636:), unarmed, on a nearby mountain ridge. The meeting was initially tense - the fathers of both Sarhili and Stockenström had been killed whilst unarmed. Both men were also veterans of several frontier wars against each other and, while they treated each other with extreme respect, Stockenström nonetheless made the extreme demand that Sarhili assume responsibility for any future Ngqika attacks. After protracted negotiations, Sarhili agreed to return any raided cattle & other property and to relinquish claims to the Ngqika land west of the Kei. He also promised to use his limited authority over the frontier Ngqika to restrain cross-border attacks. A treaty was signed and the commandos departed on good terms.
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543:, abolished Stockenström's treaty system altogether, imposing instead a unilateral system of more severe treaties. Certain provisions of the new treaty system, such as those allowing frontier settlers to counter-raid their Xhosa neighbours if they believed that cattle had been stolen, led to a sharp increase in violence. Maitland's system also involved building a system of military fortifications on Xhosa lands so as to secure the frontier militarily.
648:, ostentatiously blamed the Stockenström treaty system for being the cause of the war. In a meeting with the Xhosa chiefs, the Governor famously tore up a piece of paper in front of the chiefs and announced: "No more treaties". Historian Piers Brendon described "Smith, placing his foot on the neck of the Xhosan ruler and proclaiming, 'I am your Paramount Chief, and the Kaffirs are my dogs!'"
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613:, and then advanced to Fort Beaufort, where it was initially ordered that he would invade the Xhosa country. Instead of launching a military invasion to destroy the Xhosa armies, Stockenström selected a small group of his mounted commandos, crossed the Colony's border and rapidly rode deep into the Transkei Xhosa heartland, directly towards the kraal of
569:(the "Amatola War") erupted, the conventional imperial troops soon suffered setbacks in the rough frontier terrain. Their long troop columns were slow and easily ambushed by the elusive Xhosa gunmen. Faced with increasing losses and a full-scale invasion of the Xhosa armies across the frontier, the British Governor Sir
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Relying on his popularity as the friend and benefactor of both colonists and indigenous peoples, Anders dismounted and went to meet the war party unarmed. He spent at least half an hour endeavouring to persuade Kasa to return to their country without bloodshed but when he returned to mount his horse,
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On 27 December Col John Graham of Fintry sent orders to
Stockenström to join the rest of the force at Coerney, where Col J G Cuyler (landdrost of Uitenhage) was in charge. Realising that this would leave the area north of the Zuurberg vulnerable to Xhosa attack, Anders went to discuss the matter with
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Stockenström's response to what he perceived as the incompetence of direct imperial control was to back calls for the Cape Colony to get greater local control over its affairs, through the institution of elected representative government. Stockenström, who had been created a baronet in 1840, used his
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against Tyali, having been shown evidence that this Xhosa chief was led raids across the border. However, the expedition resulted in the shooting of another chief, Zeko, which caused considerable controversy. Based on false information, Stockenström had at first commended Field
Commandant Erasmus for
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Cattle raiding across the frontier, by both sides, was a persistent cause for frontier violence. For this reason, Stockenström promulgated new regulations dealing with the recovery of stolen stock. The previous "Reprisals System" of the frontier meant that the reaction to a cattle raid was simply to
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declined, in part because of his "outspoken criticism of
Somerset’s frontier policy or his refusal to allow the settlement of the 1820 Settlers in his district and his opposition to their location on the frontier", Duminy suggests, and in part because of a quarrel with the Governor's son, Col. Henry
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to introduce representative government in the Cape. But as a result of his call for an inquiry into
Governor Harry Smith's policies, Sir Andries was in turn made the scapegoat for their failure, and was additionally blamed for the Kat River rebellion during the Eighth Frontier War of 1850. Instead
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In August 1835 he travelled to London to give evidence to the House of
Commons on relations with the Xhosa in Southern Africa. In a hugely influential testimony, he blamed imperial policies and the frontier settlers' behaviour for causing repeated outbreaks of war with the Xhosa. In particular, the
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Faced with growing demands for punitive expeditions, Stockenström became increasingly suspicious of the motives of Col
Somerset and the frontier settler group. The issue became critical in June 1831, when the colonial government directly authorised Somerset to launch an attack on the Xhosa, without
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During his eight years as landdrost – under
Batavian rule until 1806, and then under British rule – the district experienced Bushman raids in the north and north-west, and an unsettled frontier with the amaXhosa. Public buildings were in need of restoration following the Khoikhoi/Xhosa invasion of
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at the time was the so-called "Reprisals System", whereby frontier settlers were permitted to cross the border to reclaim stolen cattle from any Xhosa settlement to which the cattle-tracks led – even if the stolen cattle were not in fact there. Stockenström was fiercely opposed to this system. His
899:, after four weeks, to assist in defence of the city against an expected British attack. It is not known whether Anders sailed with the fleet, but two years later he was working as an assistant in the goods office in Cape Town, where he remained for some years. He also served on a vessel carrying
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This system involved the exchange of diplomatic agents as reliable "ambassadors" between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa chiefs. The diplomatic agent system was underlain by formal treaties to guard the border and return any stolen cattle from either side. Importantly, Stockenström forbade colonial
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population. Some of
Stockenström's top commanders were Khoi; he had long fought alongside Khoi soldiers in the frontier wars, and claimed to hold their bravery and loyalty in high esteem. He granted this displaced and marginalised people full and equal rights of land ownership and facilitated the
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Due in part to overcrowding, a civil war broke out between the amaNgqika (Ngqika Xhosa) and the amaGcaleka (Gcaleka Xhosa). As the Cape had signed a defence treaty with Ngqika, it was legally required to respond to Ngqika's request for military assistance in 1818. Stockenström was thus ordered to
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His efforts in restraining colonists from moving into Xhosa lands served to make him immensely unpopular among the settlers of the Cape Colony frontier. As a historical figure, he long remained controversial in South Africa for supposedly hindering colonisation, and pro-imperialist histories have
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However, Governor
Maitland rejected the treaty and sent an insulting letter back to the Xhosa paramount-chief, demanding greater acts of submission and servility. Furious, Stockenstrom and his local commandos resigned and departed from the war, leaving the imperial troops and the Xhosa - both
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After swiftly intercepting and defeating the
Gcaleka army, he withdrew his commando and stationed his Graaff-Reinet burghers to defend the left flank at the Kat River. However, after the Cape withdrawal, the amaGcaleka regrouped in 1819 and this time invaded the Cape Colony itself, attacking
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The dense settlements thrived and expanded, and the Kat River Settlement quickly became a large, peaceful and successful region of the Cape that subsisted more or less autonomously from the rest of the country. Stockenström was later to regard the creation of this settlement as his proudest
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In his final year as landdrost, he played a significant role in the Cape by lobbying for Ordinance 50 (1828) to grant the right to own land to the Khoikhoi and all other free black inhabitants of the Cape. A project that led to his later establishing of the Kat River Khoi Settlement.
1204:
The Life and Times of Sir John Charles Molteno, K.C.M.G., First Premier of Cape Colony: Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape and of Lord Carnarvon's Confederation Policy & of Sir Bartle Frere's High Commissionership of South
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In his frontier policy, Stockenström was also in disagreement with the liberals and philanthropists of the Cape, in that he believed that the authority of the chiefs must be preserved, and that the relations of the borderlands needed to be strictly regulated and policed.
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on the one side, and the Xhosa chiefs on the other. Stockenström's military career additionally saw growing disagreement between the leadership of the local Cape forces (the Burgher commandos) and the settlers on the frontier who supported greater imperial control.
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When Governor Smith called an election in 1850 (the only one of its kind) to get around the difficulty of finding suitable people to serve on the legislative council, Sir Andries received the most votes cast for any candidate from the Eastern Province. However,
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Under immense pressure from the frontier settlers' press campaign, Stockenström became increasingly drawn into a series of bitter legal battles. In February 1838 he started a libel action, after being publicly accused of murder, and requested the new governor,
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Sir Andries's eldest surviving son (*1841 †1912) succeeded him as baronet and was a member of the Cape Legislative Council from 1891 to 1910. Sir Gijsbert died without issue, and the title passed to the offspring of his younger brother, also named Andries.
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opinion that the Cape Colony colonists of the frontier were unfairly treating of their Xhosa neighbours led to his later conclusion that a strictly-enforced system of treaties must be enforced on both sides in order for peace and mutual respect to develop.
513:, to launch a full inquiry. Stockenström was exonerated by the court of inquiry in June 1838, but nonetheless felt his position hopeless, and travelled to Britain to consult Glenelg. Glenelg refused to accept Stockenström's resignation, but his successor,
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commando was ordered to clear insurgents from the dense bush in the Fish River area – previously regarded as impenetrable. After successfully implementing this supposedly impossible campaign, Stockenström was promoted to captain in the Cape Regiment.
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This policy nonetheless proved to be very problematic because, when deciding whether to authorise punitive action, Stockenström depended on information from sources which were often unreliable. In 1830 Stockenström permitted settlers to launch a
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The war ended in October 1819, when Gcaleka agreed to recognise Ngqika's independent leadership of the Western Xhosa, and the area between the Keiskamma and Fish rivers was declared a neutral zone, closed off from both black and white settlement.
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Andries, his health ruined by this expedition (he remained in poor health the rest of his life), called on the British government to institute an inquiry into the war, maintaining that it had been prolonged needlessly but the new governor,
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However many frontier colonists resented Stockenström's restrictions on their expansion into Xhosa land. The Eastern Cape settler movement, which advocated dismantling Stockenström's treaty system and annexing the Xhosa land, was led by
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to represent the Eastern Divisions. To meet the expenses of the campaign and of the destruction of his property, he arranged for the subdivision of a part of Maasström (one-third of the 4 985 morgen) as a township, which was named
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In 1842, a severe drought effected the region, causing an increasing in cross-border cattle raiding. This, together with the growing neglect of Stockenström's treaty system, began to lead to growing violence along the frontier.
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He set out at sunset on 29 December 1811 with 24 men. About five hours later he encountered a number of Xhosa of the Imidange clan under Kasa on Doringnek, the watershed between the White and Coerney rivers, on the Zuurberg.
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He began by returning the recently annexed "Province of Queen Adelaide" to the Xhosa. He then instituted his own unique treaty system, recognising the Xhosa chiefs as independent and equal authorities in his diplomacy.
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In spite of the many political hindrances to his actions, Stockenström nonetheless set to work to reach an agreement for peace on the frontier and to stabilise the Ceded Territory between the Fish and Keiskamma rivers.
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populations, and fiercely loyal to Stockenström. They objected to serving under an imperial commander, so Governor Maitland promoted Stockenström to colonel, so as to place him in command of the local mixed commandos.
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His military career ended in July 1820 when he was transferred to the Corsican Rangers. The Graaff-Reinet district's involvement with the frontier was also reduced by the creation in 1821 of the separate district of
410:, Secretary for the Colonies, requested his resignation from the council, Stockenström left the Cape in 1833 and traveled to London where he resigned as Commissioner-General, after having failed to persuade the
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Godlonton had control of the most influential newspapers of the frontier region, and used them to advocate for his campaign. Godlonton also used his considerable influence in the religious institutions of the
43:
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When steps were eventually taken against the Xhosa in December 1811, Anders, in command of the burghers of Graaff-Reinet, occupied Bruintjieshoogte to protect the area north of the Zuurberg. The commandos of
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to the Cape, and was afterwards, until 1795 with the British occupation of the Cape, bookkeeper to the fleet. In March 1796 General J H Craig appointed Anders secretary to Landdrost A A Faure, of Swellendam.
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Following a heated electoral campaign, Sir Andries defeated his old enemy, Godlonton – despite renewed publication of all the old accusations against him in Godlonton's newspaper, the Graham's Town Journal.
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While the young Stockenström was a great and sometimes ruthless soldier in the frontier wars, in the coming years he came to develop a growing sympathy with his Xhosa opponents. The frontier policy of the
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When his father was ambushed and killed, the young Andries rode from Bruintjieshoogte with 18 mounted burghers. He hunted down and overtook a number of the killers near Doringnek, slaying 13 of them.
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Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st baronet x 8 December 1828 Elsabe Helena Maasdorp (1808-1889), daughter of Gijsbert Henry Maasdorp. The couple had six children, of whom the firstborn died as a baby.
732:, Sir Andries piloted the passage of the Divisional Councils Act, which in his view restored a link between the government and the governed, which had been broken in 1828 (with the abolition of
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Upon returning from Doringnek, Andries was appointed to his father's position in command of the burgher forces. Following Ndlambe's expulsion, he assisted Colonel John Graham in fortifying the
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1802-03 (the Third Frontier War). While commandos were sent against the Bushmen, Anders also tried to reconcile the Bushmen by having game shot for them, and periodically giving them cattle.
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In 1827 the Council of Advice was enlarged to include two unofficial members, and in June that year Stockenström was appointed to fill one of these positions. Early in 1829 Major-General
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Sir Andries publicly condemned Governor Smith's policies, and warned that they would precipitate a further crisis, but Earl Grey, the Secretary for the Colonies, declined to take action.
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and Commissioner-General Jacob Abraham Uitenhage de Mist. The latter swore him in on 14 February 1804, at which time Graaff-Reinet had been without a permanent landdrost since 1801.
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Stockenström thus took to the field again. He was first ordered to position his Graaff-Reinet commando to meet any attack across the northern section of the frontier. Then while the
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launch a counter-raid. Stockenström ruled that armed parties were only permitted to cross the frontier and recover stolen stock by force if the civil authorities gave permission.
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led several Legislative Council members in denying that the elections represented popular opinion, and Sir Andries and the other popularly elected members resigned in September.
617:("Kreli"), the paramount chief of all the Xhosa. Due in part to the speed of their approach, they were barely engaged by Xhosa forces and rode directly into Sarhili's capital.
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Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 Graaff-Reinet - 22 March 1880 Swellendam), second son of Sir Andries Stockenström (1st Baronet), was an influential judge and the
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Stockenström became increasingly critical of the frontier policy implemented, both in his reports from Graaff-Reinet and in the proceedings of the Council of Advice. After
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In other respects, he was frustrated. The Khoikhoi settlement on the Kat River was broken up, and little was done to rein in frontier warmongers and land speculators.
736:). He also supported the passing of the Burgher Force Bill, which placed the local Cape commandos on an equal footing with the already-established military garrison.
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traditionally vilified him. However his relatively far-sighted and respectful policies towards the Xhosa have increasingly gained recognition in modern South Africa.
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Sir Andries Stockenström, 3rd baronet (1868-1922)(only son), advocate of the Transvaal Supreme Court and a member of the Transvaal and Union parliaments.
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The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope
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Aware of impending war, in 1845 Stockenström moved to his farm Maasström, at the foot of the Kaga Mountains, where he remained until April 1846 when the
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Stockenström's burgher force first cleared the south-western part of the Eastern Province up to the Fish River, inflicting a string of defeats on the
364:
He decided to set aside this extensive and very fertile area for settlement, not by the white settlers of the frontier, but by the Cape's extensive
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819:(13 July 1826 – 1 February 1905), who in 1887 edited Sir Andries's autobiography in two volumes, and was Cape Colony treasurer from 1881 to 1884.
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was a staunch supporter of Col. Somerset, this "meant that the remainder of his public career was characterized by personal and political feuds".
798:, Sweden x 1 June 1786 Maria Geertruyda Broeders (baptised 11 March 1764), daughter of Peter Caspar Brodersen (or Broders), from Rantrum, a
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of a commission of inquiry, a select committee was appointed. Duminy writes that it "neither recommended an inquiry nor prepared a report".
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120:"No man in the 19th century Cape had greater breadth of vision, none gained the respect of a wider constituency, black as well as white."
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the Imidange had surrounded his party and attacked, killing eight burghers and an interpreter. Four were wounded but managed to escape.
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in December 1782, 1,202 of the 2,753 passengers and crew had died, and 915 were ill. Four of the most heavily armed ships, including '
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and Col Somerset. This movement increasingly conducted a virulent and libellous campaign against Stockenström and his treaty system.
199:(1811–12), and in the campaign against Ndlambe. During this time, Andries served as aide-de-camp to his father, Anders Stockenström.
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authorised Stockenström to take over the frontier. An additional problem was that he also still lacked authority over the military.
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Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 – 22 March 1880) x 24 December 1867 Maria Henrietta Hartzenberg, of Graaff-Reinet
247:("Moral Bob") led a legal and press campaign against Stockenström that would continue for much of the remainder of his career.
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Representative government was nonetheless instituted in 1853, and Sir Andries was approached to run for election to the new
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Dispirited, Stockenström returned to the Cape in May 1840 and retired to his farm Klipkraal (in the Swaershoek Valley near
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Officially, Stockenström was also beset by the problem that, as lieutenant-governor, he was still legally dependent on Sir
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Anders Andersen Stockenström (*1707 †1764), inspector of mines and mayor of Filipstad x Caterina Margarita Ekman (*1723).
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Failing health saw him resign his seat in March 1856, and he left the colony the following month. He lived for a while in
605:
Stockenström's use of mobile mounted local commandos was shown to be highly effective in the mountainous frontier terrain.
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145:. En route he met up with Lt-Col R Collins and accompanied him as a Dutch interpreter on a journey that took them to the
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As lieutenant-governor, Stockenström now had the ability to construct a completely new policy for Cape-Xhosa relations.
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expansion into Xhosa land. With this key provision, the treaty system soon brought a degree of peace to the frontier.
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country. Inclined to pursue a military career, Andries accompanied the expedition sent in 1810 to inform Ndlambe, the
312:(out of Graaff-Reinet). However Stockenström remained landdrost until the reform of 1828 which abolished his office.
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his conduct, but later investigations showed that reports of Zeko being armed and removing livestock were false.
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943:, gathered at the Sundays River mouth and after Christmas, crossed the river to drive the Xhosa from the
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to drive his opinions, declaring that the settlers were "selected by God himself to colonize Kaffraria".
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1154:"South Africa Holiday: Xhosa frontier wars 1840-78 (information for British Tourists in South Africa)"
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747:, as a way to curtail what he saw as the ineptitude of direct imperial control in Southern Africa.
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in the Cape Regiment. He rose through the ranks rapidly after fighting in the fourth frontier war.
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His child, Andries (1868-1922), became the third and penultimate Stockenström baronet in 1912.
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His opinions – though hugely controversial – impressed the new Secretary for the Colonies,
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Andrée Mabel Stockenström (only child, owner of Maasström) x James Norman Pringle Gardiner
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in frontier Xhosa territory, and opened parts of it up for permanent white settlement.
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Men of Good Hope: The Romantic Story of the Cape Town Chamber of Commerce, 1804-1954
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In one of his final political acts, he gave his support to the infant movement for "
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In a rapid and successful campaign in 1813, he struck across the Fish River against
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settlers' use of raids into Xhosa territory, to attack suspected cattle thieves.
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In 1811 he was commissioned as an ensign in the Cape Regiment, took part in the
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1066:"General South African History Timeline: 1800s - South African History Online"
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tribes that had violated the new frontier, and in May 1814 he was appointed a
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In the 19th century, the Cape frontier was afflicted by a recurring series of
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Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners
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During his absence, his opponents destroyed his farm, Maasström, in 1851.
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Somerset. In addition, Stockenström was friendly with Acting Governor Sir
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starving and afflicted by fever - to a long, drawn-out war of attrition.
577:. The Cape burghers were mounted frontier gunmen, recruited locally from
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broke out in the fleet when it reached the Equator, and when it reached
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Ella Elizabeth Hutton *1 February 1853 x Christian Maasdorp - 6 children
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lead his commando, as an ally of Ngqika, against Ndlambe's amaGcaleka.
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and in 1808 took up an appointment as clerk in his father's office at
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Elizabeth Maria Henrietta Stockenström x 1852 farmer and politician
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commandos advanced against the main amaGcaleka army, Stockenström's
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On Stockenström's legacy, historian Christopher Saunders concluded:
915:, Anders was appointed landdrost of Graaff-Reinet by both Governor
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Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström (1841-1912), 2nd baronet - no issue
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and his generals agreed to meet Stockenström (with his commandants
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From about this period, Stockenström's relationship with Governor
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military pension to support his drive for an elected parliament.
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establishment of their settlement, in what became known as the "
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Sir Anders Johan Booysen Stockenström, 4th baronet (1908-1957)
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paramount chief, of the government's aim to expel him from the
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1013:
South Africa: Ministry of Education - HSRC Press, 2004. p.104.
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Every Step of the Way: The Journey To Freedom in South Africa
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and England, returned to the Cape in 1860, and again went to
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Charles Henry Hutton d.1897 x Elizabeth Leonard - 3 children
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Edward Drummond Hutton d.1941 x Sara Maria Nel - 2 children
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Stockenström's permission and in spite of his objections.
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The eldest son of Anders Stockenström (1757-1811), a Cape
1097:"A Quest for a Treaty Stockenstrom, Godlonton And Bowker"
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Andries Stockenström, Attorney General of the Cape Colony
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Commissioner-General for the Eastern Province (1829-1833)
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Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province (1836-1838)
1029:. Records of the Cape Colony, vol. 7, 8 & 10. C.T.
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Members of the Legislative Council of the Cape Colony
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to give him more independence in his frontier work.
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departed, appointed Stockenström to the new post of
774:that had plagued him for years. He was interred in
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1027:Belangrijke historische dokumenten van Zuid-Afrika
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871:In September 1781 Anders Stockenström sailed from
1335:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
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770:in 1862, where he would die in 1864 aged 71 of
477:Legal pressure and decline of the treaty system
1225:. Cape Town Chamber of Commerce. p. 154.
836:Maria Susanna Stockenström d.1870 x 1864 Sir
213:then appointed him as assistant landdrost of
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825:Andries Stockenström Hutton x Blanche Giddy
676:In 1851 he and John Fairbairn travelled to
539:In 1844, the new governor of the Cape, Sir
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1174:The Decline And Fall of the British Empire
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1132:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
911:Following the takeover of the Cape by the
332:, but instead became acting governor when
68:13 September 1836 – 9 August 1838
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517:, dismissed Stockenström in August 1839.
356:A Khoikhoi gunman from the frontier wars.
137:, he received an elementary education in
111:from 13 September 1836 to 9 August 1838.
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840:(1838/40-1902), lawyer and administrator
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1365:South African people of Swedish descent
1219:Immelman, René Ferdinand Malan (1955).
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1041:"Right to Organise Timeline 1500-1994"
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717:, after Sir Andries's friend, the 8th
700:Stockenström was elected to the first
660:Campaign for Representative Government
546:The new governor also began to settle
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101:Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet
47:Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet
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790:Anders Stockenström *6 January 1757
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838:Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard
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308:) and in 1826 of the district of
1355:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
1277:Baronetage of the United Kingdom
561:The 7th Frontier War (1846-1847)
236:The 5th Frontier War (1818-1819)
191:The 4th Frontier War (1811-1812)
963:Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström
292:, and since Grahamstown editor
107:of the Eastern Province of the
86:Eastern Province of Cape Colony
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680:in the hope of persuading the
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1208:. Smith, Elder & Company.
875:as a quarter-gunner aboard a
432:The Eastern Frontier, ca 1835
348:The Kat River Khoi Settlement
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1045:South African History Online
972:Justice Andries Stockenström
18:Andries Stockenström (judge)
16:For his son, the judge, see
7:
1039:tinashe (17 October 2011).
10:
1396:
1330:Politicians from Cape Town
975:
15:
1340:Cape Colony army officers
1300:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1158:southafricaholiday.org.uk
781:
754:Retirement and later life
453:of the Eastern Province.
94:
90:
82:
72:
61:
56:
52:
40:
27:
730:Cape legislative council
417:He moved from London to
1345:Cape Colony politicians
1171:Brendon, Piers (2010).
425:broke out in the Cape.
1350:Deaths from bronchitis
1240:Hutton, C. W. (1964).
817:Charles William Hutton
741:Responsible Government
705:
606:
575:Cape Burgher Commandos
573:called upon the local
433:
357:
248:
1199:Molteno, Percy Alport
1126:Ross, Robert (1999).
776:Kensal Green Cemetery
699:
604:
431:
355:
334:Lord Charles Somerset
285:Lord Charles Somerset
243:
197:4th Cape Frontier War
1303:Gysbert Stockenström
997:Notes and references
939:, together with the
692:Member of Parliament
567:Seventh Frontier War
555:Seventh Frontier War
449:, who appointed him
338:commissioner-general
32:Andries Stockenström
917:Jan Willem Janssens
867:Anders Stockenström
728:As a member of the
457:New frontier policy
451:Lieutenant-Governor
396:punitive expedition
209:frontier. Governor
184:colonial government
105:lieutenant governor
57:Lieutenant governor
1375:Cape Colony people
706:
682:British government
607:
571:Peregrine Maitland
541:Peregrine Maitland
503:British parliament
434:
423:Sixth Frontier War
377:Khoi Settlement".
358:
249:
1308:
1307:
1301:Succeeded by
1184:978-1-4090-7796-1
1139:978-1-139-42561-2
913:Batavian Republic
903:for the VOC from
511:Sir George Napier
98:
97:
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1380:Afrikaner people
1273:
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1177:. Random House.
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1107:on 16 March 2014
1103:. Archived from
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1076:on 21 April 2019
1072:. Archived from
1070:sahistory.org.za
1062:
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1023:
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1007:
984:Attorney-General
671:Robert Godlonton
655:Political career
620:Paramount Chief
499:Benjamin d’Urban
342:Eastern Province
330:Eastern Province
294:Robert Godlonton
245:Robert Godlonton
211:Sir John Cradock
135:Swedish ancestry
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702:Cape Parliament
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273:Graaff-Reinet
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256:Grahamstown.
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171:Frontier Wars
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149:and into the
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1284:New creation
1283:
1246:. C. Struik.
1242:
1221:
1214:
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1193:
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1166:
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1148:
1128:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1100:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1069:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:
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1026:
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1005:
992:
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168:
147:Orange River
128:
119:
117:
113:
100:
99:
83:Constituency
74:Succeeded by
63:
22:
1325:1864 deaths
1320:1792 births
1269:2009-10-25)
1101:New History
1009:M. Morris:
988:Cape Colony
557:broke out.
175:Cape Colony
109:Cape Colony
35:1st Baronet
1314:Categories
1298:1840–1864
1080:10 October
1050:23 October
937:Swellendam
905:Madagascar
893:t Zeepaard
881:t Zeepaard
778:, London.
772:bronchitis
734:landdrosts
269:Swellendam
230:lieutenant
207:Fish River
125:Early life
1258:eggsa.org
1111:4 October
933:Uitenhage
889:Table Bay
804:Schleswig
792:Filipstad
743:" in the
611:amaNgqika
565:When the
530:Cape Town
526:Uitenhage
484:Godlonton
375:Kat River
306:Uitenhage
139:Cape Town
131:landdrost
64:In office
1267:Archived
1201:(1900).
951:Graham.
802:town in
796:Värmland
704:in 1854.
634:Brownlee
591:Khoikhoi
340:for the
304:(out of
159:Zuurveld
155:Rharhabe
1370:Knights
1290:Baronet
986:of the
897:Batavia
879:ship, '
715:Bedford
678:Britain
630:Molteno
622:Sarhili
615:Sarhili
587:settler
219:Cradock
1205:Africa
1181:
1136:
947:bush.
929:George
901:slaves
885:Scurvy
782:Family
768:London
764:Naples
626:Groepe
595:Griqua
583:Mfengu
548:Mfengu
419:Sweden
370:Griqua
302:Albany
873:Texel
226:Xhosa
151:Xhosa
1179:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1113:2014
1082:2012
1052:2018
945:Addo
935:and
760:Nice
745:Cape
632:and
593:and
579:Boer
528:and
368:and
366:Khoi
267:and
261:Cape
877:VOC
794:in
133:of
29:Sir
1316::
1156:.
1099:.
1068:.
1043:.
1018:^
990:.
931:,
883:.
762:,
721:.
628:,
589:,
585:,
581:,
532:.
344:.
263:,
161:.
1265:(
1187:.
1160:.
1142:.
1115:.
1084:.
1054:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.