Analytic philosophy

1874: 4629:, "an implicit commitment—albeit faltering and imperfect—to the ideals of clarity, rigor and argumentation" and it "aims at truth and knowledge, as opposed to moral or spiritual improvement the goal in analytic philosophy is to discover what is true, not to provide a useful recipe for living one's life". Soames also states that analytic philosophy is characterized by "a more piecemeal approach. There is, I think, a widespread presumption within the tradition that it is often possible to make philosophical progress by intensively investigating a small, circumscribed range of philosophical issues while holding broader, systematic questions in abeyance". 2825: 1670: 3268: 2423: 4616:"analytical philosophy too narrow a label, since is not generally a matter of taking a word or concept and analyzing it (whatever exactly that might be). This tradition emphasizes clarity, rigor, argument, theory, truth. It is not a tradition that aims primarily for inspiration or consolation or ideology. Nor is it particularly concerned with 'philosophy of life', though parts of it are. This kind of philosophy is more like science than religion, more like mathematics than poetry—though it is neither science nor mathematics." 1100:"G. E. Moore...took the lead in rebellion, and I followed, with a sense of emancipation. Bradley had argued that everything common sense believes in is mere appearance; we reverted to the opposite extreme, and that everything is real that common sense, uninfluenced by philosophy of theology, supposes real. With a sense of escaping from prison, we allowed ourselves to think that grass is green, that the sun and stars would exist if no one was aware of them, and also that there is a pluralistic timeless world of Platonic ideas." 725: 2617: 2958: 1301: 4593:"Without exception, the best philosophy departments in the United States are dominated by analytic philosophy, and among the leading philosophers in the United States, all but a tiny handful would be classified as analytic philosophers. Practitioners of types of philosophizing that are not in the analytic tradition—such as phenomenology, classical pragmatism, existentialism, or Marxism—feel it necessary to define their position in relation to analytic philosophy." 12039: 9079: 49: 3443: 2554: 1410: 9089: 4162: 3817: 3729: 1422: 1013: 3659: 4446: 830: 1436: 3927: 12026: 63: 1971: 3470:

the community in which he is brought up and lives. Instead, they argue for a conception of the individual that emphasizes the role that the community plays in forming his or her values, thought processes, and opinions. While in the analytic tradition, its major exponents often also engage at length with figures generally considered continental, notably

4390:, but those who consider themselves members of the Swansea school have relentlessly and repeatedly rejected this construal as a caricature of Wittgenstein's position; this is especially true of Phillips. Responding to this interpretation, Nielsen and Phillips became two of the most prominent interpreters of Wittgenstein's philosophy of religion. 4716:"So, despite a few overlaps, analytical philosophy is not difficult to distinguish broadly from other modern movements, like phenomenology, say, or existentialism, or from the large amount of philosophizing that has also gone on in the present century within frameworks deriving from other influential thinkers like Aquinas, Hegel, or Marx." 4679:

so largely by expanding the notion of "analytic philosophy" from the specific programs that dominated anglophone philosophy before 1960 to a much more general notion of an "analytic" style, characterized by mathematical precision and thoroughness about a specific topic, and resistance to "imprecise or cavalier discussions of broad topics".

703:. There is widespread influence and debate between the analytic and continental traditions; some philosophers see the differences between the two traditions as being based on institutions, relationships, and ideology, rather than anything of significant philosophical substance. The distinction has also been drawn between "analytic" being 2438:, epistemology has enjoyed a resurgence as a topic of analytic philosophy during the last 50 years. A large portion of current epistemological research is intended to resolve the problems that Gettier's examples presented to the traditional "justified true belief" model of knowledge, found as early as Plato's dialogue 4707:"Analytic philosophy is mainly associated with the contemporary English-speaking world, but it is by no means the only important philosophical tradition. In this volume two other immensely rich and important such traditions are introduced: Indian philosophy, and philosophical thought in Europe from the time of Hegel." 4678:

The 1950s saw challenges to much which had been taken for granted, and roughly by 1960 anglophone philosophy began to incorporate a wider range of interests, opinions, and methods. Despite this, most philosophers in Britain and America still consider themselves "analytic philosophers". They have done

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advance a critique of liberalism that uses analytic techniques to isolate the main assumptions of liberal individualists, such as Rawls, and then challenges these assumptions. In particular, communitarians challenge the liberal assumption that the individual can be considered as fully autonomous from

1825:

One striking difference with respect to early analytic philosophy was the revival of metaphysical theorizing during the second half of the 20th century, and metaphysics remains a fertile topic of research. Although many discussions are continuations of old ones from previous decades and centuries,

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If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can

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have also had increasingly significant roles in analytic metaphysics. The theory of special relativity has had a profound effect on the philosophy of time, and quantum physics is routinely discussed in the free will debate. The weight given to scientific evidence is largely due to commitments of

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Given the linguistic turn, it can be hard to separate logic, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language in analytic philosophy. Philosophy of language is a topic that has decreased in activity during the last four decades, as evidenced by the fact that few major philosophers today treat it as a

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in the early analytic period, early analytic philosophers often thought that inquiry in the ethical domain could not be made rigorous enough to merit any attention. It was only with the emergence of ordinary-language philosophers that ethics started to become an acceptable area of inquiry for

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of doing philosophy, not a philosophical program or a set of substantive views. Analytic philosophers, crudely speaking, aim for argumentative clarity and precision; draw freely on the tools of logic; and often identify, professionally and intellectually, more closely with the sciences and

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provides a rule-following paradox that undermines the possibility of our ever following rules in our use of language and, so, calls into question the idea of meaning. Kripke writes that this paradox is "the most radical and original skeptical problem that philosophy has seen to date". The

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While schools such as logical positivism emphasize logical terms, which are supposed to be universal and separate from contingent factors (such as culture, language, historical conditions), ordinary-language philosophy emphasizes the use of language by ordinary people. The most prominent

4783:"Analytic philosophy opposed right from its beginning English neo-Hegelianism of Bradley's sort and similar ones. It did not only criticize the latter's denial of the existence of an external world (anyway an unjust criticism), but also the bombastic, obscure style of Hegel's writings." 4105:...analytic philosophy has been a very heterogeneous 'movement'.... some forms of analytic philosophy have proven very sympathetic to the philosophy of religion and have provided a philosophical mechanism for responding to other more radical and hostile forms of analytic philosophy. 3037:

theory, which was that value judgments expressed the attitude of the speaker. It is also known as the boo/hurrah theory. For example, in this view, saying, "Murder is wrong", is equivalent to saying, "Boo to murder", or saying the word "murder" with a particular tone of disapproval.

3235:—an interest in the application of moral principles to specific practical issues. The philosophers following this orientation view ethics as involving humanistic values, which involve practical implications and applications in the way people interact and lead their lives socially. 1283:

emphasized creating an ideal language for philosophical analysis, which would be free from the ambiguities of ordinary language that, in their opinion, often made philosophy invalid. During this phase, they sought to understand language (and hence philosophical problems) by using

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The distinction rests upon a confusion of geographical and methodological terms, as if one were to classify cars into front-wheel drive and Japanese. the distinction between analytic and Continental philosophy rests upon a confused comparison of methodological and geographical

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led to some of Wittgenstein's first doubts with regard to his early philosophy. Philosophers refer to them like two different philosophers: "early Wittgenstein" and "later Wittgenstein". In his later philosophy, Wittgenstein develops the concept of a

1849:(1956), challenged logical positivism by arguing against sense-data theories. In his "Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man" (1962), Sellars distinguishes between the "manifest image" and the "scientific image" of the world. Sellars's goal of a 3392:, is generally considered to represent the genesis of this school. In that book, Cohen used logical and linguistic analysis to clarify and defend Marx's materialist conception of history. Other prominent analytical Marxists include the economist 1657:

philosophy", in contrast to earlier analytic Cambridge philosophers (including the early Wittgenstein) who thought philosophers should avoid the deceptive trappings of natural language by constructing ideal languages. Influenced by Moore's

3282:". Berlin defined 'negative liberty' as absence of coercion or interference in private actions. 'Positive liberty' Berlin maintained, could be thought of as self-mastery, which asks not what we are free from, but what we are free to do. 4725:

Steven D. Hales described analytic philosophy as one of three types of philosophical method practiced in the West: "n roughly reverse order by number of proponents, they are phenomenology, ideological philosophy, and analytic

3529:, there are six conditions for the presentation of art: beauty, form, representation, reproduction of reality, artistic expression, and innovation. However, one may not be able to pin down these qualities in a work of art. 4117:

and therefore meaningless. The demise of logical positivism led to a renewed interest in the philosophy of religion, prompting philosophers not only to introduce new problems, but to re-study classical topics such as the

940:

that mathematics and logic have their own public objects, independent of the private judgments or mental states of individual mathematicians and logicians. Following Frege, the logicists tended to advocate a kind of

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was the only non-skeptical type of ethics to remain popular among analytic philosophers. However, as the influence of logical positivism declined mid-century, analytic philosophers had a renewed interest in ethics.

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is right in saying 'it may be hopeless to try to determine the essence of analytic philosophy.' Nearly every proposed definition has been challenged by some scholar. e are dealing with a family resemblance

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in 1933, many members of the Vienna and Berlin Circles fled to Britain and the United States, which helped to reinforce the dominance of logical positivism and analytic philosophy in anglophone countries.

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primary research topic. While the debate remains fierce, it is still strongly influenced by those authors from the first half of the century, e.g. Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Austin, Tarski, and Quine.

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The proliferation of analysis in philosophy began around the turn of the 20th century and has been dominant since the latter half of the 20th century. Central figures in its historical development are

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As non-cognitivism, the is/ought distinction, and the naturalistic fallacy were questioned, analytic philosophers showed a renewed interest in the traditional questions of moral philosophy.

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Hilary Putnam criticized behaviorism by arguing that it confuses the symptoms of mental states with the mental states themselves, positing "super Spartans" who never display signs of pain.

1714:

Strawson first became well known with his article "On Referring" (1950), a criticism of Russell's theory of descriptions explained in the latter's famous "On Denoting" article. In his book

2003:"played a large role in the implicit, but widespread, rejection of the view—so popular among ordinary language philosophers—that philosophy is nothing more than the analysis of language." 1377:. He claimed the universe is the totality of actual states of affairs and that these states of affairs can be expressed and mirrored by the language of first-order predicate logic. Thus a 4735:"The distinction which Russell sets up between 'technical' philosophy and 'literary' philosophy has had many incarnations, from Plato's 'ancient quarrel between poetry and philosophy'..." 1944:, which explained that every term in any statement has its meaning contingent on a vast network of knowledge and belief, the speaker's conception of the entire world. In his magnum opus 1666:, the Oxford philosophers claimed that ordinary language already represents many subtle distinctions not recognized in the formulation of traditional philosophical theories or problems. 3992:

Akin to the medieval debate on universals, between realists, idealists, and nominalists; the philosophy of mathematics has the debate between logicists or platonists, conceptualists or

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Additionally, Russell adopted Frege's predicate logic as his primary philosophical method, a method Russell thought could expose the underlying structure of philosophical problems.

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Gödel was a platonist who postulated a special kind of mathematical intuition that lets us perceive mathematical objects directly. Quine and Putnam argued for platonism with the

9752: 3874:. While there is a general consensus for the global neuronal workspace model of consciousness, there are many opinions as to the specifics. The best known theories are Searle's 2934:, which investigates how existing normative principles should be applied to difficult or borderline cases, often cases created by new technology or new scientific knowledge. 3141:

The first half of the 20th century was marked by skepticism toward, and neglect of, normative ethics. However, contemporary normative ethics is dominated by three schools:

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While analytic philosophers generally accepted non-cognitivism, emotivism had many deficiencies. It evolved into more sophisticated non-cognitivist theories, such as the

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For summaries and some criticism of the different higher-order theories, see Van Gulick, Robert (2006) "Mirror Mirror – Is That All?" In Kriegel & Williford (eds.),

7334:"The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences. Richard Courant lecture in mathematical sciences delivered at New York University, May 11, 1959" 4744:

The tradition has also been criticized for excessive formalism, ahistoricism, and aloofness towards alternative disciplines and outsiders. Some have tried to develop a

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The second is founded on logical positivism and its attitude that unverifiable statements are meaningless. As a result, they avoided normative ethics and instead began

1157:(aside from demonstratives like "this" or "that") are disguised definite descriptions, using this to solve ascriptions of nonexistence. This position came to be called 4638:"t is difficult to give a precise definition of 'analytic philosophy' since it is not so much a specific doctrine as a loose concatenation of approaches to problems." 7288:. For Van Gulick's own view, see Van Gulick, Robert. "Higher-Order Global States HOGS: An Alternative Higher-Order Model of Consciousness." In Gennaro, R.J., (ed.) 1853:

that unites the everyday and scientific views of reality is the foundation and archetype of what is sometimes called the Pittsburgh School, whose members include

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contends that there is a problem in asserting both evolution and naturalism. Plantinga further issued a trilogy on epistemology, and especially justification,

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Ordinary-language philosophers often sought to resolve philosophical problems by showing them to be the result of misunderstanding ordinary language. Ryle, in

5833: 3635:—the theory is devoted to the problem of saying exactly what it is that we learn, know, and can communicate when we come to understand what a sentence means. 3504:

addressed these problems in an analytic style during the 1950s and 1960s. Since Goodman, aesthetics as a discipline for analytic philosophers has flourished.

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theory of justice that contrasts with both traditional Marxism and the theories advanced by Rawls and Nozick. In particular, he indicates Marx's principle of

1523:, as meaningless. It had the additional effect of making (ethical and aesthetic) value judgments (as well as religious statements and beliefs) meaningless. 13207: 3915: 3426:

is another influential—if controversial—author in contemporary analytic political philosophy, whose social theory is a blend of social science, Marxism,

1516:, and those of science were verifiable empirical claims. These two constituted the entire universe of meaningful judgments; anything else was nonsense. 740:, so much so that Michael Dummett has remarked that analytic philosophy is better characterized as Anglo-Austrian rather than the usual Anglo-American. 13082: 3510:

argued for a "institutional definition of art" in the 1964 essay "The Artworld" in which Danto coined the term "artworld" (as opposed to the existing "

3914:—who advocate a higher-order perception (HOP) model. An alternative higher-order theory, the higher-order global states (HOGS) model, is offered by 2915:

analytic philosophers. Philosophers working within the analytic tradition have gradually come to distinguish three major types of moral philosophy.

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Kripke was influential in arguing that flaws in common theories of descriptions and proper names are indicative of larger misunderstandings of the

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An answer to either set of questions will allow us to devise a means of answering the other. Answering the former question-set first is called

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behavior and dispositions to behave in particular ways or that mental states were directly equivalent to behavior and dispositions to behave.

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In reaction to both the logical positivists and Popper, discussions of the philosophy of science during the last 40 years were dominated by

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As a result of logical positivism, as well as what seemed like rejections of the traditional aesthetic notions of beauty and sublimity from

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Quine sought to naturalize philosophy and saw philosophy as continuous with science, but instead of logical positivism advocated a kind of

1602:, from the late 1940s to the 1950s, analytic philosophy became involved with ordinary-language analysis. This resulted in two main trends. 777:

or of aboutness. For Brentano, all mental events have a real, non-mental intentional object, which the thinking is directed at or "about".

549: 7333: 9980: 7818: 3388: 2115:. According to Lewis, "actual" is merely an indexical label we give a world when we are in it. Lewis also defended what he called Humean 1117:

which undermined Frege's logicist project. However, like Frege, Russell argued that mathematics is reducible to logical fundamentals, in

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theory. He became closely associated with Australia, whose philosophical community he visited almost annually for more than 30 years.

13162: 11101: 9942: 6871: 6741: 4032: 3289:, who in a series of papers from the 1950s onward (most notably "Two Concepts of Rules" and "Justice as Fairness") and his 1971 book 17: 12436: 9704: 4215: 3620:"Kripkenstein" has been coined as a term for a fictional person who holds the views expressed by Kripke's reading of Wittgenstein. 1312:—the opinion that there are aspects of the world that can be known only by knowing the whole world. This is closely related to the 7265: 12076: 6479: 1347:, the early Russell claimed that the problems of philosophy can be solved by showing the simple constituents of complex notions. 757: 3950:

also failed to reduce arithmetic to logic. Gödel has been ranked as one of the four greatest logicians of all time, along with

882:, 1879), which allowed for a much greater range of sentences to be parsed into logical form than was possible using the ancient 12524: 7902: 5020: 4210: 3899: 11738: 7920: 7458: 5896: 3780:

argument criticized functionalism and holds that while a computer can understand syntax, it could never understand semantics.

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of analytic philosophy for the first half of the 20th century. Behaviorism later became much less popular, in favor of either

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suggests that the obsession with the philosophy of language during the 20th century has been superseded by an emphasis on the

3378:. Members of this school seek to apply techniques of analytic philosophy and modern social science to clarify the theories of 1881:

Also among the developments that resulted in the decline of logical positivism and the revival of metaphysical theorizing was

183: 13102: 9947: 9092: 8248: 7928: 7867: 7812: 7791: 7758: 7730: 7632: 7607: 7421: 6951: 6852: 6776: 6751: 6579: 6525: 6502: 6340: 6266: 5923: 5793: 5574: 5483: 5456: 5422: 5388: 5361: 5231: 5197: 5163: 5056: 4933: 3997: 3404:. The work of these later philosophers has furthered Cohen's work by bringing to bear modern social science methods, such as 4792:

Russell once explained, "Hegel had maintained that all separateness is illusory and that the universe is more like a pot of

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Analytic and Continental Philosophy: Methods and Perspectives. Proceedings of the 37th International Wittgenstein Symposium

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Analytic philosophy in the narrower sense of 20th and 21st century anglophone philosophy is usually thought to begin with

996:" (1918) reflects both his anti-idealism or anti-psychologism and his interest in language. In the paper, he argues for a 13303: 13298: 7985: 7967: 7840: 7559: 7177: 6693: 5956:

Lackey, Douglas P. (1999). "What Are the Modern Classics? The Baruch Poll of Great Philosophy in the Twentieth Century".

1530:. For them, philosophy concerned the clarification of thoughts, rather than having a distinct subject matter of its own. 1135:

Russell sought to resolve various philosophical problems by applying Frege's new logical apparatus, most famously in his

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has also undergone considerable growth, particularly due to the considerable debate in recent years over the nature of

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developed what has come to be known as "contemplative philosophy", a Wittgensteinian school of thought rooted in the "

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Type physicalism or type identity theory identified mental states with brain states. Former students of Ryle at the

13308: 13097: 12458: 11921: 9151: 6989:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1976. Based on his 1960–61 John Locke lectures. 5819: 5263: 5124: 4584:

draws an analogy between analytic philosophy and analytic chemistry, which aims to determine chemical compositions.

3903: 1873: 542: 516: 6038: 5681: 3740: 13318: 13197: 13132: 12177: 11951: 9973: 9937: 9111: 7540:(2e): "My ideal is a certain coolness. A temple providing a setting for the passions without meddling with them." 3963: 3324: 3046: 2337: 2333: 1381:

of the universe can be constructed by expressing facts in the form of atomic propositions and linking them using

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The rise of metaphysics mirrored the decline of logical positivism, first challenged by the later Wittgenstein.

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Logical positivists used formal logical methods to develop an empiricist account of knowledge. They adopted the

12388: 11977: 11137: 9917: 9782: 9019: 7885: 2601: 2293: 1545:, and Reichenbach. Others, like Carnap, were gentiles but socialists or pacifists. With the coming to power of 1361: 1313: 887: 251: 6556:

Bonjour, Laurence, "Recent Work on the Internalism–Externalism Controversy" in Dancy, Sosa, and Steup (eds.),

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Philosophy of Meaning, Knowledge and Value in the Twentieth Century: Routledge History of Philosophy Volume 10

13323: 12541: 10551: 10136: 9663: 9442: 9404: 9354: 8713: 8193: 6132:, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 72, (1998), pp. 229–261, 263–283 4324:

The analytic philosophy of religion has been preoccupied with Wittgenstein, as well as his interpretation of

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in the 1970s and 1980s, resulting in new analytic theories of love, sublimity, and beauty. In the opinion of

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The formalists, best exemplified by David Hilbert, considered mathematics to be merely the investigation of

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from 1921 to his death in 1955, who was described as "the most dominant figure in New Zealand philosophy."

1621: 1612: 1593: 657: 511: 3408:, to supplement Cohen's use of analytic philosophical techniques in the interpretation of Marxian theory. 1739:(e. g. "I promise") and not just say things. This influenced several fields to undertake what is called a 1574:

The logical positivists saw their rejection of metaphysics in some ways as a recapitulation of a quote by

12558: 12069: 11760: 11474: 10103: 9653: 9603: 6710: 4308: 4252: 4226: 4220: 3887: 3847: 3532: 3526: 3033:; that is, they cannot be objectively verified or falsified. Instead, the logical positivists adopted an 2834: 2477: 1959: 1771: 1724: 1392:. The work further ultimately concludes that all of its propositions are meaningless, illustrated with a 1109:

Bertrand Russell, during his early career, was much influenced by Frege. Russell famously discovered the

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This led the logical positivists to reject many traditional problems of philosophy, especially those of

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and of the logicist project, encouraged many philosophers to renew their interest in the development of

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How do we know? or What is the criterion for deciding whether we have knowledge in any particular case?

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Analytic philosophy formed the basis for some sophisticated Christian arguments, such as those of the

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The theory of special relativity seems to advocate a B-theory of time. David Lewis's perdurantism, or

2175:, which is the formal study of parts and wholes, a subject that arguably goes back to the time of the 13313: 13077: 13037: 12478: 11833: 10045: 10035: 9877: 9477: 9384: 9224: 8896: 8673: 8086: 6597: 6224: 5886:

Ryan, Alan. Bertrand Russell: A Political Life. United States, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1981. p. 23

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Philosophie analytique et histoire de la philosophie: actes du colloque (Université de Nantes, 1991)

5051:(2nd print., 1st papers. print ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. xiii–xvii. 810: 13333: 13177: 12905: 12667: 12627: 12617: 12565: 11936: 11499: 10749: 10589: 10586: 10312: 10146: 10131: 9802: 8466: 7148: 6708:

Brady, Michael; Pritchard, Duncan (2005). "Epistemological Contextualism: Problems and Prospects".

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moral realism and contributed several essays attacking other theories. Foot introduced the famous "

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Other, related topics of contemporary research include debates over basic knowledge, the nature of

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While the principle of epistemic closure is generally regarded as intuitive, philosophers, such as

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offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:

4688:"Most non-analytic philosophers of the twentieth century do not belong to continental philosophy." 4661:"The answer to the title question, then, is that analytic philosophy is a tradition held together 2785:

theories involve a closure principle, and many skeptical arguments assume a closure principle. In

1921:" (1948), which elucidates Russell's theory of descriptions and contains Quine's famous dictum of 1918: 12955: 12863: 12162: 12157: 11514: 11455: 11408: 11266: 11229: 10597: 10512: 10502: 10426: 10292: 10264: 9447: 9374: 9229: 8748: 7691: 6084: 5992: 4826: 4745: 4414: 3789: 3690: 3279: 3103: 2855: 2843: 2589: 2445: 2176: 2144: 1908: 1886: 1803: 1279:

From about 1910 to 1930, analytic philosophers like Frege, Russell, Moore, and Russell's student

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also defended divine command theory, and worked on the relationship between faith and morality.

3697:. During this period, topics of the philosophy of mind were often related strongly to topics of 13127: 13117: 12706: 12637: 12622: 12103: 12062: 11647: 11579: 10659: 10497: 10075: 10050: 10040: 9693: 9537: 9472: 9134: 8332: 8304: 8279: 8081: 7369: 4480: 4190: 4110: 4058: 4017: 3770: 3751: 3706: 3548: 3405: 3278:

had a lasting influence on both analytic political philosophy and liberalism with his lecture "

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to deal with Gettier's examples, or giving alternatives to the justified-true-belief model.

13232: 12987: 12900: 12878: 12801: 12797: 12726: 12642: 12587: 12582: 12405: 12249: 12138: 11901: 11856: 11818: 11765: 11694: 11450: 11246: 11157: 10980: 10950: 10691: 10219: 10065: 10060: 9832: 9742: 9541: 9502: 9234: 8153: 7345: 4508: 4130:, the rationality of belief in God, concepts of the nature of God, and several others. The 3599: 3571: 3239: 2986: 2944: 2851: 2223: 1992: 1890: 1775: 1704: 1654: 1509: 1140: 1110: 814: 748: 598: 454: 335: 316: 202: 7594:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 284. Springer. pp. 247–275. 4325: 3411:

Cohen himself would later engage directly with Rawlsian political philosophy to advance a

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Since around 1970, a significant feature of analytic philosophy has been the emergence of

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since Aristotle". A favorite student and friend of Ludwig Wittgenstein, her 1958 article "

8: 13257: 13122: 12992: 12782: 12468: 12441: 12424: 12412: 12234: 12190: 12042: 11997: 11987: 11946: 11894: 11879: 11808: 11788: 11770: 11602: 11569: 11430: 11224: 11021: 10932: 10887: 10793: 10679: 10492: 10340: 9882: 9722: 9678: 9512: 9289: 9204: 8797: 8728: 8506: 8337: 8319: 8283: 8203: 8158: 8148: 6151: 4492: 4468: 4185: 3895: 3797: 3682: 3475: 3335: 3291: 3215: 2891: 2719: 2628: 2367: 2344: 2264: 1951: 1850: 1791: 1695: 1280: 1207: 981: 790: 641: 521: 325: 280: 234: 147: 98: 83: 10754: 7720: 7349: 6917: 6394:

Cotnoir, A. J., and Varzi, Achille C.. Mereology. United Kingdom, OUP Oxford, 2021. p. 2

5523: 3521:

Rigorous efforts to pursue analyses of traditional aesthetic concepts were performed by

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During recent decades there have also been several critics of liberalism, including the

12977: 12893: 12883: 12716: 12679: 12609: 12548: 12531: 12485: 12395: 12309: 12123: 11992: 11961: 11941: 11889: 11871: 11846: 11841: 11793: 11780: 11747: 11642: 11544: 11479: 11435: 11379: 11219: 11048: 10942: 10850: 10654: 10533: 10524: 10487: 10482: 10388: 10383: 10360: 10279: 10093: 10020: 9732: 9628: 9623: 9547: 9522: 9324: 9309: 9274: 8970: 8688: 8645: 8614: 8604: 8564: 8422: 8402: 8263: 8223: 8218: 8143: 7361: 7272: 7242: 6665: 6614: 6531: 6106: 5765: 5663: 5535: 4909: 4516: 4484: 4410: 4360: 4284: 4248: 3851: 3702: 3686: 3670: 3588: 3514:", though they mean the same), by which he meant cultural context or "an atmosphere of 3454: 3375: 3363: 3183: 3087: 3076: 3001: 2911: 2764: 2744: 2724: 2702: 2682: 2662: 2642: 2313: 2280:(1970) argues that personal identity is bodily identity rather than mental continuity. 2108: 1882: 1767: 1642: 1542: 1494: 1474: 1460: 1202: 1186: 1037: 1025: 985: 883: 845: 762: 708: 688: 649: 622: 574: 439: 345: 305: 300: 285: 275: 268: 219: 214: 192: 130: 9055: 7230: 5507: 3423: 2422: 2371: 1669: 848:

who is understood as the father of analytic philosophy. Frege proved influential as a

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articles involving the Christian doctrine of creation and the rise of modern science.

4548: 4299: 3981:" poses the question of why a formal pursuit like mathematics can have real utility. 3698: 3300: 3251: 2957: 2624: 2597: 2505: 2395: 2363: 2255: 2188: 2007: 1740: 1513: 1289: 974: 501: 496: 429: 360: 355: 295: 290: 239: 224: 207: 157: 67: 13252: 8807: 7012: 5769: 5636:, Keeling Lectures 2011–2018, OPEN ACCESS. University of Chicago Press. pp. 149–206. 4109:

As with the study of ethics, early analytic philosophy tended to avoid the study of

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Finally, analytic philosophy has featured a certain number of philosophers who were

1610:

One strain of language analysis continued Wittgenstein's later philosophy, from the

1558: 817:

in 1895, grew as an offshoot of the Graz School. It was closely associated with the

12868: 12858: 12684: 12632: 12536: 12400: 12289: 12239: 12217: 12212: 12143: 11982: 11916: 11906: 11607: 11554: 11504: 11484: 11445: 11440: 11281: 11209: 10927: 10838: 10729: 10701: 10686: 10649: 10355: 10335: 10302: 10207: 10169: 9762: 9673: 9497: 9492: 9294: 8860: 8837: 8827: 8650: 8599: 8496: 8352: 7595: 7462: 7365: 7353: 7246: 7226: 6719: 6657: 6606: 6513: 6328: 6293: 6254: 6098: 5965: 5752: 5747: 5733: 5655: 5562: 5519: 4978: 4921: 4867: 4854: 4512: 4119: 4047: 3959: 3829: 3632: 3628: 3580: 3566: 3401: 3355: 3343: 3267: 3142: 3130: 3126: 2989:, a major topic of investigation for analytical philosophers. According to Moore, " 2925: 2790: 2329: 2273: 2184: 2152: 1930: 1708: 1490: 1382: 1124: 1066: 733: 633: 590: 340: 256: 7980: 6892: 4189:(1967) argues that belief in God is a properly basic belief akin to the belief in 3875: 3496:

thinkers, analytic philosophers were slow to consider art and aesthetic judgment.

2870:, just in the case they are blue, but also just in case they are green after time 13242: 13182: 13067: 12915: 12910: 12888: 12808: 12762: 12519: 12473: 12371: 12348: 12331: 12304: 12089: 11688: 11657: 11622: 11587: 11465: 11316: 11214: 11172: 11083: 11071: 11056: 11031: 11006: 10776: 10644: 10639: 10556: 10541: 10214: 10098: 9907: 9822: 9578: 9557: 9507: 9487: 9427: 9394: 9349: 9344: 9304: 9189: 9011: 8991: 8965: 8939: 8832: 8822: 8802: 8534: 8501: 8392: 8377: 8228: 8213: 8133: 8112: 7999: 7976: 7906: 7857: 7748: 7599: 7550: 7411: 7400:

The Reason's Proper Study: Essays Towards a Neo-Fregean Philosophy of Mathematics

7168: 7078: 7067:

Princeton Essays on the Arts, 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.

6875: 6800: 6467: 6332: 6140: 5783: 5473: 5446: 5412: 5378: 5221: 4524: 4329: 4175: 4170: 4147: 4127: 4062: 4035: 3967: 3793: 3592: 3080: 3030: 2616: 2493: 2457: 2435: 2297: 2227: 1974:

Saul Kripke helped to revive interest in metaphysics among analytic philosophers.

1946: 1937: 1842: 1366: 1332: 1182: 1021: 966: 962: 937: 908: 901:

dominated the late 19th century in German philosophy. Edmund Husserl's 1891 book

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In recent years, a central focus of research in the philosophy of mind has been

3536: 687:, which was coined as a catch-all term for other methods that were prominent in 13272: 13192: 13147: 13087: 13052: 12844: 12757: 12662: 12570: 12361: 12195: 12118: 11597: 11592: 11460: 11425: 11357: 11331: 11167: 11016: 10955: 10868: 10711: 10607: 10350: 10030: 9658: 9613: 9437: 9369: 9239: 9039: 8921: 8792: 8723: 8718: 8683: 8584: 8481: 8450: 8435: 8397: 8387: 8342: 8117: 7910: 7850:

Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century: Volume 1, The Dawn of Analysis

7673:

Lennox, James G., "Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism" in Sakar and Plutynski (eds.),

6982: 6966: 6258: 5824: 5738: 5632:

Bobzien, Susanne (2021). "Frege plagiarized the Stoics". In Fiona Leigh (ed.),

4885: 4581: 4520: 4511:

theories of science. Following Quine and Duhem, subsequent theories emphasized

4464: 4356: 4280: 4151: 4113:, largely dismissing (as per the logical positivists) the subject as a part of 4013: 3891: 3833: 3801: 3754: 3501: 3497: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3427: 3374:

Another development of political philosophy was the emergence of the school of

3359: 3339: 3320: 3296: 3250:. In education, applied ethics addressed themes such as punishment in schools, 3232: 3171: 3162: 3026: 2931: 2887: 2839: 2585: 2431: 2112: 1862: 1854: 1679: 1634: 1478: 1309: 1194: 1149: 898: 774: 766: 752: 692: 645: 434: 11038: 10813: 9244: 7554: 7501:

Wittgenstein and Kierkegaard: Religion, Individuality and Philosophical Method

7459:"Emeritae and Emeriti // Department of Philosophy // University of Notre Dame" 7172: 6570:

Rahman, Shahid; Symons, John; Gabbay, Dov M.; bendegem, jean paul van (2009).

6297: 5309: 3769:

Functionalism remains the dominant theory. Type identity was criticized using

3624: 3606:

uses the thought experiment of Swampman to advocate for semantic externalism.

2862:, just in case they are green, but also just in case they are blue after time 1633:" and, rather than his prior picture theory of meaning, advocates a theory of 1020:

British philosophy in the 19th century had seen a revival of logic started by

13287: 13227: 13112: 13027: 12972: 12832: 12752: 12647: 12497: 12490: 12383: 12336: 12229: 12085: 11652: 11564: 11494: 11236: 11026: 10960: 10917: 10786: 10411: 10197: 10179: 9902: 9517: 9422: 9417: 9379: 9299: 9279: 9254: 9219: 9060: 9029: 8916: 8911: 8881: 8847: 8817: 8812: 8743: 8738: 8668: 8660: 8637: 8544: 8491: 8382: 8347: 8309: 8238: 8138: 8107: 7995: 7329: 7303: 7122: 6381: 6305: 6184:

Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century: Volume 2: The Age of Meaning

5977: 5761: 5531: 5322: 4797: 4558: 4434: 4368: 4272: 4180: 4074: 3974: 3955: 3911: 3867: 3718: 3450: 3307: 3275: 3243: 3199: 3195: 3146: 3072: 2974: 2570: 2481: 2375: 2269: 2235: 2116: 2104: 2074: 2054: 2029: 1978:

Important also for the revival of metaphysics was the further development of

1858: 1783: 1538: 1498: 1482: 1470: 1466: 1092:

for being obscure; or the "revolt against idealism"—see for example Moore's "

1074: 1051: 837: 653: 629: 12054: 9024: 8891: 6845:

Philosophical Perspectives on Communalism and Morality in African Traditions

6517: 5969: 5035:

The Making of a Philosopher: My Journey through Twentieth-Century Philosophy

4328:'s philosophy of religion. Wittgenstein fought for the Austrian army in the 4267:

Catholic philosophers in the analytic tradition—such as Elizabeth Anscombe,

3939: 3110:'s article "On Grading" also called the is/ought distinction into question. 2484:

is an externalist known for developing a popular form of externalism called

1778:

in 1927. His elder brother was William Anderson, Professor of Philosophy at

1473:, developed Russell and Wittgenstein's philosophy into a doctrine known as " 13262: 13062: 12967: 12813: 12787: 12696: 12378: 12366: 12314: 12274: 12269: 12133: 12128: 11683: 11673: 11632: 11612: 11384: 11347: 11306: 11192: 11142: 10803: 10781: 10759: 10706: 10674: 10546: 10406: 10317: 10113: 9643: 9638: 9593: 9552: 9462: 9364: 9319: 9314: 9284: 9269: 9264: 8949: 8865: 8733: 8678: 8627: 8574: 8569: 8529: 8476: 8445: 8440: 8412: 8372: 8299: 8183: 8076: 7657: 7357: 7238: 7060: 7044: 7028: 6595:

Vaught, Robert L. (December 1986). "Alfred Tarski's Work in Model Theory".

6043: 6034: 5016: 4626: 4078: 3993: 3879: 3839: 3777: 3522: 3507: 3122: 3114: 3042: 2803: 2795: 2782: 2605: 2492:, which has been disputed since the introduction of the epistemic logic by 2407: 2391: 2383: 2325: 2259: 2180: 2062: 2058: 2019: 1687: 1683: 1599: 1546: 1486: 1388:

Wittgenstein thought he had solved all the problems of philosophy with the

1344: 1300: 1285: 1237:

has three distinct meanings, which predicate logic can express as follows:

1226: 1070: 1055: 1029: 915: 586: 386: 330: 7428:(432 pages) (volume 3 of Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion, 4925: 3022:

investigations into the nature of moral terms, statements, and judgments.

1526:

Logical positivists therefore typically considered philosophy as having a

13202: 12950: 12945: 12937: 12922: 12747: 12652: 12463: 12299: 12264: 12244: 12224: 12202: 12167: 11678: 11617: 11489: 11469: 11374: 11311: 11271: 11251: 11177: 11147: 10808: 10744: 10436: 10421: 10297: 10287: 10236: 10202: 10141: 9887: 9852: 9772: 9598: 9389: 9329: 9214: 9199: 9103: 9034: 9001: 8996: 8944: 8906: 8901: 8886: 8855: 8769: 8579: 8549: 8539: 8486: 8471: 8407: 8071: 7835: 4948: 4758: 4562: 4454: 4352: 4333: 4268: 4205: 4114: 3758: 3721:

tended to opine either that statements about the mind were equivalent to

3666: 3647: 3617: 3562: 3493: 3393: 3383: 3347: 3317: 3107: 3058: 3019: 2966: 2919: 2485: 2461: 2379: 2352: 2348: 2239: 2231: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1820: 1787: 1520: 1198: 1144: 1114: 1089: 1078: 1001: 993: 798: 700: 677: 669: 665: 637: 605:. It has developed several new branches of philosophy and logic, notably 401: 7899: 5259: 3198:

approach. This increased interest in virtue ethics has been dubbed the "

1355:

Wittgenstein developed a comprehensive system of logical atomism with a

12733: 12721: 12691: 12657: 12597: 12279: 11524: 11352: 11301: 11291: 11162: 11066: 11011: 10818: 10798: 10664: 10431: 10345: 10174: 10121: 10085: 9989: 9892: 9683: 9527: 9482: 9359: 9334: 9259: 9194: 8753: 8622: 8559: 8554: 8253: 6669: 6618: 6110: 5734:"Perspectives on Twentieth Century Philosophy: A Reply to Tom Rockmore" 5667: 5508:"Writing history for the ahistorical: Analytic philosophy and its past" 4913: 4648: 4488: 4364: 4243:

and applied the analytic philosophy of language to religious language.

3643: 3515: 3487: 3431: 3397: 3286: 3210: 3150: 3054: 2907: 2847: 2434:'s 1963 paper "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", and the so-called 2251: 2196: 2156: 2093:

defended a number of elaborate metaphysical theories. In works such as

1750: 1729: 1719: 1575: 1562: 857: 794: 409: 40: 8019: 6133: 5299: 2969:'s investigation into the nature of ethical terms (e.g., good) in his 2222:, in mainstream analytical philosophy. In the book, he introduces the 13167: 13004: 12739: 12701: 12294: 12108: 11539: 11534: 11394: 11321: 11256: 11127: 11061: 10873: 10863: 10858: 10833: 10629: 10189: 10151: 9924: 9633: 9573: 9452: 9432: 9184: 9179: 9159: 8327: 8198: 7477:

The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God

6231:(Spring 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5999:(Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 4774:" humorously shows an infinite regress paradox at the heart of logic. 4544: 4418: 4055: 3979:

The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences

3951: 3511: 3442: 3412: 3379: 3247: 3191: 3034: 2489: 2219: 2208: 2172: 2124: 1465:

During the late 1920s to 1940s, a group of philosophers known as the

997: 958: 10764: 7588:"How Bayesian Confirmation Theory Handles the Paradox of the Ravens" 7587: 6661: 6610: 6102: 5659: 4378:, which rests on an interpretation of a passage from Wittgenstein's 4374:

The name "contemplative philosophy" was coined by D. Z. Phillips in

3934:

Since the beginning, analytic philosophy has had an interest in the

2553: 2336:

holds that past, present, and future are equally real. In contrast,

1907:(1953), a paper "sometimes regarded as the most important in all of 48: 13157: 12853: 12674: 12502: 12417: 12356: 12319: 11369: 11276: 11241: 11199: 11187: 10975: 10769: 10669: 10612: 10416: 10370: 10254: 9897: 9588: 9209: 9169: 7263:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. The final draft is also available here 4821:

A survey among American university and college teachers ranked the

3986: 3681:

Motivated by the logical positivists' interest in verificationism,

3627:

initiated Transparent Intensional Logic, an original theory of the

3331: 2883: 2387: 911:

derived from psychical acts of grouping objects and counting them.

853: 841: 786: 594: 566: 444: 7962: 6645: 5189:

Philosophie lehren: Ein Buch zur philosophischen Hochschuldidaktik

4800:. I therefore said, "The universe is exactly like a heap of shot." 4453:

In reaction to what he considered excesses of logical positivism,

3926: 3598:

Hilary Putnam used the Twin Earth thought experiment to argue for

1409: 1153:

in 1905. Russell here argues against Meinongianism. He argues all

13072: 12927: 12839: 10996: 10970: 10965: 10907: 10902: 10734: 10622: 10617: 10576: 10398: 10244: 10126: 9608: 9164: 4969:

Glock, H.J. (2004). "Was Wittgenstein an Analytic Philosopher?".

4793: 4417:. Others will see a commitment to using science in philosophy as 4383: 4288: 4161: 4123: 3816: 3417:

from each according to his ability, to each according to his need

3220: 2898:

in justification, and treating knowledge as a primitive concept.

2636: 2382:, seeing it as the most natural solution to problems such as the 2046: 704: 581:

philosophy. Analytic philosophy is characterized by a clarity of

6771:. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 61. 6574:. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 92. 6190:. Cited in Byrne, Alex and Hall, Ned. 2004. 'Necessary Truths'. 5946:

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748) sect. 12, pt. 3

5933: 5370: 4920:. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 4340:. At that time, he underwent some kind of religious conversion. 3728: 3602:, or the view that the meanings of words are not psychological. 1201:

to avoid the pitfalls of Russell's paradox. Whitehead developed

1012: 728:

Franz Brentano gave to philosophy the problem of intentionality.

13092: 11261: 11182: 10912: 10571: 10561: 10259: 10161: 9753:

An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

9688: 8014: 6867:

Brennan, Andrew and Yeuk-Sze Lo (2002). "Environmental Ethics"

6820:

From the cover of the 2000 Harvard University Press edition of

6707: 5158:. Problèmes et controverses (in French). J. Vrin. p. 140. 3855: 3805: 3658: 3299:

account of distributive justice. Rawls introduced the term the

2320:" (1908). In it, McTaggart distinguishes between the dynamic, 1616:(1953), which differed dramatically from his early work of the 1550: 1421: 1230: 391: 7489:

The Virtue of Faith And Other Essays in Philosophical Theology

4602:

Quote on the definition: "'Analytic' philosophy today names a

4445: 3800:, who deny the existence of propositional attitudes, and with 2053:

as respectable topics of philosophical discussion. Kripke and

1557:

In 1936, Schlick was murdered in Vienna by his former student

852:

in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. He advocated

829: 13057: 13047: 13042: 12514: 12509: 11077: 10739: 10025: 9958: 9174: 7536:. Cornell University Press. The quote is from Wittgenstein's 6793:

The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect

6743:

A Brief History of Analytic Philosophy: From Russell to Rawls

6249:

Hitchcock, Christopher (6 March 2015), "Lewis on Causation",

2562: 1571:

introduced the English speaking world to logical positivism.

1088:

philosophers Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore's rejection of

1065:

British philosophy in the late 19th century was dominated by

582: 396: 7217:

Dennett, D. (2001). "Are we explaining consciousness yet?".

6284:

Lewis, David (March 1986). "Against structural universals".

6253:, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 295–311, 5340:

The Dialogue of Reason: An Analysis of Analytical Philosophy

4038:

has an epistemological objection to mathematical platonism.

3942:, a student of Hans Hahn of the Vienna Circle, produced his 3832:

have had a resurgence; the most prominent representative is

3382:

and his successors. The best-known member of this school is

2854:. Goodman's famous example was to introduce the predicates 1435: 1308:

An important aspect of Hegelianism and British idealism was

732:

Analytic philosophy was deeply influenced by what is called

13187: 7935:

Russell, Idealism, and the Emergence of Analytic Philosophy

3653: 3583:. According to one author, "In the philosophy of language, 2070: 1154: 1028:. The major figure of this period is English mathematician 6569: 6402: 6400: 5646:

Willard, Dallas (1980). "Husserl on a Logic that Failed".

5356:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. pp. 1–10. 3575:(1980), Kripke challenges the descriptivist theory with a 3295:, produced a sophisticated defense of a generally liberal 2947:, twentieth-century meta-ethics has two original strains. 2928:, which examines and produces normative ethical judgments; 2866:; and "bleen" applies to all things before a certain time 2426:

Edmund Gettier helped to revitalize analytic epistemology.

1533:

Several logical positivists were Jewish, such as Neurath,

1508:, according to which every meaningful statement is either 10922: 5720:

The Oxford Handbook of The History of Analytic Philosophy

5559:

The Oxford Handbook of The History of Analytic Philosophy

5260:"Analytic Philosophy Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 4382:. This interpretation was first labeled "Wittgensteinian 4302:

wrote a trilogy of books, arguing for God, consisting of

2793:" argument. Shortly before his death, Wittgenstein wrote 2789:, G. E. Moore uses closure in his famous anti-skeptical " 2238:—the view that free will is compatible with determinism. 1970: 1477:" (or logical empiricism). The Vienna Circle was led by 4343:

Using first-hand remarks (which were later published in

4054:

school of mathematics that argues that mathematics is a

3535:

was an influential philosopher of art. Dickie's student

2520:

What do we know? or What is the extent of our knowledge?

2045:

Kripke is widely regarded as having revived theories of

13172: 6397: 5553:

Beaney, Michael (20 June 2013). Beaney, Michael (ed.).

5376: 2254:, philosophers have been concerned with the problem of 1512:

or synthetic. The truths of logic and mathematics were

7193:"Kripke on the distinctness of the mind from the body" 7119:"Reality Principles: An Interview with John R. Searle" 7103:

Keith Donnellan, "Reference and Definite Descriptions"

6067:

Van Inwagen, Peter, and Dean Zimmerman (eds.) (1998),

5873:

Baillie, James, "Introduction to Bertrand Russell" in

5634:

Themes in Plato, Aristotle, and Hellenistic Philosophy

5622:

Empty Names, Fiction and the Puzzles of Non-Existence.

3846:?" challenged the physicalist account of mind. So did 3238:

Topics of special interest for applied ethics include

3156: 3106:" declared the "is-ought" impasse to be unproductive. 2504:

While a problem since antiquity, American philosopher

1877:

W. V. O. Quine helped to undermine logical positivism.

7513:"Wittgenstein Tolstoy and the Gospel in Brief (2001)" 7290:

Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness: An Anthology.

6934:

Heyting, Frieda; Lenzen, Dieter; White, John (2002).

6644:

Mulligan, Kevin; Simons, Peter; Smith, Barry (1984).

4363:

school", and which includes Wittgensteinians such as

3906:—who advocates a higher-order thought (HOT) model—or 3804:, who is generally considered an eliminativist about 3025:

The logical positivists opined that statements about

2858:. "Grue" applies to all things before a certain time 2767: 2747: 2727: 2705: 2685: 2665: 2645: 2081:

can be used to illustrate the same point with water.

1678:

ordinary-language philosophers during the 1950s were

868:

As a result of his logicist project, Frege developed

7949:

Twentieth Century Philosophy: The Analytic Tradition

7662:

The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology

7114:

Reality Principles: An Interview with John R. Searle

6987:

Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols

5620:

Everett, Anthony and Thomas Hofweber (eds.) (2000),

4467:

in the philosophy of science, using it to solve the

3836:. Kripke also makes a notable argument for dualism. 2569:. Frank Ramsey also advocated a redundancy theory. 1662:

and what they perceived as the later Wittgenstein's

6807:(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978) (originally in the 6785: 6643: 6063: 6061: 5125:"Bernard Williams on Philosophy's Need for History" 4491:can be understood in isolation, a viewpoint called 4214:as a way to solve the problem of evil. Plantinga's 3741:

Verbal Behavior § Chomsky's review and replies

3285:Current analytic political philosophy owes much to 3029:—including all ethical and aesthetic judgments—are 2533:, whereas answering the latter set first is called 2370:logics have been popular since the Polish logician 1809: 1718:(1959), Strawson examines our conceptions of basic 761:(1874) and through the subsequent influence of the 6933: 6412: 6170:, pages 30–33 (section 2.4 "Problems and Changes") 5448:Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra: Before Sunrise 5145: 4853:Foot was the granddaughter of former US President 3174:arguing for and Bernard Williams arguing against. 3057:, which was based on J. L. Austin's philosophy of 2773: 2753: 2733: 2711: 2691: 2671: 2651: 2545:, or doubting there is such a thing as knowledge. 1275:of identity means that "x is the same as y" (x=y). 7585: 7261:Self-Representational Approaches to Consciousness 7051:, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 541–550 6998:Kivy, Peter, "Introduction: Aesthetics Today" in 6908:See Hursthouse, Rosalind (2003). "Virtue Ethics" 5897:"Savants Move to Abandon Metaphysical Philosophy" 5465: 5254: 5252: 5250: 2557:Alfred Tarski has an influential theory of truth. 2283: 833:Gottlob Frege, the father of analytic philosophy. 714: 644:. Other important figures in its history include 13285: 7981:"Conceptions of Analysis in Analytic Philosophy" 7664:(Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. xix, xx. 7035:Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989. 6697:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 6058: 5875:Contemporary Analytic Philosophy, Second Edition 5301:Continental philosophy a very short introduction 5179: 4825:as the most important philosophical book of the 2394:, is a pioneer of a widely-discussed version of 2272:, while David Lewis again defends perdurantism. 1829: 1774:accepted the Challis Chair of Philosophy at the 1756: 707:or technical philosophy and "continental" being 593:. It is further characterized by an interest in 7706:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7622: 5645: 5213: 5192:(in German). Felix Meiner Verlag. p. 258. 4994: 4992: 3246:, and the many challenges created by advancing 3129:also influenced ethics by advocating a kind of 2340:holds that only entities in the present exist. 2332:(earlier than, simultaneous with, later than). 2111: – the belief in real, concrete 1024:, in reaction to the anti-logical tradition of 7852:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. 7338:Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 7080:A History of Six Ideas: an essay in aesthetics 6024:No. 3 May 2007, p 6. Retrieved 17 January 2011 5247: 4757:It has recently been argued Frege plagiarized 3366:(although neither of them endorses the term). 2922:, which investigates moral terms and concepts; 2471: 1929:". He also dubbed the problem of nonexistence 589:and mathematics, and, to a lesser degree, the 12084: 12070: 9974: 9119: 8035: 7698:Desmet, Ronald; Irvine, Andrew David (2022). 6682: 6572:Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science 6227:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), 5404: 4908: 4429:Carl Hempel advocated confirmation theory or 1806:succeeded Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1948. 1264:of existence means that "there is an x" (∃x). 683:Analytic philosophy is often contrasted with 543: 7697: 7586:Fitelson, Branden; Hawthorne, James (2010). 7301: 7147:(Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 7076: 5849: 5377:Rinofner-Kreidl, S.; Wiltsche, H.A. (2016). 5002:, entry for "Analytic philosophy", pp. 22–23 4989: 4953:Contemporary Philosophy in the United States 4319: 3921: 3861: 3306:This was followed soon by Rawls's colleague 2627:is the claim that knowledge is closed under 2202: 1845:'s criticism of the "Myth of the Given", in 1761: 1073:movement, as taught by philosophers such as 773:—gave to analytic philosophy the problem of 27:20th-century tradition of Western philosophy 7855: 7782:Loux, Michael J.; Crisp, Thomas M. (2017). 7725:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7403: 7292:Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 7049:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 7047:"How Is a Theory of the Sublime Possible?" 6558:A Companion to Epistemology, Second Edition 6406: 5555:"The Historiography of Analytic Philosophy" 5478:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231. 5354:Analytic philosophy : classic readings 5012: 5010: 5008: 3327:also derives from the analytic tradition . 2499: 2214:played an important role in rehabilitating 2018:is a metaphysical notion distinct from the 1790:of the Austrian realists and taught at the 1583:contain nothing but sophistry and illusion. 668:. After the decline of logical positivism, 12077: 12063: 9981: 9967: 9843:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language 9133: 9126: 9112: 8042: 8028: 7944:, revised ed. New York: Basic Books, 1966. 6446:Pruss, "Leibnizian Cosmological Arguments" 5113:(Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 205 4955:in N. Bunnin and E. P. Tsui-James (eds.), 4020:, led a Neo-Fregean revival with his work 3650:established the discipline of pragmatics. 3612:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language 2961:G. E. Moore was an ethical non-naturalist. 2324:of time (past, present, future), in which 2195:, except for living beings, a view called 1343:facts. Inspired by developments in modern 1331:Russell and Moore in response promulgated 550: 536: 7833: 7804:Environmental Ethics and Process Thinking 7781: 7579: 6676: 6455: 6433:Identity, Personal Identity, and the Self 6361: 6248: 6222: 6178: 6176: 5990: 5751: 5327:Philosophy 2: Further through the Subject 5297: 5288:(Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 86 5226:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 4942: 4561:, stand at the forefront of this debate. 4531:, are significant for these discussions. 4351:, and other works), philosophers such as 4088: 3966:. Quine developed his own system, dubbed 3808:and phenomenal aspects of consciousness. 3587:is among the most important works ever." 3542: 2312:traces its roots to the British idealist 1447:Members of the Vienna Circle (clockwise): 1396:one must toss away after climbing up it. 7937:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. 7784:Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction 7750:A Contemporary Introduction to Free Will 7675:A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology 7573:Nielsen, Kai and D.Z. Phillips. (2005). 7295: 6847:. Oxford: Lexington Books. p. 104. 6842: 6739: 6650:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 6213:(Oxford University Press, 2004), p. xix. 5722:, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 383. 5505: 5005: 4444: 4393: 4216:evolutionary argument against naturalism 4179:magazine as "America's leading orthodox 4160: 4137: 4022:Frege's Conception of Numbers as Objects 3925: 3815: 3727: 3657: 3654:Philosophy of mind and cognitive science 3441: 3389:Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence 3266: 3086:Perhaps the most influential critic was 2956: 2823: 2631:; in other words epistemic closure is a 2615: 2552: 2421: 2296:or PSR. Van Inwagen criticizes the PSR. 1969: 1872: 1722:. Austin, in the posthumously published 1668: 1299: 1164: 1096:". Russell summed up Moore's influence: 1011: 828: 723: 585:; rigor in arguments; and making use of 8318: 8049: 7718: 7704:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7216: 7145:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7017:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6922:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6914:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6897:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6880:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6766: 6500: 6318: 6229:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6211:Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, Volume 1 5997:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5817: 5731: 5693: 5608: 5596: 5567:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238842.001.0001 5087:(Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 5 5071: 5022:"Analytic" and "Continental" Philosophy 4607:mathematics, than with the humanities." 3257: 2242:had previously made similar arguments. 1954:, an introduction to his theory of the 1339:—the belief that the world consists of 758:Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint 14: 13286: 7921:Short History of Western Philosophy, A 7800: 7409: 7328: 6735: 6733: 6594: 6588: 6173: 6078: 6076: 6033: 5955: 5913: 5855: 5674: 5552: 5444: 5342:(Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 5: 5151: 5046: 5040: 4474: 4424: 4183:philosopher of God". His seminal work 3591:also challenged descriptivism. So did 3422:Although not an analytic philosopher, 2993:is a simple, undefinable, non-natural 2561:Frege questioned standard theories of 1373:, 1921) sometimes known as simply the 1253:means that "x is P" (denoted as P(x)). 957:and analytic philosophy's interest in 12058: 11720: 10462: 10000: 9962: 9107: 8023: 7917:A Short History of Western Philosophy 7683: 6503:"Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" 6283: 6279: 6277: 6223:Bird, Alexander; Tobin, Emma (2024), 6202: 6200: 6082: 6018:Idealism in Australia and New Zealand 5705:"History of Logic", by Arthur Prior, 5471: 5410: 5351: 5329:(Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 2 5219: 5085:Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy 4968: 4957:The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy 4879:A notable exception is the series of 3946:showing that Russell and Whitehead's 3369: 2604:. A truth-maker is contrasted with a 2480:still exists in analytic philosophy. 2303: 1950:(1960), Quine introduces the idea of 1847:Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind 1605: 1399: 1350: 953:Frege also proved influential in the 13329:Philosophical schools and traditions 7746: 7722:The Origins of Analytical Philosophy 7677:(Blackwell Publishing, 2008), p. 89. 7310:from the original on 6 December 2008 7083:. PWN/Polish Scientific Publishers. 6418: 6325:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6321:"Armstrong, David Malet (1926–2014)" 5707:Cambridge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5506:Akehurst, Thomas L. (1 March 2009). 5185: 5000:The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy 2464:, a "web of belief". Quine proposed 2358: 2245: 1703:, arguing in favor of disposing of " 1648: 1587: 7986:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7968:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7841:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7592:The Place of Probability in Science 7560:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7178:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7002:(Blackwell Publishing, 2004), p. 4. 6833:Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy 6730: 6694:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6073: 6039:"Obituary: Georg Henrik von Wright" 5836:from the original on 31 March 2006. 5524:10.1016/j.histeuroideas.2008.09.002 5122: 4959:, 2nd ed., (Blackwell, 2003), p. 1. 4551:. Daniel Dennett and his 1995 book 4262: 4193:. Plantinga also developed a modal 3437: 3252:equality of educational opportunity 3157:Consequentialism, or Utilitarianism 3136: 3000:Contemporary philosophers, such as 2950: 719: 24: 7892: 7158:Brains and Behavior, Hilary Putnam 7112:Postrel and Feser, February 2000, 6938:Methods in Philosophy of Education 6683:Luper, Steven (31 December 2001). 6625: 6563: 6468:Personal Identity and Resurrection 6286:Australasian Journal of Philosophy 6274: 6197: 5916:The Logical Structure of the World 5065: 4918:A Companion to Analytic Philosophy 4772:What The Tortoise Said To Achilles 4173:in 2017 and was once described by 3133:and rejecting all other theories. 2973:(1903), which advances a kind of 2355:, advocated the A-theory of time. 1295: 932:, 1893–1903), argued similarly to 571:contemporary movement or tradition 25: 13345: 13268:Western European and Others Group 7975: 7955: 7821:from the original on 2 April 2024 7625:The Logic of Scientific Discovery 7549: 7445:Peterson, Michael et al. (2003). 7382:Infinity: An Essay In Metaphysics 7167: 7000:The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics 6971:Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art 6364:Universals and scientific realism 6327:(1 ed.), London: Routledge, 5445:Luchte, James (3 November 2011). 4902: 4870:" into the philosophical lexicon. 4809:Named in reference to Waismann's 4498: 4460:The Logic of Scientific Discovery 4132:Society of Christian Philosophers 3623:Another influential philosopher, 3539:is a leading philosopher of art. 3226: 3202:" mimicking the linguistic turn. 3119:Ethics: Inventing Right And Wrong 3098:"the most important treatment of 3010:, defend ethical non-naturalism. 1982:, first introduced by pragmatist 1925:, "To be is to be the value of a 1728:(1962), emphasized the theory of 1624:on color and logical form in the 1371:Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung 1214: 1181:(1910–1913), the seminal text of 517:Social and political philosophers 12038: 12037: 12024: 9087: 9078: 9077: 7911:Frege, Russell, and Wittgenstein 7667: 7650: 7641: 7616: 7567: 7543: 7526: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7451: 7439: 7394: 7385: 7376: 7322: 7253: 7210: 7185: 7161: 7152: 7137: 7106: 7097: 7077:Tatarkiewicz, Władysław (1980). 7070: 7054: 7038: 7022: 7005: 6992: 6976: 6960: 6942:. New York: Routledge. pp. 6927: 6902: 6885: 6861: 6836: 6827: 6814: 6760: 6724:10.1111/j.0031-8094.2005.00393.x 6701: 6501:Gettier, Edmund (15 July 2020), 6130:Does Ontology Rest on a Mistake? 5266:from the original on 3 July 2009 4998:Mautner, Thomas (editor) (2005) 4983:10.1111/j.1467-9973.2004.00329.x 4873: 4860: 4847: 4838:Named in reference to Carnap's 4440: 3792:is most closely associated with 3783: 3764: 3745: 3177: 2412: 2292:philosophers have discussed the 1958:, and specifically to prove the 1903:and republished in Quine's book 1810:Contemporary analytic philosophy 1434: 1420: 1408: 1233:. For example, the English word 1047:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 984:" (1892) is seminal, containing 793:as a solution to the problem of 785:Meinong is known for his unique 61: 47: 7413:Analytic philosophy of religion 7410:Harris, James Franklin (2002). 7143:Graham, George, "Behaviorism", 7121:. February 2000. Archived from 6689:The Epistemic Closure Principle 6637: 6560:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), p. 33. 6550: 6541: 6494: 6472: 6461: 6449: 6440: 6424: 6388: 6362:Armstrong, David Malet (1995). 6355: 6312: 6242: 6216: 6145: 6122: 6069:Metaphysics: The Big Questions. 6027: 6010: 5984: 5949: 5940: 5907: 5889: 5880: 5867: 5840: 5811: 5802: 5776: 5725: 5712: 5699: 5687: 5639: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5546: 5499: 5438: 5345: 5332: 5316: 5291: 5278: 5116: 5099: 5090: 5077: 4832: 4815: 4803: 4786: 4777: 4764: 4751: 4738: 4729: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4691: 4682: 4672: 4655: 4641: 4632: 4619: 4610: 4095:Analytic Philosophy of Religion 4041: 3579:. In it he introduced the term 3325:Consequentialist libertarianism 3254:, and education for democracy. 3168:Utilitarianism: For and Against 3161:During the early 20th century, 2877: 2488:. Most externalists reject the 2401: 2347:, requires a B-theory of time. 1489:. The Berlin Circle was led by 1469:, and another one known as the 1288:to formalize how philosophical 907:argued that the concept of the 9988: 9783:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 8290:Analytic–synthetic distinction 7886:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 7266:"Mirror Mirror – Is That All?" 5788:. Routledge. 12 October 2012. 5753:10.1080/15665399.2003.10819802 5417:. Cambridge University Press. 5027: 4962: 4866:Anscombe introduced the term " 4596: 4587: 4575: 4565:criticizes natural selection. 3712: 3676: 3083:" into the ethical discourse. 2938: 2602:correspondence theory of truth 2600:idea as a contribution to the 2328:; and the static or tenseless 2294:principle of sufficient reason 2284:Principle of sufficient reason 2084: 1891:analytic–synthetic distinction 1814: 1653:The other trend was known as " 1362:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 1328:of the nature of those items. 1314:doctrine of internal relations 1130: 994:The Thought: A Logical Inquiry 888:problem of multiple generality 804: 715:History of analytic philosophy 676:, and others led a revival in 658:ordinary language philosophers 13: 1: 11721: 9664:Principle of compositionality 7951:. New York: Free Press, 1966. 7942:A Hundred Years of Philosophy 7900:London Philosophy Study Guide 7231:10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00130-X 6740:Schwartz, Stephen P. (2012). 6512:, Routledge, pp. 14–15, 5995:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5877:(Prentice Hall, 1997), p. 25. 5682:"Frege's theory of reference" 5037:(HarperCollins, 2002), p. xi. 4896: 4204:Plantinga, J. L. Mackie, and 3761:argued for type physicalism. 3646:and his maxims and theory of 3638: 3569:for modal logic. In his book 3481: 3262: 3205: 2846:", so-called by analogy with 2134: 2079:Twin Earth thought experiment 1917:also contains Quine's essay " 1830:Decline of logical positivism 1757:Spread of Analytic philosophy 1699:(1949), criticized Cartesian 1171:Later, his book written with 1120:The Principles of Mathematics 921:The Foundations of Arithmetic 751:philosopher and psychologist 11510:Ordinary language philosophy 10001: 9813:Philosophical Investigations 7600:10.1007/978-90-481-3615-5_11 6333:10.4324/9780415249126-v035-1 6117:From a Logical Point of View 5475:What is Analytic Philosophy? 5414:What is Analytic Philosophy? 5286:What Is Analytic Philosophy? 5223:What is Analytic Philosophy? 5111:What Is Analytic Philosophy? 4665:by ties of mutual influence 4345:Philosophical Investigations 4068: 4027: 4003: 3557: 3013: 2819: 2808:relevant alternatives theory 2565:, and sometimes advocated a 2516:with two sets of questions: 2162: 1956:indeterminacy of translation 1915:From a Logical Point of View 1909:twentieth-century philosophy 1905:From A Logical Point of View 1826:the debates remains active. 1732:and the ability of words to 1613:Philosophical Investigations 1594:Ordinary language philosophy 926:The Basic Laws of Arithmetic 886:. An example of this is the 819:Warsaw School of Mathematics 7: 11560:Contemporary utilitarianism 11475:Internalism and externalism 9654:Modality (natural language) 7856:van Inwagen, Peter (1983). 7753:. Oxford University Press. 7447:Reason and Religious Belief 7302:Restall, Greg (2002–2006). 6916:and Donchin, Anne (2004). " 6893:The Moral Status of Animals 6843:Ikuenobe, Polycarp (2006). 6711:The Philosophical Quarterly 6119:. Harvard University Press. 5304:. Oxford University Press. 4811:Logik, Sprache, Philosophie 4433:. He introduced the famous 4294: 4253:Kalam cosmological argument 4227:Warrant and Proper Function 4221:Warrant: The Current Debate 3964:Zermelo Fraenkel Set Theory 3844:What is it like to be a bat 2835:Fact, Fiction, and Forecast 2478:internalism and externalism 2472:Internalism and externalism 2451: 2444:. These include developing 2155:. Quine and Lewis defended 1960:inscrutability of reference 1780:Auckland University College 1725:How to Do Things with Words 1123:(1903). He also argued for 948: 930:Grundgesetze der Arithmetik 743: 10: 13350: 13304:21st century in philosophy 13299:20th century in philosophy 10824:Svatantrika and Prasangika 10463: 9793:Language, Truth, and Logic 9533:Theological noncognitivism 9418:Contrast theory of meaning 9413:Causal theory of reference 9144:Index of language articles 8189:Causal theory of reference 7499:Creegan, Charles. (1989). 6259:10.1002/9781118398593.ch19 6251:A Companion to David Lewis 6188:Princeton University Press 6085:"Two Dogmas of Empiricism" 5818:Russell, Bertrand (1905). 4534: 4519:, with his formulation of 4463:, insisted on the role of 4397: 4283:, and others—developed an 4233:Warranted Christian Belief 4169:Plantinga was awarded the 4046:The intuitionists, led by 3985:argued for the reality of 3811: 3577:causal theory of reference 3546: 3485: 3313:Anarchy, State, and Utopia 3064: 2906:Due to the commitments to 2886:, the value of knowledge, 2816:, have argued against it. 2813:Philosophical Explanations 2787:Proof of An External World 2611: 2567:redundancy theory of truth 2417: 2405: 2234:, to stand in contrast to 2179:. David Lewis believed in 2096:On the Plurality of Worlds 2061:. Kripke holds that it is 2014:. Kripke also argued that 1837: 1818: 1797: 1749:(1962), Austin criticized 1591: 1458: 1241:For the sentence 'the cat 1218: 1104: 1058:, and American pragmatist 1007: 904:Philosophie der Arithmetik 856:, the project of reducing 850:philosopher of mathematics 780: 13038:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 13018: 12936: 12773: 12608: 12479:Standard Average European 12347: 12176: 12096: 12018: 11970: 11870: 11832: 11779: 11746: 11737: 11733: 11716: 11666: 11578: 11416: 11407: 11340: 11123: 11114: 11092: 11047: 10989: 10941: 10895: 10886: 10849: 10720: 10585: 10532: 10523: 10473: 10469: 10458: 10397: 10369: 10326: 10278: 10235: 10188: 10160: 10112: 10084: 10046:Philosophy of mathematics 10036:Philosophy of information 10011: 10007: 9996: 9933: 9878:Philosophy of information 9865: 9714: 9566: 9478:Mediated reference theory 9403: 9150: 9141: 9073: 9048: 9010: 8984: 8958: 8930: 8874: 8846: 8783: 8762: 8701: 8659: 8636: 8613: 8515: 8459: 8421: 8365: 8272: 8176: 8126: 8100: 8064: 8057: 7905:23 September 2009 at the 7786:(4 ed.). Routledge. 7719:Dummett, Michael (1993). 7487:Adams, Robert M. (1987). 6746:. John Wiley & Sons. 6598:Journal of Symbolic Logic 6366:. Cambridge Univ. Press. 6298:10.1080/00048408612342211 6139:12 September 2011 at the 6128:S. Yablo and A. Gallois, 5512:History of European Ideas 5451:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5352:Hales, Steven D. (2002). 5298:Critchley, Simon (2001). 5083:See, e.g., Avrum Stroll, 4529:epistemological anarchism 4320:Wittgenstein and religion 4134:was established in 1978. 4083:mathematical fictionalism 4010:indispensability argument 3936:philosophy of mathematics 3922:Philosophy of mathematics 3862:Theories of consciousness 2943:As well as Hume's famous 2901: 2761:can thereby come to know 2446:theories of justification 2268:(1984) defends a kind of 2207:Peter van Inwagen's 1983 2203:Free will and determinism 2183:and introduced the term ' 2057:argued for realism about 2038:, such as that water is H 1999:According to one author, 1986:, especially the work of 1965: 1762:Australia and New Zealand 1639:private language argument 1357:picture theory of meaning 1221:Ideal language philosophy 1094:A Defence of Common Sense 990:mediated reference theory 971:Foundations of Arithmetic 893: 840:(1848–1925) was a German 765:and its members, such as 611:philosophy of mathematics 264:Middle Eastern philosophy 18:Anglo-American philosophy 13178:Lancaster House Treaties 12668:Christian existentialism 12628:Ancient Roman philosophy 12618:Ancient Greek philosophy 9803:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 8249:Scientific structuralism 7915:Hirschberger, Johannes. 7700:"Alfred North Whitehead" 7623:Popper, Karl R. (2002). 7575:Wittgensteinian Fideism? 7475:Mackie, John L. (1982). 7304:"Great Moments in Logic" 7019:, London, Oct 23, 2007. 6767:Kuusela, Oskari (2011). 6090:The Philosophical Review 6083:Quine, W. V. O. (1951). 5850:Desmet & Irvine 2022 4669:by family resemblances." 4568: 4332:and came upon a copy of 4144:reformed epistemologists 3872:philosophy of perception 3828:, and recently forms of 3121:, defended anti-realist 3051:universal prescriptivism 3007:Moral Realism: A Defence 2575:semantic theory of truth 2548: 2514:problem of the criterion 2500:Problem of the Criterion 2466:naturalized epistemology 1900:The Philosophical Review 1897:", published in 1951 in 1895:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 1868: 1673:Portrait of Gilbert Ryle 1568:Language Truth and Logic 1267:For the sentence 'three 1256:For the sentence 'there 1032:. Other figures include 863: 824: 13309:Contemporary philosophy 12956:Equality before the law 12163:Romano-Germanic culture 11515:Postanalytic philosophy 11456:Experimental philosophy 9604:Use–mention distinction 9448:Direct reference theory 8005:considered for deletion 7534:Philosophy's Cool Place 7532:Phillips, D.Z. (1999). 7391:Quine, On What There Is 7065:A New Theory of Beauty. 7013:"The Definition of Art" 6632:Feferman & Feferman 6518:10.4324/9781003061038-5 6510:Arguing About Knowledge 6458:, pp. 206, 214–215 6319:Jackson, Frank (2016), 5991:Longworth, Guy (2017), 5970:10.1111/0031-806X.00022 5958:The Philosophical Forum 5918:. Felix Meiner Verlag. 5732:Jonkers, Peter (2003). 5096:see Stroll (2000), p. 7 4746:postanalytic philosophy 4554:Darwin's Dangerous Idea 4376:Philosophy's Cool Place 4304:The Coherence of Theism 4208:debated the use of the 4199:The Nature of Necessity 3944:incompleteness theorems 3790:eliminative materialism 3685:was the most prominent 3396:, the social scientist 3280:Two Concepts of Liberty 3104:Modern Moral Philosophy 2844:new riddle of induction 2828:All emeralds are "grue" 2278:The Self and the Future 1804:Georg Henrik von Wright 1637:. It also contains the 1229:would be made clear by 736:in the former state of 13319:History of mathematics 13118:Eastern European Group 12707:Continental philosophy 12638:Judeo-Christian ethics 12623:Hellenistic philosophy 12104:Cradle of civilization 11648:Social constructionism 10660:Hellenistic philosophy 10076:Theoretical philosophy 10051:Philosophy of religion 10041:Philosophy of language 9538:Theory of descriptions 9473:Linguistic determinism 9135:Philosophy of language 8305:Reflective equilibrium 7801:Palmer, Clare (1998). 7358:10.1002/cpa.3160130102 6799:24 August 2019 at the 6194:October/November 2004. 6115:Reprinted in his 1953 5993:"John Langshaw Austin" 5718:Michael Beaney (ed.), 5047:Soames, Scott (2003). 4450: 4275:, Alasdair MacIntyre, 4166: 4107: 4089:Philosophy of religion 4061:rather than a type of 3931: 3821: 3771:multiple realizability 3752:University of Adelaide 3733: 3663: 3549:Philosophy of language 3543:Philosophy of language 3527:Władysław Tatarkiewicz 3447: 3406:rational choice theory 3400:, and the sociologist 3272: 2983:open question argument 2979:ethical non-naturalism 2962: 2829: 2799:in response to Moore. 2775: 2755: 2735: 2713: 2693: 2673: 2653: 2621: 2558: 2539:. A third solution is 2427: 1975: 1942:ontological relativity 1923:ontological commitment 1878: 1674: 1585: 1506:verification principle 1370: 1305: 1193:from Italian logician 1173:Alfred North Whitehead 1102: 1060:Charles Sanders Peirce 1042:William Stanley Jevons 1017: 982:On Sense and Reference 955:philosophy of language 943:mathematical Platonism 929: 834: 729: 685:continental philosophy 607:philosophy of language 487:Aesthetic philosophers 13238:Three Seas Initiative 13213:Pacific Islands Forum 13078:British–Irish Council 12826:Greek Orthodox Church 12285:Industrial Revolution 12255:Scientific Revolution 12031:Philosophy portal 11550:Scientific skepticism 11530:Reformed epistemology 10056:Philosophy of science 9649:Mental representation 9584:Linguistic relativity 9468:Inquisitive semantics 8976:Nicholas Wolterstorff 8431:David Malet Armstrong 7963:"Analytic philosophy" 7859:An Essay on Free Will 7836:"Analytic philosophy" 7747:Kane, Robert (2005). 7416:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 6891:Gruen, Lori (2003). " 6874:1 August 2013 at the 6456:Loux & Crisp 2017 6182:Soames, Scott. 2005. 6160:University of Chicago 5152:Vienne, J.M. (1997). 4926:10.1002/9780470998656 4841:Meaning and Necessity 4541:philosophy of biology 4505:social constructivist 4489:scientific hypothesis 4448: 4431:Bayesian epistemology 4406:philosophy of science 4400:Philosophy of science 4394:Philosophy of science 4245:Robert Merrihew Adams 4241:divine command theory 4164: 4156:Nicholas Wolterstorff 4138:Reformed epistemology 4103: 4099:James Franklin Harris 3954:, Frege, and Tarski. 3948:Principia Mathematica 3929: 3900:higher-order theories 3819: 3731: 3717:Behaviorists such as 3661: 3445: 3270: 3219:restored interest in 3190:sparked a revival of 2981:and is known for the 2960: 2827: 2810:and Robert Nozick in 2776: 2756: 2736: 2714: 2694: 2674: 2654: 2619: 2556: 2425: 2322:A-, or tensed, theory 2318:The Unreality of Time 2212:An Essay on Free Will 2193:mereological nihilism 2149:David Malet Armstrong 2127:, and contributed to 2121:counterfactual theory 2103:(1973) he argued for 2089:American philosopher 2028:, and that there are 1973: 1876: 1672: 1580: 1324:, that is, essential 1303: 1178:Principia Mathematica 1166:Principia Mathematica 1141:definite descriptions 1098: 1015: 914:In contrast to this " 832: 727: 615:philosophy of science 68:Philosophy portal 13324:Intellectual history 13233:Special Relationship 12643:Christian philosophy 12588:Western Christianity 12250:Age of Enlightenment 12124:Hellenistic Kingdoms 11451:Critical rationalism 11158:Edo neo-Confucianism 11002:Acintya bheda abheda 10981:Renaissance humanism 10692:School of the Sextii 10066:Practical philosophy 10061:Political philosophy 9833:Naming and Necessity 9743:De Arte Combinatoria 9542:Definite description 9503:Semantic externalism 7372:on 12 February 2021. 7125:on 29 September 2008 5648:Philosophical Review 5472:Glock, H.J. (2008). 5411:Glock, H.J. (2008). 5220:Glock, H.J. (2008). 5049:The dawn of analysis 4509:cognitive relativist 4309:The Existence of God 4195:ontological argument 4075:formal axiom systems 3600:semantic externalism 3585:Naming and Necessity 3572:Naming and Necessity 3258:Political philosophy 3240:environmental ethics 3223:ethical philosophy. 3182:Anscombe, Foot, and 2987:naturalistic fallacy 2985:and identifying the 2945:is/ought distinction 2852:problem of induction 2765: 2745: 2725: 2703: 2683: 2663: 2643: 2230:about free will and 2224:consequence argument 2169:Stanisław Leśniewski 2001:Naming and Necessity 1993:Naming and Necessity 1776:University of Sydney 1766:The school known as 1746:Sense and Sensibilia 1620:. The criticisms of 1335:and the doctrine of 815:Kazimierz Twardowski 749:University of Vienna 512:Philosophers of mind 13294:Analytic philosophy 13258:West Nordic Council 13123:Eastern Partnership 12712:Analytic philosophy 12413:Classical tradition 12235:Early modern period 12191:Classical antiquity 12186:European Bronze Age 11022:Nimbarka Sampradaya 10933:Korean Confucianism 10680:Academic Skepticism 9883:Philosophical logic 9873:Analytic philosophy 9679:Sense and reference 9558:Verification theory 9513:Situation semantics 8798:Patricia Churchland 8729:Christine Korsgaard 8615:Logical positivists 8507:Ludwig Wittgenstein 8284:paradox of analysis 8051:Analytic philosophy 8011:Analytic philosophy 7947:Weitz, Morris, ed. 7862:. Clarendon Press. 7807:. Clarendon Press. 7656:Hull, David L. and 7350:1960CPAM...13....1W 6769:Key Terms in Ethics 6685:"Epistemic Closure" 6605:(4). ASL: 869–882. 6480:"Logical Pluralism" 6152:Peter Godfrey-Smith 5914:Carnap, R. (1928). 5903:. 31 December 1935. 4493:confirmation holism 4475:Confirmation holism 4469:demarcation problem 4425:Confirmation theory 4367:, Peter Winch, and 4186:God and Other Minds 3896:heterophenomenology 3888:representationalism 3854:, which argues for 3798:Patricia Churchland 3683:logical behaviorism 3476:Friedrich Nietzsche 3386:, whose 1978 book, 3336:Catharine MacKinnon 3292:A Theory of Justice 3216:A Theory of Justice 2892:virtue epistemology 2510:Theory of Knowledge 2476:The debate between 2345:four-dimensionalism 2265:Reasons and Persons 2167:Polish philosopher 2151:defended a kind of 2139:In response to the 1952:radical translation 1851:synoptic philosophy 1792:University of Otago 1707:" via recognizing " 1696:The Concept of Mind 1543:Friedrich Waissmann 1316:, the opinion that 1304:Ludwig Wittgenstein 1281:Ludwig Wittgenstein 1208:Process and Reality 1203:process metaphysics 791:nonexistent objects 650:logical positivists 642:Ludwig Wittgenstein 563:Analytic philosophy 522:Women in philosophy 252:Indigenous American 35:Part of a series on 12717:Post-structuralism 12680:Christian humanism 12310:Universal suffrage 11643:Post-structuralism 11545:Scientific realism 11500:Quinean naturalism 11480:Logical positivism 11436:Analytical Marxism 10655:Peripatetic school 10567:Chinese naturalism 10094:Aesthetic response 10021:Applied philosophy 9733:Port-Royal Grammar 9629:Family resemblance 9548:Theory of language 9523:Supposition theory 8971:William Lane Craig 8689:Friedrich Waismann 8646:Carl Gustav Hempel 8605:Timothy Williamson 8565:Alasdair MacIntyre 8423:Australian realism 8403:Russ Shafer-Landau 8264:Analytical Thomism 8219:Logical positivism 7684:Books and articles 7647:Glock 2008, p. 47. 7465:on 31 August 2013. 6918:Feminist Bioethics 6207:Zimmerman, Dean W. 6156:Theory and Reality 5852:, § 6. Metaphysics 4517:Thomas Samuel Kuhn 4485:underdetermination 4481:Duhem–Quine thesis 4451: 4411:scientific realism 4259:of the same name. 4249:William Lane Craig 4167: 3977:'s seminal paper " 3932: 3904:David M. Rosenthal 3852:knowledge argument 3822: 3734: 3671:philosophy of mind 3664: 3589:Ruth Barcan Marcus 3455:Alasdair MacIntyre 3448: 3446:Alasdair MacIntyre 3376:analytical Marxism 3370:Analytical Marxism 3364:Alasdair MacIntyre 3273: 3184:Alasdair Macintyre 3090:, whose monograph 3088:Elizabeth Anscombe 3002:Russ Shafer-Landau 2963: 2830: 2771: 2751: 2731: 2709: 2689: 2669: 2649: 2639:that if a subject 2622: 2620:"Here is one hand" 2559: 2456:Chisholm defended 2428: 2314:J. M. E. McTaggart 2310:philosophy of time 2304:Philosophy of time 2109:counterpart theory 1976: 1879: 1768:Australian realism 1675: 1643:family resemblance 1641:and the notion of 1606:Later Wittgenstein 1497:and mathematician 1475:logical positivism 1461:Logical positivism 1449:(1) Moritz Schlick 1400:Logical positivism 1351:Early Wittgenstein 1337:external relations 1322:internal relations 1320:between items are 1306: 1271:half of six', the 1038:Augustus de Morgan 1026:British empiricism 1018: 884:Aristotelian logic 846:University of Jena 835: 811:Lwów–Warsaw school 801:followed Meinong. 763:School of Brentano 730: 689:continental Europe 623:mathematical logic 575:Western philosophy 215:Eastern philosophy 13281: 13280: 13108:Council of Europe 13010:International law 12963:Constitutionalism 12821:Eastern Orthodoxy 12327:Post–Cold War era 12260:Age of Revolution 12114:Greco-Roman world 12052: 12051: 12014: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12006: 12005: 11712: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11431:Analytic feminism 11403: 11402: 11365:Kierkegaardianism 11327:Transcendentalism 11287:Neo-scholasticism 11133:Classical Realism 11110: 11109: 10882: 10881: 10697:Neopythagoreanism 10454: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10071:Social philosophy 9956: 9955: 9458:Dynamic semantics 9101: 9100: 9069: 9068: 8785:Pittsburgh School 8775:Peter van Inwagen 8709:Roderick Chisholm 8697: 8696: 8590:Richard Swinburne 8525:G. E. M. Anscombe 8361: 8360: 8259:Analytic theology 8234:Ordinary language 8172: 8171: 7929:978-0-7188-3092-2 7919:, ed. Clare Hay. 7869:978-0-19-824924-5 7814:978-0-19-826952-6 7793:978-1-138-63933-1 7760:978-0-19-514970-8 7732:978-0-674-64473-1 7634:978-0-415-27844-7 7609:978-90-481-3614-8 7538:Culture and Value 7423:978-1-4020-0530-5 7278:on 2 October 2008 7011:Adajian, Thomas. 6953:978-0-415-24260-8 6854:978-0-7391-1131-4 6805:Virtues and Vices 6778:978-1-4411-6610-4 6753:978-1-118-27172-8 6581:978-1-4020-2807-6 6547:The Web of Belief 6527:978-1-003-06103-8 6342:978-0-415-25069-6 6268:978-1-118-39859-3 6022:The Northern Line 5925:978-0-8126-9523-6 5795:978-1-134-93573-4 5576:978-0-19-923884-2 5485:978-0-521-87267-6 5458:978-1-4411-1845-5 5424:978-0-521-87267-6 5390:978-3-11-044887-0 5363:978-0-534-51277-4 5233:978-0-521-87267-6 5199:978-3-7873-3766-8 5186:Luft, S. (2019). 5165:978-2-7116-1312-0 5132:pages.uoregon.edu 5107:Hans-Johann Glock 5058:978-0-691-11573-3 4935:978-0-631-21415-1 4881:Michael B. Foster 4770:Carroll's paper " 4549:natural selection 4487:, posits that no 4380:Culture and Value 4349:Culture and Value 4326:Søren Kierkegaard 4300:Richard Swinburne 4285:analytic approach 4211:free will defense 3916:Robert van Gulick 3699:cognitive science 3633:natural languages 3301:veil of ignorance 3170:was written with 3047:Charles Stevenson 2774:{\displaystyle q} 2754:{\displaystyle S} 2734:{\displaystyle q} 2712:{\displaystyle p} 2692:{\displaystyle S} 2672:{\displaystyle p} 2652:{\displaystyle S} 2625:Epistemic closure 2506:Roderick Chisholm 2460:. Quine defended 2430:Owing largely to 2396:logical pluralism 2359:Logical pluralism 2256:personal identity 2246:Personal identity 2189:Peter Van Inwagen 2010:of necessity and 1889:'s attack on the 1786:was a student of 1741:performative turn 1649:Oxford philosophy 1588:Ordinary language 1561:. The same year, 1451:(2) Otto Neurath; 1383:logical operators 975:context principle 844:professor at the 567:analysis focused, 560: 559: 368: 367: 16:(Redirected from 13341: 13314:History of logic 13153:EU Customs Union 12685:Secular humanism 12633:Christian ethics 12583:East–West Schism 12566:Physical culture 12290:Great Divergence 12240:Age of Discovery 12079: 12072: 12065: 12056: 12055: 12041: 12040: 12029: 12028: 12027: 11744: 11743: 11735: 11734: 11718: 11717: 11608:Frankfurt School 11555:Transactionalism 11505:Normative ethics 11485:Legal positivism 11461:Falsificationism 11446:Consequentialism 11441:Communitarianism 11414: 11413: 11282:New Confucianism 11121: 11120: 10928:Neo-Confucianism 10893: 10892: 10702:Second Sophistic 10687:Middle Platonism 10530: 10529: 10471: 10470: 10460: 10459: 10303:Epiphenomenalism 10170:Consequentialism 10104:Institutionalism 10009: 10008: 9998: 9997: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9960: 9959: 9918:Formal semantics 9866:Related articles 9858: 9848: 9838: 9828: 9818: 9808: 9798: 9788: 9778: 9768: 9758: 9748: 9738: 9728: 9498:Relevance theory 9493:Phallogocentrism 9128: 9121: 9114: 9105: 9104: 9091: 9090: 9081: 9080: 9020:Nancy Cartwright 8861:Nicholas Rescher 8838:Bas van Fraassen 8828:Nicholas Rescher 8651:Hans Reichenbach 8634: 8633: 8600:Bernard Williams 8497:Bertrand Russell 8419: 8418: 8353:Rigid designator 8316: 8315: 8062: 8061: 8058:Related articles 8044: 8037: 8030: 8021: 8020: 8008: 7990: 7977:Zalta, Edward N. 7972: 7940:Passmore, John. 7880: 7878: 7876: 7845: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7797: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7736: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7678: 7671: 7665: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7551:Zalta, Edward N. 7547: 7541: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7461:. 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P. 4906: 4890: 4877: 4871: 4868:consequentialism 4864: 4858: 4855:Grover Cleveland 4851: 4845: 4836: 4830: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4768: 4762: 4755: 4749: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4557:, which defends 4513:theory-ladenness 4483:, or problem of 4409:philosophers to 4404:Science and the 4371:, among others. 4314:Faith and Reason 4263:Analytic Thomism 4239:Alston defended 4122:, the nature of 4120:existence of God 4048:L. E. J. Brouwer 3960:Abraham Fraenkel 3830:property dualism 3723:statements about 3691:type physicalism 3629:logical analysis 3581:rigid designator 3438:Communitarianism 3402:Erik Olin Wright 3344:multiculturalist 3143:consequentialism 3137:Normative ethics 3131:moral relativism 3127:Bernard Williams 2971:Principia Ethica 2952:Principia Ethica 2926:Normative ethics 2842:introduced the " 2791:here is one hand 2780: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2390:, together with 2330:B-theory of time 2274:Bernard Williams 2218:with respect to 2171:coined the term 2153:moderate realism 2030:necessary truths 1919:On What There Is 1528:minimal function 1491:Hans Reichenbach 1438: 1424: 1412: 1197:, and it uses a 1147:", published in 1077:(1846–1924) and 1067:British idealism 1034:William Hamilton 1016:Russell in 1907. 988:and providing a 734:Austrian realism 720:Austrian realism 634:Bertrand Russell 591:natural sciences 552: 545: 538: 257:Aztec philosophy 136:Ancient Egyptian 118: 117: 70: 66: 65: 64: 51: 32: 31: 21: 13349: 13348: 13344: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13339: 13338: 13334:Western culture 13284: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13243:UKUSA Agreement 13183:Lublin Triangle 13068:Baltic Assembly 13020: 13014: 12932: 12769: 12604: 12474:Eurolinguistics 12343: 12332:Information age 12305:Interwar period 12172: 12092: 12083: 12053: 12048: 12025: 12023: 12002: 11966: 11866: 11828: 11775: 11729: 11728: 11700: 11689:Russian cosmism 11662: 11658:Western Marxism 11623:New Historicism 11588:Critical theory 11574: 11570:Wittgensteinian 11466:Foundationalism 11399: 11336: 11317:Social contract 11173:Foundationalism 11106: 11088: 11072:Illuminationism 11057:Aristotelianism 11043: 11032:Vishishtadvaita 10985: 10937: 10878: 10845: 10716: 10645:Megarian school 10640:Eretrian school 10581: 10542:Agriculturalism 10519: 10465: 10446: 10393: 10365: 10322: 10274: 10231: 10215:Incompatibilism 10184: 10156: 10108: 10080: 10003: 9992: 9987: 9957: 9952: 9929: 9908:School of Names 9861: 9856: 9846: 9836: 9826: 9823:Of Grammatology 9816: 9806: 9796: 9786: 9776: 9766: 9756: 9746: 9736: 9726: 9710: 9562: 9508:Semantic holism 9488:Non-cognitivism 9428:Conventionalism 9399: 9146: 9137: 9132: 9102: 9097: 9088: 9065: 9056:Jan Łukasiewicz 9044: 9012:Stanford School 9006: 8992:Paul Feyerabend 8980: 8966:Alvin Plantinga 8954: 8940:James F. Conant 8926: 8870: 8842: 8833:Wilfrid Sellars 8823:Alexander Pruss 8803:Paul Churchland 8779: 8758: 8714:Donald Davidson 8693: 8655: 8632: 8609: 8535:Michael Dummett 8511: 8502:Frank P. Ramsey 8455: 8417: 8393:Jaakko Hintikka 8378:Keith Donnellan 8357: 8314: 8268: 8229:Neurophilosophy 8214:Logical atomism 8168: 8122: 8096: 8053: 8048: 7993: 7961: 7958: 7933:Hylton, Peter. 7907:Wayback Machine 7895: 7893:Further reading 7874: 7872: 7870: 7848:Soames, Scott. 7834:Aaron Preston. 7824: 7822: 7815: 7794: 7774:Kenny, A.J.P., 7765: 7763: 7761: 7733: 7709: 7707: 7686: 7681: 7672: 7668: 7660:, "Preface" in 7655: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7584: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7548: 7544: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7457: 7456: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7381: 7377: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7300: 7296: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7215: 7211: 7201: 7199: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7153: 7142: 7138: 7128: 7126: 7117: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7059: 7055: 7043: 7039: 7027: 7023: 7010: 7006: 6997: 6993: 6981: 6977: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6932: 6928: 6907: 6903: 6890: 6886: 6876:Wayback Machine 6866: 6862: 6855: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6819: 6815: 6811:, No. 5, 1967). 6801:Wayback Machine 6790: 6786: 6779: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6738: 6731: 6706: 6702: 6681: 6677: 6662:10.2307/2107686 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6611:10.2307/2273900 6593: 6589: 6582: 6568: 6564: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6528: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6374: 6360: 6356: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6317: 6313: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6247: 6243: 6234: 6232: 6225:"Natural Kinds" 6221: 6217: 6205: 6198: 6181: 6174: 6150: 6146: 6141:Wayback Machine 6127: 6123: 6103:10.2307/2181906 6081: 6074: 6066: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6037:(4 July 2003). 6032: 6028: 6015: 6011: 6002: 6000: 5989: 5985: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5926: 5912: 5908: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5845: 5841: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5730: 5726: 5717: 5713: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5679: 5675: 5660:10.2307/2184863 5644: 5640: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5551: 5547: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5333: 5321: 5317: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5262:. Iep.utm.edu. 5258: 5257: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5082: 5078: 5074:, p. 4, 22 5070: 5066: 5059: 5045: 5041: 5032: 5028: 5019:(2006) webpage 5015: 5006: 4997: 4990: 4967: 4963: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4916:, eds. (2001). 4907: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4878: 4874: 4865: 4861: 4852: 4848: 4837: 4833: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796:than a heap of 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4769: 4765: 4756: 4752: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4547:, particularly 4537: 4525:Paul Feyerabend 4521:paradigm shifts 4501: 4477: 4443: 4435:raven's paradox 4427: 4402: 4396: 4338:Gospel in Brief 4330:First World War 4322: 4297: 4265: 4171:Templeton Prize 4165:Alvin Plantinga 4148:Alvin Plantinga 4140: 4128:problem of evil 4091: 4071: 4063:objective truth 4044: 4036:Paul Benacerraf 4030: 4006: 3968:New Foundations 3924: 3908:David Armstrong 3864: 3814: 3786: 3767: 3748: 3715: 3679: 3656: 3641: 3604:Donald Davidson 3593:Keith Donnellan 3560: 3551: 3545: 3490: 3484: 3440: 3430:, and American 3424:Jürgen Habermas 3372: 3316:, a defense of 3265: 3260: 3248:medical science 3229: 3208: 3180: 3159: 3139: 3096:Donald Davidson 3081:trolley problem 3067: 3016: 2955: 2941: 2904: 2880: 2822: 2783:epistemological 2766: 2763: 2762: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2614: 2596:introduced the 2551: 2502: 2494:Jaakko Hintikka 2474: 2458:foundationalism 2454: 2436:Gettier problem 2420: 2415: 2410: 2404: 2372:Jan Lukasiewicz 2361: 2351:, who invented 2306: 2298:Alexander Pruss 2286: 2248: 2228:incompatibilism 2205: 2165: 2137: 2129:abstract object 2113:possible worlds 2101:Counterfactuals 2087: 2068: 2065:that water is H 2041: 2032:that are known 1968: 1947:Word and Object 1938:semantic holism 1871: 1843:Wilfred Sellars 1840: 1832: 1823: 1817: 1812: 1800: 1764: 1759: 1709:category errors 1705:Descartes' myth 1651: 1622:Frank P. Ramsey 1608: 1596: 1590: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1402: 1353: 1333:logical atomism 1298: 1296:Logical atomism 1223: 1217: 1199:theory of types 1183:classical logic 1169: 1133: 1107: 1022:Richard Whately 1010: 986:Frege's puzzles 980:Frege's paper " 967:linguistic turn 963:Michael Dummett 951: 909:cardinal number 896: 875:Begriffsschrift 870:predicate logic 866: 860:to pure logic. 827: 807: 783: 771:Alexius Meinong 746: 738:Austria-Hungary 722: 717: 691:, most notably 619:predicate logic 603:linguistic turn 556: 527: 526: 492:Epistemologists 482: 481: 470: 469: 406: 382: 381: 370: 369: 115: 114: 103: 62: 60: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13347: 13337: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13275: 13273:Westernization 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13253:Visegrád Group 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13193:Nordic Council 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13088:Bucharest Nine 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13053:Arctic Council 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13024: 13022: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13012: 13007: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12965: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12948: 12942: 12940: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12897: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12851: 12850: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12830: 12829: 12828: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12779: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12744: 12743: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12688: 12687: 12682: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12663:Existentialism 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12614: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12575: 12574: 12573: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12556: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12534: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12483: 12482: 12481: 12476: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12450: 12449: 12439: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12398: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12381: 12376: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12353: 12351: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12324: 12323: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12227: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12196:Late antiquity 12188: 12182: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12111: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12082: 12081: 12074: 12067: 12059: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12046: 12034: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11898: 11897: 11887: 11882: 11876: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11838: 11836: 11834:Middle Eastern 11830: 11829: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11785: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11752: 11750: 11741: 11731: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11722: 11714: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11698: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11670: 11668: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11598:Existentialism 11595: 11593:Deconstruction 11590: 11584: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11426:Applied ethics 11422: 11420: 11411: 11405: 11404: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11390:Nietzscheanism 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11350: 11344: 11342: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11332:Utilitarianism 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11230:Transcendental 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11197: 11196: 11195: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11168:Existentialism 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11124: 11118: 11112: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11053: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10956:Augustinianism 10953: 10947: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10899: 10897: 10890: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10869:Zoroastrianism 10866: 10861: 10855: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10726: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10714: 10712:Church Fathers 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10683: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10594: 10592: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10485: 10479: 10477: 10467: 10466: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10403: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10375: 10373: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10332: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10284: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10241: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10227:Libertarianism 10224: 10223: 10222: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10166: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10118: 10116: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10090: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10031:Metaphilosophy 10028: 10023: 10017: 10015: 10005: 10004: 9994: 9993: 9986: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9963: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9921: 9920: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9849: 9839: 9829: 9819: 9809: 9799: 9789: 9779: 9769: 9759: 9749: 9739: 9729: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9659:Presupposition 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9438:Deconstruction 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9409: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9156: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9131: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9108: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9085: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9040:Patrick Suppes 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9016: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8936: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8924: 8922:Michael Walzer 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8852: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8808:Adolf Grünbaum 8805: 8800: 8795: 8793:Robert Brandom 8789: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8749:W. V. O. Quine 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8724:Nelson Goodman 8721: 8719:Daniel Dennett 8716: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8684:Moritz Schlick 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8642: 8640: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8619: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8595:Charles Taylor 8592: 8587: 8585:P. F. Strawson 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8521: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8482:Norman Malcolm 8479: 8474: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8451:J. J. C. Smart 8448: 8443: 8438: 8436:David Chalmers 8433: 8427: 8425: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8398:Giuseppe Peano 8395: 8390: 8388:Edmund Gettier 8385: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8343:Possible world 8340: 8335: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8295:Counterfactual 8292: 8287: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8154:Paraconsistent 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8068: 8066: 8065:Areas of focus 8059: 8055: 8054: 8047: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8018: 8017: 7991: 7973: 7957: 7956:External links 7954: 7953: 7952: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7913: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7883:Wittgenstein, 7881: 7868: 7853: 7846: 7831: 7813: 7798: 7792: 7779: 7778:, London 1973. 7772: 7759: 7744: 7737: 7731: 7716: 7695: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7666: 7649: 7640: 7633: 7615: 7608: 7578: 7566: 7542: 7525: 7504: 7492: 7480: 7468: 7450: 7438: 7422: 7402: 7393: 7384: 7375: 7321: 7294: 7252: 7209: 7184: 7160: 7151: 7136: 7105: 7096: 7090:978-8301008246 7089: 7069: 7053: 7037: 7021: 7004: 6991: 6983:Nelson Goodman 6975: 6967:Susanne Langer 6959: 6952: 6926: 6901: 6884: 6860: 6853: 6835: 6826: 6813: 6784: 6777: 6759: 6752: 6729: 6700: 6675: 6656:(3): 287–321. 6646:"Truth-Makers" 6636: 6624: 6587: 6580: 6562: 6549: 6540: 6526: 6493: 6471: 6460: 6448: 6439: 6436:. p. 103. 6423: 6411: 6396: 6387: 6372: 6354: 6341: 6311: 6273: 6267: 6241: 6215: 6196: 6172: 6144: 6121: 6072: 6057: 6026: 6016:Weblin, Mark " 6009: 5983: 5964:(4): 329–346. 5948: 5939: 5924: 5906: 5888: 5879: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5810: 5801: 5794: 5775: 5739:Ars Disputandi 5724: 5711: 5698: 5686: 5673: 5638: 5625: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5575: 5545: 5518:(1): 116–121. 5498: 5484: 5464: 5457: 5437: 5423: 5403: 5389: 5369: 5362: 5344: 5331: 5315: 5290: 5277: 5246: 5232: 5212: 5198: 5178: 5164: 5144: 5115: 5098: 5089: 5076: 5064: 5057: 5039: 5033:Colin McGinn, 5026: 5004: 4988: 4977:(4): 419–444. 4971:Metaphilosophy 4961: 4941: 4934: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4872: 4859: 4846: 4831: 4823:Investigations 4814: 4802: 4785: 4776: 4763: 4750: 4737: 4728: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4690: 4681: 4671: 4654: 4640: 4631: 4618: 4609: 4595: 4586: 4582:A.P. Martinich 4573: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4536: 4533: 4500: 4499:Constructivism 4497: 4476: 4473: 4442: 4439: 4426: 4423: 4398:Main article: 4395: 4392: 4357:Norman Malcolm 4321: 4318: 4296: 4293: 4281:Eleonore Stump 4264: 4261: 4152:William Alston 4139: 4136: 4090: 4087: 4070: 4067: 4052:constructivist 4043: 4040: 4029: 4026: 4014:Crispin Wright 4005: 4002: 3983:José Benardete 3923: 3920: 3892:Daniel Dennett 3863: 3860: 3834:David Chalmers 3820:David Chalmers 3813: 3810: 3802:Daniel Dennett 3785: 3782: 3766: 3763: 3755:J. J. C. Smart 3747: 3744: 3714: 3711: 3687:theory of mind 3678: 3675: 3655: 3652: 3640: 3637: 3559: 3556: 3547:Main article: 3544: 3541: 3502:Nelson Goodman 3498:Susanne Langer 3486:Main article: 3483: 3480: 3472:G. W. F. Hegel 3467:Michael Sandel 3463:Michael Walzer 3459:Charles Taylor 3451:Communitarians 3439: 3436: 3428:neo-Kantianism 3371: 3368: 3360:Michael Sandel 3352:Charles Taylor 3340:Andrea Dworkin 3321:libertarianism 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3233:applied ethics 3228: 3227:Applied ethics 3225: 3207: 3204: 3196:virtue ethical 3179: 3176: 3172:J. J. C. Smart 3163:utilitarianism 3158: 3155: 3138: 3135: 3094:was called by 3066: 3063: 3015: 3012: 2954: 2949: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2932:Applied ethics 2929: 2923: 2912:symbolic logic 2903: 2900: 2894:, the role of 2888:epistemic luck 2879: 2876: 2856:grue and bleen 2840:Nelson Goodman 2821: 2818: 2770: 2750: 2730: 2708: 2688: 2668: 2648: 2613: 2610: 2586:Kevin Mulligan 2573:put forward a 2550: 2547: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2512:, details the 2501: 2498: 2473: 2470: 2453: 2450: 2432:Edmund Gettier 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2406:Main article: 2403: 2400: 2360: 2357: 2305: 2302: 2285: 2282: 2247: 2244: 2216:libertarianism 2204: 2201: 2164: 2161: 2136: 2133: 2086: 2083: 2077:79. Putnam's 2066: 2039: 1967: 1964: 1887:W. V. O. Quine 1870: 1867: 1863:John Haugeland 1855:Robert Brandom 1839: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1819:Main article: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1799: 1796: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1680:P. F. Strawson 1650: 1647: 1635:meaning as use 1607: 1604: 1592:Main article: 1589: 1586: 1479:Moritz Schlick 1459:Main article: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1352: 1349: 1310:logical holism 1297: 1294: 1277: 1276: 1265: 1254: 1219:Main article: 1216: 1215:Ideal language 1213: 1195:Giuseppe Peano 1187:symbolic logic 1168: 1163: 1132: 1129: 1106: 1103: 1009: 1006: 950: 947: 899:Neo-Kantianism 895: 892: 880:Concept-script 865: 862: 826: 823: 806: 803: 782: 779: 775:intentionality 767:Edmund Husserl 753:Franz Brentano 745: 742: 721: 718: 716: 713: 693:existentialism 662:W. V. O. Quine 652:(particularly 646:Franz Brentano 558: 557: 555: 554: 547: 540: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 519: 514: 509: 507:Metaphysicians 504: 499: 494: 489: 483: 477: 476: 475: 472: 471: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 435:Metaphilosophy 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 405: 404: 399: 394: 389: 383: 377: 376: 375: 372: 371: 366: 365: 364: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 320: 319: 313: 312: 311: 310: 309: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 273: 272: 271: 261: 260: 259: 249: 248: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 212: 211: 210: 205: 200: 187: 186: 180: 179: 178: 177: 176: 175: 170: 160: 155: 150: 145: 144: 143: 138: 125: 124: 116: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13346: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13289: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13218:PROSUR/PROSUL 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13113:Craiova Group 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13028:ABCANZ Armies 13026: 13025: 13023: 13017: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12876: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12846: 12843: 12842: 12841: 12838: 12834: 12833:Protestantism 12831: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12822: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12789: 12786: 12785: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12753:Sovereigntism 12751: 12749: 12746: 12742: 12741: 12737: 12736: 12735: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12648:Scholasticism 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12611: 12607: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12576: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12564: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12496: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12484: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12411: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12338: 12337:War on terror 12335: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12230:Modern period 12228: 12226: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12204: 12201: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12175: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12086:Western world 12080: 12075: 12073: 12068: 12066: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12045: 12044: 12035: 12033: 12032: 12021: 12020: 12017: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971:Miscellaneous 11969: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11875: 11873: 11869: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11831: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11778: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11724: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667:Miscellaneous 11665: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11653:Structuralism 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11638:Postmodernism 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11628:Phenomenology 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11565:Vienna Circle 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11495:Moral realism 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11421: 11419: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11406: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11297:Phenomenology 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11237:Individualism 11235: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11113: 11103: 11102:Judeo-Islamic 11100: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11078:ʿIlm al-Kalām 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11040: 11037: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11027:Shuddhadvaita 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10961:Scholasticism 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10885: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10848: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10719: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10584: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10461: 10457: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10412:Conceptualism 10410: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10396: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10341:Particularism 10339: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10308:Functionalism 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10293:Eliminativism 10291: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10234: 10228: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10198:Compatibilism 10196: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10137:Particularism 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10006: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9984: 9979: 9977: 9972: 9970: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9926: 9923: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9903:Scholasticism 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9864: 9855: 9854: 9850: 9845: 9844: 9840: 9835: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9824: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9810: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9785: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9760: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9725: 9724: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9518:Structuralism 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9443:Descriptivism 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9423:Contrastivism 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9129: 9124: 9122: 9117: 9115: 9110: 9109: 9106: 9094: 9086: 9084: 9076: 9075: 9072: 9062: 9061:Alfred Tarski 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9030:Peter Galison 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8917:Nathan Salmon 8915: 8913: 8912:Richard Rorty 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8882:Alonzo Church 8880: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8818:Ruth Millikan 8816: 8814: 8813:John McDowell 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8744:Hilary Putnam 8742: 8740: 8739:Robert Nozick 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8669:Rudolf Carnap 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8661:Vienna Circle 8658: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8638:Berlin Circle 8635: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8545:Philippa Foot 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8492:Graham Priest 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8472:Charlie Broad 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8383:Gottlob Frege 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8310:Supervenience 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8209:Functionalism 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8194:Descriptivism 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8175: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8159:Philosophical 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8149:Non-classical 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8040: 8038: 8033: 8031: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7871: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7762: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7745: 7743:, London 1957 7742: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7717: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7687: 7676: 7670: 7663: 7659: 7658:Ruse, Michael 7653: 7644: 7636: 7630: 7627:. Routledge. 7626: 7619: 7611: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7406: 7397: 7388: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7330:Wigner, E. P. 7325: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7155: 7149: 7146: 7140: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7100: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7073: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7001: 6995: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6955: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6930: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6864: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6830: 6823: 6817: 6810: 6809:Oxford Review 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6755: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6736: 6734: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6704: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6544: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6443: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6421:, p. 23. 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6373:0-521-28033-8 6369: 6365: 6358: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6278: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6193: 6192:Boston Review 6189: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6169: 6168:0-226-30062-5 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6079: 6077: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6013: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5901:Baltimore Sun 5898: 5892: 5883: 5876: 5870: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5820:"On Denoting" 5814: 5805: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5715: 5709:(1961) p. 541 5708: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5680:Jeff Speaks, 5677: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5468: 5460: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5441: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5407: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5324: 5323:A.C. Grayling 5319: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5284:H.-J. Glock, 5281: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5148: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5093: 5086: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4850: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4773: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4747: 4741: 4732: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4694: 4685: 4675: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4650: 4644: 4635: 4628: 4625:According to 4622: 4613: 4605: 4599: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4559:Neo-Darwinism 4556: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4465:falsification 4462: 4461: 4456: 4447: 4441:Falsification 4438: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4369:D.Z. Phillips 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4273:Anthony Kenny 4270: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033:Structuralist 4025: 4023: 4019: 4016:, along with 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3994:intuitionists 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975:Eugene Wigner 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956:Ernst Zermelo 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912:William Lycan 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876:naive realism 3873: 3869: 3868:consciousness 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3848:Frank Jackson 3845: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784:Eliminativism 3781: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3765:Functionalism 3762: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3746:Type Identity 3743: 3742: 3737: 3732:Hilary Putnam 3730: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3719:B. F. Skinner 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3695:functionalism 3692: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3614: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3533:George Dickie 3530: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3358:critiques by 3357: 3356:communitarian 3353: 3349: 3346:critiques by 3345: 3341: 3337: 3334:critiques by 3333: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3308:Robert Nozick 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3276:Isaiah Berlin 3269: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244:animal rights 3241: 3236: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178:Virtue ethics 3175: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3147:virtue ethics 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:Philippa Foot 3070: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3031:non-cognitive 3028: 3023: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975:moral realism 2972: 2968: 2965:The first is 2959: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2850:'s classical 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2826: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2768: 2748: 2728: 2721: 2706: 2686: 2666: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2571:Alfred Tarski 2568: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2530:particularism 2522: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2482:Alvin Goldman 2479: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2413:Justification 2409: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:Graham Priest 2373: 2369: 2368:non-classical 2365: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270:bundle theory 2267: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2240:Charlie Broad 2237: 2236:compatibilism 2233: 2229: 2226:and the term 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177:pre-Socratics 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147:, Australian 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117:supervenience 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105:modal realism 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2075:atomic number 2072: 2064: 2060: 2059:natural kinds 2056: 2055:Hilary Putnam 2052: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1931:Plato's beard 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1859:John McDowell 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1827: 1822: 1807: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784:J. N. Findlay 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:John Anderson 1769: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631:language-game 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539:Philipp Frank 1536: 1531: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1499:David Hilbert 1496: 1493:and included 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483:Rudolf Carnap 1481:and included 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:Berlin Circle 1468: 1467:Vienna Circle 1462: 1453:(3) Hans Hahn 1437: 1423: 1411: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1302: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245:asleep', the 1244: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1159:descriptivism 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1125:Meinongianism 1122: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1081:(1836–1882). 1080: 1076: 1075:F. H. Bradley 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Lewis Carroll 1049: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1014: 1005: 1004:or thoughts. 1003: 999: 995: 992:. His paper " 991: 987: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 946: 944: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922: 917: 912: 910: 906: 905: 900: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876: 871: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838:Gottlob Frege 831: 822: 820: 816: 813:, founded by 812: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 759: 754: 750: 741: 739: 735: 726: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:phenomenology 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 654:Rudolf Carnap 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630:Gottlob Frege 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 601:known as the 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577:, especially 576: 572: 568: 564: 553: 548: 546: 541: 539: 534: 533: 531: 530: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 480: 474: 473: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 450:Phenomenology 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 380: 374: 373: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 322: 321: 318: 315: 314: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 277: 274: 270: 267: 266: 265: 262: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 216: 213: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 189: 188: 185: 182: 181: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 142: 141:Ancient Greek 139: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 128: 127: 126: 123: 120: 119: 113: 107: 106: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 69: 58: 57: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 13263:Western Bloc 13063:AUSCANNZUKUS 13019:Contemporary 12968:Human rights 12814:Latin Church 12788:Christianity 12738: 12711: 12697:Conservatism 12542:contemporary 12379:Architecture 12315:World War II 12275:Emancipation 12270:Abolitionism 12158:Romanization 12153:Roman legacy 12134:Roman Empire 12036: 12022: 11693: 11684:Postcritique 11674:Kyoto School 11633:Posthumanism 11613:Hermeneutics 11468: / 11417: 11409:Contemporary 11385:Newtonianism 11348:Cartesianism 11307:Reductionism 11143:Conservatism 11138:Collectivism 11076: 10804:Sarvāstivadā 10782:Anekantavada 10707:Neoplatonism 10675:Epicureanism 10608:Pythagoreans 10547:Confucianism 10513:Contemporary 10503:Early modern 10407:Anti-realism 10361:Universalism 10318:Subjectivism 10114:Epistemology 9872: 9851: 9841: 9831: 9821: 9811: 9801: 9791: 9781: 9761: 9751: 9741: 9731: 9721: 9703: 9644:Metalanguage 9639:Logical form 9594:Truth-bearer 9553:Unilalianism 9463:Expressivism 9290:Wittgenstein 9235:von Humboldt 9152:Philosophers 8950:Cora Diamond 8866:Morton White 8734:Thomas Nagel 8679:Otto Neurath 8628:Ernest Nagel 8575:Gilbert Ryle 8570:Derek Parfit 8530:J. L. Austin 8477:Casimir Lewy 8446:Peter Singer 8441:J. L. Mackie 8413:Barry Stroud 8373:Noam Chomsky 8366:Philosophers 8300:Natural kind 8184:Anti-realism 8144:Mathematical 8118:Performative 8077:Epistemology 8050: 7998: 7984: 7966: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7916: 7884: 7873:. Retrieved 7858: 7849: 7839: 7823:. Retrieved 7803: 7783: 7776:Wittgenstein 7775: 7764:. Retrieved 7749: 7740: 7721: 7708:. Retrieved 7703: 7690: 7674: 7669: 7661: 7652: 7643: 7624: 7618: 7591: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7558: 7545: 7537: 7533: 7528: 7516:. Retrieved 7507: 7500: 7495: 7488: 7483: 7476: 7471: 7463:the original 7453: 7446: 7441: 7412: 7405: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7370:the original 7341: 7337: 7324: 7312:. Retrieved 7297: 7289: 7282:23 September 7280:. Retrieved 7273:the original 7260: 7255: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7200:. Retrieved 7196: 7187: 7176: 7163: 7154: 7144: 7139: 7129:23 September 7127:. Retrieved 7123:the original 7113: 7108: 7099: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7061:Guy Sircello 7056: 7048: 7045:Guy Sircello 7040: 7032: 7029:Guy Sircello 7024: 7016: 7007: 6999: 6994: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6937: 6929: 6921: 6913: 6904: 6896: 6887: 6879: 6863: 6844: 6838: 6829: 6821: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6787: 6768: 6762: 6742: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6692: 6688: 6678: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6627: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6571: 6565: 6557: 6552: 6543: 6509: 6496: 6484:. Retrieved 6474: 6463: 6451: 6442: 6432: 6426: 6414: 6390: 6363: 6357: 6346:, retrieved 6324: 6314: 6292:(1): 25–46. 6289: 6285: 6250: 6244: 6233:, retrieved 6228: 6218: 6210: 6191: 6183: 6155: 6147: 6129: 6124: 6116: 6097:(1): 20–43. 6094: 6088: 6068: 6048:. Retrieved 6044:The Guardian 6042: 6029: 6021: 6012: 6001:, retrieved 5996: 5986: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5942: 5915: 5909: 5900: 5891: 5882: 5874: 5869: 5842: 5829: 5823: 5813: 5804: 5784: 5778: 5743: 5737: 5727: 5719: 5714: 5706: 5701: 5694:Dummett 1993 5689: 5676: 5654:(1): 52–53. 5651: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5611:, p. 28 5609:Dummett 1993 5604: 5597:Dummett 1993 5592: 5580:. Retrieved 5558: 5548: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5489:. Retrieved 5474: 5467: 5447: 5440: 5428:. Retrieved 5413: 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5379: 5372: 5353: 5347: 5339: 5338:L.J. Cohen, 5334: 5326: 5318: 5300: 5293: 5285: 5280: 5268:. Retrieved 5237:. Retrieved 5222: 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5188: 5181: 5169:. Retrieved 5154: 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5131: 5118: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5084: 5079: 5072:Dummett 1993 5067: 5048: 5042: 5034: 5029: 5021: 5017:Brian Leiter 4999: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4917: 4904: 4884: 4875: 4862: 4849: 4839: 4834: 4827:20th century 4822: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4788: 4779: 4766: 4753: 4740: 4731: 4726:philosophy". 4721: 4712: 4703: 4693: 4684: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4643: 4634: 4627:Scott Soames 4621: 4612: 4603: 4598: 4589: 4577: 4552: 4538: 4502: 4478: 4458: 4452: 4428: 4403: 4379: 4375: 4373: 4348: 4344: 4342: 4337: 4323: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4277:John Haldane 4266: 4251:defends the 4238: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4209: 4203: 4198: 4184: 4174: 4168: 4141: 4108: 4104: 4101:noted that: 4094: 4092: 4079:Hartry Field 4072: 4045: 4042:Intuitionism 4031: 4021: 4007: 3991: 3972: 3962:established 3947: 3933: 3880:Fred Dretske 3865: 3840:Thomas Nagel 3838: 3823: 3788:The view of 3787: 3778:Chinese room 3775: 3768: 3749: 3738: 3735: 3722: 3716: 3680: 3665: 3642: 3622: 3610: 3608: 3597: 3584: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3537:Noël Carroll 3531: 3523:Guy Sircello 3520: 3508:Arthur Danto 3506: 3491: 3449: 3421: 3410: 3387: 3373: 3329: 3311: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3274: 3237: 3230: 3214: 3209: 3200:aretaic turn 3188:After Virtue 3187: 3181: 3167: 3160: 3140: 3123:error theory 3118: 3115:J. L. Mackie 3112: 3091: 3085: 3071: 3068: 3043:expressivism 3040: 3024: 3020:meta-ethical 3017: 3005: 2999: 2970: 2964: 2951: 2942: 2905: 2881: 2878:Other topics 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2833: 2832:In his book 2831: 2811: 2804:Fred Dretske 2801: 2796:On Certainty 2794: 2786: 2623: 2606:truth-bearer 2590:Peter Simons 2582:Truth-Makers 2581: 2579: 2560: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2526: 2509: 2503: 2475: 2455: 2439: 2429: 2408:Epistemology 2402:Epistemology 2392:Greg Restall 2384:liar paradox 2362: 2342: 2316:'s article " 2307: 2300:defends it. 2287: 2277: 2263: 2260:Derek Parfit 2249: 2211: 2206: 2191:believes in 2181:perdurantism 2166: 2138: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2044: 2035:a posteriori 2033: 2023: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1991: 1977: 1945: 1935: 1914: 1913: 1904: 1898: 1885:philosopher 1880: 1846: 1841: 1833: 1824: 1802:The Finnish 1801: 1765: 1744: 1734: 1723: 1715: 1713: 1694: 1692: 1688:Gilbert Ryle 1684:J. L. Austin 1676: 1660:Common Sense 1659: 1652: 1625: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1600:World War II 1597: 1581: 1573: 1566: 1559:Hans Nelböck 1556: 1547:Adolf Hitler 1532: 1525: 1518: 1503: 1487:Otto Neurath 1464: 1389: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1360: 1354: 1345:formal logic 1340: 1336: 1330: 1321: 1307: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1261: 1260:a cat', the 1257: 1246: 1242: 1227:Logical form 1224: 1206: 1189:. 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