20:
160:). This produced a number of surprising results in terms of the relationships between groupings of plants, for instance the dicotyledons were not supported as a distinct group. At first there was a reluctance to develop a new system based entirely on a single gene. However, subsequent work continued to support these findings. These research studies involved an unprecedented collaboration between a very large number of scientists. Therefore, rather than naming all the individual contributors a decision was made to adopt the name Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification, or APG for short. The first publication under this name was in 1998, and attracted considerable media attention. The intention was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification.
1365:; Olmstead, Richard G.; Morgan, David; Les, Donald H.; Mishler, Brent D.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Price, Robert A.; Hills, Harold G.; Qiu, Yin-Long; Kron, Kathleen A.; Rettig, Jeffrey H.; Conti, Elena; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Manhart, James R.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Michaels, Helen J.; Kress, W. John; Karol, Kenneth G.; Clark, W. Dennis; Hedren, Mikael; Gaut, Brandon S.; Jansen, Robert K.; Kim, Ki-Joong; Wimpee, Charles F.; Smith, James F.; Furnier, Glenn R.; Strauss, Steven H.; Xiang, Qui-Yun; Plunkett, Gregory M.;
8419:
5158:
2297:
4405:
5127:
442:). The authors say that alternative circumscriptions, as in APG I and II, are likely to cause confusion and that major herbaria which are re-arranging their collections in accordance with the APG approach have all agreed to use the more inclusive families. This approach is being increasingly used in collections in
249:
is used more freely. (Some clades have later been given formal names in a paper associated with the 2009 revision of the APG system.) The authors say that it is "not possible, nor is it desirable" to name all clades in a phylogenetic tree; however, systematists need to agree on names for some clades,
381:
The classification continued the tradition of seeking broad circumscriptions of taxa, for example trying to place small families containing only one genus in a larger group. The authors stated that they have generally accepted the views of specialists, although noting that specialists "nearly always
377:
As the overall relationship between groups of flowering plants became clearer, the focus shifted to the family level, in particular those families generally accepted as problematic. Again, consensus was achieved relatively easily resulting in an updated classification at the family level. The second
272:
The initial 1998 paper by the APG made angiosperms the first large group of organisms to be systematically re-classified primarily on the basis of genetic characteristics. The paper explained the authors' view that there is a need for a classification system for angiosperms at the level of families,
241:
A broad approach is taken to defining the limits of groups such as orders and families. Thus of orders, it is said that a limited number of larger orders will be more useful. Families containing only a single genus and orders containing only a single family are avoided where this is possible without
171:
A classification presents a view at a particular point in time, based on a particular state of research. Independent researchers, including members of the APG, continue to publish their own views on areas of angiosperm taxonomy. Classifications change, however inconvenient this is to users. However,
151:
methods became available and while confirming or clarifying some relationships in existing classification systems, it radically changed others. This genetic evidence created a rapid increase in knowledge that led to many proposed changes; stability was "rudely shattered". This posed problems for all
1523:
Soltis, D. E.; Smith, S. A.; Cellinese, N.; Wurdack, K. J.; Tank, D. C.; Brockington, S. F.; Refulio-Rodriguez, N. F.; Walker, J. B.; Moore, M. J.; Carlsward, B. S.; Bell, C. D.; Latvis, M.; Crawley, S.; Black, C.; Diouf, D.; Xi, Z.; Rushworth, C. A.; Gitzendanner, M. A.; Sytsma, K. J.; Qiu, Y.-L.;
498:
and colleagues (2011). The fourth version was finally published in 2016. It arose from an international conference hosted at the Royal
Botanical Gardens in September 2015 and also an online survey of botanists and other users. The broad outline of the system remains unchanged but several new orders
453:
In the same volume of the journal, two related papers were published. One gives a linear ordering of the families in APG III; as with the linear ordering published for APG II, this is intended for ordering herbarium specimens, for example. The other paper gives, for the first time, a classification
297:
In 1998 only a handful of families had been adequately studied, but the primary aim was to obtain a consensus on the naming of higher orders. Such a consensus proved relatively easy to achieve but the resultant tree was highly unresolved. That is, while the relationship of orders was established,
417:
The third paper from the APG updates the system described in the 2003 paper. The broad outline of the system remains unchanged, but the number of previously unplaced families and genera is significantly reduced. This requires the recognition of both new orders and new families compared to the
61:
As of 2016, four incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration, published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. An important motivation for the group was what they considered deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications since they were not based on
289:
descendants of a common ancestor). An ordinal classification of flowering plant families was proposed as a "reference tool of broad utility". The broad approach adopted to defining the limits of orders resulted in the recognition of 40 orders, compared to, for example, 232 in
343:. The monocots were recognized as a clade, but the dicots were not, with a number of former dicots being placed in separate groups basal to both monocots and the remaining dicots, the eudicots or 'true dicots'. The overall scheme was relatively simple. This consisted of a
163:
As of 2016, three revisions have been published, in 2003 (APG II), in 2009 (APG III) and in 2016 (APG IV), each superseding the previous system. Thirteen researchers have been listed as authors to the three papers, and a further 43 as contributors (see
1627:
222:
should be retained. "The family is central in flowering plant systematics." An ordinal classification of families is proposed as a "reference tool of broad utility". Orders are considered to be of particular value in teaching and in studying family
429:
A major change is that the paper discontinues the use of 'bracketed' families in favour of larger, more inclusive families. As a result, the APG III system contains only 415 families, rather than the 457 of APG II. For example, the agave family
1498:
Multidisciplinary approaches in angiosperm systematics: XVIIIth Annual
Conference of IAAT and International Seminar on 'Multidisciplinary Approaches in Angiosperm Systematics', held in the Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani,
653:, which has been regularly updated since 2001, and is a useful source for the latest research in angiosperm phylogeny which follows the APG approach. Other sources include the Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster and The Flowering Plants Handbook.
426:) are left entirely outside the classification. The authors say that they have tried to leave long-recognized families unchanged, while merging families with few genera. They "hope the classification will not need much further change."
1369:; Swensen, Susan M.; Williams, Stephen E.; Gadek, Paul A.; Quinn, Christopher J.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Golenberg, Edward; Learn, Gerald H.; Graham, Sean W.; Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Albert, Victor A. (1993),
378:
paper published by the APG in 2003 presented an update to the original classification of 1998. The authors stated that changes were proposed only when there was "substantial new evidence" which supported them.
1734:
Haston, Elspeth; Richardson, James E.; Stevens, Peter F.; Chase, Mark W. & Harris, D.J. (2009), "The Linear
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III",
1628:
Comparison of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (2009) with that of the system of Takhtajan (2009) and a note on the Chase and Reveal (2009), Haston et al. (2009), and Mabberley (2008)
1710:(August 2015), "Results from an online survey of family delimitation in angiosperms and ferns: recommendations to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group for thorny problems in plant classification",
472:
In the development of a fourth version there was some controversy over the methodology, and the development of a consensus proved more difficult than in previous iterations. In particular
323:
Alternative classifications are provided for some groups, in which a number of families can either be regarded as separate or can be merged into a single larger family. For example, the
385:
APG II continued and indeed extends the use of alternative 'bracketed' taxa allowing the choice of either a large family or a number of smaller ones. For example, the large family
2408:
Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta
2187:
210:
The principles of the APG's approach to classification were set out in the first paper of 1998, and have remained unchanged in subsequent revisions. Briefly, these are:
1959:
1210:
320:
A substantial number of taxa whose classification had traditionally been uncertain are given places, although there still remain 25 families of "uncertain position".
152:
users of classification systems (including encyclopaedists). The impetus came from a major molecular study published in 1993 based on 5000 flowering plants and a
866:
389:
includes seven 'bracketed' families which can either be considered as part of the
Asparagaceae or as separate families. Some of the main changes in APG II were:
172:
the APG publications are increasingly regarded as an authoritative point of reference and the following are some examples of the influence of the APG system:
8468:
4116:
69:
APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system.
4104:
83:
In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group. The result was a large number of systems (see
19:
4110:
607:). This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 64 and 416, respectively. Two additional informal major clades,
3920:
1793:
Haston, E.; Richardson, J.E.; Stevens, P.F.; Chase, M.W. & Harris, D.J. (2007), "A linear sequence of
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families",
273:
orders and above, but that existing classifications were "outdated". The main reason why existing systems were rejected was because they were not
8463:
4122:
2180:
2402:
Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux
4252:
3085:
2206:
This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by
5194:
1575:; Couch, Charlotte (June 2013), "Utilizing a phylogenetic plant classification for systematic arrangements in botanic gardens and herbaria",
234:
descendants of a common ancestor). The main reason why existing systems are rejected is because they do not have this property, they are not
3932:
403:
In 2007, a paper was published giving a linear ordering of the families in APG II, suitable for ordering herbarium specimens, for example.
4446:
1524:
Hilu, K. W.; Davis, C. C.; Sanderson, M. J.; Beaman, R. S.; Olmstead, R. G.; Judd, W. S.; Donoghue, M. J.; Soltis, P. S. (8 April 2011).
2401:
418:
previous classification. The number of orders goes up from 45 to 59; only 10 families are not placed in an order and only two of these (
4048:
2173:
184:
841:
University of Oxford; Universiteit Leiden; Naturalis
Biodiversity Center; Macquarie University; National Herbarium of New South Wales
8458:
5242:
4494:
2126:
2081:
2038:
1820:
1712:
1660:
1577:
190:
In the United States in 2006, a photographic survey of the plants of the US and Canada is organized according to the APG II system.
1370:
1998:
1421:(2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae",
1382:
335:
A major outcome of the classification was the disappearance of the traditional division of the flowering plants into two groups,
2079:(2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III",
2030:
2481:
476:
questioned the validity of discussions regarding family delimitation in the absence of changes of phylogenetic relationships.
1967:
1858:
1507:
1459:
2762:
Vorträge über botanische
Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik
1656:"Angiosperm phylogeny classification of flowering plants (APG IV) with the families organized alphabetically within orders"
355:, clades of monocots, magnolids and eudicots. The last being a large clade with smaller subclades and two main groupings,
8473:
2635:
3078:
5187:
2196:
1486:
84:
2122:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"
2031:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II"
3128:
3005:
An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
1220:
3020:
An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV
2998:
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II
4439:
3123:
317:
are not given a formal rank on the grounds that "it is not yet clear at which level they should be recognized".
8448:
5221:
4473:
3207:
3197:
3180:
3071:
2642:
393:
New orders are proposed, particularly to accommodate the 'basal clades' left as families in the first system.
8443:
8422:
5247:
5237:
5180:
4499:
4489:
3026:
2683:
646:
78:
1887:
Cole, Theodor C.H. (2015), "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) in jeopardy – Where have the flowers gone?",
2385:
Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam
87:). Different systems and their updates were generally favoured in different countries. Examples are the
5161:
4432:
2533:
1605:
1478:
767:
177:
92:
2777:
The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny
2219:
1850:
650:
5232:
4484:
3063:
3010:
2215:
1846:
A tour of the flowering plants based on the classification system of the Angiosperm phylogeny group
615:, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the
1940:
8453:
3212:
2417:
1816:"The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III"
3050:
2430:
352:
1764:
3175:
2755:
2453:
4413:
946:
Harvard University Herbaria; University of Missouri-St. Louis and Missouri Botanical Garden
4408:
4154:
2658:
2550:
2353:
2055:
1647:
134:
8:
3573:
3556:
3466:
3314:
2421:
2156:
1936:
1703:
1418:
1371:"Phylogenetics of Seed Plants: An Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from the Plastid Gene
808:
5172:
8262:
7480:
7372:
6996:
5483:
5227:
5145:
4479:
3849:
3600:
3583:
3425:
3309:
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3192:
3170:
3158:
3133:
2784:
2467:
2439:
2392:
2015:
1399:
1328:
344:
54:(angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through
47:
4424:
623:
are also included. APG IV also uses the linear approach (LAPG) as advocated by Haston
8219:
8018:
7570:
7430:
7359:
7282:
7163:
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6966:
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1993:
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6107:
5771:
5634:
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5314:
5151:
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4535:
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3517:
3117:
2868:
2840:
2741:
2699:
2346:
2227:
2135:
2104:
2094:
2051:
2007:
1960:"As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants"
1921:
1916:
1906:
1897:
1892:
1867:
1829:
1781:
1743:
1721:
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1807:
1680:(2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III",
1572:
1472:
1311:
846:
827:
684:
524:
479:
Further progress was made by the use of large banks of genes, including those of
473:
447:
215:
116:
51:
2542:
Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita
103:
in the former Soviet Union and countries within its sphere of influence and the
8376:
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8348:
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1298:
786:
588:
495:
455:
412:
194:
153:
1785:
705:
645:, one of the authors of all four of the APG papers, maintains a web site, the
8437:
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8229:
8214:
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8133:
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particularly orders and families, to facilitate communication and discussion.
88:
66:
groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor).
55:
2089:(2), Bremer, B., K. Bremer, M.W. Chase, M.F. Fay, J.L. Reveal, D.E. Soltis,
1033:
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396:
Many of the previously unplaced families are now located within the system.
386:
328:
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274:
235:
227:
193:
In the UK, the 2010 edition of the standard flora of the British Isles (by
148:
140:
63:
1550:
458:; previously only informal clade names were used above the ordinal level.
197:) is based on the APG III system. The previous editions were based on the
8252:
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608:
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348:
324:
96:
2630:
Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau
1541:
1332:
1185:
1152:
966:
964:
438:) are no longer regarded as distinct from the broader asparagus family (
382:
favour splitting of groups" regarded as too varied in their morphology.
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7211:
7143:
7102:
7079:
7016:
7006:
6956:
6941:
6870:
6825:
6810:
6720:
6621:
6601:
6563:
6543:
6265:
6171:
6051:
6036:
6026:
5756:
5705:
5644:
5599:
5450:
5407:
5366:
5357:
5057:
5034:
4959:
4912:
4907:
4887:
4849:
4765:
4648:
4587:
4579:
4398:
4325:
4293:
4279:
4262:
3810:
3487:
3276:
3267:
2990:
2898:
Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons
2518:
2109:
2019:
1760:
1707:
1673:
1643:
1568:
1410:
1403:
1305:; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007), "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of
508:
267:
111:
27:
16:
Collaborative research group for the classification of flowering plants
2991:
An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I)
2912:
The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy
2296:
2140:
2121:
1726:
1591:
305:
Formal, scientific names are not used above the level of order, named
8343:
8312:
8244:
8113:
7972:
7954:
7906:
7875:
7804:
7749:
7686:
7671:
7656:
7593:
7575:
7510:
7485:
7322:
7226:
7178:
7158:
6805:
6710:
6685:
6156:
6148:
6046:
6011:
5988:
5978:
5963:
5902:
5859:
5819:
5796:
5566:
5498:
5389:
5087:
5067:
5024:
5014:
4731:
4592:
4523:
4063:
3959:
3825:
3709:
3507:
3287:
3256:
2578:
2311:
1772:
1525:
1324:
961:
540:
516:
491:
431:
180:, are changing the order of their collections in accordance with APG.
23:
3093:
2011:
1910:
1395:
254:
For a detailed discussion on phylogenetic nomenclature, see Cantino
8196:
8118:
8028:
8010:
7759:
7696:
7648:
7638:
7495:
7312:
7198:
7173:
7135:
6976:
6845:
6830:
6616:
6606:
6581:
6538:
6505:
6414:
6341:
6138:
6121:
5973:
5889:
5743:
5558:
5548:
5460:
5082:
4991:
4986:
4974:
4922:
4892:
4816:
4713:
4679:
4654:
4597:
4335:
3768:
3751:
3187:
2255:
1496:
620:
580:
544:
532:
520:
443:
360:
336:
314:
310:
110:
Before the availability of genetic evidence, the classification of
5126:
2046:(4), Bremer, B., K. Bremer, M.W. Chase, J.L. Reveal, D.E. Soltis,
1765:"APG III: Bibliographical Information and Synonymy of Magnoliidae"
8158:
7824:
6923:
6878:
6573:
6525:
6492:
6406:
6130:
6076:
5584:
5049:
5029:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4854:
4741:
4288:
3991:
3790:
3247:
1944:
480:
1994:"An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants"
245:
Above or parallel to the level of orders and families, the term
6429:
6396:
6003:
5814:
5092:
4826:
4804:
4684:
4624:
880:
Finnish Museum of Natural History; Komarov Botanical Institute
616:
356:
340:
43:
3682:
2926:
An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants
1701:
1037:
4274:
3687:
3385:
3099:
2977:
1966:, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 22 October 2009, archived from
306:
246:
1792:
1733:
1599:
1194:
1158:
95:
in Britain (particularly influential because it was used by
4059:
3778:
1495:
Maiti, Gaurgopal & Mukherjee, Sobhan Kr., eds. (2012),
278:
157:
3387:
2882:
An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
2254:
1625:
1105:
1096:
1094:
970:
5202:
1225:
327:
can either be treated as a separate family or as part of
2692:
Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta
1442:
1174:
301:
Other features of the proposed classification included:
72:
4454:
1091:
997:
187:(also from Kew) is being updated to the APG III system.
147:
After the 1980s, detailed genetic evidence analysed by
3101:
1293:
Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.;
1259:
1236:
555:) and some previously recognised families are lumped (
2195:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1049:
1047:
1045:
952:
a = listed as an author; c = listed as a contributor
2877:
The evolution and classification of flowering plants
634:
provide an alphabetical list of families by orders.
242:
violating the over-riding requirement for monophyly.
2720:
L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes
1626:
Bhattacharyya, P.K. & Bhattacharyya, Kaustuv, "
1248:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
42:) is an informal international group of systematic
3909:
1702:Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Vorontsova, Maria S.;
1136:
1116:
1042:
176:A significant number of major herbaria, including
30:according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2013)
3858:
3582:
2791:Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme
1912:Angiosperm Phylogeny: Flowering Plant Systematics
1069:
1058:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
8435:
3411:
2859:Diversity and classification of flowering plants
1271:
1199:
1080:
975:
587:). Due to nomenclatural issues, the family name
144:(the kinds of chemical compounds in the plant).
79:Flowering plant § History of classification
46:who collaborate to establish a consensus on the
4090:
2612:Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde
2504:An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany
2474:Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs
2274:De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis
1502:, Kalyani, West Bengal: University of Kalyani,
1163:
205:
6098:
4040:
3689:
2849:A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants
1631:
1494:
1409:
1292:
1111:
1008:
5188:
4440:
3231:
3079:
2734:The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants
2576:
2181:
1522:
1231:
454:of the families in APG III which uses formal
8469:Scientific organizations established in 1998
5520:
1566:
1357:
1180:
1003:
347:consisting of isolated taxa (referred to as
1755:
1672:
1100:
861:University of Maryland; Cornell University
363:, each in turn having two major subclades.
5195:
5181:
4447:
4433:
4404:
3086:
3072:
2954:Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification
2940:The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
2607:Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert
2188:
2174:
1904:
1638:
1601:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1526:"Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa"
1450:; Endress, P.K. & Chase, M.W. (2005),
1265:
1242:
781:Plant Gateway; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
185:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
3958:
3707:
2979:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)
2805:Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones
2460:The Natural Arrangement of British Plants
2139:
2108:
2098:
1920:
1905:Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H.;
1896:
1833:
1747:
1725:
1693:
1590:
1549:
1434:
721:Uppsala University; Stockholm University
399:Several major families are re-structured.
2127:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2082:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2039:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1821:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1736:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1713:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1682:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1661:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1578:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1423:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
971:Bhattacharyya & Bhattacharyya (2012)
18:
7636:
2525:General History of Dichlamydious Plants
2075:
1999:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1866:
1806:Haston, Elspeth; Richardson, James E.;
1805:
1383:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1254:
1216:
1053:
165:
8464:International scientific organizations
8436:
6405:
2854:Flowering plants: origin and dispersal
2214:(1982). Examples include the works of
2116:
2056:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x
2025:
1842:
1598:
1454:, Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer,
1452:Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms
1147:
1131:
1075:
1064:
740:Plant Gateway; University of Aberdeen
6394:
5176:
4428:
3681:
3067:
2976:
2575:
2308:
2240:
2169:
1988:
1467:
1086:
992:
656:
519:), some new families are recognised (
73:Angiosperm classification and the APG
2279:Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
1886:
1338:
1277:
1221:On this classification in particular
1205:
351:), followed by the major angiosperm
2748:Handbuch der systematischen Botanik
2706:Haandbog i den systematiske botanik
1958:
1941:"APG - classification by consensus"
1935:
1169:
1021:
138:(particularly of their flower) and
13:
2264:A discourse on the seeds of plants
924:Florida Museum of Natural History
14:
8485:
2309:
2197:List of systems of plant taxonomy
2161:Missouri Botanical Garden Website
2150:
406:
85:List of systems of plant taxonomy
8459:Taxonomy (biology) organizations
8418:
8417:
5157:
5156:
5125:
4403:
3054:at Wikispecies •
2819:Traité de Botanique systématique
2636:Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
2488:Analyse des familles des plantes
2295:
2241:
2100:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
1835:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x
1749:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x
1695:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
1436:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
461:
366:
285:groups (groups which consist of
2371:Familles naturelles des plantes
1477:(3rd ed.), Cambridge, UK:
1285:
292:Takhtajan's 1997 classification
261:
4414:Current definitions of Plantae
2077:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III
1922:10.7287/peerj.preprints.2320v6
1898:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1238v1
1474:New Flora of the British Isles
627:(2009) In a supplemental file
1:
2833:Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
2643:Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
2118:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV
2093:& P.F. Stevens: 105–121,
2050:& P.F. Stevens: 399–436,
2027:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II
1344:The Flowering Plants Handbook
955:
3027:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
2393:De Candolle system (1819–24)
2157:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
1873:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
1632:Maiti & Mukherjee (2012)
700:Swedish Academy of Sciences
647:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
206:Principles of the APG system
7:
2771:Hutchinson system (1926–73)
2534:Bentham & Hooker system
2256:John Ray system (1686–1704)
1814:; Harris, David J. (2009).
803:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
762:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
434:) and the hyacinth family (
298:their composition was not.
93:Bentham & Hooker system
91:in continental Europe, the
10:
8490:
8474:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
2869:Cronquist system (1968–81)
2841:Takhtajan system (1966–97)
2742:Wettstein system (1901–35)
2599:Eichler system (1875–1886)
1990:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
1843:Spears, Priscilla (2006),
1606:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1530:American Journal of Botany
1479:Cambridge University Press
1038:Christenhusz et al. (2015)
679:Institutional affiliation
637:
465:
410:
370:
265:
76:
36:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
8413:
8375:
8357:
8334:
8311:
8243:
8205:
8157:
8146:
8009:
7971:
7953:
7935:
7897:
7874:
7856:
7833:
7822:
7695:
7647:
7584:
7381:
7358:
7347:
7273:
7255:
7197:
7134:
7101:
7078:
7030:
6932:
6921:
6869:
6676:
6653:
6630:
6572:
6524:
6491:
6438:
6427:
6423:
6302:
6291:
6264:
6246:
6228:
6180:
6147:
6129:
6120:
6089:
6002:
5949:
5911:
5888:
5805:
5742:
5704:
5676:
5658:
5575:
5557:
5542:
5511:
5459:
5416:
5388:
5365:
5356:
5345:
5313:
5285:
5267:
5256:
5216:
5134:
5123:
5048:
5000:
4982:
4973:
4950:
4939:
4878:
4825:
4812:
4803:
4790:
4779:
4761:
4750:
4722:
4711:
4670:
4620:
4611:
4578:
4574:
4556:
4545:
4519:
4508:
4468:
4386:
4302:
4261:
4150:
4135:
4086:
4077:
4036:
4016:
4005:
3954:
3945:
3905:
3890:
3886:
3846:
3842:
3777:
3750:
3718:
3703:
3699:
3677:
3625:
3609:
3591:
3545:
3541:
3475:
3454:
3442:
3438:
3407:
3378:
3356:
3338:
3286:
3266:
3246:
3242:
3227:
3111:
3040:
3011:Chase & Reveal System
2985:
2972:
2946:
2932:
2920:Thorne system (1968–2000)
2918:
2906:Dahlgren system (1975–85)
2904:
2890:
2867:
2839:
2825:
2811:
2797:
2783:
2769:
2754:
2740:
2726:
2712:
2698:
2682:
2675:
2659:van Tieghem system (1891)
2657:
2622:Engler system (1886–1924)
2620:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2571:
2549:
2532:
2517:
2494:
2480:
2466:
2452:
2438:
2416:
2391:
2377:
2363:
2324:Linnaean system (1735–51)
2322:
2318:
2304:
2293:
2250:
2236:
2210:in his 1853 edition, and
2203:
1945:Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
1851:Missouri Botanical Garden
1786:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.4
1101:Chase & Reveal (2009)
768:Maarten J.M. Christenhusz
651:Missouri Botanical Garden
309:being used instead. Thus
2892:Goldberg system (1986–89
2551:Baillon system (1867–94)
2496:Lindley system (1830–45)
2379:De Jussieu system (1789)
1297:; Olmstead, Richard G.;
494:origin, such as that of
2934:Kubitzki system (1990–)
2785:Calestani system (1933)
2684:Dalla Torre & Harms
2482:Dumortier system (1829)
2269:Methodus plantarum nova
649:(APWeb), hosted by the
603:(and now also includes
2827:Melchior system (1964)
2813:Emberger system (1960)
2756:Lotsy system (1907–11)
2431:O Prirozenosti Rostlin
1619:
1352:10.13140/2.1.1849.8566
902:University of Florida
822:University of Florida
281:not based on strictly
214:The Linnean system of
107:in the United States.
31:
2714:Hallier system (1912)
2700:Warming system (1912)
2509:The Vegetable Kingdom
2365:Adanson system (1763)
1648:Christenhusz, Maarten
1112:Cantino et al. (2007)
867:Alexander N. Sennikov
466:Further information:
132:) was based on their
22:
8449:Botany organizations
4409:List of plant orders
4289:Pinopsida (conifers)
4275:Cycadopsida (cycads)
4267:(living gymnosperms)
3764:Leiosporocerotopsida
3483:Nephroselmidophyceae
2948:Reveal system (1997)
2799:Kimura system (1956)
2728:Bessey system (1915)
2557:Histoire des plantes
2468:Perleb system (1826)
2440:Agardh system (1825)
2354:Philosophia Botanica
1983:APG I-IV (1998–2016)
1232:Soltis et al. (2011)
1195:Haston et al. (2009)
1159:Haston et al. (2007)
8444:Angiosperm taxonomy
4117:Archaeopteridopsida
3850:Polysporangiophytes
3574:Klebsormidiophyceae
3557:Mesostigmatophyceae
3503:Chlorodendrophyceae
3467:Pyramimonadophyceae
3421:Prasinodermophyceae
3315:Compsopogonophyceae
2665:Traité de botanique
1573:Mabberley, David J.
1542:10.3732/ajb.1000404
1342:(16 October 2014),
1181:Wearn et al. (2013)
1004:Chase et al. (1993)
599:is used instead of
591:is used instead of
8263:Pentaphragmataceae
7481:Stegnospermataceae
7373:Berberidopsidaceae
6997:Pentadiplandraceae
5484:Atherospermataceae
4308:(flowering plants)
4229:Lyginopteridopsida
4022:Eophyllophytopsida
3975:Zosterophyllopsida
3913:Paratracheophytes*
3691:sensu strictissimo
3601:Coleochaetophyceae
3584:Phragmoplastophyta
3426:Palmophyllophyceae
3348:Glaucocystophyceae
3310:Stylonematophyceae
3305:Porphyridiophyceae
3094:Classification of
2591:Nineteenth century
2454:Gray system (1821)
2425:system (1820–1823)
1849:, St. Louis, Mo.:
1363:Soltis, Douglas E.
1299:Soltis, Douglas E.
828:David J. Mabberley
657:Members of the APG
166:Members of the APG
32:
8431:
8430:
8409:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8220:Cardiopteridaceae
8142:
8141:
8019:Plocospermataceae
7818:
7817:
7632:
7631:
7571:Anacampserotaceae
7431:Ancistrocladaceae
7360:Berberidopsidales
7343:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7283:Biebersteiniaceae
7164:Sphaerosepalaceae
7050:Strasburgeriaceae
6967:Setchellanthaceae
6917:
6916:
6390:
6389:
6332:Cercidiphyllaceae
6287:
6286:
6116:
6115:
6085:
6084:
5538:
5537:
5507:
5506:
5341:
5340:
5323:Austrobaileyaceae
5170:
5169:
5140:Basal angiosperms
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
4955:Berberidopsidales
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4422:
4421:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4316:Basal angiosperms
4217:Gigantopteridales
4166:seed plant groups
4164:and other extinct
4131:
4130:
4105:Noeggerathiopsida
4073:
4072:
4028:Trimerophytopsida
4001:
4000:
3941:
3940:
3897:(vascular plants)
3862:Protracheophytes*
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3801:Andreaeobryopsida
3742:Jungermanniopsida
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3562:Chlorokybophyceae
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3493:Chloropicophyceae
3434:
3433:
3413:Prasinodermophyta
3374:
3373:
3061:
3060:
3036:
3035:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2676:Twentieth century
2671:
2670:
2649:Das Pflanzenreich
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2519:Don system (1834)
2446:Classes Plantarum
2340:Species Plantarum
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2231:
2141:10.1111/boj.12385
1970:on 4 October 2015
1907:Stevens, Peter F.
1860:978-1-930723-48-1
1808:Stevens, Peter F.
1727:10.1111/boj.12285
1592:10.1111/boj.12031
1567:Wearn, James A.;
1509:978-93-5067-867-1
1461:978-0-87893-817-9
1367:Soltis, Pamela S.
1346:, Plant Gateway,
1303:Soltis, Pamela S.
950:
949:
886:Douglas E. Soltis
230:(i.e. consist of
226:Groups should be
8481:
8421:
8420:
8155:
8154:
8104:Thomandersiaceae
8094:Lentibulariaceae
8054:Scrophulariaceae
8034:Tetrachondraceae
7831:
7830:
7820:
7819:
7810:Mitrastemonaceae
7740:Pentaphylacaceae
7715:Tetrameristaceae
7662:Hydrostachyaceae
7645:
7644:
7634:
7633:
7436:Rhabdodendraceae
7426:Dioncophyllaceae
7356:
7355:
7189:Dipterocarpaceae
7126:Dipentodontaceae
7070:Crossosomataceae
7045:Geissolomataceae
6930:
6929:
6791:Chrysobalanaceae
6696:Ctenolophonaceae
6663:Lepidobotryaceae
6453:Anisophylleaceae
6436:
6435:
6425:
6424:
6403:
6402:
6392:
6391:
6367:Tetracarpaeaceae
6362:Aphanopetalaceae
6337:Daphniphyllaceae
6300:
6299:
6289:
6288:
6238:Trochodendraceae
6200:Circaeasteraceae
6127:
6126:
6108:Ceratophyllaceae
6096:
6095:
5772:Alstroemeriaceae
5635:Potamogetonaceae
5610:Scheuchzeriaceae
5605:Hydrocharitaceae
5555:
5554:
5518:
5517:
5398:Aristolochiaceae
5363:
5362:
5354:
5353:
5315:Austrobaileyales
5265:
5264:
5261:
5259:Basalangiosperms
5243:Acrogymnospermae
5205:flowering plants
5197:
5190:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5160:
5159:
5129:
4980:
4979:
4948:
4947:
4810:
4809:
4788:
4787:
4759:
4758:
4720:
4719:
4618:
4617:
4576:
4575:
4554:
4553:
4536:Austrobaileyales
4517:
4516:
4495:Acrogymnospermae
4457:flowering plants
4449:
4442:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4407:
4406:
4321:Core angiosperms
4309:
4268:
4263:Acrogymnospermae
4241:Peltaspermopsida
4223:Glossopteridales
4205:Corystospermales
4187:Callistophytales
4167:
4159:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4111:Aneurophytopsida
4093:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4038:
4037:
4014:
4013:
4010:
3969:Barinophytopsida
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3870:Horneophytopsida
3861:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3784:
3769:Anthocerotopsida
3757:
3752:Anthocerotophyta
3732:Haplomitriopsida
3725:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3679:
3678:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3617:Zygnematophyceae
3607:
3606:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3518:Trebouxiophyceae
3488:Picocystophyceae
3452:
3451:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3391:
3293:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3140:
3120:
3105:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3046:
2974:
2973:
2686:system (1900–07)
2680:
2679:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2573:
2572:
2347:Genera Plantarum
2320:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2252:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2205:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2145:
2143:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2058:, archived from
2035:
2022:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1901:
1900:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1863:
1839:
1837:
1802:
1789:
1769:
1752:
1751:
1730:
1729:
1698:
1697:
1678:Reveal, James L.
1669:
1635:
1634:, pp. 13–24
1615:
1614:
1612:
1595:
1594:
1563:
1553:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1491:
1464:
1439:
1438:
1406:
1379:
1354:
1335:
1325:10.2307/25065865
1280:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1134:
1129:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1040:
1035:
1024:
1019:
1006:
1001:
995:
990:
973:
968:
930:Peter F. Stevens
908:Pamela S. Soltis
746:Mark Wayne Chase
661:
660:
593:Xanthorrhoeaceae
577:Centrolepidaceae
571:now re-includes
557:Aristolochiaceae
199:Cronquist system
183:The influential
117:flowering plants
105:Cronquist system
101:Takhtajan system
52:flowering plants
8489:
8488:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8479:
8478:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8389:
8385:Paracryphiaceae
8371:
8353:
8330:
8307:
8239:
8201:
8172:Torricelliaceae
8151:
8138:
8039:Calceolariaceae
8024:Carlemanniaceae
8005:
7967:
7949:
7931:
7893:
7870:
7852:
7827:
7814:
7691:
7641:
7628:
7604:Balanophoraceae
7580:
7491:Lophiocarpaceae
7471:Achatocarpaceae
7466:Caryophyllaceae
7456:Macarthuriaceae
7421:Drosophyllaceae
7377:
7352:
7327:
7269:
7251:
7237:Crypteroniaceae
7232:Melastomataceae
7193:
7130:
7097:
7074:
7032:Crossosomatales
7026:
7002:Gyrostemonaceae
6972:Koeberliniaceae
6926:
6913:
6865:
6856:Picrodendraceae
6821:Lacistemataceae
6781:Dichapetalaceae
6756:Centroplacaceae
6746:Lophopyxidaceae
6706:Erythroxylaceae
6672:
6649:
6626:
6568:
6520:
6487:
6458:Corynocarpaceae
6432:
6419:
6399:
6386:
6347:Grossulariaceae
6296:
6283:
6260:
6242:
6230:Trochodendrales
6224:
6205:Lardizabalaceae
6176:
6143:
6112:
6100:Ceratophyllales
6091:Ceratophyllidae
6081:
6072:Ecdeiocoleaceae
6062:Flagellariaceae
5998:
5945:
5907:
5884:
5855:Tecophilaeaceae
5825:Blandfordiaceae
5801:
5767:Petermanniaceae
5752:Campynemataceae
5738:
5700:
5672:
5654:
5615:Aponogetonaceae
5571:
5546:
5534:
5503:
5455:
5441:Himantandraceae
5412:
5384:
5350:
5348:Mesangiospermae
5337:
5309:
5281:
5257:
5252:
5233:Marchantiophyta
5212:
5201:
5171:
5166:
5130:
5097:
5044:
4996:
4969:
4944:
4927:
4898:Crossosomatales
4874:
4821:
4799:
4784:
4775:
4755:
4746:
4737:Trochodendrales
4716:
4699:
4666:
4607:
4570:
4566:Ceratophyllales
4550:
4541:
4513:
4504:
4485:Marchantiophyta
4464:
4453:
4423:
4418:
4342:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4211:Czekanowskiales
4165:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4127:
4091:
4078:
4069:
4041:Moniliformopses
4032:
4006:
3997:
3947:Eutracheophytes
3946:
3937:
3910:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3859:
3847:
3830:
3821:Polytrichopsida
3816:Tetraphidopsida
3782:
3781:
3773:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3737:Marchantiopsida
3723:
3722:
3720:Marchantiophyta
3708:
3695:
3641:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3605:
3578:
3546:
3529:
3471:
3462:Mamiellophyceae
3443:
3430:
3399:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3352:
3334:
3330:Florideophyceae
3320:Rhodellophyceae
3300:Cyanidiophyceae
3291:
3290:
3282:
3262:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3138:
3116:
3107:
3092:
3062:
3057:
3044:
3032:
2981:
2956:
2942:
2928:
2914:
2900:
2886:
2863:
2835:
2821:
2807:
2793:
2779:
2765:
2750:
2736:
2722:
2708:
2694:
2685:
2667:
2653:
2616:
2582:
2559:
2545:
2535:
2528:
2513:
2490:
2476:
2462:
2448:
2434:
2424:
2412:
2387:
2373:
2359:
2333:Systema Naturae
2314:
2300:
2283:
2246:
2232:
2199:
2194:
2153:
2148:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2033:
2012:10.2307/2992015
1973:
1971:
1949:
1947:
1927:
1925:
1889:PeerJ PrePrints
1878:
1876:
1861:
1767:
1704:Fay, Michael F.
1622:
1610:
1608:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1489:
1462:
1396:10.2307/2399846
1377:
1295:Judd, Walter S.
1288:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1266:Cole et al 2019
1264:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1243:Byng et al 2016
1241:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1130:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1009:
1002:
998:
991:
976:
969:
962:
958:
847:James L. Reveal
685:Birgitta Bremer
659:
640:
525:Macarthuriaceae
470:
464:
456:taxonomic ranks
448:botanic gardens
415:
409:
375:
369:
270:
264:
208:
114:(also known as
81:
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8487:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8454:Plant taxonomy
8451:
8446:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8425:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8381:
8379:
8377:Paracryphiales
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8367:Escalloniaceae
8363:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8349:Caprifoliaceae
8346:
8340:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8321:Columelliaceae
8317:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8283:Argophyllaceae
8280:
8275:
8273:Alseuosmiaceae
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8249:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8225:Phyllonomaceae
8222:
8217:
8211:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8192:Myodocarpaceae
8189:
8184:
8182:Pittosporaceae
8179:
8177:Griseliniaceae
8174:
8169:
8163:
8161:
8152:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8099:Schlegeliaceae
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8049:Plantaginaceae
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8015:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7996:Sphenocleaceae
7993:
7988:
7983:
7981:Convolvulaceae
7977:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7959:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7941:
7939:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7903:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7866:Metteniusaceae
7862:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7839:
7837:
7828:
7823:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7780:Sarraceniaceae
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7720:Fouquieriaceae
7717:
7712:
7710:Marcgraviaceae
7707:
7701:
7699:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7653:
7651:
7642:
7637:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7614:Misodendraceae
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7590:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7516:Phytolaccaceae
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7451:Asteropeiaceae
7448:
7443:
7441:Simmondsiaceae
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7401:Plumbaginaceae
7398:
7393:
7387:
7385:
7383:Caryophyllales
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7353:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7279:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7203:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7184:Sarcolaenaceae
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7140:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7111:Gerrardinaceae
7107:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7084:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7036:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6899:Elaeocarpaceae
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6875:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6861:Phyllanthaceae
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6816:Passifloraceae
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6751:Putranjivaceae
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6726:Calophyllaceae
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6701:Rhizophoraceae
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6645:Zygophyllaceae
6642:
6636:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6578:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6559:Ticodendraceae
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6433:
6428:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6400:
6395:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6327:Hamamelidaceae
6324:
6319:
6314:
6308:
6306:
6297:
6292:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6274:Myrothamnaceae
6270:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6210:Menispermaceae
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6067:Joinvilleaceae
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5959:Strelitziaceae
5955:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5936:Pontederiaceae
5933:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5898:Dasypogonaceae
5894:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5875:Amaryllidaceae
5872:
5867:
5865:Xeronemataceae
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5668:Petrosaviaceae
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5552:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5530:Chloranthaceae
5526:
5524:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5469:Calycanthaceae
5465:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5360:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5333:Schisandraceae
5330:
5325:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5238:Polypodiophyta
5235:
5230:
5225:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5200:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5177:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5040:Paracryphiales
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4965:Caryophyllales
4962:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4548:Mesangiosperms
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4520:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4490:Polypodiophyta
4487:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4395:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4247:Pentoxylopsida
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4181:Calamopityales
4177:
4170:
4168:
4145:
4138:Spermatophytes
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4100:
4098:
4095:Progymnosperms
4081:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4060:Polypodiopsida
4057:
4055:Cladoxylopsida
4051:
4044:
4042:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4017:
4011:
4008:Euphyllophytes
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3980:Lycopodiopsida
3977:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3921:Cooksoniopsida
3916:
3914:
3900:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3853:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Oedipodiopsida
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3713:
3697:
3696:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3455:Prasinophytina
3449:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3402:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3358:incertae sedis
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3250:
3237:
3234:Archaeplastida
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:Mesomycetozoea
3210:
3205:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3149:Diaphoretickes
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3096:Archaeplastida
3091:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2159:hosted by the
2152:
2151:External links
2149:
2147:
2146:
2114:
2073:
2023:
2006:(4): 531–553,
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1956:
1939:(9 May 2016).
1933:
1902:
1884:
1864:
1859:
1840:
1828:(2): 128–131.
1812:Chase, Mark W.
1803:
1790:
1753:
1742:(2): 128–131,
1731:
1720:(4): 501–528,
1708:Chase, Mark W.
1699:
1688:(2): 122–127,
1674:Chase, Mark W.
1670:
1652:Stevens, Peter
1636:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1596:
1585:(2): 127–141,
1569:Chase, Mark W.
1564:
1551:2027.42/142064
1536:(4): 704–730.
1520:
1508:
1492:
1487:
1465:
1460:
1440:
1429:(2): 132–136,
1407:
1359:Chase, Mark W.
1355:
1340:Byng, James W.
1336:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1258:
1255:Stevens (2015)
1247:
1235:
1224:
1217:Stevens (2015)
1209:
1198:
1184:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1135:
1115:
1104:
1090:
1079:
1068:
1057:
1054:APG III (2009)
1041:
1025:
1007:
996:
974:
959:
957:
954:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
926:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
882:
881:
878:
875:
873:
871:
869:
863:
862:
859:
857:
854:
851:
849:
843:
842:
839:
836:
834:
832:
830:
824:
823:
820:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:Walter S. Judd
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
787:Michael F. Fay
783:
782:
779:
776:
774:
772:
770:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
742:
741:
738:
735:
733:
731:
729:
723:
722:
719:
717:
714:
711:
708:
702:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
687:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
658:
655:
639:
636:
499:are included (
496:Douglas Soltis
463:
460:
413:APG III system
408:
407:APG III (2009)
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
368:
365:
333:
332:
321:
318:
263:
260:
252:
251:
243:
239:
224:
223:relationships.
207:
204:
203:
202:
191:
188:
181:
154:photosynthesis
74:
71:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8486:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8424:
8416:
8415:
8412:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8374:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8359:Escalloniales
8356:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8288:Menyanthaceae
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8258:Campanulaceae
8256:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8242:
8236:
8235:Aquifoliaceae
8233:
8231:
8230:Helwingiaceae
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8215:Stemonuraceae
8213:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8204:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8167:Pennantiaceae
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8156:
8153:
8150:
8145:
8135:
8134:Orobanchaceae
8132:
8130:
8129:Paulowniaceae
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8064:Linderniaceae
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7858:Metteniusales
7855:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7843:Oncothecaceae
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7821:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7790:Actinidiaceae
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7770:Diapensiaceae
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7730:Lecythidaceae
7728:
7726:
7725:Polemoniaceae
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7705:Balsaminaceae
7703:
7702:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7667:Hydrangeaceae
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7635:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7619:Schoepfiaceae
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7583:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7566:Portulacaceae
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7556:Halophytaceae
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7536:Molluginaceae
7534:
7532:
7531:Nyctaginaceae
7529:
7527:
7526:Sarcobataceae
7524:
7522:
7521:Petiveriaceae
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7476:Amaranthaceae
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7391:Frankeniaceae
7389:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7368:Aextoxicaceae
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7350:Superasterids
7346:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7318:Simaroubaceae
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7303:Anacardiaceae
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7266:
7265:Picramniaceae
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7169:Thymelaeaceae
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:Muntingiaceae
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7065:Stachyuraceae
7063:
7061:
7060:Guamatelaceae
7058:
7056:
7055:Staphyleaceae
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6987:Emblingiaceae
6985:
6983:
6982:Salvadoraceae
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6962:Limnanthaceae
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6947:Tropaeolaceae
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6920:
6910:
6909:Brunelliaceae
6907:
6905:
6904:Cephalotaceae
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6851:Ixonanthaceae
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6841:Euphorbiaceae
6839:
6837:
6836:Rafflesiaceae
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6786:Euphroniaceae
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6766:Malpighiaceae
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6741:Caryocaraceae
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6731:Podostemaceae
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6632:Zygophyllales
6629:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6554:Casuarinaceae
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:Nothofagaceae
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6473:Tetramelaceae
6471:
6469:
6468:Cucurbitaceae
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Apodanthaceae
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6393:
6383:
6382:Cynomoriaceae
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:Saxifragaceae
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:Peridiscaceae
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6290:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6220:Ranunculaceae
6218:
6216:
6215:Berberidaceae
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6162:Nelumbonaceae
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:Eriocaulaceae
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5994:Zingiberaceae
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Heliconiaceae
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5941:Haemodoraceae
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:Commelinaceae
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5870:Asphodelaceae
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Ixioliriaceae
5848:
5846:
5845:Doryanthaceae
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:Melanthiaceae
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:Cyclanthaceae
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5696:Dioscoreaceae
5694:
5692:
5691:Burmanniaceae
5689:
5687:
5686:Nartheciaceae
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5660:Petrosaviales
5657:
5651:
5650:Cymodoceaceae
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Posidoniaceae
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:Juncaginaceae
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5590:Tofieldiaceae
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5522:Chloranthales
5519:
5516:
5514:
5513:Chloranthidae
5510:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Hernandiaceae
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5479:Gomortegaceae
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:Eupomatiaceae
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5436:Degeneriaceae
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5426:Myristicaceae
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5344:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:Hydatellaceae
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5277:Amborellaceae
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5163:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5128:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:Metteniusales
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5020:Escalloniales
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4942:Superasterids
4938:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:Zygophyllales
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4753:Core eudicots
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4710:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4637:Petrosaviales
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:Chloranthales
4559:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4175:Bennettitales
4172:
4171:
4169:
4156:
4155:Pteridosperms
4149:
4146:
4142:(seed plants)
4139:
4134:
4124:
4123:Protopityales
4120:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4004:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3894:
3893:Tracheophytes
3889:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Andreaeopsida
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3631:(land plants)
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3524:
3523:Chlorophyceae
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Pedinophyceae
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:Chlorophytina
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:Viridiplantae
3377:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Bangiophyceae
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Stramenopiles
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3139:(major groups
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2065:on 2020-10-22
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:Stevens, P.F.
1865:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:Byng, James W
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1488:9781139486491
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:(3): E1–E44,
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1148:APG II (2003)
1144:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1132:APG IV (2016)
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1076:Spears (2006)
1072:
1066:
1065:WCLSPF (2015)
1061:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1005:
1000:
994:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
972:
967:
965:
960:
953:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
852:
850:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
766:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
727:James W. Byng
725:
724:
720:
718:
715:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
699:
697:
694:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:Peter Stevens
635:
633:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:superasterids
610:
606:
602:
601:Melianthaceae
598:
594:
590:
589:Asphodelaceae
586:
585:Haptanthaceae
583:now includes
582:
578:
574:
573:Anarthriaceae
570:
566:
562:
561:Lactoridaceae
559:now includes
558:
554:
553:Petiveriaceae
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Metteniusales
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
490:
486:
485:mitochondrial
482:
477:
475:
474:Peter Stevens
469:
468:APG IV system
462:APG IV (2016)
459:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:Hyacinthaceae
433:
427:
425:
424:Cynomoriaceae
421:
420:Apodanthaceae
414:
404:
398:
395:
392:
391:
390:
388:
383:
379:
374:
373:APG II system
367:APG II (2003)
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
326:
322:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
302:
299:
295:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
269:
259:
257:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:
211:
200:
196:
192:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
174:
173:
169:
167:
161:
159:
155:
150:
145:
143:
142:
137:
136:
131:
130:Magnoliophyta
127:
123:
119:
118:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:Engler system
86:
80:
70:
67:
65:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
25:
21:
8298:Calyceraceae
8293:Goodeniaceae
8278:Phellinaceae
8268:Stylidiaceae
8207:Aquifoliales
8089:Bignoniaceae
8074:Martyniaceae
8044:Gesneriaceae
8001:Hydroleaceae
7991:Montiniaceae
7945:Boraginaceae
7922:Gelsemiaceae
7912:Gentianaceae
7884:Eucommiaceae
7785:Roridulaceae
7765:Symplocaceae
7735:Sladeniaceae
7677:Curtisiaceae
7624:Loranthaceae
7546:Didiereaceae
7501:Barbeuiaceae
7461:Microteaceae
7416:Nepenthaceae
7406:Polygonaceae
7396:Tamaricaceae
7288:Nitrariaceae
7257:Picramniales
7222:Vochysiaceae
7207:Combretaceae
7121:Tapisciaceae
7116:Petenaeaceae
7022:Brassicaceae
6776:Trigoniaceae
6771:Balanopaceae
6736:Hypericaceae
6716:Bonnetiaceae
6691:Irvingiaceae
6678:Malpighiales
6668:Celastraceae
6640:Krameriaceae
6597:Elaeagnaceae
6592:Dirachmaceae
6549:Juglandaceae
6516:Polygalaceae
6501:Quillajaceae
6463:Coriariaceae
6440:Cucurbitales
6377:Haloragaceae
6372:Penthoraceae
6357:Crassulaceae
6322:Altingiaceae
6304:Saxifragales
6256:Dilleniaceae
6195:Papaveraceae
6190:Eupteleaceae
6182:Ranunculales
6090:
6057:Restionaceae
6017:Bromeliaceae
5951:Zingiberales
5931:Philydraceae
5921:Hanguanaceae
5913:Commelinales
5880:Asparagaceae
5840:Hypoxidaceae
5787:Ripogonaceae
5782:Philesiaceae
5777:Colchicaceae
5719:Velloziaceae
5714:Triuridaceae
5678:Dioscoreales
5595:Alismataceae
5543:
5512:
5474:Siparunaceae
5431:Magnoliaceae
5328:Trimeniaceae
5305:Nymphaeaceae
5269:Amborellales
5248:Angiospermae
5203:Families of
5010:Aquifoliales
4903:Picramniales
4865:Cucurbitales
4845:Malpighiales
4795:Saxifragales
4727:Ranunculales
4695:Zingiberales
4690:Commelinales
4643:Dioscoreales
4524:Amborellales
4500:Angiospermae
4392:paraphyletic
4304:Angiospermae
4281:
4280:Ginkgoales (
4253:Petriellales
4235:Medullosales
4162:(seed ferns)
3875:
3796:Sphagnopsida
3791:Takakiopsida
3724:(liverworts)
3690:
3684:Embryophytes
3638:(see below↓)
3596:Charophyceae
3566:
3548:Streptophyta
3400:land plants)
3388:
3357:
3275:
3268:Rhodelphidia
3255:
3198:Opisthokonta
3102:
3049:
3025:
3018:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2978:
2953:
2939:
2925:
2911:
2897:
2881:
2876:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2832:
2818:
2804:
2790:
2776:
2761:
2747:
2733:
2719:
2705:
2691:
2664:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2611:
2606:
2556:
2541:
2524:
2508:
2503:
2487:
2473:
2459:
2445:
2429:
2407:
2400:
2384:
2370:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2131:
2125:
2117:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2067:, retrieved
2060:the original
2043:
2037:
2026:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1972:, retrieved
1968:the original
1963:
1948:. Retrieved
1937:Fay, Michael
1926:, retrieved
1911:
1909:(May 2019),
1888:
1877:, retrieved
1872:
1845:
1825:
1819:
1798:
1794:
1777:
1771:
1757:Reveal, J.L.
1739:
1735:
1717:
1711:
1685:
1681:
1665:
1659:
1609:, retrieved
1600:
1582:
1576:
1533:
1529:
1513:, retrieved
1497:
1473:
1469:Stace, Clive
1451:
1448:Soltis, P.S.
1444:Soltis, D.E.
1426:
1422:
1415:Reveal, J.L.
1387:
1381:
1372:
1343:
1316:
1310:
1307:Tracheophyta
1306:
1286:Bibliography
1273:
1261:
1250:
1238:
1227:
1212:
1201:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1107:
1087:Stace (2010)
1082:
1071:
1060:
999:
993:APG I (1998)
951:
641:
631:
624:
605:Vivianiaceae
569:Restionaceae
549:Petenaeaceae
537:Microteaceae
478:
471:
452:
440:Asparagaceae
428:
416:
402:
387:Asparagaceae
384:
380:
376:
334:
329:Papaveraceae
300:
296:
286:
283:monophyletic
275:phylogenetic
271:
262:APG I (1998)
255:
253:
236:phylogenetic
231:
228:monophyletic
209:
170:
162:
149:phylogenetic
146:
141:biochemistry
139:
133:
129:
125:
122:Angiospermae
121:
115:
109:
82:
68:
64:monophyletic
60:
56:phylogenetic
39:
35:
33:
8253:Rousseaceae
8149:Campanulids
8109:Verbenaceae
8084:Acanthaceae
8079:Pedaliaceae
8069:Byblidaceae
7937:Boraginales
7927:Apocynaceae
7917:Loganiaceae
7899:Gentianales
7848:Icacinaceae
7800:Cyrillaceae
7795:Clethraceae
7775:Styracaceae
7755:Primulaceae
7682:Grubbiaceae
7609:Santalaceae
7551:Basellaceae
7506:Gisekiaceae
7446:Physenaceae
7411:Droseraceae
7308:Sapindaceae
7298:Burseraceae
7242:Alzateaceae
7154:Neuradaceae
7093:Francoaceae
7088:Geraniaceae
7040:Aphloiaceae
7012:Capparaceae
6992:Tovariaceae
6952:Moringaceae
6934:Brassicales
6894:Cunoniaceae
6889:Oxalidaceae
6884:Connaraceae
6801:Achariaceae
6796:Humiriaceae
6761:Elatinaceae
6655:Celastrales
6612:Cannabaceae
6587:Barbeyaceae
6511:Surianaceae
6483:Begoniaceae
6478:Datiscaceae
6317:Paeoniaceae
6294:Superrosids
6279:Gunneraceae
6248:Dilleniales
6167:Platanaceae
6042:Thurniaceae
6022:Rapateaceae
5984:Marantaceae
5835:Lanariaceae
5830:Asteliaceae
5815:Orchidaceae
5807:Asparagales
5792:Smilacaceae
5734:Pandanaceae
5724:Stemonaceae
5630:Zosteraceae
5625:Maundiaceae
5577:Alismatales
5494:Monimiaceae
5418:Magnoliales
5403:Saururaceae
5380:Winteraceae
5375:Canellaceae
5358:Magnoliidae
5300:Cabombaceae
5287:Nymphaeales
5220:Supergroup
5078:Gentianales
5073:Boraginales
5002:Campanulids
4918:Brassicales
4840:Celastrales
4782:Superrosids
4771:Dilleniales
4672:Commelinids
4661:Asparagales
4631:Alismatales
4603:Magnoliales
4530:Nymphaeales
4511:Angiosperms
4472:Supergroup
4199:Cordaitales
4193:Caytoniales
4079:Lignophytes
4062:(ferns and
3988:spikemosses
3927:Rhyniopsida
3877:Aglaophyton
3756:(hornworts)
3627:Embryophyta
3610:Anydrophyta
3568:Spirotaenia
3513:Ulvophyceae
3446:Chlorophyta
3396:green algae
3366:Algospongia
3340:Glaucophyta
3292:(red algae)
2134:(1): 1–20.
2110:10654/18083
2091:P.S. Soltis
2048:P.S. Soltis
1974:27 November
1928:29 November
1891:: 3:e1517,
1761:Chase, M.W.
1644:Chase, Mark
1611:26 November
1411:Chase, M.W.
1278:Byng (2014)
1206:Cole (2015)
706:Kåre Bremer
609:superrosids
597:Francoaceae
565:Hydnoraceae
529:Maundiaceae
505:Dilleniales
501:Boraginales
325:Fumariaceae
112:angiosperms
28:angiosperms
8438:Categories
8336:Dipsacales
8326:Bruniaceae
8303:Asteraceae
8187:Araliaceae
8124:Phrymaceae
8059:Stilbaceae
7986:Solanaceae
7963:Vahliaceae
7889:Garryaceae
7835:Icacinales
7745:Sapotaceae
7599:Opiliaceae
7586:Santalales
7561:Talinaceae
7541:Montiaceae
7293:Kirkiaceae
7275:Sapindales
7247:Penaeaceae
7217:Onagraceae
7212:Lythraceae
7144:Cytinaceae
7103:Huerteales
7080:Geraniales
7017:Cleomaceae
7007:Resedaceae
6957:Caricaceae
6942:Akaniaceae
6871:Oxalidales
6826:Salicaceae
6811:Goupiaceae
6721:Clusiaceae
6622:Urticaceae
6602:Rhamnaceae
6564:Betulaceae
6544:Myricaceae
6266:Gunnerales
6172:Proteaceae
6052:Cyperaceae
6037:Mayacaceae
6027:Xyridaceae
5757:Corsiaceae
5706:Pandanales
5645:Ruppiaceae
5600:Butomaceae
5451:Annonaceae
5408:Piperaceae
5367:Canellales
5146:Alismatids
5058:Icacinales
5035:Dipsacales
4960:Santalales
4913:Huerteales
4908:Sapindales
4888:Geraniales
4850:Oxalidales
4766:Gunnerales
4649:Pandanales
4588:Canellales
4580:Magnoliids
4455:Orders of
4326:Magnoliids
4294:Gnetopsida
4064:horsetails
3992:quillworts
3984:clubmosses
3960:Lycophytes
3933:Renaliales
3710:Bryophytes
3288:Rhodophyta
3277:Rhodelphis
2581:(Phyletic)
2069:2019-09-24
1780:: 71–134.
1390:(3): 528,
1170:RBG (2009)
1022:Fay (2016)
956:References
509:Icacinales
411:See also:
371:See also:
268:APG system
266:See also:
135:morphology
126:Anthophyta
77:See also:
8344:Adoxaceae
8313:Bruniales
8245:Asterales
8114:Lamiaceae
7973:Solanales
7955:Vahliales
7907:Rubiaceae
7876:Garryales
7805:Ericaceae
7750:Ebenaceae
7687:Cornaceae
7672:Loasaceae
7657:Nyssaceae
7594:Olacaceae
7576:Cactaceae
7511:Aizoaceae
7486:Limeaceae
7323:Meliaceae
7227:Myrtaceae
7179:Cistaceae
7159:Malvaceae
6806:Violaceae
6711:Ochnaceae
6686:Pandaceae
6157:Sabiaceae
6149:Proteales
6047:Juncaceae
6012:Typhaceae
5989:Costaceae
5979:Cannaceae
5964:Lowiaceae
5903:Arecaceae
5860:Iridaceae
5820:Boryaceae
5797:Liliaceae
5567:Acoraceae
5499:Lauraceae
5390:Piperales
5228:Bryophyta
5093:Vahliales
5088:Solanales
5068:Garryales
5025:Bruniales
5015:Asterales
4732:Proteales
4593:Piperales
4480:Bryophyta
3826:Bryopsida
3779:Bryophyta
3508:UTC clade
3257:Picomonas
3193:Amoebozoa
3171:Alveolata
3159:Cryptista
3134:Eukaryota
2579:Darwinian
2536:(1862–83)
2418:Berchtold
2312:Darwinian
2228:Grisebach
1870:(2015) ,
1801:(1): 7–12
1773:Phytotaxa
1515:31 August
1419:Fay, M.F.
541:Nyssaceae
517:Vahliales
492:ribosomal
432:Agavaceae
353:radiation
258:(2007).)
58:studies.
44:botanists
24:Evolution
8423:Category
8197:Apiaceae
8119:Mazaceae
8029:Oleaceae
8011:Lamiales
7760:Theaceae
7697:Ericales
7649:Cornales
7639:Asterids
7496:Kewaceae
7313:Rutaceae
7199:Myrtales
7174:Bixaceae
7136:Malvales
6977:Bataceae
6846:Linaceae
6831:Peraceae
6617:Moraceae
6607:Ulmaceae
6582:Rosaceae
6539:Fagaceae
6506:Fabaceae
6415:Vitaceae
6342:Iteaceae
6139:Buxaceae
6122:Eudicots
5974:Musaceae
5890:Arecales
5744:Liliales
5559:Acorales
5549:Monocots
5461:Laurales
5162:Category
5152:Lilioids
5083:Lamiales
4992:Ericales
4987:Cornales
4975:Asterids
4923:Malvales
4893:Myrtales
4714:Eudicots
4680:Arecales
4655:Liliales
4625:Acorales
4613:Monocots
4598:Laurales
4336:Eudicots
4331:Monocots
4049:Ibykales
3783:(mosses)
3688:Plantae
3386:Plantae
3188:Amorphea
3166:Rhizaria
3154:Hacrobia
3144:Excavata
3129:Bacteria
3100:Plantae
3045:See also
2244:Linnaean
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2212:Dahlgren
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1992:(1998),
1964:Kew News
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1471:(2010),
1333:25065865
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545:Peraceae
533:Mazaceae
521:Kewaceae
444:herbaria
361:asterids
337:monocots
315:monocots
311:eudicots
220:families
168:below).
48:taxonomy
8159:Apiales
7825:Lamiids
6924:Malvids
6879:Huaceae
6574:Rosales
6526:Fagales
6493:Fabales
6407:Vitales
6131:Buxales
6077:Poaceae
5585:Araceae
5544:Lilidae
5050:Lamiids
5030:Apiales
4880:Malvids
4870:Fagales
4860:Rosales
4855:Fabales
4817:Vitales
4742:Buxales
4399:extinct
3248:Picozoa
3203:Animals
3124:Archaea
3051:Plantae
2216:Scopoli
2208:Lindley
2020:2992015
1879:11 June
1853:Press,
1404:2399846
676:APG IV
670:APG II
638:Updates
489:nuclear
481:plastid
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