879:
measures in favor of the traditional practices of government." The power struggle in government finally resulted in his arrest and expulsion from the capital under continued
Russian and British interference. Amir Kabir was sent to Kashan under duress and kept in isolation by the Shah's decree. His execution was ordered six weeks later after the Queen Mother and his executioner, Ali Khan Farash-bashi, had convinced the King that Amir Kabir would soon be granted protection by the Russians â possibly allowing him to make an attempt to regain control of the government by force. The young Shah may have been inclined to believe these accusations because of the arrogance and disdain for protocol that Amir Kabir had shown since the beginning of his government career in Tabriz. Amir Kabir was murdered in Kashan on 10 January 1852. With him, many believe, died the prospect of an independent Iran led by meritocracy rather than nepotism.
646:, who throughout the Qajar period disputed the legitimacy of the state and often sought to exercise an independent and rival authority. Amir Kabir took a variety of steps designed to curb their influence, above all in the sphere of law. He sought initially to supersede the sharÊż courts in the capital by sitting in judgment himself on cases brought before him; he abandoned the attempt when he realized that the inadequacy of his juridical knowledge had caused him to pronounce incorrect verdicts. Then he established indirect control over the sharÊż courts by giving prominence to one of them that enjoyed his special favor and by assigning the divan-khana, the highest instance of Êżorf jurisdiction, a more prominent role. All cases were to be referred to it before being passed on to a sharÊż court of the stateâs choosing, and any verdict the sharÊż court then reached was valid only if endorsed by the
600:
no
Persian, so interpreters had to be employed to assist in the teaching; but some among them soon learned Persian well enough to compose textbooks in the language on various natural sciences. These were to influence the evolution of a more simple and effective prose style in Persian than had previously existed. Dar ul-Funun had large fluctuations in its enrollment, primarily due to the Shah's fluctuating commitment in funding put into the institution. A clear decline in investment was apparent when a visitor reported in 1870 that seventy students and only a single European instructor were enrolled at the institution. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, Amir Kabir's successor, sought to persuade Naser-al-din Shah to abrogate the whole project, but the
847:
class to the authority of the state. The
European-inspired secularism of Amir Kabir was antithetical to serious reconsideration of religious tenets; especially if they could disturb security and order. By denying the Babis a chance to survive as a viable alternative, the Qajar state reaffirmed the unrivaled status of the clergy as the sole arbiter of religious norms. With the suppression of the BĂĄbi movement chances for an indigenous movement of change ceased to exist for decades to come, and Amir Kabir inadvertently cleared the way for the consolidation of the power of the clergy for the rest of the century and beyond.
359:
57:
393:, KarbalaÊŸi Qorban accompanied him there, taking his son with him. Amir Kabir first assisted his father in performing domestic duties in the household of Mirza Bozorg, who saw signs of unusual talent in the boy and had him study with his own children. Mirza Bozorg died in 1237/1822 and was succeeded in the post of minister to the crown prince by his son, Mirza Bozorg. Under the son's aegis, Amir Kabir entered government service, being appointed first to the post of
650:. In addition, any case involving a member of the non- Muslim minorities belonged exclusively to the jurisdiction of the divan-khana. Not content with thus circumscribing the prerogatives of the sharÊż courts, Amir Kabir took stringent measures against sharÊż judges found guilty of bribery or dishonesty; thus Molla ÊżAbd-al-Rahim Borujerdi was expelled from Tehran when he offered to settle a case involving one of Amir Kabir's servants to the liking of the minister.
691:
grievances and hence any need for a foreign "protector." He exempted the priests of all denominations from taxation, and gave material support to
Christian schools in Azerbaijan and Isfahan. In addition, he established a close relationship with the Zoroastrians of Yazd, and gave strict orders to the governor of the city that they not be molested or subjected to arbitrary taxes. He also forbade attempts made in Shushtar to convert forcibly the
420:) from Iranian sovereignty and to make Iran pay compensation for its military incursions into the area of Solaymaniyeh. In this, he acted independently of the central government in Tehran, which not only failed to formulate a consistent policy vis-Ă -vis the Ottomans but also opposed most of Amir Kabirâs initiatives. Although a form of treaty was concluded between Iran and the Ottoman state, the borders had still not been delineated when the
572:
432:. Some awareness of these reached Amir Kabir in Erzurum and inspired in him at least one aspect of his policy as chief minister: the elimination of clerical influence upon affairs of state. When explaining to the British consul at Tabriz in 1265/1849 his own determination to make the authority of the state paramount, he said, âThe Ottoman government was able to begin reviving its power only after breaking the power of the mullahsâ.
540:) came under review, and the income derived from them was more closely supervised than before. Yield and productivity, not area, were established as the basis of tax assessment for other lands, and previously dead lands were brought under cultivation. These various measures for the encouragement of agriculture and industry also benefited the treasury by raising the level of national prosperity and hence taxability.
500:. Amir Kabir sent two armies against Hasan Khan, the second of which, commanded by Soltan Morad Mirza, defeated his forces and captured him. Amir Kabir had him executed (1266/1850), together with one of his sons and one of his brothers, a punishment of unprecedented severity for such provincial resistance to central authority, and a clear sign of Amir Kabirâs intention to assert the prerogatives of the state.
856:
799:. Accused of rebellion by their opponents, they were subsequently attacked by various local and national forces. After seven months of siege and severely weakened by starvation and their own loss of men, they responded to sworn promises of a truce and were for the most part massacred. After that, two other big clashes between the BĂĄbĂs and their opponents took place in the cities of
783:. Since then, attacks against the BĂĄbĂs by prominent clerics and their followers became more common and some BĂĄbĂs started to carry arms. In remote and isolated places the scattered BĂĄbĂs were readily attacked and killed while in places where large numbers of them resided they acted in self-defense. One of these attacks occurred in
521:. Amir Kabir thereupon decided to reduce drastically the salaries of the civil service, often by half, and to eliminate a large number of stipends paid to pensioners who did little or no governmental work. This measure increased his unpopularity with many influential figures and thus contributed to his ultimate disgrace and death.
720:
of Russia and
Britain in Tehran. In order to counteract British and Russian influence, he sought to establish relations with powers without direct interests in Iran, notably Austria and the United States. It may finally be noted that he set up a counter-espionage organization that had agents in the Russian and British embassies.
895:, but his services to Iran remained generally unappreciated in the Qajar period. Modern Iranian historiography has done him more justice, depicting him as one of the few capable and honest statesmen to emerge in the Qajar period and the progenitor of various political and social changes that came about half a century later:
811:. A total of several thousand BĂĄbĂs were killed in these conflicts. In the three main conflicts in áčŹabarsĂ, Zanjan and Neyriz, BĂĄbĂs were accused by their enemies of revolting against the government. However, in all three cases, the battles that took place were of a defensive nature, and not considered an offensive
513:, saving the lives of many thousands if not millions. Faced with an empty treasury on his arrival in Tehran, he first set about balancing the state budget by attempting to increase the sources of revenue and to decrease state expenditure. To aid him in the task, he set up a budgetary committee headed by
617:. A minimum circulation was ensured by requiring every official earning more than 2,000 rials a year to subscribe. In founding the journal Amir Kabir hoped to give greater effect to government decrees by bringing them to the attention of the public; thus the text of the decree forbidding the levying of
599:
who had become acquainted with Amir Kabir during the work of the
OttomanâIranian border commission. By the time the instructors arrived in Tehran in Moharram, 1268/November, 1851, Amir Kabir had already been dismissed, and it fell to DaÊŸud Khan to receive them. The Austrian instructors initially knew
878:
As the adolescent Nasir al-Din Shah began to exert his own independence in government, he was strongly influenced by the Queen Mother. Through her influence, Amir Kabir was demoted solely to the chief of the army and replaced by Nuri as the premier. This transition marked a rejection "of ⊠reformist
826:
which was followed by the killings of many other BĂĄbĂs. The BĂĄb stood his ground despite great pressure to recant, and gain his freedom. Consequently he was executed by a firing squad in public in Tabriz, the first exection of its kind in Iran, to crush the Babi movement and to display the restored
818:
After the áčŹabarsi conflict, mere adherence to the BĂĄb could be sufficient to lead to a death sentence. One famous example of that is when Amir Kabir personally ordered the public beheading of seven prominent Babis of high social rank, (three merchants, two clerics, a leading dervish and a government
594:
Secondary School. The initial purpose of the institution was to train officers and civil servants to pursue the regeneration of the state that Amir Kabir had begun, but as the first educational institution giving instruction in modern learning, it had far wider impact. Among the subjects taught were
846:
The Babis were advocating a grass-roots revolution to reform religious doctrine and remedy the ills of the clerical class and those of the community as a whole. Amir Kabir, on the other, sought to eliminate all expressions of religious dissent while trying unsuccessfully to subordinate the clerical
751:
The challenging and heterodox nature of the BĂĄb's claims provoked opposition on the part of the ShiÊżite establishment, which then led the civil authorities of Qajar Persia to intervene on the side of the clerics. Although no BĂĄbis are known to have been put to death for their faith during the first
719:
In the south of Iran he made similar efforts to restrict
British influence in the Persian Gulf, and denied Britain the right to stop Iranian ships in the Persian Gulf on the pretext of looking for slaves. It is not surprising that he frequently clashed with Dolgorukiy and Sheil, the representatives
524:
At the same time he strove to collect overdue taxes from provincial governors and tribal chieftains by dispatching assessors and collectors to every province of the country. The collection of customs duties, previously farmed out to individuals, was now made the direct responsibility of the central
703:
The foreign policy of Amir Kabir was as innovative as his internal policies. He has been credited with pioneering the policy of "negative equilibrium," (giving concessions to neither
Britain nor Russia) that was to later prove influential in Iranian foreign affairs. He thus abrogated the agreement
661:
in Tehran, although it was restored after the downfall of Amir Kabir. In Tabriz, prolonged efforts were made to preserve bast at various mosques in the city, and recourse was even had to the alleged miracle of a cow that twice escaped the slaughterhouse by running into the shrine known as BoqÊża-ye
472:
His appointment as the chief minister aroused resentment, particularly the queen mother and other princes, who resented Amir Kabirâs reduction of their spending and allowances. The intrigues of his opponents resulted in a mutiny of a company of
Azerbaijani troops garrisoned in Tehran; but with the
424:
erupted and the
British and Russian mediators, now at war with one another, withdrew. Amir Kabir nonetheless acquired first-hand knowledge of the procedures of international diplomacy and of the aims and policies of Britain and Russia with respect to Iran. This helped him in the elaboration of his
866:
From the start, Amir Kabir's policies incited animosity within the influential circles of Iranian elite â most notably the inner circle of the monarchy whose pensions and income were slashed by his financial reforms. He was also later opposed by those who envied him his numerous posts; they were
830:
The confrontation between Amir Kabir and the BĂĄbĂs was between two visions of modernity. Amir Kabir envisaged state-enforced reforms that were authoritarian and secular while the BĂĄbĂs advocated an all-embracing religious renewal, proposed by the BĂĄb that emphasized, among other teachings, on
452:
died, and Naser-al-din had to proceed to Tehran and assume the throne. But his minister, Mirza Fathallah Nasir-al-molk ÊżAliabadi, was unable to procure the necessary funds, so Naser-al-din had recourse to Amir Kabir, who made the necessary arrangements. Naser-al-dinâs confidence in Amir Kabir
690:
he had learned how European powers intervened in Ottoman affairs on the pretext of "protecting" the Christian minorities, and there were indications that Britain, Russia, and France hoped for similar benefits from the Assyrians and Armenians of Iran. He moved therefore to remove any possible
678:, as well as the public self-flagellation that took place during the mourning season. He obtained the support of several ulema in his attempt to prohibit these rites, but was obliged to relent in the face of strong opposition, particularly from Isfahan and Azerbaijan.
508:
With order reestablished in the provinces, Amir Kabir turned to a wide variety of administrative, cultural, and economic reforms that were the major achievement of his brief ministry. His most immediate success was the vaccination of Iranians against
309:) for the first three years of his reign. He is widely considered to be "Iran's first reformer", a modernizer who was "unjustly struck down" as he attempted to bring "gradual reform" to Iran. Amir Kabir founded the first centre for
641:
All of the measures enumerated so far had as their purpose the creation of a well-ordered and prosperous country, with undisputed authority exercised by the central government. This purpose was in part frustrated by the
621:
was published in the third tissue of the paper. He also wished to educate its readers in the worldâs political and scientific developments; among the items reported in the first year of publication were the struggles of
775:
and premiership of Amir Kabir, circumstances changed and a number of confrontations occurred between the BĂĄbĂs and government and clerical establishment which lead to the massacre of several thousand BĂĄbĂs.
401:, becoming responsible for supervising the finances of the army of Azerbaijan; several years later he was put in charge of the same armyâs provisions, financing, and organization with the title of
867:
backed strongly by foreign powers, whose influence had greatly diminished under his leadership. A coalition was thus formed among this opposition whose prominent members consisted of the
595:
medicine, surgery, pharmacology, natural history, mathematics, geology, and natural science. The instructors were for the most part Austrians, recruited in Vienna by DaÊŸud Khan, an
514:
457:, with full responsibility for the whole Iranian army. After arriving in Tehran, he also appointed him chief minister (shakhs-e avval-e Iran), with the supplementary titles of
815:, as the BĂĄb did not allow it and in the case of two urban conflicts (Neyriz and Zanjan), they were related to pre-existing social and political tensions within the towns.
448:, he was appointed lala-bashi or chief tutor to the crown prince Naser-al-din, who was still only fifteen years of age. Soon after, in Shawwal, 1264/September, 1848,
670:
of Tabriz, who had reduced civil government in the city to virtual impotence, were expelled. Less capable of fulfillment was Amir Kabir's desire to prohibit the
795:
were passing through. A mob led by a local cleric attacked them and a fighting broke out between the two groups. The BĂĄbĂs took refuge in the nearby shrine of
496:, who, with the help of some local chieftains, had rebelled against the central government (1262/1846). Hamza Mirza abandoned Mashad to Hasan Khan and fled to
686:
Amir Kabir took a largely benevolent interest in the non-Muslim minorities of Iran, though in order to further his desire of strengthening the state. In
551:, and also of potential prosperity. He introduced the planting of sugarcane to the province, built the Naseri dam on the river Karkheh and a bridge at
556:
943:
1404:
1299:
764:
was arrested and put on trial in Ottoman Iraq in January 1845, and condemned to work in the naval dockyards in Istanbul where he soon died.
892:
653:
Amir Kabir also sought to reduce clerical power by restricting the ability of the ulema to grant refuge (bast), in their residences and
875:(Amir Kabirâs lieutenant, reputedly Anglophile), and Mirza Yusuf Khan Ashtiyani (the Court's chief accountant, reputedly Russophile).
1787:
607:
Amir Kabir made a second indirect contribution to the elaboration of Persian as a modern medium with his foundation of the newspaper
465:(ážuâl-qaÊżda, 1264/October, 1848). The former title came to be his common designation; the latter, used for the first time since the
325:
of defendants and prisoners, and structured Iranian tax and financial system. As the prime minister, he also ordered suppression of
1777:
68:
1772:
586:, in Tehran was possibly the most lasting in its effects. Decades later, many parts of this establishment were turned into the
1155:
840:
748:
referred to Amir Kabir as the greatest of the religion's oppressors but also acknowledged his significant government reforms.
1762:
1665:
1585:
1513:
1479:
1446:
1380:
1327:
1275:
1248:
1079:
1684:
Amanat, Abbas (1991). "The Downfall of Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir and the Problem of Ministerial Authority in Qajar Iran".
736:, as a threat and repressed them. He suppressed the Babi upheavals of 1848-51 and personally ordered the execution of the
547:(then known as ÊżArabestan), identified by him as an area of strategic importance, given its location at the head of the
1782:
906:
832:
819:
official) in February 1850 . The seven could easily have saved their lives by recanting their faith, but they refused.
24:
1438:
Religious celebrations : an encyclopedia of holidays, festivals, solemn observances, and spiritual commemorations
757:
1642:
1565:
1540:
1767:
1752:
973:
868:
836:
1792:
1757:
382:
428:
Moreover, his years in Erzurum fell during the Ottoman military and administrative reforms known as the
1636:
488:. Toward the end of the reign of Mohammad Shah, Hamza Mirza Heshmat-al-doleh was appointed governor of
662:
Saheb-al-amr. The immediate instigators of the "miracle" were brought to Tehran, and soon after the
978:
887:
Among his Iranian contemporaries Amir Kabir received praise from several poets of the age, notably
306:
183:
408:
During his tenure, Amir Kabir participated in many missions abroad. He spent almost four years in
772:
737:
555:, and laid plans for the development of Mohammara. He also took steps to promote the planting of
342:
302:
823:
1071:
1063:
983:
912:
872:
761:
601:
591:
583:
576:
474:
113:
28:
1113:
1747:
1742:
1351:
959:
741:
614:
609:
587:
733:
8:
788:
768:
753:
469:
period, referred to the tutorial relationship between the minister and his young master.
449:
745:
1709:
1701:
1591:
1398:
1293:
1191:
1159:
954:
543:
Of particular interest is the care shown by Amir Kabir for the economic development of
839:, independent investigation of religious matters without the need for the clergy, and
756:(May 1844-late 1847), several leading BĂĄbi were persecuted for their activities; e.g.
1726:
1713:
1661:
1595:
1581:
1546:
1536:
1509:
1475:
1452:
1442:
1386:
1376:
1333:
1323:
1281:
1271:
1244:
1075:
935:
930:
101:
89:
716:, as well as the anchorage rights enjoyed by Russian ships in the lagoon of Anzali.
481:
and arm themselves, the mutiny was soon quelled, and Amir Kabir resumed his duties.
1693:
1573:
493:
489:
378:
310:
284:
1532:
Resurrection and renewal : the making of the Babi movement in Iran, 1844-1850
926:
596:
223:
792:
899:
807:
in the north and south of Iran, respectively, as well as a smaller conflict in
796:
413:
1697:
1508:(1. publ ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 405â406.
1506:
Resurrection and renewal: the making of the Babi movement in Iran, 1844 - 1850
1390:
1285:
1736:
1456:
1337:
1128:
658:
518:
478:
466:
397:
for the army of Azerbaijan. In 1251/1835, he was promoted to the position of
358:
257:
173:
1577:
1550:
1419:
484:
More severe disorder prevailed in a number of provincial cities, especially
1658:
The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy
1370:
1265:
1243:(1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11â12.
800:
548:
425:
own distinct policies toward the two powers when he became chief minister.
417:
416:-Iranian frontier. He resisted attempts to exclude Mohammareh (present-day
385:
of Farahan as cook, and when Mirza Bozorg was appointed chief minister to Êż
1436:
1317:
1530:
713:
529:
fisheries, an important source of revenue, were recovered from a Russian
526:
421:
386:
56:
582:
Among the various measures enacted by Amir Kabir, the foundation of the
453:
increased, and shortly after leaving Tabriz, he awarded him the rank of
1356:
John Walbridge published in Iranian Studies, 29:3-4, pages 339-362 1996
860:
631:
381:
of Iran. His father, KarbalaÊŸi Mohammad Qorban, entered the service of
374:
334:
158:
142:
138:
1705:
709:
705:
692:
544:
314:
1114:"Dar ol-Fonoun in want of love ("Dar ol-Fonoun dar hasrat-e eshgh")"
779:
The first major killings of BĂĄbĂs recorded in history took place in
729:
704:
whereby the Russians were to operate a trade center and hospital in
571:
675:
627:
552:
530:
510:
429:
827:
power of the Qajar government under the new minister, Amir Kabir.
444:
in 1263/1847. A year later, while retaining the post and title of
301:; 9 January 1807 â 10 January 1852), was chief minister to
687:
671:
654:
635:
623:
485:
409:
370:
322:
318:
134:
723:
1322:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
888:
804:
780:
752:
three-and-a-half years of the movement and during the reign of
441:
390:
363:
338:
326:
162:
1189:
638:, a census of England, and the doings of cannibals in Borneo.
330:
1126:|The pertinent photographs (15 in total) can be viewed here:
988:
855:
812:
784:
643:
560:
497:
1617:"WOMEN iv. in the works of the Bab and in the Babi Movement"
1616:
1093:
1091:
477:
in Tehran, who ordered the merchants of Tehran to close the
808:
708:, and attempted to put an end to the Russian occupation of
613:, which survived under different titles until the reign of
517:
that estimated the deficiency in the budget at one million
20:
1215:
1213:
1088:
566:
1474:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 259.
657:. In 1266/1850, bast was abolished, for example, at the
1679:
1677:
1210:
329:
and the execution of the founder of the movement, the
905:
Tehran Polytechnic, established in 1958, was renamed
604:, soon became a posthumous monument to its founder.
1674:
1111:
23:. For the Iranian university of the same name, see
1535:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 245.
1190:Peter Smith & Moojan Momen (September 2005).
791:, where a group of BĂĄbĂs under the leadership of
333:. In the last years of his life he was exiled to
1734:
1148:
1441:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 74.
1660:(Repr ed.). London: Tauris. p. 168.
712:, an island in the southeastern corner of the
348:
1572:(1 ed.), London: Routledge, p. 36,
1110:For an illustrated report on Darolfonun see:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1016:
724:Suppression of BĂĄbĂs and execution of the BĂĄb
296:
1686:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1614:
771:, and enthronement of the new teenage king,
1403:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1298:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1070:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp.
1068:A concise encyclopedia of the BahĂĄ'Ă Faith
1048:
925:Amir Kabir Farahani is portrayed by actor
902:, inaugurated in 1961, is named after him.
850:
55:
1729:, Tehran, Kharazmi Publishing, 1354/1975.
1608:
1112:Hamid-Reza Hosseini (22 September 2008).
915:, a well-known publisher founded in 1949.
503:
492:, but he found his authority disputed by
854:
570:
412:, part of a commission to delineate the
357:
313:in Iran and the second Persian-language
19:This article is about the chancellor of
1566:"The Writings and Teachings of the BĂĄb"
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
536:The administration of the royal lands (
81:12 May 1848 â 13 November 1851
1735:
1683:
1655:
1563:
1528:
1503:
1469:
1434:
1368:
1311:
1309:
1263:
919:
567:Dar al-Fanun and cultural achievements
435:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1364:
1362:
1315:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1061:
767:In 1848, however, after the death of
728:Amir Kabir regarded the followers of
674:, the Shia "passion play" enacted in
1417:
1174:
822:In mid-1850, Amir Kabir ordered the
1557:
1424:. JSTOR. The North American Review.
1319:An introduction to the Baha'i faith
1306:
1241:An introduction to the Baha'i faith
1143:A History of the Modern Middle East
1017:
297:
288:
13:
1649:
1564:Saiedi, Nader (26 November 2021),
1488:
1428:
1411:
1359:
1344:
1225:
907:Amirkabir University of Technology
25:Amirkabir University of Technology
14:
1804:
1418:Ross, E. Denison (1 April 1901).
946:in the Iranian television series
698:
473:cooperation of Mirza Abuâl-Qasem
1788:19th-century Iranian politicians
533:and contracted out to Iranians.
239:
212:
1778:19th-century executions by Iran
1522:
1463:
1257:
974:List of prime ministers of Iran
936:Nasereddin Shah, Actor-e Cinema
353:
341:and was murdered by command of
235:
208:
1615:Moojan Momen (December 2012).
1135:
1120:
1104:
1035:
1001:
634:project, the invention of the
630:Empire, the drawing up of the
590:, with the remaining becoming
515:Mirza Yusof Mostofi-al-mamalek
317:in the country. He prohibited
16:Chancellor of Iran (1807â1852)
1:
1773:People executed by Qajar Iran
1641:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1570:The World of the BahĂĄ'Ă Faith
1375:. New Haven. pp. 244â5.
1064:"Amir Kabir, Mirza Taqi Khan"
1028:
957:in Iranian television series
841:improving the status of women
681:
268:Karbalayi Ghorban Ashpazbashi
1763:People from Markazi province
1372:Iran : a modern history
69:Prime Minister of Qajar Iran
27:. For publishing house, see
7:
1352:The Babi Uprising in Zanjan
1270:. Hofheim. pp. 37â38.
1116:(in Persian). Jadid Online.
1007:Also known by the title of
967:
349:Background and achievements
281:Mirza Taghi Khan-e Farahani
10:
1809:
1435:Melton, J. Gordon (2011).
1156:"Ù
Û۱ۧ۫ Ù۱ÙÙÚŻÛ Ű§ŰłŰȘŰ§Ù Ù
۱کŰČÛ"
859:Amir Kabir murder site in
762:early disciples of the Bab
744:, the movement's founder.
18:
1783:Foreign ministers of Iran
1698:10.1017/S0020743800023424
1045:, Norton, 2005, p.195,197
882:
732:, the predecessor of the
575:Statute of Amir Kabir in
377:district, in what is now
274:
264:
252:
189:
179:
170:Manner of death
169:
148:
128:
123:
119:
107:
95:
85:
74:
67:
63:
54:
45:
38:
1725:Amir Kabir and Iran' by
1264:Shoghi, Effendi (2019).
994:
979:Military history of Iran
953:He is also portrayed by
942:He is also portrayed by
383:Mirza Bozorg Qa'em-Maqam
46:
1768:Prime ministers of Iran
1753:Executed Iranian people
1578:10.4324/9780429027772-5
851:Dismissal and execution
738:Seven Martyrs of Tehran
440:Amir Kabir returned to
389:, the crown prince, in
369:Amir Kabir was born in
362:House of Amir Kabir in
343:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
303:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
1656:Amanat, Abbas (2008).
1529:Amanat, Abbas (1989).
1504:Amanat, Abbas (1989).
1472:Iran: a modern history
1470:Amanat, Abbas (2017).
1369:Amanat, Abbas (2019).
1145:(Westview Press, 2013)
1141:Cleveland, L William.
984:Prime Minister of Iran
863:
833:progressive revelation
610:VaqayeÊż-ye Ettefaqiyeh
579:
504:Administrative reforms
366:
1316:Smith, Peter (2008).
1239:Smith, Peter (2008).
1101:, Norton, 2005, p.196
1062:Smith, Peter (2000).
873:Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri
858:
837:abolishing priesthood
758:MullĂĄ Ê»AlĂy-i-BastĂĄmĂ
574:
475:Imam of Friday Prayer
361:
289:Ù
Û۱ŰČۧ ŰȘÙÛâŰźŰ§Ù Ù۱ۧÙۧÙÛ
114:Mirza Aqa Khan-e Nuri
48:Ù
Û۱ŰČۧ ŰȘÙÛâŰźŰ§Ù Ù۱ۧÙۧÙÛ
29:Amir Kabir Publishers
1793:People of Qajar Iran
1758:Executed politicians
1621:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
1196:Encyclopedia Iranica
960:Soltan-e Sahebgharan
824:execution of the BĂĄb
793:MullĂĄ Husayn Bushrui
742:execution of The BĂĄb
695:community to Islam.
615:Mozaffar-al-din Shah
588:University of Tehran
525:government, and the
345:on 10 January 1852.
260:and Hamdam ol-Molouk
238: 1849;
211: 1830;
920:Fictional portrayal
436:Reforms of the army
291:), better known as
1131:. Jadidonline.com.
955:Naser Malek Motiee
909:after him in 1979.
864:
580:
367:
1727:Fereydun Adamiyat
1667:978-1-84511-828-0
1637:cite encyclopedia
1623:(Online ed.)
1587:978-0-429-02777-2
1515:978-0-8014-2098-6
1481:978-0-300-11254-2
1448:978-1-59884-206-7
1382:978-0-300-24893-7
1329:978-0-521-86251-6
1277:978-3-87037-634-5
1267:Gott geht vorĂŒber
1250:978-0-521-68107-0
1222:, pp. 55â59.
1198:(Online ed.)
1081:978-1-85168-184-6
931:Mohsen Makhmalbaf
773:Nasir al-Din Shah
278:
277:
102:Hajj Mirza Aghasi
90:Naser al-Din Shah
1800:
1718:
1717:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1501:
1486:
1485:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1236:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1187:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:. Archived from
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1099:The Soul of Iran
1097:Molavi, Afshin,
1095:
1086:
1085:
1059:
1046:
1043:The Soul of Iran
1041:Molavi, Afshin,
1039:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1005:
559:near Tehran and
494:Hasan Khan Salar
399:mostofi-ye nezam
379:Markazi Province
311:higher education
300:
299:
290:
243:
241:
237:
216:
214:
210:
155:
124:Personal details
110:
98:
79:
59:
49:
40:Mirza Taghi Khan
36:
35:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1654:
1650:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1562:
1558:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1502:
1489:
1482:
1468:
1464:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1367:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1330:
1314:
1307:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1237:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1192:"MARTYRS, BABI"
1188:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1162:on 3 March 2016
1154:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1060:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1006:
1002:
997:
970:
927:Dariush Arjmand
922:
885:
853:
726:
701:
684:
668:shaykh-al-eslam
569:
557:American cotton
506:
438:
356:
351:
269:
248:
245:
242: 1851)
233:
229:
226:
224:Ezzat ed-Dowleh
218:
215: 1849)
206:
202:
199:
180:Political party
157:
153:
152:10 January 1852
133:
108:
96:
80:
75:
50:
47:
41:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1692:(4): 577â599.
1673:
1666:
1648:
1607:
1586:
1556:
1541:
1521:
1514:
1487:
1480:
1462:
1447:
1427:
1410:
1381:
1358:
1343:
1328:
1305:
1276:
1256:
1249:
1224:
1209:
1173:
1147:
1134:
1119:
1103:
1087:
1080:
1047:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
999:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
969:
966:
965:
964:
951:
940:
921:
918:
917:
916:
910:
903:
900:Amir Kabir Dam
884:
881:
852:
849:
797:Shaykh Tabarsi
725:
722:
700:
699:Foreign policy
697:
683:
680:
568:
565:
505:
502:
437:
434:
355:
352:
350:
347:
307:Shah of Persia
276:
275:
272:
271:
270:Fatemeh Khanom
266:
262:
261:
254:
250:
249:
247:
246:
231:
227:
222:
221:
219:
204:
200:
198:Jan Jan Khanom
197:
196:
193:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
156:(aged 45)
150:
146:
145:
132:9 January 1807
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
72:
71:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1805:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1542:0-8014-2098-9
1538:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
962:
961:
956:
952:
949:
945:
944:Saeed Nikpour
941:
938:
937:
932:
928:
924:
923:
914:
911:
908:
904:
901:
898:
897:
896:
894:
890:
880:
876:
874:
870:
862:
857:
848:
844:
842:
838:
834:
828:
825:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
774:
770:
769:Mohammad Shah
765:
763:
760:, one of the
759:
755:
754:Mohammad Shah
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
696:
694:
689:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
659:Masjed-e Shah
656:
651:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
616:
612:
611:
605:
603:
598:
593:
589:
585:
578:
573:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
534:
532:
528:
522:
520:
519:Iranian toman
516:
512:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
450:Mohammad Shah
447:
446:vazir-e nezam
443:
433:
431:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
403:vazir-e nezam
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
365:
360:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
294:
286:
282:
273:
267:
263:
259:
258:Taj ol-Molouk
256:5, including
255:
251:
225:
220:
195:
194:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
174:Assassination
172:
168:
164:
160:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
118:
115:
112:
106:
103:
100:
94:
91:
88:
84:
78:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
44:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1689:
1685:
1657:
1651:
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1610:
1599:, retrieved
1569:
1559:
1531:
1524:
1505:
1471:
1465:
1437:
1430:
1420:
1413:
1371:
1350:
1346:
1318:
1266:
1259:
1240:
1200:. Retrieved
1195:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:the original
1150:
1142:
1137:
1122:
1106:
1098:
1067:
1042:
1037:
1012:
1009:Amir-e Nezam
1008:
1003:
958:
947:
934:
886:
877:
869:Queen Mother
865:
845:
829:
821:
817:
778:
766:
750:
746:`Abdu'l-BahĂĄ
734:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
727:
718:
702:
685:
667:
664:emam-e jomÊża
663:
652:
648:divan-khaneh
647:
640:
626:against the
618:
608:
606:
581:
549:Persian Gulf
542:
537:
535:
523:
507:
483:
471:
462:
459:amir-e kabir
458:
455:amir-e nezam
454:
445:
439:
427:
418:Khorramshahr
407:
402:
398:
395:lashkarnevis
394:
368:
354:Early career
292:
280:
279:
154:(1852-01-10)
109:Succeeded by
76:
33:
1748:1852 deaths
1743:1807 births
1129:"Slideshow"
714:Caspian Sea
422:Crimean War
387:Abbas Mirza
184:Independent
97:Preceded by
1737:Categories
1601:27 January
1391:1090852958
1286:1262336126
1220:Smith 2000
1166:9 February
1029:References
1013:Amir Nezam
948:Amir Kabir
861:Fin Garden
789:Mazandaran
682:Minorities
632:Suez Canal
602:Darolfonun
592:Darolfonun
584:Darolfonun
577:Darolfonun
538:khalesajat
335:Fin Garden
295:(Persian:
293:Amir Kabir
159:Fin Garden
1714:159736416
1596:244695650
1457:754582864
1399:cite book
1338:181072578
1294:cite book
933:'s movie
913:Amirkabir
710:Ashuradeh
706:Astarabad
545:Khuzestan
315:newspaper
265:Parent(s)
77:In office
1551:18256692
1018:ۧÙ
Û۱Ù۞ۧÙ
968:See also
740:and the
693:Mandaean
676:Moharram
628:Habsburg
619:soyursat
597:Assyrian
553:Shushtar
531:monopoly
511:smallpox
490:Khorasan
430:Tanzimat
298:ۧÙ
Û۱کۚÛ۱
253:Children
165:, Persia
688:Erzurum
672:taziyeh
655:mosques
636:balloon
624:Mazzini
527:Caspian
486:Mashhad
414:Ottoman
410:Erzurum
373:in the
371:Hazaveh
323:torture
319:bribery
285:Persian
244:
232:
228:
217:
205:
201:
190:Spouses
135:Hazaveh
86:Monarch
1712:
1706:163885
1704:
1664:
1594:
1584:
1549:
1539:
1512:
1478:
1455:
1445:
1421:Babism
1389:
1379:
1336:
1326:
1284:
1274:
1247:
1078:
893:QaÊŸani
889:Sorush
883:Legacy
805:Neyriz
801:Zanjan
781:Qazvin
730:BĂĄbism
479:bazaar
467:Saljuq
463:atabak
442:Tabriz
391:Tabriz
364:Tabriz
339:Kashan
327:Babism
163:Kashan
143:Persia
1710:S2CID
1702:JSTOR
1627:1 May
1592:S2CID
1202:1 May
995:Notes
989:Dapir
813:jihad
785:Babol
644:Ulema
561:Urmia
498:Herat
234:(
230:
207:(
203:
1662:ISBN
1643:link
1629:2010
1603:2023
1582:ISBN
1547:OCLC
1537:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1453:OCLC
1443:ISBN
1405:link
1387:OCLC
1377:ISBN
1334:OCLC
1324:ISBN
1300:link
1282:OCLC
1272:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1204:2020
1168:2016
1076:ISBN
891:and
809:Yazd
803:and
666:and
461:and
375:Arak
240:div.
213:div.
149:Died
139:Arak
129:Born
21:Iran
1694:doi
1574:doi
1011:or
929:in
843:.
787:of
337:in
331:BĂĄb
1739::
1708:.
1700:.
1690:23
1688:.
1676:^
1639:}}
1635:{{
1619:.
1590:,
1580:,
1568:,
1545:.
1490:^
1451:.
1401:}}
1397:{{
1385:.
1361:^
1332:.
1308:^
1296:}}
1292:{{
1280:.
1227:^
1212:^
1194:.
1176:^
1090:^
1074:.
1072:38
1066:.
1050:^
1021:).
871:,
835:,
563:.
405:.
321:,
287::
236:m.
209:m.
161:,
141:,
137:,
1716:.
1696::
1670:.
1645:)
1631:.
1576::
1553:.
1518:.
1484:.
1459:.
1407:)
1393:.
1354:,
1340:.
1302:)
1288:.
1253:.
1206:.
1170:.
1084:.
1015:(
963:.
950:.
939:.
305:(
283:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
