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allocated to reduce poverty and death. This 'fear of goods' led
Aristotle to exclusively support 'natural' trades in which personal satiation was kept at natural limit of consumption. 'Unnatural' trade, as opposed to the intended limit, was classified as the acquisition of wealth to attain more wealth instead of to purchase more goods. Cutting more along the grain of reality, Aristotle did not only set his mind on how to give people direction to make the right choices but wanted each person equipped with the tools to perform this moral duty. In his own words, "Property should be in a certain sense common, but, as a general rule, private; for, when everyone has a distinct interest, men will not complain of one another, and they will make more progress because everyone will be attending to his own business... And further, there is the greatest pleasure in doing a kindness or service to friends or guests or companions, which can only be rendered when a man has private property. These advantages are lost by excessive unification of the state."
1586:. It likens most humans to people tied up in a cave, who look only at shadows on the walls and have no other conception of reality. If they turned around, they would see what is casting the shadows (and thereby gain a further dimension to their reality). If some left the cave, they would see the outside world illuminated by the sun (representing the ultimate form of goodness and truth). If these travelers then re-entered the cave, the people inside (who are still only familiar with the shadows) would not be equipped to believe reports of this 'outside world'. This story explains the theory of forms with their different levels of reality, and advances the view that philosopher-kings are wisest while most humans are ignorant. One student of Plato,
1112:, moreover, cannot be more or less, and so the rarefaction and condensation of the Milesians is impossible regarding Being; lastly, as movement requires that something exist apart from the thing moving (viz. the space into which it moves), the One or Being cannot move, since this would require that "space" both exist and not exist. While this doctrine is at odds with ordinary sensory experience, where things do indeed change and move, the Eleatic school followed Parmenides in denying that sense phenomena revealed the world as it actually was; instead, the only thing with Being was thought, or the question of whether something exists or not is one of whether it can be thought.
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1196:(law). John Burnet posits its origin in the scientific progress of the previous centuries which suggested that Being was radically different from what was experienced by the senses and, if comprehensible at all, was not comprehensible in terms of order; the world in which people lived, on the other hand, was one of law and order, albeit of humankind's own making. At the same time, nature was constant, while what was by law differed from one place to another and could be changed.
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1155:. There were, they said, multiple elements which were not reducible to one another and these were set in motion by love and strife (as in Empedocles) or by Mind (as in Anaxagoras). Agreeing with Parmenides that there is no coming into being or passing away, genesis or decay, they said that things appear to come into being and pass away because the elements out of which they are composed assemble or disassemble while themselves being unchanging.
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1331:, however, and his political opponents struck at him by taking advantage of a conservative reaction against the philosophers; it became a crime to investigate the things above the heavens or below the earth, subjects considered impious. Anaxagoras is said to have been charged and to have fled into exile when Socrates was about twenty years of age. There is a story that
940:, where the Milesian school was at its most powerful and may have picked up some of the Milesians' cosmological theories as a result. What is known is that he argued that each of the phenomena had a natural rather than divine explanation in a manner reminiscent of Anaximander's theories and that there was only one god, the world as a whole, and that he ridiculed the
2141:. Their ethics was based on pursuing happiness, which they believed was a product of 'living in accordance with nature'. This meant accepting those things which one could not change. One could therefore choose whether to be happy or not by adjusting one's attitude towards their circumstances, as the freedom from fears and desires was happiness itself.
916:. Despite their varied answers, the Milesian school was searching for a natural substance that would remain unchanged despite appearing in different forms, and thus represents one of the first scientific attempts to answer the question that would lead to the development of modern atomic theory; "the Milesians," says Burnet, "asked for the
1503:, on the other hand, a participant referred to as the Eleatic Stranger discusses the sort of knowledge possessed by the political man, while Socrates listens quietly. Although rule by a wise man would be preferable to rule by law, the wise cannot help but be judged by the unwise, and so in practice, rule by law is deemed necessary.
819:. In their first volume, they distinguish their systematic approach from that of Hermann Diels, beginning with the choice of "Early Greek Philosophy" over "pre-Socratic philosophy" most notably because Socrates is contemporary and sometimes even prior to philosophers traditionally considered "pre-Socratic" (e.g., the Atomists).
1009:, and consequently a respect for all animal life; much was made of the correspondence between mathematics and the cosmos in a musical harmony. Pythagoras believed that behind the appearance of things, there was the permanent principle of mathematics, and that the forms were based on a transcendental mathematical relation.
898:). He began from the observation that the world seems to consist of opposites (e.g., hot and cold), yet a thing can become its opposite (e.g., a hot thing cold). Therefore, they cannot truly be opposites but rather must both be manifestations of some underlying unity that is neither. This underlying unity (substratum,
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and the fool. Slight as the difference may appear between the positions of the
Academic skeptics and the Pyrrhonists, a comparison of their lives leads to the conclusion that a practical philosophical moderation was the characteristic of the Academic skeptics whereas the objectives of the Pyrrhonists
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to him, although of these only twenty-four of the dialogues are now universally recognized as authentic; most modern scholars believe that at least twenty-eight dialogues and two of the letters were in fact written by Plato, although all of the thirty-six dialogues have some defenders. A further nine
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While
Socrates' recorded conversations rarely provide a definite answer to the question under examination, several maxims or paradoxes for which he has become known recur. Socrates taught that no one desires what is bad, and so if anyone does something that truly is bad, it must be unwillingly or out
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Aristotle opposed the utopian style of theorizing, deciding to rely on the understood and observed behaviors of people in reality to formulate his theories. Stemming from an underlying moral assumption that life is valuable, the philosopher makes a point that scarce resources ought to be responsibly
1768:, his contemporary. Their aim was to live according to nature and against convention. Antisthenes was inspired by the ascetism of Socrates, and accused Plato of pride and conceit. Diogenes, his follower, took the ideas to their limit, living in extreme poverty and engaging in anti-social behaviour.
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cast his philosophy against those who held "it is and is not the same, and all things travel in opposite directions,"—presumably referring to
Heraclitus and those who followed him. Whereas the doctrines of the Milesian school, in suggesting that the substratum could appear in a variety of different
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lived at approximately the same time that
Xenophanes did and, in contrast to the latter, the school that he founded sought to reconcile religious belief and reason. Little is known about his life with any reliability, however, and no writings of his survive, so it is possible that he was simply a
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Since 2016, however, current scholarship has transitioned from calling philosophy before the
Athenian school "pre-Socratic" to simply "Early Greek Philosophy". André Laks and Glenn W. Most have been partly responsible for popularizing this shift in describing the era preceding the Athenian School
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was the only human good, but he had also accepted a limited role for its utilitarian side, allowing pleasure to be a secondary goal of moral action. Aristippus and his followers seized upon this, and made pleasure the sole final goal of life, denying that virtue had any intrinsic value.
902:) could not be any of the classical elements, since they were one extreme or another. For example, water is wet, the opposite of dry, while fire is dry, the opposite of wet. This initial state is ageless and imperishable, and everything returns to it according to necessity.
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were thus born in this febrile period following
Socrates' activity, and either directly or indirectly influenced by him. They were also absorbed by the expanding Muslim world in the 7th through 10th centuries AD, from which they returned to the West as foundations of
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of the Greek religion by claiming that cattle would claim that the gods looked like cattle, horses like horses, and lions like lions, just as the
Ethiopians claimed that the gods were snub-nosed and black and the Thracians claimed they were pale and red-haired.
1161:
also proposed an ontological pluralism with a cosmogony based on two main elements: the vacuum and atoms. These, by means of their inherent movement, are crossing the void and creating the real material bodies. His theories were not well known by the time of
1455:, his caginess regarding his own opinions in the dialogues, and his occasional absence from or minor role in the conversation serve to conceal Plato's doctrines. Much of what is said about his doctrines is derived from what Aristotle reports about them.
2113:(indifference) to personal circumstances rather than social norms, and switched shameless flouting of the latter for a resolute fulfillment of social duties. Logic and physics were also part of early Stoicism, further developed by Zeno's successors
1451:, Plato is the primary source of information about Socrates' life and beliefs and it is not always easy to distinguish between the two. While the Socrates presented in the dialogues is often taken to be Plato's mouthpiece, Socrates' reputation for
1284:
credits him as "the first who brought philosophy down from the heavens, placed it in cities, introduced it into families, and obliged it to examine into life and morals, and good and evil." By this account he would be considered the founder of
2083:. He accepted Democritus' theory of atomism, with improvements made in response to criticisms by Aristotle and others. His ethics were based on "the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain". This was, however, not simple
1104:
guises, implied that everything that exists is corpuscular, Parmenides argued that the first principle of being was One, indivisible, and unchanging. Being, he argued, by definition implies eternality, while only that which
1802:
and held that pleasure was the supreme good in life, especially physical pleasure, which they thought more intense and more desirable than mental pleasures. Pleasure is the only good in life and pain is the only evil.
1207:
is conventional. It was
Protagoras who claimed that "man is the measure of all things, of the things that are, that they are, and of the things that are not, that they are not," which Plato interprets as a radical
1499:
is premised on a distinction between the sort of knowledge possessed by the philosopher and that possessed by the king or political man, Socrates explores only the character of the philosopher; in the
2050:
regarding non-evident matters. For any non-evident matter, a
Pyrrhonist makes arguments for and against such that the matter cannot be concluded, thus suspending belief and thereby inducing ataraxia.
1277:, marks a watershed in ancient Greek philosophy. Athens was a center of learning, with sophists and philosophers traveling from across Greece to teach rhetoric, astronomy, cosmology, and geometry.
811:'s thesis that this shift began with Plato rather than with Socrates (hence his nomenclature of "pre-Platonic philosophy") has not prevented the predominance of the "pre-Socratic" distinction.
1335:, too, was forced to flee and that the Athenians burned his books. Socrates, however, is the only subject recorded as charged under this law, convicted, and sentenced to death in 399 BC (see
1304:. Socrates is said to have pursued this probing question-and-answer style of examination on a number of topics, usually attempting to arrive at a defensible and attractive definition of a
1549:) forms (or ideas), and not the material world of change known to us through our physical senses, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. He argued extensively in the
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1243:, sometimes explicitly teaching that while nature provides no ethical guidance, the guidance that the laws provide is worthless, or that nature favors those who act against the laws.
1518:, a dialogue that does not take place in Athens and from which Socrates is absent. The character of the society described there is eminently conservative, a corrected or liberalized
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was absurd and as such motion did not exist. He also attacked the subsequent development of pluralism, arguing that it was incompatible with Being. His arguments are known as
6404:
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803:, although the term did not originate with him. The term is considered useful because what came to be known as the "Athenian school" (composed of Socrates, Plato, and
2281:, argued that mind exists before matter, and that the universe has a singular cause which must therefore be a single mind. As such, neoplatonism became essentially a
1492:
says that such a city is likely impossible, however, generally assuming that philosophers would refuse to rule and the people would refuse to compel them to do so.
2220:. They acknowledged some vestiges of a moral law within, at best but a plausible guide, the possession of which, however, formed the real distinction between the
1312:
of ignorance; consequently, all virtue is knowledge. He frequently remarks on his own ignorance (claiming that he does not know what courage is, for example).
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whose successors are responsible for the mysticism in Pythagoreanism, or that he was actually the author of the doctrine; there is no way to know for certain.
3803:
1590:, who would become another of the most influential philosophers of all time, stressed the implication that understanding relies upon first-hand observation.
1722:
commentators popularized his work, which eventually contributed heavily to Islamic, Jewish, and medieval Christian philosophy. His influence was such that
1514:
reveal the limitations of politics, raising the question of what political order would be best given those constraints; that question is addressed in the
7731:
2208:, sections 64–67, in which Socrates discusses how knowledge is not accessible to mortals. While the objective of the Pyrrhonists was the attainment of
2046:) regarding all non-evident propositions. Pyrrhonists dispute that the dogmatists – which includes all of Pyrrhonism's rival philosophies – have found
1346:
Numerous subsequent philosophical movements were inspired by Socrates or his younger associates. Plato casts Socrates as the main interlocutor in his
830:, and mathematics. They were distinguished from "non-philosophers" insofar as they rejected mythological explanations in favor of reasoned discourse.
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imagination; it certainly gave them many suggestive ideas. But they taught themselves to reason. Philosophy as we understand it is a Greek creation".
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concerns of the Ionians, including the idea that the cosmos is constructed of spheres, the importance of the infinite, and that air or aether is the
1924:
SECVRITATEM translation (from Latin): It is right wisdom then that all imitate this security (Pyrrho pointing at a peaceful pig munching his food)
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2212:, after Arcesilaus the Academic skeptics did not hold up ataraxia as the central objective. The Academic skeptics focused on criticizing the
1212:, where some things seem to be one way for one person (and so actually are that way) and another way for another person (and so actually are
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Xenophanes was highly influential to subsequent schools of philosophy. He was seen as the founder of a line of philosophy that culminated in
160:
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presents him as distinguishing himself from the common run of mankind by the fact that, while they know nothing noble and good, they do not
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as "empty words and poetic metaphors". He is generally presented as giving greater weight to empirical observation and practical concerns.
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1067:, which structured this flux, such as that seeming opposites in fact are manifestations of a common substrate to good and evil itself.
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2554:, Edited and Translated by André Laks and Glenn W. Most, Loeb Classical Library 524 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016) 6–8.
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2109:, was taught by Crates of Thebes, and he took up the Cynic ideals of continence and self-mastery, but applied the concept of
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presented by Plato, he claims that it is the envy he arouses on account of his being a philosopher that will convict him.
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as the first philosopher, held that all things arise from a single material substance, water. It is not because he gave a
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The Impact of Greek Culture on Normative Judaism from the Hellenistic Period through the Middle Ages c. 330 BCE – 1250 CE
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1051:("everything flows"), the closest element to this eternal flux being fire. All things come to pass in accordance with
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played an important role in the development of logic in antiquity, and were influences on the subsequent creation of
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2442:"Ancient Greek philosophy, Herodotus, famous ancient Greek philosophers. Ancient Greek philosophy at Hellenism.Net"
2182:. After Arcesilaus, Academic skepticism diverged from Pyrrhonism. This skeptical period of ancient Platonism, from
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2369:. The re-introduction of these philosophies, accompanied by the new Arabic commentaries, had a great influence on
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way as well); the conclusion being that one cannot look to nature for guidance regarding how to live one's life.
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1476:. The first of these contains the suggestion that there will not be justice in cities unless they are ruled by
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Plato's dialogues feature Socrates, although not always as the leader of the conversation. (One dialogue, the
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in turn criticized and built upon the doctrines he ascribed to Socrates and Plato, forming the foundation of
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authorized the gathering of Greek manuscripts and hired translators to increase their prestige. During the
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The Making of Fornication: Eros, Ethics, and Political Reform in Greek Philosophy and Early Christianity.
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2202:; they just doubted that humans had the capacities for obtaining it. They based this position on Plato's
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1480:; those responsible for enforcing the laws are compelled to hold their women, children, and property in
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was used to make sense of the world using reason. It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including
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that they do not know, whereas Socrates knows and acknowledges that he knows nothing noble and good.
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is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato". Clear, unbroken lines of influence lead from
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2087:, as he noted that "We do not mean the pleasures of the prodigal or of sensuality . . . we mean the
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1289:. The reasons for this turn toward political and ethical subjects remain the object of much study.
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3271:, ed. Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1987): 33–89.
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philosophy relies). The philosophic movements that were to dominate the intellectual life of the
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was air, although John Burnet argues that by this, he meant that it was a transparent mist, the
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was, in turn, inspired by Diogenes to give away his fortune and live on the streets of Athens.
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refers to him in the past tense, this would place him in the 5th century BC. Contrary to the
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Campbell, Douglas R. "Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy,"
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Campbell, Douglas R. "Plato's Theory of Reincarnation: Eschatology and Natural Philosophy",
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calls him the "first man of science", but because he gave a naturalistic explanation of the
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Heraclitus must have lived after Xenophanes and Pythagoras, as he condemns them along with
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3838:"Carlos Lévy, Les Scepticismes; Markus Gabriel, Antike und moderne Skepsis zur Einführung"
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The power of Parmenides' logic was such that some subsequent philosophers abandoned the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 1, The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans
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A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 1, The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans
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and supported it with reasons. According to tradition, Thales was able to predict an
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Four Greek philosophers: Socrates, Antisthenes, Chrysippos, Epicurus; British Museum
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Spectacles of Truth in Classical Greek Philosophy: Theoria in its Cultural Context.
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2038:) as the way to achieve eudaimonia. To bring the mind to ataraxia Pyrrhonism uses
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of the Milesians, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, and Parmenides, where one thing was the
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whose successors introduced rationalism into Pythagoreanism, that he was simply a
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2542:, by Friedrich Nietzsche (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), xiii–xix.
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2529:, by Friedrich Nietzsche (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), xiv–xvi.
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dialogues are ascribed to Plato but were considered spurious even in antiquity.
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The early Greek philosophers (or "pre-Socratics") were primarily concerned with
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4358:
4126:
3133:
2848:
2374:
2106:
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1995:
1375:
1292:
The fact that many conversations involving Socrates (as recounted by Plato and
1166:, however, and they were ultimately incorporated into the work of his student,
1006:
969:
686:
483:
5366:
5141:
3942:
Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments
754:
that it is conventional to refer to philosophy developed prior to Socrates as
8038:
7414:
7247:
5980:
5892:
5822:
5564:
5354:
5288:
5245:
5114:
4739:
4525:
4507:
3793:
3500:
3461:
3149:
2321:, Greek ideas were largely forgotten in Western Europe due to the decline in
2122:
1679:
Aristotle is often portrayed as disagreeing with his teacher Plato (e.g., in
1568:
1209:
864:
701:
2247:, which absorbed ideas from the Peripatetic and Stoic schools. More extreme
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6011:
6001:
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5002:
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4734:
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4093:
The Philosophizing Muse: The Influence of Greek Philosophy on Roman Poetry.
3338:
2274:
2268:
2059:
1954:
1942:
1899:
1442:
1399:
1355:
1236:
1116:
785:
677:
since its inception, and can be found in many aspects of public education.
623:
435:
379:
2296:
2022:, which taught that it is one's opinions about non-evident matters (i.e.,
7298:
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6006:
5945:
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2480:
Kevin Scharp (Department of Philosophy, Ohio State University) – Diagrams
2318:
2191:
2134:
2126:
2072:
1950:
1929:
1851:
1838:. Its ethical teachings were derived from Socrates, recognizing a single
1761:
1657:
1538:
1408:
1367:
990:
983:
879:
705:
698:
639:
627:
450:
4275:
4058:
The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth
3792: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2018:. After returning to Greece, Pyrrho started a new school of philosophy,
1076:), "strife", and hypothesized that the apparently stable state of δίκη (
727:, though the extent of this influence is widely debated. The classicist
7978:
7878:
7618:
7563:
7452:
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Pleasure in Ancient Greek Philosophy. Key Themes in Ancient Philosophy.
3508:
2248:
2183:
2179:
2167:
2118:
2076:
2035:
2027:
2019:
1999:
1990:
1890:
1867:
1791:
1727:
1579:
1391:
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1328:
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1199:
The first person to call themselves a sophist, according to Plato, was
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1148:
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1018:
1002:
974:
949:
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659:
615:
458:
89:
2216:
of other schools of philosophy, in particular of the dogmatism of the
2194:, although some ancient authors added further subdivisions, such as a
1614:
in 367 BC and began to study philosophy (perhaps even rhetoric, under
1192:
769:
7948:
7838:
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7686:
7648:
7457:
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7346:
7336:
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3441:
3115:
2628:
2579:
2552:
Early Greek Philosophy, Volume 1: Introductory and Reference Material
2342:
2175:
2150:
2114:
1961:, ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of
1799:
1787:
1781:
1615:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1519:
1485:
1481:
1395:
1359:
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but was instead something "unlimited" or "indefinite" (in Greek, the
852:
848:
823:
804:
732:
720:
619:
5092:
3617:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
3492:
2039:
1638:. At least twenty-nine of his treatises have survived, known as the
97:
7858:
7818:
7768:
7633:
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7515:
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5527:
5515:
5303:
5097:
4997:
4940:
4744:
4698:
4582:
4255:
4153:
Martín-Velasco, María José and María José García Blanco eds. 2016.
3837:
3359:, by Aristotle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984): 1–29.
3222:, by Plato (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997), v–vi, viii–xii, 1634–35.
3105:
2742:
2660:
Guthrie, W. K. C.; Guthrie, William Keith Chambers (May 14, 1978).
2350:
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2011:
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953:
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747:
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655:
643:
493:
4186:
Athletics and Philosophy in the Ancient World: Contests of Virtue.
4132:
The Hemlock Cup: Socrates, Athens and the Search for the Good Life
7898:
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7638:
6896:
6863:
6836:
5324:
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5293:
5235:
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1567:
for the immortality of the soul, and he believed specifically in
1484:; and the individual is taught to pursue the common good through
1232:
1228:
1027:
as proving that much learning cannot teach a man to think; since
651:
62:. The reason given is: Too much reliance on 19th century sources.
4095:
Pierides, 3. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1390:
teachers before renouncing all previous philosophers (including
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7958:
7938:
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4244:
3025:
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2068:
1928:(lower) Whoever wants to apply the real wisdom, shall not mind
1895:
1847:
1808:
1688:
1673:
1661:
1653:
1623:
1551:
1433:. Ancient tradition ascribes thirty-six dialogues and thirteen
1305:
1297:
1281:
1280:
While philosophy was an established pursuit prior to Socrates,
1204:
1186:
1136:
917:
860:
635:
440:
2239:
Following the end of the skeptical period of the Academy with
1327:
was closely associated with this new learning and a friend of
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7888:
7868:
7808:
7798:
7525:
7500:
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4286:
3591:
A History of Ancient Philosophy: From the Origins to Socrates
3083:
2213:
2199:
2130:
2047:
2023:
1916:
translation (from Latin): Pyrrho • Greek • Son of Plistarchus
1645:
1546:
1458:
The political doctrine ascribed to Plato is derived from the
1452:
1420:
1313:
1163:
1041:
1024:
937:
751:
647:
445:
4027:
On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates
1945:
periods, many different schools of thought developed in the
1055:, which must be considered as "plan" or "formula", and "the
715:
Greek philosophy was influenced to some extent by the older
27:
Philosophical origins and foundation of Western civilization
7918:
7848:
6662:
3704:
3680:
1622:. He left Athens approximately twenty years later to study
3870:
3868:
3733:
3731:
3670:
3668:
867:
and taught the Egyptians how to measure the height of the
815:
through their comprehensive, nine volume Loeb editions of
681:
once claimed: "The safest general characterization of the
5250:
4281:
Ancient Greek Philosophy and important Greek philosophers
3912:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
3520:
3518:
7746:
6412:
3865:
3773:
Sextus Empiricus, "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" I.33.225–231
3743:
3728:
3716:
3692:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3542:
3530:
2567:, 3rd ed. (London: A & C Black Ltd., 1920), 3–16.
2499:
Griffin, Jasper; Boardman, John; Murray, Oswyn (2001).
2297:
Transmission of Greek philosophy in the medieval period
2198:. The Academic skeptics did not doubt the existence of
1582:) to explain his ideas; the most famous is perhaps the
1447:, instead contains an "Athenian Stranger".) Along with
3515:
2502:
The Oxford history of Greece and the Hellenistic world
746:
Subsequent philosophic tradition was so influenced by
3804:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
3060:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 277–96.
2498:
1378:
in turn adapted the ethics of Cynicism to articulate
1374:
and accused Plato of distorting Socrates' teachings.
807:) signaled the rise of a new approach to philosophy;
3842:
Rhizai. A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science
3443:
A little history of economics : revised version
3251:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 50–51.
1830:
flourished in the 4th century BC. It was founded by
4157:
Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
3783:
3781:
3779:
3156:, vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007), 14
3047:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), 120.
2333:, however, Greek ideas were preserved and studied.
1296:) end without having reached a firm conclusion, or
1219:Protagoras and subsequent sophists tended to teach
1070:
Heraclitus called the oppositional processes ἔρις (
770:
Early Greek philosophy (or pre-Socratic philosophy)
4072:Ancient Mediterranean Philosophy: An Introduction.
3972:
2361:Greek philosophy re-entered the West through both
1370:founded the school that would come to be known as
758:. The periods following this, up to and after the
2505:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 140.
8036:
4199:Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
3776:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
1300:, has stimulated debate over the meaning of the
1001:of everything. Pythagoreanism also incorporated
4141:Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology.
4121:Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought.
4112:Gill, Mary Louise, and Pierre Pellegrin. 2009.
4098:Kamtekar, Rachana. “The Soul’s (After-) Life,”
3926:Kamtekar, Rachana. "The Soul's (After-) Life",
2174:, and adopted skepticism as a central tenet of
4079:The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy.
3475:Reynard, H.; Gray, Alexander (December 1931).
2659:
1644:, and address a variety of subjects including
1273:, believed to have been born in Athens in the
989:Pythagoras is said to have been a disciple of
30:"Greek philosophy" redirects here. For later (
7732:
6398:
4302:
3907:
3254:
3073:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).
2303:Arab transmission of the Classics to the West
1764:, who was a disciple of Socrates, as well as
1246:
796:gained currency with the 1903 publication of
592:
7128:
4077:Curd, Patricia, and D.W. Graham, eds. 2008.
3908:Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (2008).
3165:Gerasimos Santas, "The Socratic Paradoxes",
1957:throughout the Roman world, followed by the
960:' total break between science and religion.
662:. Greek philosophy continued throughout the
4091:Garani, Myrto and David Konstan eds. 2014.
4060:, Oxford ; New York: Clarendon Press, 1997.
3860:Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy
3474:
2855:, vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1962.
2353:) also reinterpreted these works after the
1545:. It holds that non-material abstract (but
7739:
7725:
6441:
6405:
6391:
4309:
4295:
3588:
3349:
2273:Also affected by the neopythagoreans, the
1710:Aristotle's fame was not great during the
1610:Aristotle moved to Athens from his native
599:
585:
4088:Berkeley: University of California Press.
4040:University of California, 1992. (2nd Ed.)
2243:, Platonic thought entered the period of
1873:
1842:, which was apparently combined with the
4114:A Companion to Ancient Greek Philosophy.
3993:
3874:
3749:
3737:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3659:
3647:
3613:
3589:Reale, Giovanni; Catan, John R. (1986).
3568:. Oxford University Press. p. 231.
3554:
3548:
3536:
3524:
2365:and original Greek manuscripts from the
2133:, reason (but also called God or fate).
1889:
1726:referred to him simply as "the Master";
1541:themes, the most famous of which is his
1261:
1203:, whom he presents as teaching that all
1184:Sophism arose from the juxtaposition of
1130:
673:Greek philosophy has influenced much of
4179:The A to Z of Ancient Greek Philosophy.
3970:
3375:(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972).
3362:
3306:classicalastrologer.files.wordpress.com
2532:
2010:'s army where Pyrrho was influenced by
1119:attempted to prove that the concept of
14:
8037:
6579:
3477:"The Development of Economic Doctrine"
2313:Latin translations of the 12th century
2178:, making Platonism nearly the same as
2155:
2091:in the body and trouble in the mind".
2030:. Pyrrhonism places the attainment of
1115:In support of this, Parmenides' pupil
788:who were active prior to the death of
762:, are those of "Classical Greek" and "
7720:
6502:
6386:
6048:
4790:
4328:
4290:
4164:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
4148:Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn.
4048:Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient
3835:
3797:
3560:
3439:
3435:
3433:
3383:
3381:
3336:
2569:Scanned version from Internet Archive
2422:Transliteration of Greek into English
1089:
7748:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts
4188:Ethics and Sport. London; New York:
882:, who argued that the substratum or
44:
6414:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
4276:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4260:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4155:Greek Philosophy and Mystery Cults.
3764:, "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" I.33.232
3424:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3196:(Indianapolis: Hackett, 2002), 24.
2407:International scientific vocabulary
2228:
1965:, which was dominated by the three
24:
4064:
3430:
3378:
2565:Greek Philosophy: Thales to Plato
2412:List of ancient Greek philosophers
2026:) that prevent one from attaining
1350:, deriving from them the basis of
878:of philosophy and was followed by
833:
25:
8061:
4203:
3888:The Beginnings of Western Science
3614:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
2363:translations from Arabic to Latin
2014:teachings, most particularly the
1143:. In place of this, they adopted
963:
888:could not be water or any of the
566:Social and political philosophers
6366:
6365:
6352:
4243:
4123:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4050:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971.
4014:William Keith Chambers Guthrie,
3787:
1530:model or that of pre-democratic
689:and Hellenistic philosophers to
683:European philosophical tradition
110:
96:
49:
3890:. University of Chicago Press.
3880:
3852:
3829:
3811:
3767:
3755:
3607:
3582:
3468:
3411:
3396:
3373:A History of Western Philosophy
3330:
3312:
3291:
3274:
3269:History of Political Philosophy
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3172:
3159:
3143:
3140:(London: Methuen, 1950), 73–75.
3127:
3076:
3063:
3050:
3037:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2980:
2967:
2954:
2941:
2928:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2880:
2867:
2858:
2841:
2832:
2819:
2806:
2793:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2736:
2731:Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker
2719:
2706:
2693:
2680:
2653:
2640:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2464:Alfred North Whitehead (1929),
2262:
2053:
1005:ideals, emphasizing purgation,
731:states, "contact with oriental
4316:
3994:Grayling, A. C. (2019-11-05).
3299:"Plato – Allegory of the cave"
3284:. “The Soul’s (After-) Life,”
3071:How Philosophy Became Socratic
2666:. Cambridge University Press.
2573:
2557:
2545:
2519:
2492:
2473:
2458:
2434:
2137:still feature in contemporary
1794:of Cyrene, who was a pupil of
1775:
1718:logic was in vogue, but later
1108:can be thought; a thing which
1059:is common". He also posited a
13:
1:
8050:Ancient philosophy by culture
6049:
4160:Nightingale, Andrea W. 2004.
4081:New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
3901:
3355:Carnes Lord, Introduction to
2853:A History of Greek Philosophy
2540:The Pre-Platonic Philosophers
2527:The Pre-Platonic Philosophers
2402:English words of Greek origin
1984:
1920:(middle) OPORTERE • SAPIENTEM
1012:
925:
614:arose in the 6th century BC.
5838:Ordinary language philosophy
4329:
4234:Resources in other libraries
3801:, ed. (1870). "Arcesilaus".
2470:, Part II, Chap. I, Sect. I.
2144:
1912:(upper) PIRRHO • HELIENSIS •
1902:, in an anecdote taken from
1815:
1593:
1537:Plato's dialogues also have
7:
5888:Contemporary utilitarianism
5803:Internalism and externalism
3979:. Oxford University Press.
3593:. SUNY Press. p. 271.
3235:, by Plato, v–vi, viii–xii.
2380:
2135:Their logical contributions
2094:
1749:
1618:), eventually enrolling at
1574:Plato often uses long-form
1251:
1223:as their primary vocation.
952:, possibly an influence on
801:Fragmente der Vorsokratiker
760:wars of Alexander the Great
34:) philosophy in Greek, see
10:
8066:
5152:Svatantrika and Prasangika
4791:
4265:Ancient Greek Philosophers
3625:Princeton University Press
3339:"Plato: The Republic 5–10"
3058:The Argument of the Action
2538:Greg Whitlock, preface to
2525:Greg Whitlock, preface to
2306:
2300:
2285:, and had great impact on
2266:
2232:
2159:
2148:
2129:, which was structured by
2098:
2057:
1988:
1883:
1877:
1819:
1779:
1753:
1603:
1597:
1418:
1386:studied with Platonic and
1255:
1247:Classical Greek philosophy
1177:
1173:
1093:
1086:unity of these opposites.
1035:, which posits one stable
1016:
967:
929:
837:
773:
29:
7754:
7667:
7582:
7539:
7481:
7443:
7395:
7322:
7279:
7270:
7218:
7185:
7075:
7047:
7004:
6966:
6938:
6887:
6844:
6835:
6812:
6780:
6754:
6745:
6704:
6681:
6588:
6539:
6511:
6493:
6420:
6346:
6298:
6198:
6160:
6107:
6074:
6065:
6061:
6044:
5994:
5906:
5744:
5735:
5668:
5451:
5442:
5420:
5375:
5317:
5269:
5223:
5214:
5177:
5048:
4913:
4860:
4851:
4801:
4797:
4786:
4725:
4697:
4654:
4606:
4563:
4516:
4488:
4440:
4412:
4374:Philosophy of mathematics
4364:Philosophy of information
4339:
4335:
4324:
4229:Resources in your library
4174:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
4143:Indianapolis, IN: Hackett
3997:The History of Philosophy
3971:Freeman, Charles (1996).
3967:, 6 February 2015), 1930.
3940:Nikolaos Bakalis (2005).
3566:The Morality of Happiness
3267:Leo Strauss, "Plato", in
3154:The Development of Ethics
3045:Natural Right and History
2676:– via Google Books.
2397:Definitions of philosophy
2345:(Alpharabius), Ibn Sina (
2225:were more psychological.
2105:The founder of Stoicism,
1339:). In the version of his
1045:, Heraclitus taught that
741:early Greek philosophers'
313:Middle Eastern philosophy
58:This article needs to be
40:Eastern Orthodox theology
18:Ancient Greek philosopher
8045:Ancient Greek philosophy
7253:Alexander of Aphrodisias
4267:, Worldhistorycharts.com
4256:Ancient Greek Philosophy
4250:Ancient Greek philosophy
4215:Ancient Greek philosophy
4195:Wolfsdorf, David. 2013.
3886:Lindberg, David. (1992)
3862:, 13th Edition, page 309
3819:"Plato, Phaedo, page 64"
2733:, Xenophanes frs. 15–16.
2427:
2309:Early Islamic philosophy
2075:, who was a follower of
2016:three marks of existence
1979:early Islamic philosophy
1886:Ancient Roman philosophy
1760:Cynicism was founded by
1429:of the generation after
1414:
1082:), or "justice", is the
993:and to have imbibed the
695:Early Islamic philosophy
612:Ancient Greek philosophy
7362:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
7095:Thrasymachus of Corinth
6773:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
5843:Postanalytic philosophy
5784:Experimental philosophy
4184:Reid, Heather L. 2011.
4038:Hellenistic Philosophy.
3169:73 (1964): 147–64, 147.
3121:Sophistical Refutations
2255:, who combined it with
1834:, one of the pupils of
1676:, botany, and zoology.
1394:, on whose atomism the
936:Xenophanes was born in
776:Pre-Socratic philosophy
756:pre-Socratic philosophy
739:helped to liberate the
666:and later evolved into
7019:Aristippus the Younger
5976:Social constructionism
4988:Hellenistic philosophy
4404:Theoretical philosophy
4379:Philosophy of religion
4369:Philosophy of language
4181:Lanham, MD: Scarecrow.
4177:Preus, Anthony. 2010.
4136:London: Jonathan Cape.
4119:Hankinson, R.J. 1999.
4109:75 (4): 643–665. 2022.
4070:Clark, Stephen. 2012.
4054:Martin Litchfield West
4044:Martin Litchfield West
3975:Egypt, Greece and Rome
3960:Early Greek Philosophy
3944:, Trafford Publishing
3937:75 (4): 643–665. 2022.
3320:"Allegory of the Cave"
3138:The Greek Philosophers
2748:Praeparatio Evangelica
2190:, became known as the
2139:propositional calculus
2044:suspension of judgment
1934:
1908:Outlines of Pyrrhonism
1880:Hellenistic philosophy
1874:Hellenistic philosophy
1742:as "the Philosopher".
1411:, as discussed below.
1267:
906:in turn held that the
817:Early Greek Philosophy
764:Hellenistic philosophy
729:Martin Litchfield West
679:Alfred North Whitehead
536:Aesthetic philosophers
7496:Eudorus of Alexandria
7067:Asclepiades of Phlius
7024:Theodorus the Atheist
6359:Philosophy portal
5878:Scientific skepticism
5858:Reformed epistemology
4384:Philosophy of science
4146:Luchte, James. 2011.
4107:Review of Metaphysics
4084:Gaca, Kathy L. 2003.
4074:New York: Bloomsbury.
3935:Review of Metaphysics
3910:From Plato to Derrida
3823:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3218:John M. Cooper, ed.,
3031:Tusculan Disputations
3026:Marcus Tullius Cicero
2371:Medieval philosophers
1953:world. The spread of
1893:
1798:. The Cyrenaics were
1756:Cynicism (philosophy)
1691:described in Plato's
1687:). He criticizes the
1265:
1131:Pluralism and atomism
956:, and a precursor to
117:Philosophy portal
7430:Diogenes of Oenoanda
5779:Critical rationalism
5486:Edo neo-Confucianism
5330:Acintya bheda abheda
5309:Renaissance humanism
5020:School of the Sextii
4394:Practical philosophy
4389:Political philosophy
4252:at Wikimedia Commons
4150:New York: Continuum.
3836:Veres, Máté (2009).
3481:The Economic Journal
3167:Philosophical Review
3034:, V 10–11 (or V IV).
2814:The Greek experience
2392:Byzantine philosophy
2335:Islamic philosophers
2241:Antiochus of Ascalon
1975:Christian philosophy
1856:logical conditionals
1703:, and refers to the
1641:corpus Aristotelicum
1630:, became a tutor of
1584:Allegory of the Cave
1323:The great statesman
1287:political philosophy
1063:, expressed through
874:Thales inspired the
710:Age of Enlightenment
632:political philosophy
561:Philosophers of mind
36:Byzantine philosophy
7554:Apollonius of Tyana
7501:Philo of Alexandria
7304:Agrippa the Skeptic
7243:Strato of Lampsacus
5350:Nimbarka Sampradaya
5261:Korean Confucianism
5008:Academic Skepticism
3713:, pp. 108–109.
3689:, pp. 107–108.
3343:philosophypages.com
3194:The People of Plato
3180:Apology of Socrates
3101:Apology of Socrates
2729:, 35; Diels-Kranz,
2467:Process and Reality
2170:became head of the
2162:Academic skepticism
2156:Academic skepticism
2008:Alexander the Great
1963:Medieval philosophy
1922:HANC ILLIVS IMITARI
1914:PLISTARCHI • FILIVS
1860:propositional logic
1632:Alexander the Great
1405:Medieval philosophy
1358:). Plato's student
1354:(and by extension,
809:Friedrich Nietzsche
571:Women in philosophy
301:Indigenous American
84:Part of a series on
7629:Plutarch of Athens
7569:Numenius of Apamea
7559:Moderatus of Gades
7029:Hegesias of Cyrene
5971:Post-structuralism
5873:Scientific realism
5828:Quinean naturalism
5808:Logical positivism
5764:Analytical Marxism
4983:Peripatetic school
4895:Chinese naturalism
4422:Aesthetic response
4349:Applied philosophy
4116:Oxford: Blackwell.
4100:Ancient Philosophy
3928:Ancient Philosophy
3440:Kishtainy, Niall.
3337:Kemerling, Garth.
3286:Ancient Philosophy
3069:Laurence Lampert,
2485:2014-10-31 at the
2387:Ancient philosophy
2291:Christian theology
2253:Numenius of Apamea
1935:
1832:Euclides of Megara
1712:Hellenistic period
1268:
1239:appear in various
1101:Parmenides of Elea
1090:Eleatic philosophy
1061:unity of opposites
954:Eleatic philosophy
890:classical elements
664:Hellenistic period
264:Eastern philosophy
8032:
8031:
7803:(first principle)
7714:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7677:Nicetes of Smyrna
7266:
7265:
7181:
7180:
7143:Apollonius Cronus
6934:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6808:
6807:
6732:
6731:
6653:Metrodorus of Cos
6575:
6574:
6562:
6561:
6489:
6488:
6380:
6379:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
5759:Analytic feminism
5731:
5730:
5693:Kierkegaardianism
5655:Transcendentalism
5615:Neo-scholasticism
5461:Classical Realism
5438:
5437:
5210:
5209:
5025:Neopythagoreanism
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4399:Social philosophy
4248:Media related to
4210:Library resources
4172:Thales of Miletus
4168:O’Grady, Patricia
4139:Kahn, C.H. 1994.
4022:Søren Kierkegaard
4007:978-1-9848-7875-5
3986:978-0-19-815003-9
3919:978-0-13-158591-1
3453:978-0-300-20636-4
3419:Aristotle's Logic
3393:, bk. 2, ch. 1–6.
3282:Kamtekar, Rachana
3092:336c & 337a,
2599:Metaphysics Alpha
2585:Metaphysics Alpha
2512:978-0-19-280137-1
2446:www.hellenism.net
2349:) and Ibn Rushd (
2257:Neopythagoreanism
2123:Their metaphysics
2079:and a student of
2004:traveled to India
1971:Jewish philosophy
1947:Hellenistic world
1478:philosopher kings
1337:Trial of Socrates
845:Thales of Miletus
784:of terming those
766:", respectively.
725:ancient Near East
719:and mythological
717:wisdom literature
609:
608:
417:
416:
79:
78:
16:(Redirected from
8057:
8024:
8014:
8004:
7994:
7984:
7974:
7964:
7954:
7944:
7934:
7924:
7914:
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7814:
7804:
7794:
7784:
7774:
7764:
7741:
7734:
7727:
7718:
7717:
7669:Second Sophistic
7644:Ammonius Hermiae
7549:Nigidius Figulus
7463:Philo of Larissa
7445:Academic Skeptic
7309:Sextus Empiricus
7277:
7276:
7126:
7125:
7085:Euclid of Megara
6964:
6963:
6842:
6841:
6752:
6751:
6586:
6585:
6577:
6576:
6509:
6508:
6500:
6499:
6439:
6438:
6421:Proto-philosophy
6407:
6400:
6393:
6384:
6383:
6369:
6368:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6072:
6071:
6063:
6062:
6046:
6045:
5936:Frankfurt School
5883:Transactionalism
5833:Normative ethics
5813:Legal positivism
5789:Falsificationism
5774:Consequentialism
5769:Communitarianism
5742:
5741:
5610:New Confucianism
5449:
5448:
5256:Neo-Confucianism
5221:
5220:
5030:Second Sophistic
5015:Middle Platonism
4858:
4857:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4631:Epiphenomenalism
4498:Consequentialism
4432:Institutionalism
4337:
4336:
4326:
4325:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4247:
4102:36 (2016): 1–18.
4011:
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3930:36 (2016): 1–18.
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3369:Bertrand Russell
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3309:
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3295:
3289:
3288:36 (2016): 1–18.
3278:
3272:
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3249:The City and Man
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3074:
3067:
3061:
3056:Seth Benardete,
3054:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3023:
3017:
3014:Greek Philosophy
3010:
3004:
3001:Greek Philosophy
2997:
2991:
2988:Greek Philosophy
2984:
2978:
2975:Greek Philosophy
2971:
2965:
2962:Greek Philosophy
2958:
2952:
2949:Greek Philosophy
2945:
2939:
2936:Greek Philosophy
2932:
2926:
2923:Greek Philosophy
2919:
2913:
2910:Greek Philosophy
2906:
2900:
2897:Greek Philosophy
2893:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2875:Greek Philosophy
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2827:Greek Philosophy
2823:
2817:
2812:C.M. Bowra 1957
2810:
2804:
2801:Greek Philosophy
2797:
2791:
2788:Greek Philosophy
2784:
2778:
2775:Greek Philosophy
2771:
2765:
2762:Greek Philosophy
2758:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2727:Greek Philosophy
2723:
2717:
2714:Greek Philosophy
2710:
2704:
2701:Greek Philosophy
2697:
2691:
2688:Greek Philosophy
2684:
2678:
2677:
2657:
2651:
2648:Greek Philosophy
2644:
2638:
2625:Greek Philosophy
2621:
2615:
2612:Greek Philosophy
2608:
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2595:
2589:
2577:
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2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
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2523:
2517:
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2477:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2438:
2367:Byzantine Empire
2359:High Middle Ages
2331:Byzantine Empire
2327:Migration Period
2277:, first of them
2245:Middle Platonism
2235:Middle Platonism
2229:Middle Platonism
2188:Philo of Larissa
2172:Platonic Academy
1904:Sextus Empiricus
1894:The philosopher
1850:. Their work on
1790:were founded by
1770:Crates of Thebes
1685:School of Athens
1125:Zeno's paradoxes
942:anthropomorphism
922:of all things."
750:as presented by
691:Roman philosophy
668:Roman philosophy
601:
594:
587:
306:Aztec philosophy
185:Ancient Egyptian
167:
166:
119:
115:
114:
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100:
81:
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53:
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7706:
7663:
7592:Ammonius Saccas
7578:
7535:
7483:Middle Platonic
7477:
7439:
7391:
7382:Marcus Aurelius
7318:
7294:Timon of Phlius
7262:
7232:Aristotelianism
7214:
7177:
7158:Diodorus Cronus
7124:
7071:
7043:
7000:
6962:
6926:
6883:
6831:
6804:
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6741:
6728:
6700:
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6353:
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6330:
6294:
6194:
6156:
6103:
6057:
6056:
6028:
6017:Russian cosmism
5990:
5986:Western Marxism
5951:New Historicism
5916:Critical theory
5902:
5898:Wittgensteinian
5794:Foundationalism
5727:
5664:
5645:Social contract
5501:Foundationalism
5434:
5416:
5400:Illuminationism
5385:Aristotelianism
5371:
5360:Vishishtadvaita
5313:
5265:
5206:
5173:
5044:
4973:Megarian school
4968:Eretrian school
4909:
4870:Agriculturalism
4847:
4793:
4774:
4721:
4693:
4650:
4602:
4559:
4543:Incompatibilism
4512:
4484:
4436:
4408:
4331:
4320:
4315:
4283:, Hellenism.Net
4258:, entry in the
4240:
4239:
4238:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4127:Hughes, Bettany
4067:
4065:Further reading
4008:
3987:
3963:(archived from
3920:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3866:
3858:Eduard Zeller,
3857:
3853:
3834:
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3493:10.2307/2224006
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3207:People of Plato
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2487:Wayback Machine
2478:
2474:
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2435:
2430:
2417:Translingualism
2383:
2315:
2305:
2299:
2271:
2265:
2237:
2231:
2166:Around 266 BC,
2164:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2103:
2097:
2089:absence of pain
2062:
2056:
1993:
1987:
1959:spread of Islam
1933:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1828:Megarian school
1824:
1822:Megarian school
1818:
1784:
1778:
1758:
1752:
1705:theory of forms
1620:Plato's Academy
1608:
1606:Aristotelianism
1602:
1596:
1543:theory of forms
1423:
1417:
1364:Aristotelianism
1302:Socratic method
1260:
1254:
1249:
1182:
1176:
1133:
1098:
1092:
1033:Milesian school
1021:
1015:
972:
966:
934:
928:
876:Milesian school
842:
840:Milesian school
836:
834:Milesian school
778:
772:
704:, the European
675:Western culture
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576:
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541:Epistemologists
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7682:Dio Chrysostom
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7541:Neopythagorean
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7367:Musonius Rufus
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7339:
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7332:Zeno of Citium
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7070:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7057:Phaedo of Elis
7053:
7051:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6944:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6850:
6848:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6818:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6758:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6583:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6517:
6515:
6506:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6447:
6445:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6387:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6362:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6215:
6210:
6204:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6162:Middle Eastern
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6069:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5926:Existentialism
5923:
5921:Deconstruction
5918:
5912:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5754:Applied ethics
5750:
5748:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5718:Nietzscheanism
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5660:Utilitarianism
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5558:Transcendental
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5496:Existentialism
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:Augustinianism
5281:
5275:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5197:Zoroastrianism
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5040:Church Fathers
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4555:Libertarianism
4552:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4359:Metaphilosophy
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4253:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:External links
4202:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4182:
4175:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4041:
4031:
4019:
4012:
4006:
3991:
3985:
3968:
3952:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3879:
3877:, p. 124.
3864:
3851:
3828:
3810:
3799:Smith, William
3775:
3766:
3754:
3752:, p. 114.
3742:
3740:, p. 112.
3727:
3725:, p. 110.
3715:
3703:
3701:, p. 108.
3691:
3679:
3677:, p. 106.
3664:
3662:, p. 104.
3652:
3650:, p. 103.
3640:
3633:
3627:. p. 28.
3606:
3599:
3581:
3574:
3553:
3551:, p. 102.
3541:
3539:, p. 100.
3529:
3514:
3467:
3452:
3429:
3417:Robin Smith, "
3410:
3395:
3377:
3361:
3348:
3329:
3324:washington.edu
3311:
3290:
3273:
3253:
3237:
3233:Complete Works
3224:
3220:Complete Works
3211:
3198:
3185:
3171:
3158:
3142:
3134:W.K.C. Guthrie
3126:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3018:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2879:
2866:
2857:
2849:W.K.C. Guthrie
2840:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2735:
2718:
2705:
2692:
2679:
2672:
2652:
2639:
2616:
2603:
2601:, 983 b6 8–11.
2590:
2572:
2556:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2511:
2491:
2472:
2457:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2375:Thomas Aquinas
2301:Main article:
2298:
2295:
2267:Main article:
2264:
2261:
2233:Main article:
2230:
2227:
2196:Middle Academy
2160:Main article:
2157:
2154:
2149:Main article:
2146:
2143:
2107:Zeno of Citium
2099:Main article:
2096:
2093:
2081:Pyrrho of Elis
2058:Main article:
2055:
2052:
1996:Pyrrho of Elis
1989:Main article:
1986:
1983:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1878:Main article:
1875:
1872:
1820:Main article:
1817:
1814:
1807:had held that
1780:Main article:
1777:
1774:
1754:Main article:
1751:
1748:
1598:Main article:
1595:
1592:
1419:Main article:
1416:
1413:
1376:Zeno of Citium
1341:defense speech
1275:5th century BC
1256:Main article:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
1132:
1129:
1094:Main article:
1091:
1088:
1017:Main article:
1014:
1011:
1007:metempsychosis
970:Pythagoreanism
968:Main article:
965:
964:Pythagoreanism
962:
930:Main article:
927:
924:
847:, regarded by
838:Main article:
835:
832:
798:Hermann Diels'
774:Main article:
771:
768:
607:
606:
604:
603:
596:
589:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
556:Metaphysicians
553:
548:
543:
538:
532:
526:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
484:Metaphilosophy
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
432:
426:
425:
424:
421:
420:
415:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
369:
368:
362:
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
322:
321:
320:
310:
309:
308:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
261:
260:
259:
254:
249:
236:
235:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
219:
209:
204:
199:
194:
193:
192:
187:
174:
173:
165:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
105:
102:
101:
93:
92:
86:
85:
77:
76:
57:
55:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8062:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7885:
7883:(flourishing)
7881:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7825:
7823:(tranquility)
7821:
7817:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7765:
7763:(indifferent)
7761:
7757:
7756:
7753:
7749:
7742:
7737:
7735:
7730:
7728:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7666:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7415:Zeno of Sidon
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7248:Lyco of Troas
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7130:Dialecticians
7127:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6373:
6372:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:Miscellaneous
6297:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:Miscellaneous
5993:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5981:Structuralism
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:Postmodernism
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5956:Phenomenology
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Vienna Circle
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Moral realism
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5625:Phenomenology
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5565:Individualism
5563:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5430:Judeo-Islamic
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5406:ʿIlm al-Kalām
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:Shuddhadvaita
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:Scholasticism
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4785:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Conceptualism
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Particularism
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:Functionalism
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Eliminativism
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Compatibilism
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Particularism
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:1-4120-4843-5
3947:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3875:Grayling 2019
3871:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:public domain
3784:
3782:
3780:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3750:Grayling 2019
3746:
3739:
3738:Grayling 2019
3734:
3732:
3724:
3723:Grayling 2019
3719:
3712:
3711:Grayling 2019
3707:
3700:
3699:Grayling 2019
3695:
3688:
3687:Grayling 2019
3683:
3676:
3675:Grayling 2019
3671:
3669:
3661:
3660:Grayling 2019
3656:
3649:
3648:Grayling 2019
3644:
3636:
3634:9781400866328
3630:
3626:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3600:0-88706-290-3
3596:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3575:0-19-509652-5
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3550:
3549:Grayling 2019
3545:
3538:
3537:Grayling 2019
3533:
3527:, p. 99.
3526:
3525:Grayling 2019
3521:
3519:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3231:Cooper, ed.,
3228:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3192:Debra Nails,
3189:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3150:Terence Irwin
3146:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3066:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3043:Leo Strauss,
3040:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2898:
2892:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2861:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2802:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2673:9780521294201
2669:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2563:John Burnet,
2560:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:neoplatonists
2270:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:was based in
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:philosopher,
2001:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:and then the
1948:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1569:reincarnation
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:Plato was an
1422:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:perspectivism
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:(nature) and
1189:
1188:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
976:
971:
961:
959:
955:
951:
946:
943:
939:
933:
923:
921:
920:
915:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
831:
829:
825:
820:
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
799:
795:
794:pre-Socratics
791:
787:
783:
777:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
702:Scholasticism
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:ancient Greek
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
583:
582:
580:
579:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
523:
522:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
499:Phenomenology
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
423:
422:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:
367:
364:
363:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
307:
304:
303:
302:
299:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
238:
237:
234:
231:
230:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
191:
190:Ancient Greek
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
169:
168:
162:
156:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
118:
107:
106:
104:
103:
99:
95:
94:
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
73:
70:February 2023
61:
56:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8019:
8009:
7999:
7989:
7983:(temperance)
7979:
7969:
7959:
7949:
7939:
7929:
7919:
7909:
7899:
7889:
7879:
7869:
7859:
7849:
7839:
7829:
7819:
7813:(excellence)
7809:
7799:
7789:
7779:
7769:
7759:
7747:
7697:Philostratus
7584:Neoplatonist
7238:Theophrastus
6912:Dionysodorus
6869:Thrasymachus
6495:Pre-Socratic
6413:
6364:
6350:
6264:
6021:
6012:Postcritique
6002:Kyoto School
5961:Posthumanism
5941:Hermeneutics
5796: /
5737:Contemporary
5713:Newtonianism
5676:Cartesianism
5635:Reductionism
5471:Conservatism
5466:Collectivism
5404:
5132:Sarvāstivadā
5110:Anekantavada
5035:Neoplatonism
5003:Epicureanism
4936:Pythagoreans
4914:
4875:Confucianism
4841:Contemporary
4831:Early modern
4735:Anti-realism
4689:Universalism
4646:Subjectivism
4442:Epistemology
4224:Online books
4214:
4196:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4130:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4057:
4047:
4037:
4025:
4015:
3996:
3974:
3965:the original
3959:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3909:
3887:
3882:
3859:
3854:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3802:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3655:
3643:
3616:
3609:
3590:
3584:
3565:
3562:Annas, Julia
3556:
3544:
3532:
3487:(164): 636.
3484:
3480:
3470:
3442:
3422:
3413:
3408:, 991a20–22.
3404:
3398:
3389:
3372:
3364:
3357:The Politics
3356:
3351:
3342:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3293:
3285:
3276:
3268:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3119:
3110:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3070:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2860:
2852:
2847:pp. 419ff.,
2843:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2751:Chapter XVII
2746:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2501:
2494:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2341:(Alkindus),
2316:
2272:
2269:Neoplatonism
2263:Neoplatonism
2251:was done by
2238:
2203:
2165:
2104:
2063:
2060:Epicureanism
2054:Epicureanism
2034:(a state of
1994:
1969:traditions:
1955:Christianity
1936:
1907:
1846:doctrine of
1825:
1785:
1759:
1744:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1678:
1639:
1609:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1539:metaphysical
1536:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1495:Whereas the
1494:
1489:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1443:
1440:
1424:
1400:Roman Empire
1356:Neoplatonism
1345:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1298:aporetically
1291:
1279:
1269:
1237:Thrasymachus
1218:
1213:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1157:
1140:
1134:
1117:Zeno of Elea
1114:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1022:
998:
995:cosmological
988:
973:
947:
935:
918:
912:
907:
899:
893:
884:
873:
843:
821:
816:
813:
800:
793:
786:philosophers
781:
779:
745:
714:
672:
624:epistemology
611:
610:
528:Philosophers
436:Epistemology
257:South Africa
212:Contemporary
189:
161:Philosophies
67:
59:
7933:(substance)
7923:(intellect)
7903:(imitation)
7873:(character)
7863:(knowledge)
7299:Aenesidemus
7272:Hellenistic
7220:Peripatetic
7138:Clinomachus
6976:Antisthenes
6590:Pythagorean
6541:Heraclitean
6526:Anaximander
6443:Seven Sages
6007:Objectivism
5946:Neo-Marxism
5908:Continental
5818:Meta-ethics
5798:Coherentism
5703:Hegelianism
5640:Rationalism
5600:Natural law
5580:Materialism
5506:Historicism
5476:Determinism
5367:Navya-Nyāya
5142:Sautrāntika
5137:Pudgalavada
5073:Vaisheshika
4926:Presocratic
4826:Renaissance
4765:Physicalism
4750:Materialism
4656:Normativity
4641:Objectivism
4626:Emergentism
4616:Behaviorism
4565:Metaphysics
4531:Determinism
4470:Rationalism
4000:. Penguin.
3955:John Burnet
3405:Metaphysics
3402:Aristotle,
3387:Aristotle,
3245:Leo Strauss
3111:Memorabilia
2597:Aristotle,
2325:during the
2319:Middle Ages
2317:During the
2192:New Academy
2127:materialism
2073:Nausiphanes
2067:studied in
2000:Democritean
1951:Greco-Roman
1939:Hellenistic
1937:During the
1930:trepidation
1852:modal logic
1776:Cyrenaicism
1762:Antisthenes
1720:peripatetic
1658:metaphysics
1547:substantial
1409:Renaissance
1368:Antisthenes
991:Anaximander
984:rationalist
880:Anaximander
857:John Burnet
721:cosmogonies
706:Renaissance
640:metaphysics
628:mathematics
451:Metaphysics
366:By religion
222:Continental
202:Renaissance
8039:Categories
7980:Sophrosyne
7953:(prudence)
7880:Eudaimonia
7843:(division)
7783:(infinite)
7654:Simplicius
7619:Iamblichus
7564:Nicomachus
7453:Arcesilaus
7420:Philodemus
7410:Metrodorus
7352:Posidonius
7342:Chrysippus
7281:Pyrrhonist
7205:Xenocrates
7200:Speusippus
7173:Panthoides
7014:Aristippus
6917:Euthydemus
6854:Protagoras
6827:Democritus
6790:Empedocles
6763:Anaxagoras
6714:Parmenides
6691:Xenophanes
6648:Hermotimus
6598:Pythagoras
6549:Heraclitus
6531:Anaximenes
6433:Pherecydes
6428:Epimenides
6306:Amerindian
6213:Australian
6152:Vietnamese
6132:Indonesian
5681:Kantianism
5630:Positivism
5620:Pragmatism
5595:Naturalism
5575:Liberalism
5553:Subjective
5491:Empiricism
5395:Avicennism
5340:Bhedabheda
5224:East Asian
5147:Madhyamaka
5127:Abhidharma
4993:Pyrrhonism
4760:Nominalism
4755:Naturalism
4684:Skepticism
4674:Relativism
4664:Absolutism
4593:Naturalism
4503:Deontology
4475:Skepticism
4460:Naturalism
4450:Empiricism
4414:Aesthetics
4318:Philosophy
3902:References
3095:Theaetetus
2614:, 3–4, 18.
2451:2019-01-28
2307:See also:
2287:Gnosticism
2249:syncretism
2184:Arcesilaus
2180:Pyrrhonism
2168:Arcesilaus
2119:Chrysippus
2077:Democritus
2036:equanimity
2028:eudaimonia
2020:Pyrrhonism
1991:Pyrrhonism
1985:Pyrrhonism
1932:and misery
1884:See also:
1868:Pyrrhonism
1792:Aristippus
1728:Maimonides
1604:See also:
1580:allegories
1486:noble lies
1470:, and the
1392:Democritus
1388:Pyrrhonist
1333:Protagoras
1329:Anaxagoras
1201:Protagoras
1168:Democritus
1153:Anaxagoras
1149:Empedocles
1147:, such as
1048:panta rhei
1029:Parmenides
1019:Heraclitus
1013:Heraclitus
975:Pythagoras
950:Pyrrhonism
932:Xenophanes
926:Xenophanes
904:Anaximenes
782:convention
660:aesthetics
616:Philosophy
459:Aesthetics
148:Categories
90:Philosophy
7950:Phronesis
7943:(passion)
7853:(opinion)
7840:Diairesis
7793:(problem)
7760:Adiaphora
7687:Favorinus
7649:Damascius
7491:Antiochus
7458:Carneades
7425:Lucretius
7397:Epicurean
7372:Epictetus
7347:Panaetius
7337:Cleanthes
7228:Aristotle
7153:Dionysius
7148:Euphantus
7100:Eubulides
7062:Menedemus
7034:Anniceris
6940:Classical
6907:Lycophron
6902:Callicles
6822:Leucippus
6800:Pausanias
6768:Archelaus
6747:Pluralist
6643:Calliphon
6628:Brontinus
6608:Philolaus
6476:Cleobulus
6471:Periander
6185:Pakistani
6147:Taiwanese
6094:Ethiopian
6067:By region
6053:By region
5868:Scientism
5863:Systemics
5723:Spinozism
5650:Socialism
5585:Modernism
5548:Objective
5456:Anarchism
5390:Averroism
5279:Christian
5231:Neotaoism
5202:Zurvanism
5192:Mithraism
5187:Mazdakism
4958:Cyrenaics
4885:Logicians
4518:Free will
4480:Solipsism
4427:Formalism
4190:Routledge
4034:A.A. Long
3848:(1): 107.
3501:0013-0133
3462:979259190
3116:Aristotle
3016:, 113–17.
3003:, 105–10.
2764:, 33, 36.
2634:Histories
2629:Herodotus
2627:, 18–20;
2588:, 983b18.
2580:Aristotle
2343:Al-Farabi
2329:. In the
2176:Platonism
2151:Platonism
2145:Platonism
2115:Cleanthes
1967:Abrahamic
1816:Megarians
1800:hedonists
1788:Cyrenaics
1782:Cyrenaics
1616:Isocrates
1600:Aristotle
1594:Aristotle
1588:Aristotle
1578:(usually
1576:analogies
1520:timocracy
1512:Statesman
1506:Both the
1501:Statesman
1473:Statesman
1396:Epicurean
1360:Aristotle
1352:Platonism
1348:dialogues
1241:dialogues
1159:Leucippus
1145:pluralism
1065:dialectic
853:cosmogony
849:Aristotle
824:cosmology
805:Aristotle
733:cosmology
620:astronomy
551:Logicians
546:Ethicists
504:Political
464:Education
385:Christian
380:Confucian
279:Indonesia
233:By region
171:By period
32:Christian
8023:(temper)
7973:(wisdom)
7963:(nature)
7893:(reason)
7860:Episteme
7820:Ataraxia
7770:Aletheia
7634:Syrianus
7614:Porphyry
7602:students
7597:Plotinus
7521:Alcinous
7516:Apuleius
7506:Plutarch
7405:Epicurus
7187:Platonic
7168:Alexinus
7115:Pasicles
7110:Nicarete
7090:Ichthyas
7077:Megarian
7049:Eretrian
7006:Cyrenaic
6991:Menippus
6981:Diogenes
6958:Xenophon
6952:students
6948:Socrates
6859:Prodicus
6724:Melissus
6696:Xeniades
6658:Arignote
6623:Alcmaeon
6618:Lamiskos
6613:Archytas
6603:Hippasus
6567:Diogenes
6554:Cratylus
6513:Milesian
6461:Pittacus
6371:Category
6326:Yugoslav
6316:Romanian
6223:Scottish
6208:American
6137:Japanese
6117:Buddhist
6099:Africana
6089:Egyptian
5931:Feminist
5853:Rawlsian
5848:Quietism
5746:Analytic
5698:Krausism
5605:Nihilism
5570:Kokugaku
5533:Absolute
5528:Idealism
5516:Humanism
5304:Occamism
5271:European
5216:Medieval
5162:Yogacara
5122:Buddhist
5115:Syādvāda
4998:Stoicism
4963:Cynicism
4951:Sophists
4946:Atomists
4941:Eleatics
4880:Legalism
4821:Medieval
4745:Idealism
4699:Ontology
4679:Nihilism
4583:Idealism
4341:Branches
4330:Branches
4170:. 2002.
4129:. 2010.
3564:(1995).
3390:Politics
3106:Xenophon
3089:Republic
3012:Burnet,
2999:Burnet,
2986:Burnet,
2973:Burnet,
2960:Burnet,
2947:Burnet,
2934:Burnet,
2921:Burnet,
2912:, 66–67.
2908:Burnet,
2895:Burnet,
2877:, 57–63.
2873:Burnet,
2825:Burnet,
2803:, 40–49.
2799:Burnet,
2790:, 38–39.
2786:Burnet,
2777:, 37–38.
2773:Burnet,
2760:Burnet,
2743:Eusebius
2725:Burnet,
2712:Burnet,
2699:Burnet,
2686:Burnet,
2650:, 22–24.
2646:Burnet,
2623:Burnet,
2610:Burnet,
2483:Archived
2381:See also
2373:such as
2351:Averroes
2347:Avicenna
2339:Al-Kindi
2337:such as
2323:literacy
2283:religion
2279:Plotinus
2210:ataraxia
2111:apatheia
2101:Stoicism
2095:Stoicism
2085:hedonism
2065:Epicurus
2032:ataraxia
2012:Buddhist
1864:Stoicism
1836:Socrates
1805:Socrates
1796:Socrates
1766:Diogenes
1750:Cynicism
1736:Averroes
1732:Alfarabi
1724:Avicenna
1694:Republic
1670:politics
1666:rhetoric
1612:Stageira
1564:Republic
1558:Phaedrus
1510:and the
1508:Republic
1497:Republic
1490:Republic
1461:Republic
1449:Xenophon
1431:Socrates
1427:Athenian
1407:and the
1384:Epicurus
1380:Stoicism
1372:Cynicism
1325:Pericles
1294:Xenophon
1271:Socrates
1258:Socrates
1252:Socrates
1225:Prodicus
1221:rhetoric
1180:Sophists
1096:Eleatics
1084:harmonic
958:Epicurus
869:pyramids
828:ontology
790:Socrates
748:Socrates
737:theology
708:and the
699:Medieval
656:rhetoric
644:ontology
509:Religion
494:Ontology
474:Language
428:Branches
375:Buddhist
330:American
252:Ethiopia
217:Analytic
197:Medieval
138:Glossary
123:Contents
8003:(craft)
7900:Mimesis
7833:(order)
7780:Apeiron
7773:(truth)
7702:more...
7659:more...
7639:Proclus
7574:more...
7531:more...
7473:more...
7435:more...
7387:more...
7314:more...
7258:more...
7210:more...
7039:more...
6996:more...
6922:more...
6897:Gorgias
6889:Italian
6879:more...
6864:Hippias
6837:Sophist
6814:Atomist
6782:Italian
6706:Eleatic
6683:Skeptic
6673:more...
6668:Eurytus
6581:Italian
6321:Russian
6290:Spanish
6285:Slovene
6275:Maltese
6270:Italian
6250:Finland
6218:British
6200:Western
6190:Turkish
6175:Islamic
6170:Iranian
6122:Chinese
6109:Eastern
6076:African
6023:more...
5708:Marxism
5538:British
5481:Dualism
5377:Islamic
5335:Advaita
5325:Vedanta
5299:Scotism
5294:Thomism
5236:Tiantai
5179:Persian
5167:Tibetan
5157:Śūnyatā
5098:Cārvāka
5088:Ājīvika
5083:Mīmāṃsā
5063:Samkhya
4978:Academy
4931:Ionians
4905:Yangism
4862:Chinese
4853:Ancient
4816:Western
4811:Ancient
4770:Realism
4727:Reality
4717:Process
4598:Realism
4578:Dualism
4573:Atomism
4455:Fideism
4030:, 1841.
4018:, 1962.
3796::
3509:2224006
3427:(2007).
3205:Nails,
3114:4.4.9;
2816:p. 166"
2637:, I.74.
2355:caliphs
1844:Eleatic
1740:Aquinas
1714:, when
1689:regimes
1681:Raphael
1650:physics
1628:zoology
1524:Spartan
1522:on the
1435:letters
1233:Hippias
1229:Gorgias
1174:Sophism
1039:as the
1037:element
1003:ascetic
895:apeiron
865:eclipse
792:as the
723:of the
652:biology
514:Science
469:History
395:Islamic
355:Russian
350:Italian
335:British
325:Western
318:Iranian
294:Vietnam
269:Chinese
242:African
180:Ancient
143:History
128:Outline
60:updated
8020:Thumos
8013:(goal)
8000:Techne
7993:(sage)
7990:sophós
7970:Sophia
7960:Physis
7940:Pathos
7913:(unit)
7830:Cosmos
7790:Aporia
7692:Lucian
7624:Julian
7609:Origen
7468:Cicero
7377:Arrian
7357:Seneca
7289:Pyrrho
7120:Bryson
7105:Stilpo
6986:Crates
6846:Ionian
6756:Ionian
6633:Theano
6521:Thales
6504:Ionian
6481:Chilon
6451:Thales
6280:Polish
6260:German
6255:French
6240:Danish
6230:Canada
6180:Jewish
6142:Korean
6127:Indian
5669:People
5590:Monism
5543:German
5511:Holism
5444:Modern
5422:Jewish
5345:Dvaita
5318:Indian
5241:Huayan
5093:Ajñana
5050:Indian
4915:Greco-
4900:Taoism
4890:Mohism
4836:Modern
4803:By era
4792:By era
4707:Action
4588:Monism
4508:Virtue
4490:Ethics
4212:about
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2214:dogmas
2205:Phaedo
2069:Athens
2040:epoché
1977:, and
1896:Pyrrho
1858:, and
1809:virtue
1738:, and
1674:poetry
1662:ethics
1654:optics
1636:Lyceum
1624:botany
1561:, and
1552:Phaedo
1532:Athens
1528:Cretan
1488:; the
1482:common
1464:, the
1306:virtue
1282:Cicero
1235:, and
1205:virtue
1187:physis
1137:monism
1121:motion
980:mystic
913:aether
861:cosmos
636:ethics
441:Ethics
410:Taoist
405:Jewish
345:German
340:French
274:Indian
207:Modern
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7930:Ousia
7910:Monad
7890:Logos
7870:Ethos
7810:Arete
7800:Arche
7526:Galen
7511:Gaius
7324:Stoic
7195:Plato
7163:Philo
6968:Cynic
6874:Damon
6795:Acron
6737:Hippo
6456:Solon
6311:Aztec
6265:Greek
6245:Dutch
6235:Czech
6084:Bantu
5521:Anti-
5068:Nyaya
5058:Hindu
4918:Roman
4712:Event
4354:Logic
3621:(PDF)
3505:JSTOR
3302:(PDF)
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3084:Plato
2990:, 94.
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2938:, 67.
2925:, 68.
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2829:, 57.
2716:, 35.
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2428:Notes
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2131:logos
2071:with
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2024:dogma
2006:with
1943:Roman
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1646:logic
1453:irony
1421:Plato
1415:Plato
1314:Plato
1193:nomos
1164:Plato
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1053:Logos
1042:arche
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999:arche
938:Ionia
919:φύσις
908:arche
900:arche
885:arche
855:that
752:Plato
648:logic
446:Logic
390:Hindu
289:Korea
284:Japan
247:Egypt
133:Lists
7920:Nous
7850:Doxa
6719:Zeno
6663:Myia
6638:Damo
6466:Bias
5412:Sufi
5246:Chan
5105:Jain
5078:Yoga
4608:Mind
4548:Hard
4536:Hard
4002:ISBN
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3914:ISBN
3629:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3570:ISBN
3497:ISSN
3458:OCLC
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3280:See
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3082:Cf.
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2222:sage
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1998:, a
1941:and
1900:Elis
1866:and
1840:good
1826:The
1786:The
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1467:Laws
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