by the artists at the

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Unlike live-action films, animated films were traditionally developed beyond the synopsis stage through the storyboard format; the storyboard artists would then receive credit for writing the film. In the early 1960s, animation studios began hiring professional screenwriters to write screenplays

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Most of the cel animation studios switched to producing mostly computer-animated films around the 1990s, as it proved cheaper and more profitable. Not only the very popular 3D animation style was generated with computers, but also most of the films and series with a more traditional hand-crafted

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The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and

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animation studio, founded in 1936, produced 20 films (including shorts) per year on average and reached 1,582 titles in 2018. China, Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic, Italy, France, and Belgium were other countries that more than occasionally released feature films, while Japan became a true

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is the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement, having a smooth animation. Fully animated films can be made in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works like those produced by the

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Uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.), which are sometimes manipulated frame by frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen

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The clarity of animation makes it a powerful tool for instruction, while its total malleability also allows exaggeration that can be employed to convey strong emotions and to thwart reality. It has therefore been widely used for other purposes than mere entertainment.

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for the animator to manipulate. A mesh typically includes many vertices that are connected by edges and faces, which give the visual appearance of form to a 3D object or 3D environment. Sometimes, the mesh is given an internal digital skeletal structure called an

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that would last until the 1960s. The United States dominated the world market of animation with a plethora of cel-animated theatrical shorts. Several studios would introduce characters that would become very popular and would have long-lasting careers, including

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Animation became very popular on television since the 1950s, when television sets started to become common in most developed countries. Cartoons were mainly programmed for children, on convenient time slots, and especially US youth spent many hours watching

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Involves the use of live humans as stop-motion characters. This allows for a number of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other effects. Examples of pixilation include

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Some of the original content produced for the screen can be used and marketed in other media. Stories and images can easily be adapted into children's books and other printed media. Songs and music have appeared on records and as streaming media.

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Although relatively few titles became as successful as Disney's features, other countries developed their own animation industries that produced both short and feature theatrical animations in a wide variety of styles, relatively often including

1498:' work has remained essentially the same over the past 90 years. Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" (a play on the words "traditional" and "digital") to describe cel animation that uses significant computer technology. 440:

The word "animation" stems from the Latin "animātiōn", stem of "animātiō", meaning "a bestowing of life". The earlier meaning of the English word is "liveliness" and has been in use much longer than the meaning of "moving image medium".

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for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speech or song). They are fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand, and they cannot walk. An Audio-Animatron is different from an

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creating a visually dazzling five-minute scene if that scene fails to effectively advance the plot of the film. Thus, animation studios starting with Disney began the practice in the 1930s of maintaining story departments where

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This problem is usually solved by having a separate group of visual development artists develop an overall look and palette for each film before the animation begins. Character designers on the visual development team draw

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TV series became very successful internationally since the 1960s, and European producers looking for affordable cel animators relatively often started co-productions with Japanese studios, resulting in hit series such as

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animation is a technique used in 2D animation, to give artists and animators more influence and control over the final product as everything is done within the same department. Speaking about using this approach in

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eventually broke through in the 1890s, the wonder of the realistic details in the new medium was seen as its biggest accomplishment. It took years before animation found its way to the cinemas. The successful short

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traditionally used to draw each part of the movements and changes of figures on transparent cels that could be moved over a separate background, computer animation is usually based on programming paths between

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is a form of animation by using static picture frames installed in a tunnel or a shaft. The animation illusion is created by putting the viewer in a linear motion, parallel to the installed picture frames.

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Animation has been very popular in television commercials, both due to its graphic appeal, and the humour it can provide. Some animated characters in commercials have survived for decades, such as

327:, but the exact neurological causes are still uncertain. The illusion of motion caused by a rapid succession of images that minimally differ from each other, with unnoticeable interruptions, is a 1137:

In 2010, the animation market was estimated to be worth circa US$ 80 billion. By 2021, the value had increased to an estimated US$ 370 billion. Animated feature-length films returned the highest

2558:-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009, Disney created an interactive version of the technology called Autonomatronics. 3616: 1478:, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted background by a 632: 1813:

software is widely available to create this type of animation; traditional stop-motion animation is usually less expensive but more time-consuming to produce than current computer animation.

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or wire frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, in the films of

151: 989:. Many classic cartoons found a new life on the small screen and by the end of the 1950s, the production of new animated cartoons started to shift from theatrical releases to TV series. 5824:. Unique and personal histories of early computer animation production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels. Williamstown, MA: Digital Fauxtography. 305:, or the adventures of human protagonists. Especially with animals that form a natural predator/prey relationship (e.g. cats and mice, coyotes and birds), the action often centers on 2252: 1188:

Apart from their success in movie theaters and television series, many cartoon characters would also prove lucrative when licensed for all kinds of merchandise and for other media.

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Long before modern animation began, audiences around the world were captivated by the magic of moving characters. For centuries, master artists and craftsmen have brought puppets,

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to show how each character should look like with different facial expressions, posed in different positions, and viewed from different angles. On traditionally animated projects,

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Typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting in a constructed environment, in contrast to real-world interaction in model animation. The puppets generally have an

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methods and much more formulaic scripts. Quality dwindled until more daring animation surfaced in the late 1980s and in the early 1990s with hit series, the first cartoon of

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is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life, using advanced rendering that mimics in detail skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc. Examples include

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actual output relative to total global animation output, has always been very small; the studio has overwhelmingly dominated the "aesthetic norms" of animation ever since.

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was gradually developed since the 1940s. 3D wireframe animation started popping up in the mainstream in the 1970s, with an early (short) appearance in the sci-fi thriller

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As with any other form of media, animation has instituted awards for excellence in the field. Many are part of general or regional film award programs, like the China's

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appearance, in which the charming characteristics of cel animation could be emulated with software, while new digital tools helped developing new styles and effects.

1627:(Spain, 2007). Fully animated films are often animated on "twos", sometimes on "ones", which means that 12 to 24 drawings are required for a single second of film. 6286: 1036:

While US animated series also spawned successes internationally, many other countries produced their own child-oriented programming, relatively often preferring

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shows—can also be considered animation. The mechanical manipulation of three-dimensional puppets and objects to emulate living beings has a very long history in

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in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame. The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in

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produced in Japan. Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media for television (the work of Hanna-Barbera,

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effects and split screens are often employed to blend stop-motion characters or objects with live actors and settings. Examples include the work of

7040: 3639: 1872:, are puppet-animated films that typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than manipulating one existing puppet. 7791: 6255: 6193: 5324: 2319:, John Kahrs said that "Our animators can change things, actually erase away the CG underlayer if they want, and change the profile of the arm." 1755:

is a technique combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots or live-action actors into animated shots. One of the earlier uses was in

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Other techniques can be applied, mathematical functions (e.g., gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, and effects, fire and

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is used to mimic traditional animation using computer software. The shading looks stark, with less blending of colors. Examples include

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opened in 1955 and features many attractions that were based on Disney's cartoon characters. Its enormous success spawned several other

1015:(1981–1989). The constraints of American television programming and the demand for an enormous quantity resulted in cheaper and quicker 2434:– Films created by screen capturing in video games and virtual worlds. The term originated from the software introduction in the 1980s 1313: 2171:

or other similar brick toys to make an animation. These have had a recent boost in popularity with the advent of video sharing sites,

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The so-called 3D style, more often associated with computer animation, became the dominant technique following the success of Pixar's

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is used when live-action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements into CG characters. Examples include

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that can be used to control the mesh by weighting the vertices. This process is called rigging and can be used in conjunction with

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piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film. This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light

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of one more shot is higher for animated films than live-action films. It is relatively easy for a director to ask for one more

6313: 5289: 3793: 2905: 1436:(while also continuing to use story departments) and screenplays had become commonplace for animated films by the late 1980s. 7876: 7801: 7786: 6856: 6173: 6154: 6130: 6111: 6092: 6033: 6014: 5954: 5935: 5916: 5897: 5876: 5857: 5829: 5805: 5786: 5767: 5743: 5718: 5699: 5673: 5654: 5635: 5610: 5587: 5564: 5542: 5499: 5475: 5456: 5433: 5412: 5393: 4932: 1909:

name). It uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an

1325: 6530:, a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different animation techniques (and teaching how to use them) (archived 1 October 2009). 5021: 3465: 2824: 8629: 8418: 7754: 7023: 7018: 6942: 2844: 2502: 1745: 1321: 1105: 228: 7065: 6846: 6622: 6539: 2416: 2088: 1158: 200:) to be photographed and exhibited on film. Animation has been recognized as an artistic medium, specifically within the 111: 10459: 10216: 8986: 6715: 6293: 5523: 5385: 3691: 2582:

in which characters/props are thrown, or chucked from off camera or wiggled around to simulate talking by unseen hands.

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A type of stop-motion animation produced by moving two-dimensional pieces of material paper or cloth. Examples include

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is the best known and most extreme example. Since first being licensed for a children's writing tablet in 1929, their

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3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. The 3D model maker usually starts by creating a 3D

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A variant of cutout animation in which the characters are backlit and only visible as silhouettes. Examples include

7060: 6841: 6763: 2675:: a technique using traditional 2D media, photographed over time as the artist manipulates the image. For example, 2627:: a technique that includes lights, water, fire, fog, and lasers, with high-definition projections on mist screens. 1585: 1352:(2010) also received Best Picture nominations, after the academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten. 1332: 1069: 878: 689: 658: 3178:

By now, it has grossed about $ 330 million worldwide – so it remains one of the most popular films ever made.

3026:(2014 print-on-demand ed., based on 2007 revised ed.). New Barnet: John Libbey Publishing. pp. 107–132. 9333: 8413: 6983: 6498: 6230: 6210: 3163: 2476: 2052: 2008: 927: 90: 5759:

The Animation Book: A Complete Guide to Animated Filmmaking – from Flip-books to Sound Cartoons to 3-D Animation

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with some success. Partly due to foreign markets being cut off by the Second World War, Disney's next features

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inside of them to keep them still and steady to constrain their motion to particular joints. Examples include

626:, who debuted in 1919, became the first fully realized animal character in the history of American animation. 9952: 9679: 9296: 8604: 8148: 7971: 7441: 7210: 7008: 6798: 6778: 5024: 2839: 2470: 2362: 1648: 1574: 1082: 886: 682: 10335: 9567: 9542: 8393: 8373: 7332: 7003: 6828: 6818: 6803: 6783: 3865: 3348: 3201: 3134: 1207:(an interactive form of animation that became its own medium) have been derived from films and vice versa. 397:, animated GIFs, and other media dedicated to the display of moving images, animation is also prevalent in 97: 6450: 5236: 1525:(British-French, 2010). Traditionally animated films produced with the aid of computer technology include 1104:

was the first feature film to be completely created digitally without a camera. It was produced using the

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Stop-motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world. Intercutting,

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The creation of non-trivial animation works (i.e., longer than a few seconds) has developed as a form of

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premiered their first animated feature (using the Rotoscope technique invented by Max Fleischer in 1915)

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on standard cinematographic film. Other great artistic and very influential short films were created by

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between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop motion. The technique was invented by

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were often sculpted to further help the animators see how characters would look from different angles.

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creates the illusion of motion using 1,200 fountains with high-definition projections on mist screens.

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The use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items.

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and interpolated rotoscoping. 2D animation has many applications, including After Effects Animation,

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While very many animation companies commercially exploit their creations outside moving image media,

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effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional

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The illusion of animation—as in motion pictures in general—has traditionally been attributed to the

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between 2004 and 2013. Animation as an art and industry continues to thrive as of the early 2020s.

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The Development of an Instrument to Measure the Degree of Animation Predisposition of Agent Users

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The physical movement of image parts through simple mechanics—for instance, moving images in

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when Koko was drawn over live-action footage. Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks created a series of

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Walt Disney, the Art of Animation: The Story of the Disney Studio Contribution to a New Art

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mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the

3892: 1765:(1923–1927), in which a live-action girl enters an animated world. Other examples include 834: 8: 10454: 9921: 9794: 9779: 9644: 9547: 9482: 9178: 9139: 9011: 8996: 8823: 8582: 8388: 8363: 8328: 8281: 7722: 7564: 7502: 6730: 6685: 6655: 3765:"The Cine-Files » New Screen Order: How Video Games are Changing Cinema Interiority" 3492: 2723: 2691: 2515: 2464: 1939: 1828: 1557: 1533: 1495: 1291: 1223: 1020: 599: 328: 263: 10449: 10325: 10245: 10169: 10055: 10045: 9947: 9839: 9819: 9719: 9699: 9467: 9395: 9301: 9286: 9217: 8922: 8858: 8716: 8696: 8587: 8237: 8158: 8092: 8082: 8045: 7828: 7749: 7679: 7624: 7456: 7446: 7429: 7347: 7205: 6917: 6895: 6740: 6710: 6700: 6670: 6608: 6054: 5887: 5599: 3897: 3405:"Sergio Pablos Talks About His Stunning Hand-Drawn Project 'Klaus' [Exclusive]" 3168: 3045: 2990: 2592: 2578: 2541: 2490: 2444: 2328: 2228: 2176: 2079: 1767: 1726: 1611: 1464: 1239: 1173: 1087: 1063: 933: 714: 611: 584: 562: 255: 205: 104: 6430: 201: 10424: 10375: 10164: 10087: 9937: 9891: 9864: 9859: 9849: 9764: 9724: 9502: 9390: 9380: 9306: 9234: 9114: 8959: 8954: 8883: 8838: 8801: 8738: 8726: 8644: 8592: 8526: 8521: 8497: 8465: 8197: 8192: 7941: 7834: 7434: 7161: 7102: 6883: 6725: 6690: 6660: 6169: 6150: 6126: 6107: 6088: 6029: 6010: 5989: 5979: 5950: 5931: 5912: 5893: 5872: 5853: 5825: 5801: 5782: 5763: 5757: 5739: 5714: 5695: 5669: 5650: 5631: 5606: 5583: 5560: 5538: 5519: 5495: 5489: 5471: 5452: 5429: 5423: 5408: 5389: 4928: 4627: 3374: 3076: 3053: 3035: 2708: 2676: 2562: 2270:. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques, 2153: 1933: 1642: 1636: 1539: 1409: 1256:

from the theme parks have relatively often been higher than those from their movies.

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in 1918, but one day after its premiere, the film was confiscated by the government.

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Secrets of Oscar-winning Animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations

3716: 2930: 1944: 1278:(since 1981). Awards programs dedicated to animation, with many categories, include 10395: 10385: 10295: 10223: 10206: 10201: 10122: 10050: 9916: 9911: 9901: 9896: 9844: 9784: 9754: 9709: 9572: 9472: 9385: 9348: 9053: 9001: 8927: 8868: 8781: 8577: 8570: 8460: 8333: 8185: 8170: 8134: 8119: 8052: 8023: 8003: 7912: 7838: 7781: 7664: 7639: 7406: 7379: 7295: 7178: 7151: 6905: 6808: 5971: 5576: 3785: 3027: 2849: 2770: 2145: 2014: 1997: 1651:, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in 1487: 1057: 960: 947: 821: 798: 790: 665: 512:) introduced the principle of modern animation, which would also be applied in the 370:

are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate

306: 271: 240: 224: 6471: 6431:"35 Years After Star Wars, Effects Whiz Phil Tippett Is Slowly Crafting a Mad God" 3764: 2752:

of well-liked anime series featured live performances by voice actors called 2.5D.

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The most important difference is that once a film is in the production phase, the

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to maneuver digitally created figures throughout a digitally created environment.

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Animation from Pencils to Pixels: Classical Techniques for the Digital Animator

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Brick Flicks: A Comprehensive Guide to Making Your Own Stop-Motion LEGO Movies

3432: 3057: 3049: 3021: 1388:, with certain unique aspects. Traits common to both live-action and animated 968:

powerhouse of animation production, with its own recognizable and influential

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Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation

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such as falls, collisions, and explosions that would be lethal in real life.

227:, although the two do not exist in isolation. Many moviemakers have produced 171: 9614: 5405:

Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime & CGI

5111: 3349:"Disney and Pixar's Top 5 Most Innovative Animation Technologies, Explained" 2906:"How Modern Animation Originated from Live and Stage Performances - studio9" 2779: 2132:(1980). Another example is the dragon named "Vermithrax" from the 1981 film 852: 839: 570: 546: 10176: 10159: 10112: 9962: 9906: 9437: 9432: 9363: 9239: 9183: 9134: 9109: 9097: 8828: 8560: 8555: 8492: 8455: 8433: 8423: 8301: 8232: 8212: 8114: 8072: 7978: 7961: 7759: 7628: 7569: 7549: 7529: 7471: 7424: 7325: 7257: 6922: 6900: 3840: 3409: 3031: 2730: 2635:: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on 2572: 2534: 2529: 2357: 2302: 2119: 1840: 1389: 1287: 1283: 1219: 1138: 1024: 938: 802: 742: 674: 670: 622:

process that dominated the animation industry for the rest of the century.

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to life, inspiring the imagination through physically manipulated wonders.

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Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide

2604: 10428: 10390: 10370: 10365: 10350: 10340: 10320: 10250: 10228: 10154: 10060: 10001: 9996: 9854: 9659: 9639: 9604: 9353: 9249: 9006: 8991: 8932: 8898: 8676: 8649: 8614: 8485: 8475: 8348: 8308: 8276: 8227: 8143: 8124: 8097: 7993: 7951: 7902: 7727: 7507: 7285: 7127: 7112: 5687: 2386: 2294: 2111: 2029: 1971: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1708: 1688: 1676: 1460: 1425: 1348: 1092: 1037: 956: 702: 678: 566: 505: 294: 267: 236: 10380: 10360: 10310: 10290: 10275: 10265: 10181: 10132: 9942: 9749: 9689: 9507: 9400: 9343: 9271: 9229: 9060: 8878: 8863: 8833: 8791: 8760: 8450: 8313: 8077: 8018: 7998: 7888: 7732: 7599: 7512: 7195: 7190: 7135: 2636: 2186: 2038: 2025: 1906: 1895: 1869: 1863: 1413: 1385: 1245: 1204: 1192: 1142: 1005: 1000: 794: 758: 754: 750: 726: 536: 398: 386: 363: 279: 217: 196:, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets ( 71: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3218: 2576:

is a type of animation created by the makers of the television series

1494:. The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the 1226:, as have many other Disney characters. This may have influenced some 10191: 10137: 9974: 9967: 9809: 9704: 9654: 9375: 9261: 9124: 9070: 8873: 8796: 8786: 8659: 8654: 8269: 8264: 8254: 8180: 8153: 8129: 8067: 8040: 7983: 7742: 7712: 7522: 7466: 7416: 7384: 7183: 7171: 7097: 6414:"6 Major Innovations That Sprung from the Heads of Disney Imagineers" 6006: 3538:"Disney's Paperman animated short fuses CG and hand-drawn techniques" 2715: 2660: 2435: 2430: 2366: 2309: 2282: 2251: 2200: 2162: 2105: 1785: 1668: 1235: 1169: 1121: 1051: 857: 746: 615: 517: 467: 421: 355: 337: 302: 8853: 2659:: a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying 2110:

A variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create

1157:

During World War II, animation was widely exploited for propaganda.

1116:

in the late 1980s, in a style similar to traditional cel animation.

46: 10077: 9739: 9634: 9420: 9410: 9358: 9048: 8507: 8259: 7936: 7737: 7604: 7554: 7539: 7517: 7389: 7366: 6878: 6600: 6314:"Stone-Age Animation in a Digital World: William Kentridge at MoMA" 2680: 2671: 2546: 2404: 2315: 2274: 1672: 1429: 1180:" commercials in 1966, which were very successful for the company. 1041: 607: 513: 351: 332: 174:

animation above consists of these six frames repeated indefinitely.

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showing the cut and articulated figure of his satirical character

10400: 10082: 10025: 9043: 4496: 4154: 3609:"How Spain's animation sector became a force to be reckoned with" 3466:"Exclusive Interview: John Kahrs & Kristina Reed on PAPERMAN" 3437: 2764: 2644: 2392: 2172: 1927: 1883: 688:

The enormous success of Mickey Mouse is seen as the start of the

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was thought to have invented the Magic Lantern in the mid-1600s.

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The Film Industry in Argentina: An Illustrated Cultural History

3692:"What Are Disney's 12 Principles of Animation? (With Examples)" 1706:(US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in 1033:(since 1999) as part of a "renaissance" of American animation. 941:

became the first to also release more than a handful features.

782: 762: 681:'s studio at the forefront of the animation industry. Although 425: 275: 7854: 6194:"NY Film Critics Didn't like a Single Animated Film This Year" 5182: 5180: 4741: 4647: 4645: 150: 10040: 9173: 9151: 9144: 8944: 7654: 6680: 6533: 5839:

Needham, Joseph (1962). "Science and Civilization in China".

5265:"What is 2.5D? The Look Dominating Animation and Video Games" 5042: 4920: 2794: 2704: 1920: 1664: 1200: 1196: 1109: 1058:

Wickie und die starken Männer/小さなバイキングビッケ (Vicky the Viking)

1045: 969: 698: 367: 185: 6166:

Audiovisions: Cinema and Television as Entr'actes in History

4705: 4424: 4286: 4045: 4043: 3297:"The Arrival of Computer Animation: The Rescuers Down Under" 1878: 1455: 9092: 7885: 7232: 5907:

Pilling, Jayne (1997). Society of Animation Studies (ed.).

5388:. pp. 58, 86, 143, 151, 176, 201, 226, 243, 292, 304. 5177: 4642: 4436: 4388: 4366: 4364: 4322: 4310: 4262: 4055: 3977: 3815: 3430: 3244:"What was the first movie to feature a CGI lead character?" 2746: 2687:

for his auteur technique of animating scratches on plaster.

2376:. These techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics. 2168: 1400: 1304:

List of animated feature films nominated for Academy Awards

1183: 1125:(1995), the first computer-animated feature in this style. 945:

began to regularly produce animated features starting with

579:(1908), regarded as the oldest known example of a complete 525: 4840: 4568: 4484: 4472: 4238: 4214: 2537:

to create machines that seem animate rather than robotic.

156:

2D computer animation moving at 10 frames per second (FPS)

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Learning with Animation. Research implications for design

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Disneyana Fan Club | Preserving the Legacy of Walt Disney

1609:

are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works,

1501:

Examples of traditionally animated feature films include

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An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by

1191:

Animation has traditionally been very closely related to

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was especially prolific and had huge hit series, such as

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Industrial Light & Magic: The Art of Special Effects

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1987 release – $ 46,594,212; 1993 release – $ 41,634,471

1148: 913:(both 1940), Fleischer Studios' second animated feature 5141: 5054: 4941: 4878: 4681: 4592: 4544: 4178: 3073:

Hollywood Cartoons American Animation in Its Golden Age

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figures are created or edited on the computer using 2D

1854:

and the adult animated sketch-comedy television series

6292:. Olympia, WA: Evergreen State College. Archived from 5601:

Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940

4924:

Foundations of Physically Based Modeling and Animation

4890: 4693: 4669: 4556: 4376: 4346: 4298: 4274: 4139: 4028: 4013: 3965: 3917: 3262: 3089: 220:, has continued to exist alongside these other forms. 6265:. Board of Investments. November 2009. Archived from 5259: 5257: 5216: 4902: 4828: 4777: 4729: 4412: 4334: 4190: 3953: 3666:"Artists wanted — in VFX, animation, gaming and more" 270:

technique to two- and three-dimensional objects like

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A Century of Model Animation: From Méliès to Aardman

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Donald H. House; John C. Keyser (30 November 2016).

4816: 4792: 4657: 4520: 4127: 3989: 3929: 3640:"The millennial daring to change animation industry" 3588: 3557: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2760: 610:" became an industry in the US. Successful producer 591:

with detailed hand-drawn animation in films such as

7797:

List of animated television series by episode count

6334:"How'd They Do That?: Stop-Motion Secrets Revealed" 5153: 4977: 4604: 4532: 4448: 4067: 2549:animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by 677:, popularized film-with-synchronized-sound and put 374:. For display on computers, technology such as the 6240:"The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator" 6003:Moving Innovation: A History of Computer Animation 5598: 5575: 5451:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 5444: 5254: 4400: 4001: 3493:"'Paperman' short to play before 'Wreck it Ralph'" 1966:Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit 5682: 4765: 4526: 4514: 4502: 3340: 2867: 2591:used mechanical slides to project moving images. 289:is an animated film, usually short, featuring an 10441: 1671:, and other TV animation studios) and later the 1076: 239:3D animations into their film rather than using 7792:List of animated films by box office admissions 5869:Computer Animation: Algorithms & Techniques 5796:Lowe, Richard; Schnotz, Wolfgang, eds. (2008). 5447:Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation 5020: 3516:"Inside Disney's New Animated Short 'Paperman'" 3431:Netflix: Behind the Streams (10 October 2019). 3010: 2892:"The definition of animation on dictionary.com" 2255:A 2D animation of two circles joined by a chain 2167:A subgenre of object animation involving using 1392:are labor intensity and high production costs. 1238:has many avid collectors, and even a dedicated 6073: 5663: 4997:"About Magic Lanterns | Magic Lantern Society" 4097: 3288: 2129:Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back 606:During the 1910s, the production of animated " 30:"Animate" redirects here. For other uses, see 7870: 6616: 5821:CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference 5727: 5234: 4292: 4268: 882:in 1926, the oldest extant animated feature. 587:with his puppet animations since 1910 and by 486:Prof. Stampfers Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X 6026:Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation 5596: 5323:Anderson, Joseph and Barbara (Spring 1993). 5048: 4860:"Cel Shading: the Unsung Hero of Animation?" 3192:"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs – Releases" 6428: 6411: 6389:"A Rather Incomplete But Still Fascinating" 5843:. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. 5795: 5329:The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited 4959: 4846: 4747: 4550: 3740:"The Raid Bugs: Characters We Love To Hate" 2703:: sand is moved around on a back- or front- 7877: 7863: 6623: 6609: 6478:. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. 16 April 2012 6386: 5871:. Ohio State University: Morgan Kaufmann. 5619: 5535:Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928 5073:Staff, Animation Obsessive (19 May 2023). 3189:1987 and 1993 grosses from North America: 3183: 3154: 2175:and the availability of cheap cameras and 1336:was the first animated film nominated for 1224:depicted on an enormous amount of products 1055:(The Netherlands/Japan/France 1973–1977), 424:. Electronic automata were popularized by 6231:"A Little More About Disney's "Paperman"" 6163: 5944: 5752: 5484: 5421: 5407:. Fulhamm London: Flame Tree Publishing. 5290:"What is 2.5-Dimensional (2.5D) Culture?" 5210: 5186: 4651: 4586: 4574: 4478: 4442: 4430: 4394: 4370: 4328: 4316: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4184: 4160: 4109: 4085: 4061: 3983: 3947: 3911: 3893:"Academy Expands Best-Picture Pool to 10" 3571:"Global animation market value 2020-2030" 3490: 3463: 3160:Total prior to 50th anniversary reissue: 2438:, as well as the 1990s recordings of the 1168:in advertisements for Kellogg's cereals. 266:. Other common animation methods apply a 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 6365: 6237: 6139: 5800:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5738:]. University Press of Mississippi. 5537:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5442: 5322: 4049: 4022: 3845:European Animation Awards | Emile Awards 3594: 3372: 3095: 2603: 2336: 2250: 1877: 1454: 1359: 1184:Other media, merchandise and theme parks 820: 628: 535: 491: 480: 455: 6523:The making of an 8-minute cartoon short 6311: 6023: 5963: 5906: 5847: 5838: 5644: 5551: 5532: 5343: 5198: 5171: 5147: 5135: 5098: 5060: 4947: 4687: 4663: 4490: 4466: 4382: 4355: 4304: 4280: 4208: 4196: 4172: 4148: 4034: 3971: 3959: 3923: 3606: 3346: 3161: 3070: 3020:(2007). "Classical-era Disney Studio". 3016: 2971: 2959: 2947: 2820:International Animated Film Association 2423:The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild 1739: 1009:(since 1969) and Belgian co-production 919:(1941–1942) and Disney's feature films 14: 10442: 6331: 6084:Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life 6042: 5947:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Cinemas 5925: 5866: 5814: 5776: 5708: 5666:The Do-It-Yourself Film Animation Book 5573: 5465: 4983: 4971: 4908: 4896: 4834: 4810: 4786: 4759: 4723: 4699: 4675: 4610: 4256: 3995: 3890: 3737: 3663: 3503:from the original on 24 December 2023. 3140:Australian Centre for the Moving Image 3135:"The Lasting Legacy of Lotte Reiniger" 2878: 1868:Created using techniques developed by 1601:) to the more 'cartoon' styles of the 816: 652: 7858: 6604: 6351:"Gender in Media: Females Don't Rule" 6348: 6284: 6211:"Oldest Animation Discovered in Iran" 6191: 6125:. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis. 6120: 6101: 5970:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 5626:. North Carolina: McFarland. p. 5508: 5366:from the original on 19 October 2013. 5222: 5159: 5072: 4735: 4616: 4562: 4538: 4133: 4121: 4073: 3935: 3637: 3513: 3464:Bernstein, Abbie (25 February 2013). 3445:from the original on 22 November 2021 3402: 3132: 2986:"The Cat With the Killer Personality" 2237:images that seem real to the viewer. 1149:Education, propaganda and commercials 869:After working on it for three years, 7765:Films with live action and animation 6630: 6540: 6448: 6228: 6208: 6000: 5964:Sammond, Nicholas (27 August 2015). 5945:Rojas, Carlos; Chow, Eileen (2013). 5885: 5728:Lawson, Tim; Persons, Alisa (2004). 5664:Godfrey, Bob; Jackson, Anna (1974). 5605:. London: Laurence King Publishing. 5402: 5379: 4884: 4822: 4798: 4771: 4711: 4598: 4454: 4418: 4406: 4340: 4007: 3619:from the original on 24 January 2024 3373:Zorthian, Julia (19 November 2015). 3294: 3164:"'Snow White' At 50: Undimmed Magic" 2983: 2845:Twelve basic principles of animation 1746:Films with live action and animation 1718:(US, 2006). Some other examples are 1106:Computer Animation Production System 846:In 1917, Italian-Argentine director 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 6449:Zohn, Patricia (28 February 2010). 6429:Watercutter, Angela (24 May 2012). 6332:Kenyon, Heather (1 February 1998). 6287:"Experimental Animation Techniques" 5736:A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors 5647:Art in Motion: Animation Aesthetics 5597:Faber, Liz; Walters, Helen (2004). 5315: 3689: 3491:Breznican, Anthony (28 June 2012). 3347:Allison, Austin (23 January 2022). 2663:on sheets of glass, for example by 2417:The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker 1412:develop every single scene through 1023:(1987), which later developed into 873:released the German feature-length 850:made the first feature-length film 293:. The style takes inspiration from 250: 184:is a filmmaking technique by which 24: 10217:List of American independent films 6412:O'Keefe, Matt (11 November 2014). 6368:"Hollywood Is Giving Up on Comedy" 5494:(Revised ed.). Abrams Books. 5470:. New York and London: Routledge. 5386:State University of New York Press 4862:. Animator Mag. 17 December 2011. 3868:. 18 November 2014. Archived from 3796:from the original on 26 April 2023 3322:"First fully digital feature film" 3270:"First fully digital feature film" 3176:from the original on 4 June 2014. 2998:from the original on 11 April 2014 2825:International Tournée of Animation 2195:The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb 1132: 771:Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner 581:traditional (hand-drawn) animation 229:films that are a hybrid of the two 27:Method of creating moving pictures 25: 10471: 6857:Modern TV cable and streaming era 6492: 6472:"Władysław Starewicz – Biography" 6312:Carbone, Ken (24 February 2010). 6184: 5713:. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 5382:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art 5235:Digitalnomads (24 October 2023). 4866:from the original on 5 March 2016 3133:Lewis, Maria (15 December 2020). 2931:"Winsor McCay: American Animator" 1297: 233:approximates photographic imagery 10423: 10414: 10413: 7833: 7824: 7823: 6583: 6566: 6549: 5928:The Art of Stop-Motion Animation 5762:. New York: Three Rivers Press. 5282: 5228: 5104: 5066: 5014: 4989: 4914: 4852: 3891:Cieply, Michael (24 June 2009). 3738:Taylor, Heather (10 June 2019). 3664:Conner, Shawn (21 August 2022). 3276:. Guinness World Records Limited 2763: 2305:file of which part is animated. 879:Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed 690:golden age of American animation 659:Golden Age of American animation 163: 149: 45: 7884: 6238:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1996). 6192:Amidi, Amid (2 December 2011). 6028:. New York: Random House, Inc. 5841:Physics and Physical Technology 5578:The Faber Book of French Cinema 5443:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1994). 4626:. Ampsvideo.com. Archived from 3884: 3858: 3833: 3808: 3778: 3757: 3731: 3709: 3683: 3657: 3638:Maina, Margaret (17 May 2023). 3631: 3607:Mayorga, Emilio (19 May 2023). 3600: 3563: 3530: 3507: 3484: 3457: 3424: 3396: 3366: 3295:Ness, Mari (17 December 2015). 3236: 3211: 3126: 3101: 3064: 2984:Cart, Michael (31 March 1991). 2053:The Adventures of Prince Achmed 2018:(France/Czechoslovakia, 1973); 1228:pejorative use of Mickey's name 892:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 56:needs additional citations for 6366:McDuling, John (3 July 2014). 6168:. Amsterdam University Press. 6106:. New York: Ballantine Books. 5930:. Thompson Course Technology. 5491:Winsor McCay: His Life and Art 3162:Culhane, John (12 July 1987). 3023:Art in Motion, Revised Edition 2977: 2923: 2898: 2884: 1882:A clay animation scene from a 1835:The Nightmare Before Christmas 1798: 1682: 1561:(Irish-French-Belgian, 2009). 1444: 1250:Disney theme parks and resorts 1172:was the producer of the first 1061:(Austria/Germany/Japan 1974), 13: 1: 7787:Most expensive animated films 7442:Direct manipulation animation 7093:Barrier-grid and stereography 6164:Zielinski, Siegfried (1999). 5909:A Reader in Animation Studies 5346:"Computers in Human Behavior" 4527:Harryhausen & Dalton 2008 4515:Harryhausen & Dalton 2008 4503:Harryhausen & Dalton 2008 2856: 2840:Society for Animation Studies 2522: 1649:United Productions of America 1603:Warner Bros. animation studio 1439: 1355: 1234:sell well, and the so-called 1083:History of computer animation 1077:Switch from cels to computers 1044:over cel animation. Japanese 979: 825:Italian-Argentine cartoonist 531: 223:Animation is contrasted with 7333:Non-photorealistic rendering 6374:. The Atlantic Monthly Group 6209:Ball, Ryan (12 March 2008). 5911:. Indiana University Press. 5649:. Indiana University Press. 5075:"'The Cow': Paint in Motion" 2861: 2116:Industrial Light & Magic 2009:Monty Python's Flying Circus 1978:The Adventures of Mark Twain 739:Warner Bros. Cartoon Studios 435: 7: 6965:International Animation Day 6229:Beck, Jerry (2 July 2012). 6146:The Animator's Survival Kit 5949:. Oxford University Press. 5731:The Magic Behind the Voices 5557:Animation: Script to Screen 5344:Serenko, Alexander (2007). 5325:"Journal of Film and Video" 5001:www.magiclanternsociety.org 3472:. Midnight Productions, Inc 3403:Amidi, Amid (1 June 2015). 3075:. Oxford University Press. 2830:List of film-related topics 2815:International Animation Day 2756: 2615:Disney California Adventure 2222: 2032:the first cutout animation 2006:'s animated sequences from 1696:is a technique patented by 10: 10476: 10108:Classical Hollywood cinema 9297:Commedia sexy all'italiana 8205:Exploitation film template 8149:Commedia sexy all'italiana 7435:Linear Animation Generator 7338:Physically based animation 6349:Nagel, Jan (21 May 2008). 5620:Finkielman, Jorge (2004). 5425:Animation: The Whole Story 5422:Beckerman, Howard (2003). 5310: 4098:Thomas & Johnston 1981 3816:"51st Annual Annie Awards" 3514:Sarto, Dan (1 June 2012). 2563:Linear Animation Generator 2511:Physically based animation 2326: 2244: 2226: 1963:(UK, 1984). Films include 1802: 1743: 1686: 1634: 1630: 1552:The Triplets of Belleville 1482:onto motion picture film. 1448: 1301: 1263: 1080: 656: 516:(introduced in 1866), the 508:disc (better known as the 462:Early history of animation 459: 448: 444: 210:computer-generated imagery 188:are manipulated to create 36:Animation (disambiguation) 29: 10460:Film and video technology 10409: 10012: 9930: 9675:German underground horror 9630:Documentary Film Movement 9538:American eccentric cinema 9523: 8769: 7895: 7819: 7688: 7617: 7490: 7415: 7365: 7271: 7223: 7204: 7126: 7083: 7076: 7024:Children's animated films 6973: 6871: 6754: 6646: 6639: 6513:Resources in your library 6353:. Animation World Network 6336:. Animation World Network 6242:. Animation World Network 6102:Smith, Thomas G. (1986). 6024:Solomon, Charles (1989). 5852:. John Wiley & Sons. 5848:Neupert, Richard (2011). 5645:Furniss, Maureen (1998). 5335:(1): 3–13. Archived from 5294:Google Arts & Culture 5237:"What is 2.5D animation?" 5025:"Hydrotechnics animation" 4293:Lawson & Persons 2004 4269:Lawson & Persons 2004 3558:Board of Investments 2009 3518:. Animation World Network 3071:Barrier, Michael (2003). 2283:analog computer animation 1943:shorts (UK, as of 1989), 1850:(US, 2009), the films of 1259: 1067:(Japan/Germany 1975) and 991:Hanna-Barbera Productions 987:Saturday-morning cartoons 787:Universal Cartoon Studios 735:Casper the Friendly Ghost 711:Paramount Cartoon Studios 6933:Animation film festivals 6387:McLaughlin, Dan (2001). 5850:French Animation History 5781:. Tiger Mountain Press. 5574:Drazin, Charles (2011). 5533:Crafton, Donald (1993). 5466:Buchan, Suzanne (2013). 5372: 5049:Faber & Walters 2004 4163:, pp. 35–36, 52–53. 3690:Lee, Tina (2 May 2019). 2656:Paint-on-glass animation 2599: 2551:Walt Disney Imagineering 2503:How to Train Your Dragon 2477:The Adventures of Tintin 2379: 2351:Caminandes | Llama Drama 2092:(1963), and the work of 1937:shorts (UK, 1977–2000), 1663:(UK, 1968), and certain 1607:Disney animated features 1513:(United Kingdom, 1954), 1314:Best Animated Short Film 1266:List of animation awards 1232:licensed Disney products 569:and reportedly inspired 291:exaggerated visual style 235:, filmmakers can easily 32:Animate (disambiguation) 9610:Cinema of Transgression 8744:Cinema of Transgression 7755:Twelve basic principles 7675:Instructional animation 6285:Brown, Margery (2003). 5926:Priebe, Ken A. (2006). 4847:Lowe & Schnotz 2008 4748:Lowe & Schnotz 2008 4714:, pp. 32, 70, 132. 3696:Academy of Animated Art 2800:Architectural animation 2632:Drawn-on-film animation 2089:Jason and the Argonauts 1905:, which, however, is a 1774:Who Framed Roger Rabbit 1564: 1507:(United States, 1940), 1216:The Walt Disney Company 1114:The Walt Disney Company 1101:The Rescuers Down Under 999:(1960–1966) (the first 695:Walt Disney Productions 299:anthropomorphic animals 9695:Hollywood on the Tiber 7353:Virtual cinematography 6950:Highest-grossing films 6852:Early TV broadcast era 6451:"Coloring the Kingdom" 6395:. UCLA. Archived from 5777:Ledoux, Trish (1997). 5709:Herman, Sarah (2014). 5559:. St. Martin's Press. 3433:"The Origins of Klaus" 3379:Changed Movie History" 3326:Guinness World Records 3274:Guinness World Records 3032:10.2307/j.ctt2005zgm.9 2618: 2353: 2256: 1950:Dimensions of Dialogue 1887: 1468: 1467:'s 19th-century photos 1381: 1112:in collaboration with 943:Sullivan-Bluth Studios 843: 649: 549: 501: 489: 231:. As CGI increasingly 204:. Many animations are 202:entertainment industry 9685:Grupo Cine Liberación 9625:Czechoslovak New Wave 9620:Commedia all'italiana 7967:Commedia all'italiana 7670:Independent animation 7660:Educational animation 6049:. Simon and Schuster. 5976:10.1515/9780822375784 5886:Paul, Joshua (2005). 5867:Parent, Rick (2007). 5582:. Faber & Faber. 5269:www.vfxapprentice.com 2835:Motion graphic design 2810:Independent animation 2607: 2349: 2322: 2254: 2240: 2063:Princes et Princesses 1886:television commercial 1881: 1752:Live-action/animation 1703:The Lord of the Rings 1490:and newer media with 1472:Traditional animation 1458: 1451:Traditional animation 1405:principal photography 1377: 1318:Best Animated Feature 1166:Snap, Crackle and Pop 1159:Many American studios 1108:(CAPS), developed by 1030:SpongeBob SquarePants 824: 640: 539: 495: 484: 456:Before cinematography 317:persistence of vision 258:can be very detailed 214:Stop motion animation 194:traditional animation 10212:Guerrilla filmmaking 9875:Kitchen sink realism 9830:Praška filmska škola 9760:New French Extremity 9670:German Expressionist 9578:Kitchen sink realism 9443:Contemporary Western 9223:Environmental issues 8754:New French Extremity 8712:New French Extremity 8537:Softcore pornography 8532:Hardcore pornography 8399:New French Extremity 7650:Animated documentary 7482:Whiteboard animation 7375:Traditional puppetry 7019:Adult animated films 6928:Biologist simulators 6891:Animation department 6416:. Theme Park Tourist 6121:White, Tony (2006). 6043:Thomas, Bob (1958). 5668:. BBC Publications. 5403:Beck, Jerry (2004). 5339:on 24 November 2009. 4630:on 24 September 2010 3497:Entertainment Weekly 3248:faroutmagazine.co.uk 3219:"Don Bluth Contents" 2785:Animation department 2516:computer simulations 2440:first-person shooter 2411:Appleseed Ex Machina 2369:to create movement. 2333:3D computer graphics 2291:PowerPoint animation 2247:2D computer graphics 2126:scenes for the film 2086:, as seen in films, 2046:Silhouette animation 1985:Strata-cut animation 1940:Wallace & Gromit 1931:(Italy, 1974–2005), 1860:(US, 2005–present). 1740:Live-action blending 1654:Gerald McBoing-Boing 1586:Beauty and the Beast 1555:(France, 2003), and 1333:Beauty and the Beast 1272:Golden Rooster Award 1141:(around 52%) of all 1073:(Italy/Japan 1989). 916:Mr. Bug Goes to Town 875:silhouette animation 833:(based on President 451:History of animation 264:real-time renderings 65:improve this article 9948:Children and family 9922:Yugoslav Black Wave 9795:Nuevo Cine Mexicano 9680:Nigerian Golden Age 9645:European art cinema 9548:Australian New Wave 7723:Character animation 7503:Character animation 7041:Children's animated 6399:on 19 November 2009 6149:. Faber and Faber. 6087:. Abbeville Press. 5889:Digital Video Hacks 5468:Pervasive Animation 5079:Animation Obsessive 4493:, pp. 170–171. 4433:, pp. 150–151. 4124:, pp. 195–201. 3872:on 18 November 2014 2724:Character animation 2692:Pinscreen animation 2683:erasure films, and 2514:is animation using 1829:The Tale of the Fox 1558:The Secret of Kells 1534:The Prince of Egypt 1519:(Italy, 1998), and 1496:character animators 1326:Best Original Score 972:style of effective 963:techniques. Soviet 928:Alice in Wonderland 887:Walt Disney Studios 817:Features before CGI 653:American golden age 600:Gertie the Dinosaur 329:stroboscopic effect 206:computer animations 10246:Major film studios 9840:Pure Film Movement 9820:Polish Film School 9720:Italian neorealist 9700:Hong Kong New Wave 9302:Mexican sex comedy 8359:German underground 7750:Creature animation 7680:Virtual newscaster 7625:Abstract animation 7457:Ink-wash animation 7447:Humanoid animation 7430:Audio-Animatronics 6994:Lost or unfinished 6918:Animation database 6896:Animation director 6272:on 19 October 2012 6215:Animation Magazine 6001:Sito, Tom (2013). 5892:. O'Reilly Media. 5428:. Allworth Press. 5380:Baer, Eva (1983). 4887:, pp. 207–08. 4762:, pp. 127–28. 4750:, pp. 246–47. 4601:, pp. 357–63. 4445:, pp. 151–54. 4397:, pp. 155–56. 4331:, pp. 162–63. 4319:, pp. 163–64. 4211:, pp. 194–95. 4100:, pp. 277–79. 4064:, pp. 99–100. 3986:, pp. 100–01. 3898:The New York Times 3328:. 27 February 2024 3169:The New York Times 2991:The New York Times 2679:is famous for his 2639:; for example, by 2619: 2593:Christiaan Huygens 2579:Action League Now! 2542:Audio-Animatronics 2491:Computer animation 2354: 2329:Computer animation 2301:in the form of an 2257: 2234:Computer animation 2229:Computer animation 2177:animation software 1888: 1768:Allegro Non Troppo 1612:The Secret of NIMH 1580:The Little Mermaid 1575:Walt Disney studio 1469: 1465:Eadweard Muybridge 1410:storyboard artists 1382: 1322:Best Original Song 1294:awards in Brazil. 1290:in Europe and the 1240:Disneyana Fan Club 1088:Computer animation 1064:Maya the Honey Bee 1003:animated series), 934:Lady and the Tramp 898:Gulliver's Travels 844: 775:MGM cartoon studio 715:Out of the Inkwell 683:Disney Animation's 650: 612:John Randolph Bray 585:Ladislas Starevich 563:J. Stuart Blackton 550: 502: 490: 474:, and fantastical 297:, often featuring 256:Computer animation 10437: 10436: 10376:Socialist realist 10088:Behind-the-scenes 9865:Socialist realist 9860:Spaghetti Western 9850:Romanian New Wave 9725:Japanese New Wave 9391:Sword and sorcery 9307:Nazi exploitation 8889:Mumbai underworld 8645:Planetary romance 7852: 7851: 7613: 7612: 7540:Erasure animation 7361: 7360: 7103:Limited animation 7046:Computer-animated 6984:Computer-animated 6906:Animation studios 6867: 6866: 6499:Library resources 6175:978-90-5356-303-8 6156:978-0-571-20228-7 6141:Williams, Richard 6132:978-0-240-80670-9 6113:978-0-345-32263-0 6094:978-0-89659-233-9 6035:978-0-394-54684-1 6016:978-0-262-01909-5 6005:. Massachusetts: 5956:978-0-19-998844-0 5937:978-1-59863-244-6 5918:978-1-86462-000-9 5899:978-0-596-00946-5 5878:978-0-12-532000-9 5859:978-1-4443-3836-2 5831:978-0-9778710-0-1 5807:978-0-521-85189-3 5788:978-0-9649542-5-0 5769:978-0-517-88602-1 5745:978-1-57806-696-4 5720:978-1-62914-649-2 5701:978-0-8230-9980-1 5675:978-0-563-10829-0 5656:978-1-86462-039-9 5637:978-0-7864-1628-8 5612:978-1-85669-346-2 5589:978-0-571-21849-3 5566:978-0-312-05052-8 5544:978-0-226-11667-9 5501:978-0-8109-5941-5 5477:978-0-415-80723-4 5458:978-0-253-20937-5 5435:978-1-58115-301-9 5414:978-1-84451-140-2 5395:978-0-87395-602-4 5189:, pp. 22–24. 5174:, pp. 30–33. 4974:, pp. 22–23. 4934:978-1-315-35581-8 4813:, pp. 78–80. 4726:, pp. 71–72. 4654:, pp. 75–79. 4577:, pp. 51–57. 4565:, pp. 91–95. 4517:, pp. 222–26 4481:, pp. 59–60. 4469:, pp. 52–54. 4421:, pp. 92–93. 4343:, pp. 18–19. 4259:, p. 24, 29. 4247:, pp. 54–55. 4223:, pp. 25–26. 4175:, pp. 63–65. 4052:, pp. 52–57. 2780:Animated war film 2677:William Kentridge 2672:Erasure animation 2613:hydrotechnics at 2471:A Christmas Carol 2374:water simulations 2347: 2299:still photographs 2154:Graphic animation 2094:Willis H. O'Brien 2012:(UK, 1969–1974); 1925:(US, 1957–1967), 1643:Limited animation 1637:Limited animation 1375: 1316:(since 1932) and 1254:Disney's earnings 1199:are adapted into 1017:limited animation 974:limited animation 863:Sin dejar rastros 848:Quirino Cristiani 827:Quirino Cristiani 767:Sylvester the Cat 707:Fleischer Studios 638: 559:The Haunted Hotel 395:television series 319:and later to the 241:practical effects 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 10467: 10427: 10417: 10416: 10396:Vulgar auteurism 10224:Interstitial art 10202:Hyperlink cinema 9917:Vulgar auteurism 9912:Toronto New Wave 9902:Telefoni Bianchi 9897:Sword-and-sandal 9715:Italian futurist 9710:Iranian New Wave 9573:British New Wave 9386:Sword-and-sandal 9267:Rape and revenge 9208:Mouth of Garbage 9054:Tentacle erotica 9002:Goona-goona epic 8982:Extraterrestrial 8869:Heroic bloodshed 8503:Occult detective 8334:Christmas horror 8186:Sword-and-sandal 7918:Hong Kong action 7913:Heroic bloodshed 7879: 7872: 7865: 7856: 7855: 7837: 7827: 7826: 7807:anime franchises 7782:Cartoon violence 7770:highest grossing 7665:Erotic animation 7640:Animated cartoon 7407:Supermarionation 7380:Digital puppetry 7301:Facial animation 7221: 7220: 7081: 7080: 6954:Opening weekends 6644: 6643: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6542: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6298: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6271: 6260: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6234: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6179: 6160: 6136: 6117: 6098: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6050: 6039: 6020: 5997: 5960: 5941: 5922: 5903: 5882: 5863: 5844: 5835: 5816:Masson, Terrence 5811: 5792: 5773: 5749: 5724: 5705: 5684:Harryhausen, Ray 5679: 5660: 5641: 5616: 5604: 5593: 5581: 5570: 5548: 5529: 5505: 5481: 5462: 5450: 5439: 5418: 5399: 5367: 5365: 5350: 5340: 5316:Journal articles 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5201:, pp. 8–10. 5196: 5190: 5184: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4551:Watercutter 2012 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4505:, pp. 9–11. 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3719:. 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Cartoon Brew. 6219: 6217: 6199: 6197: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6157: 6133: 6114: 6095: 6079:Johnston, Ollie 6062: 6061: 6052: 6051: 6036: 6017: 5986: 5957: 5938: 5919: 5900: 5879: 5860: 5832: 5808: 5789: 5770: 5746: 5721: 5702: 5694:. Aurum Press. 5676: 5657: 5638: 5613: 5590: 5567: 5553:Culhane, Shamus 5545: 5526: 5518:. Focal Press. 5502: 5486:Canemaker, John 5478: 5459: 5436: 5415: 5396: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5348: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5051:, p. 1979. 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3820:annieawards.org 3814: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3512: 3508: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3223:www.cataroo.com 3217: 3216: 3212: 3197:Box Office Mojo 3190: 3188: 3184: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3069: 3065: 3042: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2937:. 22 July 2023. 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2790:Animated series 2769: 2762: 2759: 2739:Special effects 2602: 2525: 2420:(2002, Japan), 2414:(2007, Japan), 2382: 2337: 2335: 2327:Main articles: 2325: 2287:Flash animation 2268:vector graphics 2264:bitmap graphics 2249: 2243: 2231: 2225: 2084:Ray Harryhausen 2074:Model animation 2066:(France, 2000). 2058:Weimar Republic 1807: 1801: 1789:(US, 1996) and 1771:(Italy, 1976), 1748: 1742: 1736:(Japan, 2013). 1712:(US, 2001) and 1691: 1685: 1639: 1633: 1567: 1549:(Japan, 2001), 1543:(Japan, 1988), 1522:The Illusionist 1516:Lucky and Zorba 1453: 1447: 1442: 1379:Joy & Heron 1360: 1358: 1306: 1300: 1280:ASIFA-Hollywood 1268: 1262: 1186: 1178:Kills Bugs Dead 1151: 1135: 1133:Economic status 1085: 1079: 1070:The Jungle Book 996:The Flintstones 982: 819: 661: 655: 629: 618:, patented the 534: 510:phenakistiscope 464: 458: 453: 447: 438: 407:user interfaces 403:motion graphics 385:In addition to 380:Flash animation 348:phenakistiscope 253: 179: 178: 177: 176: 175: 168: 159: 158: 157: 154: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10473: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10431: 10421: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10331:Reverse motion 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10281:Modernist film 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10226: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10143:midnight movie 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10033: 10028: 10022: 10020: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10004: 9999: 9989: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9945: 9940: 9934: 9932: 9931:By demographic 9928: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9870:Social realist 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9825:Poliziotteschi 9822: 9817: 9815:Poetic realist 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9770:New generation 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9745:Modernist film 9742: 9737: 9735:L.A. Rebellion 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9600:Cinéma du look 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9529: 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9513:Zapata Western 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9493:Singing cowboy 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9448:Dacoit Western 9445: 9440: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9329:Shoshimin-eiga 9326: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9317:Nunsploitation 9314: 9312:Pornochanchada 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9085: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8987:Food and drink 8984: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8965:Blaxploitation 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8894:Poliziotteschi 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8749:Extreme cinema 8746: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8524: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8329:Chinese horror 8326: 8321: 8316: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8195: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7964: 7959: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7882: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7859: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7831: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7706:Mickey Mousing 7703: 7692: 7690: 7689:Related topics 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7580:Straight ahead 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7560:Paint-on-glass 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7500: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7477:Squigglevision 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7452:Idle animation 7449: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7421: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7311:Motion capture 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7263:Onion skinning 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7218: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7164: 7159: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7132: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7118:Exposure sheet 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7036:Adult animated 7028: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6989:Feature-length 6986: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6842:The Golden Age 6839: 6833:United States 6831: 6829:United Kingdom 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6628: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6598: 6597: 6595:from Wikiquote 6580: 6563: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493:External links 6491: 6489: 6488: 6468: 6446: 6426: 6409: 6384: 6363: 6346: 6329: 6309: 6282: 6252: 6235: 6226: 6206: 6196:. Cartoon Brew 6188: 6186: 6185:Online sources 6183: 6181: 6180: 6174: 6161: 6155: 6137: 6131: 6118: 6112: 6099: 6093: 6071: 6040: 6034: 6021: 6015: 5998: 5984: 5961: 5955: 5942: 5936: 5923: 5917: 5904: 5898: 5883: 5877: 5864: 5858: 5845: 5836: 5830: 5812: 5806: 5793: 5787: 5774: 5768: 5754:Laybourne, Kit 5750: 5744: 5725: 5719: 5706: 5700: 5680: 5674: 5661: 5655: 5642: 5636: 5617: 5611: 5594: 5588: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5543: 5530: 5525:978-0240520704 5524: 5510:Cotte, Olivier 5506: 5500: 5482: 5476: 5463: 5457: 5440: 5434: 5419: 5413: 5400: 5394: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5341: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5281: 5253: 5227: 5225:, p. 203. 5215: 5213:, p. xiv. 5211:Laybourne 1998 5203: 5191: 5187:Laybourne 1998 5176: 5164: 5152: 5150:, p. 204. 5140: 5128: 5112:"Piotr Dumała" 5103: 5091: 5065: 5063:, p. 222. 5053: 5041: 5013: 4988: 4976: 4964: 4952: 4950:, p. 249. 4940: 4933: 4913: 4901: 4899:, p. 204. 4889: 4877: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4825:, p. 285. 4815: 4803: 4801:, p. 208. 4791: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4738:, p. 392. 4728: 4716: 4704: 4702:, p. 165. 4692: 4690:, p. 482. 4680: 4678:, p. 405. 4668: 4656: 4652:Laybourne 1998 4641: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4589:, p. 128. 4587:Laybourne 1998 4579: 4575:Laybourne 1998 4567: 4555: 4543: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4495: 4483: 4479:Laybourne 1998 4471: 4459: 4457:, p. 250. 4447: 4443:Laybourne 1998 4435: 4431:Laybourne 1998 4423: 4411: 4399: 4395:Laybourne 1998 4387: 4385:, p. 171. 4375: 4373:, p. 159. 4371:Laybourne 1998 4360: 4358:, p. 299. 4345: 4333: 4329:Laybourne 1998 4321: 4317:Laybourne 1998 4309: 4307:, p. 158. 4297: 4295:, p. xxi. 4285: 4283:, p. 241. 4273: 4261: 4249: 4245:Beckerman 2003 4237: 4235:, p. 142. 4233:Beckerman 2003 4225: 4221:Laybourne 1998 4213: 4201: 4189: 4185:Beckerman 2003 4177: 4165: 4161:Laybourne 1998 4153: 4151:, p. 296. 4138: 4136:, p. 394. 4126: 4114: 4112:, p. 203. 4110:Laybourne 1998 4102: 4090: 4088:, p. 153. 4086:Beckerman 2003 4078: 4066: 4062:Laybourne 1998 4054: 4039: 4037:, p. 146. 4027: 4012: 4000: 3988: 3984:Laybourne 1998 3976: 3974:, p. 120. 3964: 3952: 3950:, p. 339. 3948:Laybourne 1998 3940: 3938:, p. 151. 3928: 3926:, p. 274. 3916: 3914:, p. 117. 3912:Laybourne 1998 3904: 3883: 3857: 3841:"Introduction" 3832: 3807: 3777: 3756: 3730: 3708: 3682: 3656: 3630: 3599: 3587: 3562: 3550: 3529: 3506: 3483: 3456: 3423: 3395: 3365: 3339: 3313: 3287: 3261: 3235: 3210: 3182: 3153: 3125: 3109:"animafest.hr" 3100: 3088: 3081: 3063: 3050:j.ctt2005zgm.9 3040: 3009: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2922: 2897: 2883: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2743: 2735: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2700:Sand animation 2696: 2688: 2668: 2652: 2641:Norman McLaren 2628: 2610:World of Color 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2583: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2533:is the use of 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2507: 2487: 2453:Motion capture 2449: 2427: 2402:(1999, U.S.), 2399:The Iron Giant 2381: 2378: 2324: 2321: 2279:onion skinning 2245:Main article: 2242: 2239: 2227:Main article: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2216:Norman McLaren 2189: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2124:special effect 2108: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2048: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1955:Czechoslovakia 1945:Jan Švankmajer 1915:Bruce Bickford 1901:(Often called 1899: 1892:Clay animation 1876: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1820: 1803:Main article: 1800: 1797: 1783:(Italy 1991), 1762:Alice Comedies 1757:Koko the Clown 1744:Main article: 1741: 1738: 1687:Main article: 1684: 1681: 1635:Main article: 1632: 1629: 1618:The Iron Giant 1605:. Many of the 1570:Full animation 1566: 1563: 1480:rostrum camera 1449:Main article: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1357: 1354: 1310:Academy Awards 1302:Main article: 1299: 1298:Academy Awards 1296: 1276:Best Animation 1264:Main article: 1261: 1258: 1242:(since 1984). 1185: 1182: 1150: 1147: 1134: 1131: 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 1027:(in 1989) and 981: 978: 871:Lotte Reiniger 818: 815: 807:United Artists 719:Koko the Clown 657:Main article: 654: 651: 648:, silent, 1919 642:Feline Follies 554:cinematography 533: 530: 472:shadow puppets 460:Main article: 457: 454: 449:Main article: 446: 443: 437: 434: 411:visual effects 321:phi phenomenon 252: 249: 245:visual effects 169: 162: 161: 160: 155: 148: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10472: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10420: 10412: 10411: 10408: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10326:Postmodernist 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10316:Participatory 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10286:Musical short 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10197:Found footage 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10103:Cinéma vérité 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019:or production 10011: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9835:Prussian film 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9780:New Nollywood 9778: 9776: 9775:New Hollywood 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9595:Cannibal boom 9593: 9591: 9590:Calligrafismo 9588: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9558:Berlin School 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9522: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9508:Weird Western 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9339:Slice of life 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9292:Bavarian porn 9290: 9289: 9288: 9287:Sexploitation 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9245:Partisan film 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9213:Muslim social 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9195: 9194:Zombie comedy 9192: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9169:Giant monster 9167: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8970:Mexploitation 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8824:Coming-of-age 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8739:Transgressive 8737: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8722:Psychological 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8672:Slice of life 8670: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8544: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8409:Psychological 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8384:Korean horror 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8354:Found footage 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Magic realism 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8159:Sexploitation 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8110:Calligrafismo 8108: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8063:City symphony 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7887: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7868: 7866: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7822: 7821: 7818: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7701:Bouncing ball 7699: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:Hydrotechnics 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7535:Drawn-on-film 7533: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7491:Other methods 7489: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7462:Magic Lantern 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:Virtual human 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7321:hand tracking 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7141:clay painting 7139: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938:international 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6741:United States 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6621: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6594: 6593: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6537: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6415: 6410: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6352: 6347: 6335: 6330: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6253: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6177: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6075:Thomas, Frank 6072: 6068: 6056: 6048: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5985:9780822358527 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5362: 5359:(1): 478–95. 5358: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5173: 5168: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5132: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5100: 5095: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5017: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4936: 4930: 4927:. CRC Press. 4926: 4925: 4917: 4911:, p. 19. 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4849:, p. 92. 4848: 4843: 4837:, p. 96. 4836: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4789:, p. 88. 4788: 4783: 4781: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4629: 4625: 4624:"Brick Films" 4619: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4541:, p. 90. 4540: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4409:, p. 70. 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4342: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4271:, p. 82. 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4199:, p. 71. 4198: 4193: 4187:, p. 80. 4186: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4157: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4076:, p. 31. 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4050:Williams 2001 4046: 4044: 4036: 4031: 4025:, p. 34. 4024: 4023:Williams 2001 4019: 4017: 4010:, p. 37. 4009: 4004: 3998:, p. 94. 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3962:, p. 55. 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3871: 3867: 3866:"Anima Mundi" 3861: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3766: 3760: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3718: 3717:"Our History" 3712: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3671: 3670:Vancouver Sun 3667: 3660: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3595:McDuling 2014 3591: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3539: 3533: 3517: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3369: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3098:, p. 49. 3097: 3096:Bendazzi 1994 3092: 3084: 3082:9780199839223 3078: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3041:9780861966639 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3013: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2974:, p. 34. 2973: 2968: 2962:, p. 24. 2961: 2956: 2950:, p. 28. 2949: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2866: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2649:Stan Brakhage 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2624:Hydrotechnics 2621: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2588:Magic Lantern 2584: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2545:is a form of 2544: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2486:(2014, India) 2485: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2459:Polar Express 2455: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2426:(2017, Japan) 2425: 2424: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2412: 2408:(1999, U.S.) 2407: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2248: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2206:Academy Award 2203: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2021:Tale of Tales 2017: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2004:Terry Gilliam 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1960:The Trap Door 1956: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1858: 1857:Robot Chicken 1853: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1792:Osmosis Jones 1788: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1780:Volere volare 1776: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698:Max Fleischer 1695: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1598:The Lion King 1594: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1546:Spirited Away 1542: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1528:The Lion King 1524: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492:digital video 1489: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:marginal cost 1393: 1391: 1390:feature films 1387: 1380: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1139:gross margins 1130: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1007: 1002: 998: 997: 992: 988: 977: 975: 971: 966: 965:Soyuzmultfilm 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Korea 6701:Philippines 6696:North Korea 6558:Definitions 6456:Vanity Fair 6403:12 February 6303:11 November 6256:"Animation" 6200:19 February 6063:|work= 4984:Kenyon 1998 4972:Parent 2007 4909:Parent 2007 4897:Masson 2007 4870:20 February 4835:Masson 2007 4811:Masson 2007 4787:Masson 2007 4760:Masson 2007 4724:Priebe 2006 4700:Masson 2007 4676:Masson 2007 4611:Herman 2014 4257:Ledoux 1997 3996:Masson 2007 3876:28 February 3850:28 February 3825:28 February 3358:27 February 3332:27 February 3306:27 February 3280:27 December 3118:18 February 3002:30 December 2915:18 February 2879:Buchan 2013 2483:kochadiiyan 2480:(2011, US) 2442:video game 2387:Cel shading 2308:Final line 2112:motion blur 2030:Trey Parker 1972:Chicken Run 1907:trademarked 1818:Stop motion 1810:Stop motion 1805:Stop motion 1799:Stop motion 1733:Aku no Hana 1727:Heavy Metal 1709:Waking Life 1694:Rotoscoping 1689:Rotoscoping 1683:Rotoscoping 1510:Animal Farm 1461:rotoscoping 1445:Traditional 1414:storyboards 1349:Toy Story 3 1346:(2009) and 1340:, in 1991. 1308:Apart from 1292:Anima Mundi 1205:video games 1193:comic books 1143:film genres 1093:Futureworld 1038:stop motion 957:stop motion 931:(1951) and 781:(1940) and 733:(1933) and 703:Donald Duck 701:(1932) and 679:Walt Disney 597:(1911) and 594:Little Nemo 567:stop motion 524:(1877) and 399:video games 387:short films 303:superheroes 268:stop motion 80:"Animation" 10455:Cartooning 10444:Categories 10311:Paracinema 10296:Neorealist 10291:Mythopoeia 10276:Mockbuster 10241:Low-budget 10182:Featurette 10015:technique, 10013:By format, 9892:Surrealist 9887:Structural 9765:New German 9755:Neorealist 9750:Mumblecore 9690:Heimatfilm 9650:Film d'art 9615:Cinéma pur 9349:South Seas 9322:Sex report 8588:Paranormal 8551:Propaganda 8451:Mumblecore 8238:Historical 8120:Historical 8009:Remarriage 7999:Mo lei tau 7733:walk cycle 7600:Syncro-Vox 7513:walk cycle 7417:Mechanical 7343:Procedural 7243:PowerPoint 7196:Puppetoons 7191:Pixilation 7156:silhouette 7145:strata-cut 7136:Claymation 7077:Techniques 7066:Television 6837:Silent Era 6769:Bangladesh 6764:Azerbaijan 6651:Bangladesh 6640:By country 6592:Quotations 6528:"Animando" 6482:9 February 6476:culture.pl 6462:7 December 6440:6 February 6263:boi.gov.ph 5994:8605897837 5223:White 2006 5160:Brown 2003 5116:Culture.pl 4736:White 2006 4563:Smith 1986 4539:Smith 1986 4134:White 2006 4122:White 2006 4074:White 2006 3936:White 2006 3449:12 October 3416:12 October 3388:29 January 3058:1224213919 2935:Britannica 2910:studio9.ie 2857:References 2749:Animation: 2661:oil paints 2637:film stock 2523:Mechanical 2506:(2010, US) 2367:key frames 2211:Neighbours 2187:Pixilation 2122:to create 2096:on films, 2039:South Park 2034:South Park 2026:Matt Stone 1903:claymation 1896:Plasticine 1870:George Pal 1864:Puppetoons 1852:Jiří Trnka 1488:35 mm film 1440:Techniques 1386:filmmaking 1356:Production 1246:Disneyland 1012:The Smurfs 1006:Scooby-Doo 1001:prime time 980:Television 922:Cinderella 853:El Apóstol 840:El 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