27:
2748:
2856:
2033:
3499:
3402:
3359:
1638:(1 m) long. The sources are punched out of the foil strip. Each disc, about 0.2 inches (5.1 mm) in diameter, is mounted in a metal holder, usually made of aluminium. The holder is the housing, which is the majority of what is seen on the button. The thin rim on the holder is rolled over to completely seal the cut edge around the disc.
2659:
697:
1612:
to pass between the capacitor plates due to the radiation ionizing the air space between. Any smoke that enters the chamber blocks/absorbs some of the alpha particles from freely passing through and reduces the ionization and therefore causes a drop in the current. The alarm's circuitry detects this
3645:
ESA's nuclear program would likely focus on americium, according to
Southwood. Americium-241 has a longer half-life than plutonium-238, meaning it could survive longer in space, but the isotope produces less heat and electricity. Americium is also a greater radiation hazard to humans, according to
869:
The plutonium present in spent nuclear fuel contains about 12% of Pu. Because it converts to Am, Pu can be extracted and may be used to generate further Am. However, this process is rather slow: half of the original amount of Pu decays to Am after about 14 years, and the Am amount reaches a maximum
1637:
to achieve the desired thickness and levels of radiation emission. The final thickness is about 0.008 inches (0.20 mm), with the gold cover representing about one percent of the thickness. The resulting foil strip, which is about 0.8 inches (20 mm) wide, is cut into sections 39 inches
2804:
can be stopped by a sheet of paper, there are serious health concerns for ingestion of α-emitters. Americium and its isotopes are also very chemically toxic as well, in the form of heavy-metal toxicity. As little as 0.03 microcuries (1.1 kBq) is the maximum permissible body burden for Am.
1851:
1613:
drop in the current and as a result, triggers the piezoelectric buzzer to sound. Compared to the alternative optical smoke detector, the ionization smoke detector is cheaper and can detect particles which are too small to produce significant light scattering. However, it is more prone to
1144:
460:
and the sample age. Because of the low penetration of alpha radiation, americium-241 only poses a health risk when ingested or inhaled. Older samples of plutonium containing Pu contain a buildup of Am. Chemical removal of americium-241 from reworked plutonium (e.g., during reworking of
1351:
864:
2454:
2297:
2709:
thickness to help create flat glass. Americium-241 is also suitable for calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers in the low-energy range, since its spectrum consists of nearly a single peak and negligible
Compton continuum (at least three orders of magnitude lower intensity).
2688:
Americium-241 has been used as a portable source of both gamma rays and alpha particles for a number of medical and industrial uses. The 59.5409 keV (9.53950 fJ) gamma ray emissions from Am in such sources can be used for indirect analysis of materials in
1662:(the power yield is 114.7 milliwatts per gram for Am vs. 570 mW/g for Pu) and its radiation poses a greater threat to humans owing to gamma and neutron emission, it has advantages for long duration missions with its significantly longer half-life. The
1990:
1148:
The α-decay energies are 5.486 MeV (0.8790 pJ) for 85% of the time (the one which is widely accepted for standard α-decay energy), 5.443 MeV (0.8721 pJ) for 13% of the time, and 5.388 MeV (0.8633 pJ) for the remaining 2%. The
2464:
491:
2680:(Bk isotope) had been first intentionally produced and identified by bombarding Am with alpha particles, in 1949, by the same Berkeley group, using the same 60-inch (1,500 mm) cyclotron that had been used for many previous experiments.
1669:
Its shielding requirements in an RTG are the second lowest of all possible isotopes: only Pu requires less. An advantage over Pu is that it is produced as nuclear waste and is nearly isotopically pure. Prototype designs of Am RTGs expect
1467:
2808:
Americium-241 is an α-emitter with a weak γ-ray byproduct. Safely handling americium-241 requires knowing and following proper safety precautions, as without them it would be extremely dangerous. Its specific gamma dose constant is
2137:
976:
2871:
was able to concentrate americium-241 from smoke detectors after managing to buy a hundred of them at remainder prices and also stealing a few. There have been a few cases of exposure to americium-241, the worst being
2020:– a device used to measure the quantity of water present in soil, as well as moisture/density for quality control in highway construction. Am neutron sources are also used in well logging applications, as well as in
1709:
1005:
1166:
1678:
RTGs design, putting Am RTGs at parity with Pu RTGs within that power range, as the vast majority of the mass of an RTG is not the isotopes, but the thermoelectrics, radiators, and isotope containment mass.
708:
2307:
2150:
484:
Americium-241 is not synthesized directly from uranium – the most common reactor material – but from plutonium-239 (Pu). The latter needs to be produced first, according to the following nuclear process:
1153:
energy is 59.5409 keV (9.53950 fJ) for the most part, with little amounts of other energies such as 13.9 keV (2.23 fJ), 17.8 keV (2.85 fJ) and 26.4 keV (4.23 fJ).
1629:
is thoroughly mixed with gold, shaped into a briquette, and fused by pressure and heat at over 1,470 °F (800 °C). A backing of silver and a front covering of gold (or an alloy of gold or
3503:
3406:
3363:
2730:
to living tissue. Reducing exposure duration reduces the chance of ionization events causing damage to cells and DNA, and is a critical component in the "time, distance, shielding" maxim used in
4060:
1666:
is working on RTGs based on americium-241 for its space probes as a result of the global shortage of plutonium-238 and easy access to americium-241 in Europe from nuclear waste reprocessing.
3685:
NASA is running out of the special kind of plutonium needed to power deep space probes, worrying planetary scientists who say the U. S. urgently needs to restart production of plutonium-238.
3387:
2876:
who, at age 64, was exposed to 500 times the occupational standard for americium-241 as a result of an explosion in his lab. McCluskey died at age 75, not as a result of exposure, but of a
3370:
Residential Smoke Alarm
Performance, Thomas Cleary. Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology; UL Smoke and Fire Dynamics Seminar. November 2007
1862:
1588:). Some old industrial smoke detectors (notably from the Pyrotronics Corporation) can contain up to 80 microcuries (3,000 kBq). The amount of Am declines slowly as it decays into
2832:
and 45% to the bones, and the remaining 10% is excreted. The uptake to the liver depends on the individual and increases with age. In the bones, americium is first deposited over
2654:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{242}_{\ 95}Am{\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}~_{\ 95}^{243}Am\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 95}^{244}Am\ {\xrightarrow{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 96}^{244}Cm} }
4096:
Rozmaric, M.; Chamizo, E.; Louw, D. C.; López-Lora, M.; Blinova, O.; Levy, I.; Mudumbi, B.; van der Plas, A. K.; Garcia
Tenorio, R.; McGinnity, P.; Osvath, I. (1 January 2022).
692:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 92}^{239}U\ {\xrightarrow{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{239}Np\ {\xrightarrow{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{239}Pu} }
3672:
3969:
1383:
3130:
Sasahara, Akihiro; Matsumura, Tetsuo; Nicolaou, Giorgos; Papaioannou, Dimitri (7 February 2012) . "Neutron and Gamma Ray Source
Evaluation of LWR High Burn-up
2049:
888:
3344:
3507:
3477:
3151:
1161:, with a branching ratio of 3.6×10 and happening 1.2 times a second per gram of Am. It is written as such (the asterisk denotes an excited nucleus):
2852:(testicles and ovaries) it remains permanently; in all these organs, americium promotes formation of cancer cells as a result of its radioactivity.
3458:
3381:
4074:
2880:
which he had before the accident. Americium-241 has also been detected in the oceans as a result of nuclear testing conducted by various nations.
1846:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241\!\,}_{\ 95}Am\ {\overset {432.2y}{\longrightarrow }}\ _{\ 93}^{237}Np\ +\ _{2}^{4}\alpha ^{2+}+\ \gamma ~59.5~keV} }
4098:"Fate of anthropogenic radionuclides (90Sr, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239Pu, 240Pu, 241Am) in seawater in the northern Benguela upwelling system off Namibia"
1139:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241\!\,}_{\ 95}Am\ {\overset {432.2y}{\longrightarrow }}\ _{\ 93}^{237}Np~+~_{2}^{4}\alpha ^{2+}+\gamma ~59.5409~keV} }
477:
for decades, and many kilograms of Am have been accumulated by now. Nevertheless, since it was first offered for sale in 1962, its price, about
408:
of a bare sphere is 57.6–75.6 kilograms (127.0–166.7 lb) and a sphere diameter of 19–21 centimetres (7.5–8.3 in). Americium-241 has a
3609:
1346:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241}_{\ 95}Am\longrightarrow ~_{\ 95}^{241}Am^{*}\longrightarrow 3_{0}^{1}n~+~fission~products~+energy~(\gamma )} }
2828:
If consumed, americium-241 is excreted within a few days and only 0.05% is absorbed in the blood. From there, roughly 45% of it goes to the
1856:
Here americium acts as the alpha source, and beryllium produces neutrons owing to its large cross-section for the (α,n) nuclear reaction:
3594:
2867:. The rules associated with the disposal of smoke detectors are relaxed in most jurisdictions. In the U.S., the "Radioactive Boy Scout"
859:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{239}_{\ 94}Pu\ {\xrightarrow {2~(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 94}^{241}Pu\ {\xrightarrow{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 95}^{241}Am} }
2726:, with a 10-minute exposure time. Am radiographs have only been taken experimentally due to the long exposure time which increases the
3999:
3939:
3101:"PLUTONIUM: THE LAST FIVE YEARS | Part I: The Trouble With Plutonium | A Review of Plutonium Destructiveness, Complexity, and Hazards"
2449:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241}_{\ 95}Am\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 95}^{242}Am\ {\xrightarrow{\beta ^{+}}}\ _{\ 94}^{242}Pu} }
2292:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241}_{\ 95}Am\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 95}^{242}Am\ {\xrightarrow{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 96}^{242}Cm} }
3844:
3715:
3550:
4030:
3380:
Bukowski, Richard W.; Peacock, Richard D.; Averill, Jason D.; Cleary, Thomas G.; Bryner, Nelson P.; et al. (1 December 2007).
3433:
1625:
The process for making the americium used in the buttons on ionization-type smoke detectors begins with americium dioxide. The AmO
3750:
873:
The obtained Am can be used for generating heavier americium isotopes by further neutron capture inside a nuclear reactor. In a
2954:
381:
3785:
3481:
3025:
1655:
3662:
2800:
Americium-241 has the same general hazards as other americium isotopes: it is both extremely toxic and radioactive. Though
3632:
3068:
3827:
3559:
3706:. Lunar & Planetary Science Conference with Embedded Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2012 (NETS 2012).
3100:
2968:
3904:
3700:
Development And
Testing Of Americium-241 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator: Concept Designs And Breadboard System
3219:
2787:
2458:
In the nuclear reactor, Am is also up-converted by neutron capture to Am and Am, which transforms by β-decay to Cm:
1633:) are applied to the briquette and sealed by hot forging. The briquette is then processed through several stages of
1487:
Americium-241 is the only synthetic isotope to have found its way into the household, where the most common type of
3330:
1985:{\textstyle \mathrm {^{9}_{4}Be\ +\ _{2}^{4}\alpha ^{2+}\longrightarrow \ _{\ 6}^{12}C\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ +\ \gamma } }
4165:
3977:
3745:
3711:
3315:
3281:
2040:
Americium-241 is sometimes used as a starting material for the production of other transuranic elements and
3882:
3697:
Ambrosi, R.M.; Williams, H.R.; Samara-Ratna, P.; Bannister, N.P.; Vernon, D.; et al. (19 March 2012).
3205:
4170:
3383:
Home Smoke Alarms
Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings
4175:
3293:
2769:
2758:
2727:
4097:
2722:. This medical application is now obsolete. Americium-241's gamma rays can provide reasonable quality
702:
The capture of two neutrons by Pu (a so-called (n,γ) reaction), followed by a β-decay, results in Am:
3073:
2963:
3429:
3220:"GAMMA RAY SPECTRUM OF AM-241 IN A BACK SCATTERING GEOMETRY USING A HIGH PURITY GERMANIUM DETECTOR"
3920:
166:
1548:
times more alpha particles and relatively little harmful gamma radiation. With its half-life of
2958:
2765:
3581:
4102:
3309:
2889:
2840:
surfaces and slowly redistributes over the bone with time. The biological half-life of Am is
2698:
1663:
325:
4111:
3925:
3707:
3658:
3473:
3255:
2731:
1658:, for use in spacecraft. Even though americium-241 produces less heat and electricity than
349:
3851:
1462:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241\!\,}_{\ 95}Am\longrightarrow _{\ 81}^{207}Tl+_{14}^{34}Si} }
8:
3868:
3698:
3563:
2132:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241}_{\ 95}Am\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 95}^{242}Am} }
2021:
1158:
971:{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{241}_{\ 95}Am\ {\xrightarrow {(n,\gamma )}}\ _{\ 95}^{242}Am} }
874:
481:
per gram of Am, remains almost unchanged owing to the very complex separation procedure.
4115:
4038:
3267:
3259:
3422:
3240:
3187:
3163:
2916:
2702:
2694:
1601:
1521:
4123:
3520:
1650:
similar half-life to Pu (432.2 years vs. 87 years), it has been proposed as an active
4135:
4127:
4007:
3947:
3900:
3799:
3791:
3781:
3740:
3179:
3171:
3039:
3031:
3021:
2982:
2953:. Proceedings of the seventh international conference on nuclear criticality safety.
1700:
987:
425:
409:
329:
113:
107:
100:
46:
3191:
4119:
4070:
4065:
3263:
3155:
2931:
2873:
2833:
2719:
1609:
389:
234:
56:
3462:
3159:
3916:
3831:
3807:
3589:
3047:
1696:
1597:
474:
3778:
Lexicon of the chemical elements: the periodic table in facts, figures and dates
3457:
3774:
Lexikon der chemischen
Elemente: das Periodensystem in Fakten, Zahlen und Daten
3624:
3078:
3017:
2935:
2864:
2801:
1692:
1641:
1488:
1482:
878:
433:
377:
216:
199:
83:
3921:
The
Radioactive Boy Scout: When a teenager attempts to build a breeder reactor
3824:
3043:
4159:
4131:
3175:
3167:
2877:
2718:
Gamma rays from americium-241 have been used to provide passive diagnosis of
2041:
2017:
1659:
1589:
1375:
462:
457:
405:
373:
313:
256:
251:
239:
221:
176:
159:
66:
3803:
3108:
4139:
4000:"'Radioactive Boy Scout' Sentenced to 90 Days for Stealing Smoke Detectors"
3183:
1634:
1614:
1581:
1573:
437:
413:
277:
273:
192:
3051:
2988:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (CDC). pp. 103–111
1592:(Np), a different transuranic element with a much longer half-life (about
3811:
2723:
2690:
2669:
993:
401:
393:
353:
286:
243:
147:
1378:, with a branching ratio of less than 7.4×10. It is written as follows:
2868:
1577:
1526:
1357:
385:
268:
230:
225:
26:
2837:
2677:
2665:
2599:
2394:
2237:
1688:
1630:
1605:
1585:
1565:
1553:
1157:
The second most common type of decay that americium-241 undergoes is
1150:
997:
801:
637:
572:
453:
445:
421:
369:
357:
299:
121:
4061:"Hanford nuclear workers enter site of worst contamination accident"
3696:
3129:
2612:
2548:
2497:
2407:
2343:
2250:
2186:
2085:
1552:, the americium in a smoke detector decreases and includes about 3%
924:
817:
744:
650:
591:
524:
4003:
3943:
3336:
3239:
Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017).
2915:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
2949:
Dias, Hemanth; Tancock, Nigel; Clayton, Angela (20 October 2003).
1564:. The amount of americium in a typical new smoke detector is 0.29
877:(LWR), 79% of neutron captures on Am convert to Am and 10% to its
3469:
3340:
2673:
1651:
397:
365:
3795:
3035:
2855:
2036:
Chart displaying actinides and their decays and transmutations.
4095:
3335:. 14th International Conference on Automatic Fire Detection.
2983:"Americium: Chemical, physical, and radiological information"
2849:
2829:
2706:
1355:
The least common (rarest) type of decay for americium-241 is
441:
3379:
1642:
RTG (radioisotope thermoelectric generator) power generation
2032:
417:
3940:"'Radioactive Boy Scout' Charged in Smoke Detector Theft"
3667:
3549:
Kulcinski, G.L. (Spring 2000). "Nuclear Power in Space".
3582:"European Space Nuclear Power Programme: UK Activities"
3410:
3367:
2705:. For example, this isotope has been employed to gauge
473:
Americium-241 has been produced in small quantities in
3296:. May 2002. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008
2697:
spectroscopy, as well as for quality control in fixed
2141:
From there, 82.7% of Am decays to Cm and 17.3% to Pu:
2024:, tomography, and other radiochemical investigations.
1865:
372:
as well as the most prevalent isotope of americium in
3508:
United States
Department of Health and Human Services
3478:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
2768:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
2467:
2310:
2153:
2052:
1712:
1386:
1169:
1008:
891:
711:
494:
2914:
2863:
Americium-241 often enters landfills from discarded
2044:– for example, neutron bombardment of Am yields Am:
3733:
3625:"Space agencies tackle waning plutonium stockpiles"
3560:
University of Wisconsin Fusion Technology Institute
3238:
3976:. Associated Press. 27 August 2007. Archived from
3970:"Man dubbed 'Radioactive Boy Scout' pleads guilty"
3663:"Plutonium Shortage Could Stall Space Exploration"
2948:
2676:-263 (Db), respectively. Furthermore, the element
2653:
2448:
2291:
2131:
1984:
1845:
1461:
1345:
1138:
970:
858:
691:
3241:"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties"
3011:
2917:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
1729:
1476:
1403:
1025:
4157:
3899:, Bibliographisches Institut AG, Mannheim 1977,
3459:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2859:A container of Americium-241 in a smoke detector
3910:
3657:
2027:
1576:) (about 1/3000 the weight of a small grain of
456:is determined by the original concentration of
4022:
3411:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3368:National Institute of Standards and Technology
3332:Full-Scale Residential Smoke Alarm Performance
3610:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
3012:Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3423:Smoke detectors and americium-241 fact sheet
2951:Critical mass calculations for Am, Am and Am
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
1000:byproduct. The α-decay is shown as follows:
436:, Am, with an excitation energy of 2.2
380:and is a potential fuel for long-lifetime
376:. It is commonly found in ionization type
25:
4031:"Doctor remembers Hanford's 'Atomic Man'"
3548:
3234:
3232:
3144:Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology
2969:International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
2962:
2901:
2788:Learn how and when to remove this message
1730:
1520:(americium-241 dioxide) as its source of
1404:
1026:
424:/g). It is commonly found in the form of
3007:
3005:
3003:
2854:
2764:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2031:
1620:
352:. Like all isotopes of americium, it is
3690:
3105:Blue Ridge Environmental Defense League
3063:
3061:
384:(RTGs). Its common parent nuclides are
4158:
3771:
3765:
3741:"Industrial Uses of Nuclear Materials"
3651:
3579:
3544:
3542:
3329:Cleary, Thomas G. (8 September 2009).
3328:
3229:
2955:Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
1656:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
382:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
3622:
3573:
3152:Atomic Energy Society of Japan (AESJ)
3000:
4149:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
4028:
3580:Chahal, Major S. (8 February 2012).
3386:(Technical report). NIST TN 1455-1.
3373:
3093:
3058:
2741:
3675:from the original on 12 August 2022
3539:
3463:Toxicological Profile For Americium
2975:
2942:
13:
3753:from the original on 8 August 2022
3721:from the original on 25 March 2022
3506:from websites or documents of the
2825:at 1 metre (3 ft 3 in).
2647:
2644:
2607:
2588:
2585:
2552:
2537:
2534:
2501:
2489:
2486:
2442:
2439:
2402:
2383:
2380:
2347:
2332:
2329:
2285:
2282:
2245:
2226:
2223:
2190:
2175:
2172:
2125:
2122:
2089:
2074:
2071:
1966:
1942:
1884:
1881:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1778:
1775:
1751:
1736:
1733:
1604:, an air-filled space between two
1455:
1452:
1434:
1431:
1410:
1407:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1246:
1219:
1215:
1191:
1188:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1074:
1071:
1047:
1032:
1029:
964:
961:
928:
913:
910:
852:
849:
812:
809:
790:
787:
754:
733:
730:
685:
682:
645:
626:
623:
586:
583:
580:
561:
528:
513:
468:
14:
4187:
4124:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131514
3635:from the original on 28 July 2022
3487:from the original on 27 July 2022
3390:from the original on 8 March 2022
3347:from the original on 31 July 2021
1682:
1608:, which allows a small, constant
1524:. This isotope is preferred over
465:) may be required in some cases.
4006:. 4 October 2007. Archived from
3600:from the original on 16 May 2012
3502: This article incorporates
3497:
3439:from the original on 20 May 2022
3405: This article incorporates
3400:
3362: This article incorporates
3357:
2746:
992:Americium-241 decays mainly via
16:Radioactive isotope of Americium
4089:
4053:
4029:Cary, Annette (25 April 2008).
3992:
3962:
3946:. 4 August 2007. Archived from
3932:
3889:
3883:"AMERICIUM-241 [241Am]"
3875:
3861:
3837:
3818:
3616:
3513:
3451:
3415:
3322:
3282:"Smoke Detectors and Americium"
3274:
3069:"Smoke detectors and americium"
2683:
1471:
3623:Clark, Stephen (9 July 2010).
3212:
3198:
3123:
3077:. January 2009. Archived from
2561:
2549:
2510:
2498:
2356:
2344:
2199:
2187:
2098:
2086:
1921:
1744:
1477:Ionization-type smoke detector
1414:
1339:
1333:
1228:
1194:
1040:
937:
925:
763:
751:
537:
525:
1:
4073:. 3 June 2005. Archived from
3746:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
3712:Lunar and Planetary Institute
3286:Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper
3268:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001
3160:10.1080/18811248.2004.9715507
2895:
2848:in the liver, whereas in the
432:). This isotope also has one
2028:Production of other elements
61:americium-241, 241Am, Am-241
7:
3897:Crystal Clear, 100 x energy
3780:] (in German). Hirzel.
3562:. last page. Archived from
2883:
2713:
1995:The most widespread use of
1491:(the ionization-type) uses
31:Small button containing AmO
10:
4192:
3294:Uranium Information Centre
2737:
1687:Oxides of Am pressed with
1480:
985:
330:Complete table of nuclides
3772:Binder, Harry H. (1999).
3314:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3074:World Nuclear Association
3014:Chemistry of the Elements
324:
310:
297:
284:
267:
262:
250:
215:
198:
175:
165:
146:
120:
106:
99:
82:
65:
55:
45:
40:
24:
3430:Canadian Nuclear Society
2936:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
1580:) with an activity of 1
981:
452:. The presence of Am in
364:. Am is the most common
3825:Nuclear Data Viewer 2.4
1594:2.14 million years
3504:public domain material
3407:public domain material
3364:public domain material
3142:and MOX Spent Fuels".
2860:
2699:nuclear density gauges
2655:
2624:
2450:
2419:
2293:
2262:
2133:
2037:
1986:
1847:
1691:can be very efficient
1463:
1347:
1140:
972:
860:
829:
693:
662:
603:
20:Americium-241, Am
4166:Isotopes of americium
3661:(28 September 2009).
3659:Greenfieldboyce, Nell
3552:NEEP 602 Course Notes
3525:How Products are Made
2890:Isotopes of americium
2858:
2664:Irradiation of Am by
2656:
2595:
2451:
2390:
2294:
2233:
2134:
2035:
2016:neutron sources is a
1987:
1848:
1664:European Space Agency
1621:Manufacturing process
1560:, and about 5% after
1464:
1348:
1141:
973:
861:
797:
694:
633:
568:
426:americium-241 dioxide
326:Isotopes of americium
3980:on 29 September 2007
3845:"Americium-241 Uses"
3708:The Woodlands, Texas
2757:factual accuracy is
2732:radiation protection
2465:
2308:
2151:
2050:
1863:
1710:
1384:
1167:
1006:
889:
709:
492:
350:isotope of americium
4116:2022Chmsp.28631514R
4041:on 10 February 2010
3749:. 2 December 2020.
3480:. CAS#: 7440-35-9.
3260:2017ChPhC..41c0001A
3081:on 24 December 2008
2703:nuclear densometers
2643:
2623:
2611:
2584:
2564:
2533:
2513:
2485:
2438:
2418:
2406:
2379:
2359:
2328:
2281:
2261:
2249:
2222:
2202:
2171:
2121:
2101:
2070:
2022:neutron radiography
1965:
1941:
1907:
1880:
1801:
1774:
1732:
1674:/kg for 5–50 W
1451:
1430:
1406:
1245:
1214:
1187:
1159:spontaneous fission
1097:
1070:
1028:
960:
940:
909:
875:light water reactor
848:
828:
816:
786:
766:
729:
681:
661:
649:
622:
602:
590:
560:
540:
512:
396:from Bk. Am is not
21:
4171:Radioisotope fuels
4077:on 13 October 2007
3974:Detroit Free Press
3950:on 8 December 2007
3830:2017-06-01 at the
3569:on 4 January 2006.
2861:
2823:10 mSv/hr/MBq
2695:X-ray fluorescence
2668:or Ne ions yields
2651:
2626:
2567:
2516:
2469:
2446:
2421:
2362:
2312:
2289:
2264:
2205:
2155:
2129:
2104:
2054:
2038:
1982:
1951:
1924:
1893:
1867:
1843:
1787:
1757:
1714:
1695:, since they emit
1602:ionization chamber
1544:because it emits 5
1522:ionizing radiation
1459:
1437:
1413:
1388:
1343:
1231:
1197:
1171:
1136:
1083:
1053:
1010:
968:
943:
893:
856:
831:
769:
713:
689:
664:
605:
543:
496:
35:from a smoke alarm
19:
4176:Fissile materials
3926:Harper's Magazine
3787:978-3-7776-0736-8
3248:Chinese Physics C
3027:978-0-7506-3365-9
2924:Chinese Physics C
2844:in the bones and
2815:10 mR/hr/mCi
2798:
2797:
2790:
2633:
2629:
2606:
2593:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2542:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2475:
2428:
2424:
2401:
2388:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2337:
2318:
2271:
2267:
2244:
2231:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2180:
2161:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2079:
2060:
1977:
1971:
1954:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1896:
1889:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1790:
1783:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1741:
1720:
1701:radioactive decay
1420:
1394:
1332:
1308:
1281:
1257:
1251:
1204:
1200:
1177:
1125:
1119:
1086:
1079:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1037:
1016:
988:Radioactive decay
950:
946:
941:
918:
899:
885:79%:
838:
834:
808:
795:
776:
772:
767:
750:
738:
719:
671:
667:
644:
631:
612:
608:
579:
566:
550:
546:
541:
518:
502:
410:specific activity
335:
334:
108:Natural abundance
4183:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4110:(Pt 1): 131514.
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4071:Associated Press
4066:Billings Gazette
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4037:. Archived from
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3936:
3930:
3914:
3908:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3850:. Archived from
3849:
3841:
3835:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3705:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3586:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3557:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3521:"Smoke Detector"
3517:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3467:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3432:. October 2008.
3427:
3419:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3377:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3107:. Archived from
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3016:(2nd ed.).
3009:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2921:
2912:
2874:Harold McCluskey
2847:
2843:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:reliably sourced
2750:
2749:
2742:
2720:thyroid function
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2493:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1610:electric current
1600:pass through an
1596:). The radiated
1595:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1550:432.2 years
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1330:
1306:
1279:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1227:
1226:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1020:
1014:
977:
975:
974:
969:
967:
959:
954:
948:
944:
942:
920:
916:
908:
903:
897:
870:after 70 years.
865:
863:
862:
857:
855:
847:
842:
836:
832:
830:
827:
826:
815:
806:
793:
785:
780:
774:
770:
768:
748:
740:
736:
728:
723:
717:
698:
696:
695:
690:
688:
680:
675:
669:
665:
663:
660:
659:
648:
642:
629:
621:
616:
610:
606:
604:
601:
600:
589:
577:
564:
559:
554:
548:
544:
542:
520:
516:
511:
506:
500:
480:
475:nuclear reactors
451:
363:
362:432.2 years
317:
303:
290:
210:
208:
191:
189:
185:
158:
156:
142:
140:
133:
92:
75:
29:
22:
18:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4035:Tri-City Herald
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3929:, November 1998
3917:Ken Silverstein
3915:
3911:
3894:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3832:Wayback Machine
3823:
3819:
3788:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3678:
3676:
3656:
3652:
3638:
3636:
3629:Spaceflight Now
3621:
3617:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3590:UK Space Agency
3584:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3555:
3547:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3498:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3401:
3393:
3391:
3378:
3374:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3327:
3323:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3206:"AMERICIUM-241"
3204:
3203:
3199:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3111:on 28 July 2022
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3028:
3010:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2964:10.1.1.540.1085
2947:
2943:
2919:
2913:
2902:
2898:
2886:
2865:smoke detectors
2845:
2841:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2794:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2763:
2755:This section's
2751:
2747:
2740:
2716:
2686:
2638:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2600:
2594:
2579:
2571:
2543:
2528:
2520:
2492:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2433:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2389:
2374:
2366:
2338:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2276:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2232:
2217:
2209:
2181:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2116:
2108:
2080:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2030:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1960:
1955:
1936:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1769:
1761:
1747:
1742:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1697:alpha particles
1693:neutron sources
1685:
1677:
1673:
1644:
1628:
1623:
1598:alpha particles
1593:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1446:
1441:
1425:
1417:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1240:
1235:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1201:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1065:
1057:
1043:
1038:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
990:
984:
955:
947:
919:
904:
896:
892:
890:
887:
886:
843:
835:
822:
818:
802:
796:
781:
773:
739:
724:
716:
712:
710:
707:
706:
676:
668:
655:
651:
638:
632:
617:
609:
596:
592:
573:
567:
555:
547:
519:
507:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
478:
471:
469:Nucleosynthesis
449:
431:
378:smoke detectors
361:
328:
311:
298:
285:
238:
229:
217:Parent isotopes
206:
204:
187:
183:
181:
154:
152:
138:
136:
131:
124:
86:
69:
36:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4189:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4153:
4152:
4088:
4052:
4021:
3991:
3961:
3931:
3909:
3895:Frisch, Franz
3888:
3874:
3869:"Americium Am"
3860:
3857:on 2015-11-29.
3836:
3817:
3786:
3764:
3732:
3689:
3650:
3615:
3572:
3538:
3512:
3461:(April 2004).
3450:
3414:
3372:
3321:
3273:
3228:
3211:
3197:
3136:
3122:
3092:
3057:
3026:
3018:Pergamon Press
2999:
2974:
2941:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2796:
2795:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2728:effective dose
2715:
2712:
2685:
2682:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2042:transactinides
2029:
2026:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1684:
1683:Neutron source
1681:
1675:
1671:
1643:
1640:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1538:
1530:
1514:
1505:
1497:
1489:smoke detector
1483:Smoke detector
1481:Main article:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
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1428:
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1128:
1122:
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1108:
1105:
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1095:
1090:
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1073:
1068:
1063:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1012:
996:, with a weak
986:Main article:
983:
980:
979:
978:
966:
963:
958:
953:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
923:
915:
912:
907:
902:
895:
879:nuclear isomer
867:
866:
854:
851:
846:
841:
825:
821:
814:
811:
805:
800:
792:
789:
784:
779:
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762:
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753:
747:
743:
735:
732:
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722:
715:
700:
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674:
658:
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647:
641:
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628:
625:
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615:
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582:
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571:
563:
558:
553:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
515:
510:
505:
498:
470:
467:
463:plutonium pits
429:
333:
332:
322:
321:
318:
308:
307:
304:
295:
294:
291:
282:
281:
271:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
252:Decay products
248:
247:
219:
213:
212:
202:
200:Binding energy
196:
195:
179:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
150:
144:
143:
141:0.6 years
134:
129:
118:
117:
110:
104:
103:
97:
96:
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80:
79:
76:
63:
62:
59:
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52:
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42:
38:
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32:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4188:
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4141:
4137:
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4129:
4125:
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4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4092:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4010:on 2007-11-13
4009:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3906:
3905:3-411-01704-X
3902:
3898:
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3884:
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3870:
3864:
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3505:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3409:from the
3408:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3376:
3369:
3366:from the
3365:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:(3): 030001.
3253:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3221:
3215:
3207:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
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3019:
3015:
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3006:
3004:
2984:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2930:(3): 030001.
2929:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2878:heart disease
2875:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2846:20 years
2842:50 years
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2806:
2803:
2792:
2789:
2781:
2778:February 2020
2771:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2672:-253 (Es) or
2671:
2667:
2639:
2634:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2596:
2580:
2575:
2558:
2555:
2545:
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2507:
2504:
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2476:
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2313:
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2277:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2239:
2234:
2218:
2213:
2196:
2193:
2183:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2117:
2112:
2095:
2092:
2082:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:neutron probe
1978:
1972:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1937:
1932:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1810:
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1803:
1797:
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1770:
1765:
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1721:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:plutonium-238
1657:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1590:neptunium-237
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1562:32 years
1558:19 years
1555:
1542:
1523:
1490:
1484:
1469:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1426:
1421:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1376:cluster decay
1373:
1353:
1336:
1309:
1252:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1210:
1205:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1066:
1061:
1044:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
956:
951:
934:
931:
921:
905:
900:
894:
884:
883:
882:
880:
876:
871:
844:
839:
823:
819:
803:
798:
782:
777:
760:
757:
745:
741:
725:
720:
714:
705:
704:
703:
677:
672:
656:
652:
639:
634:
618:
613:
597:
593:
574:
569:
556:
551:
534:
531:
521:
508:
503:
497:
488:
487:
486:
482:
476:
466:
464:
459:
458:plutonium-241
455:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
423:
420:(126.91
419:
415:
412:of 3.43
411:
407:
406:critical mass
403:
399:
395:
392:from Cm, and
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:nuclear waste
371:
367:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:Americium-241
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:cluster decay
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
283:
279:
275:
272:
270:
266:
261:
258:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
227:
223:
220:
218:
214:
203:
201:
197:
194:
180:
178:
177:Excess energy
174:
170:
168:
164:
161:
151:
149:
145:
135:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
39:
28:
23:
4143:. Retrieved
4107:
4101:
4091:
4079:. Retrieved
4075:the original
4064:
4055:
4043:. Retrieved
4039:the original
4034:
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
4008:the original
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:the original
3973:
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3948:the original
3934:
3924:
3912:
3896:
3891:
3877:
3863:
3852:the original
3839:
3820:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3744:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3699:
3692:
3684:
3677:. Retrieved
3666:
3653:
3644:
3637:. Retrieved
3628:
3618:
3608:– via
3602:. Retrieved
3588:
3575:
3564:the original
3551:
3529:. Retrieved
3524:
3515:
3489:. Retrieved
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3417:
3392:. Retrieved
3382:
3375:
3349:. Retrieved
3331:
3324:
3310:cite journal
3298:. Retrieved
3289:
3285:
3276:
3251:
3247:
3214:
3200:
3147:
3143:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:the original
3104:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3079:the original
3072:
3013:
2990:. Retrieved
2977:
2967:– via
2950:
2944:
2927:
2923:
2862:
2827:
2807:
2799:
2784:
2775:
2756:
2717:
2687:
2684:Spectrometer
2663:
2457:
2302:
2300:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2046:
2039:
1994:
1855:
1686:
1670:2–2.2 W
1668:
1647:
1646:As Am has a
1645:
1635:cold rolling
1624:
1615:false alarms
1486:
1472:Applications
1380:
1354:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1002:
991:
872:
868:
701:
483:
472:
450:1.23 μs
345:
341:
337:
336:
274:Decay energy
148:Isotope mass
126:
101:Nuclide data
88:
71:
4103:Chemosphere
4014:28 November
3954:28 November
3757:2 September
3725:2 September
3679:2 September
3646:scientists.
3639:2 September
3604:1 September
3531:1 September
3491:2 September
3443:2 September
3394:2 September
3351:2 September
3300:2 September
3154:: 448–456.
3115:2 September
3085:2 September
2802:α-particles
2724:radiographs
2691:radiography
2670:einsteinium
994:alpha decay
440:(0.35
402:fissionable
354:radioactive
263:Decay modes
4160:Categories
3468:(Report).
3428:(Report).
3044:1005231772
2896:References
2869:David Hahn
2838:trabecular
1606:electrodes
1582:microcurie
1566:micrograms
434:meta state
404:, and the
300:γ-emission
269:Decay mode
4145:1 January
4132:0045-6535
3984:27 August
3176:0022-3131
3168:1881-1248
2959:CiteSeerX
2766:talk page
2678:berkelium
2619:−
2615:β
2559:γ
2508:γ
2410:β
2354:γ
2257:−
2253:β
2197:γ
2096:γ
1979:γ
1922:⟶
1910:α
1822:γ
1804:α
1745:⟶
1689:beryllium
1631:palladium
1584:(37
1554:neptunium
1415:⟶
1337:γ
1229:⟶
1224:∗
1195:⟶
1115:γ
1100:α
1041:⟶
998:gamma ray
935:γ
824:−
820:β
761:γ
657:−
653:β
598:−
594:β
535:γ
479:US$ 1,500
454:plutonium
446:half-life
400:, but is
388:from Pu,
370:americium
358:half-life
356:, with a
306:0.0595409
209:.2795(46)
122:Half-life
114:synthetic
4140:34311394
4004:Fox News
3944:Fox News
3907:, p. 184
3828:Archived
3804:40933941
3796:99200502
3751:Archived
3716:Archived
3673:Archived
3633:Archived
3595:Archived
3482:Archived
3434:Archived
3388:Archived
3345:Archived
3337:Duisburg
3192:97749940
3036:97036336
2884:See also
2834:cortical
2759:disputed
2714:Medicine
2597:→
2546:→
2495:→
2392:→
2341:→
2235:→
2184:→
2083:→
922:→
799:→
742:→
635:→
570:→
522:→
444:) and a
348:) is an
84:Neutrons
4112:Bibcode
4081:17 June
4045:17 June
3470:Atlanta
3256:Bibcode
3184:2251715
3052:689297M
2992:24 July
2738:Hazards
2674:dubnium
1699:during
1652:isotope
1648:roughly
1121:59.5409
398:fissile
366:isotope
302:(gamma)
289:(alpha)
287:α-decay
242: (
233: (
224: (
153:241.056
67:Protons
41:General
4138:
4130:
3903:
3834:, NNDC
3812:90844M
3810:
3802:
3794:
3784:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3024:
2961:
2850:gonads
2632:
2628:
2605:
2592:
2573:
2569:
2541:
2522:
2518:
2474:
2427:
2423:
2400:
2387:
2368:
2364:
2336:
2317:
2270:
2266:
2243:
2230:
2211:
2207:
2179:
2160:
2144:82.7%
2110:
2106:
2078:
2059:
1976:
1970:
1953:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1895:
1888:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1789:
1782:
1763:
1759:
1740:
1719:
1574:grains
1556:after
1546:
1419:
1393:
1331:
1307:
1280:
1256:
1250:
1203:
1199:
1176:
1124:
1118:
1085:
1078:
1059:
1055:
1036:
1015:
949:
945:
917:
898:
837:
833:
807:
794:
775:
771:
749:
737:
718:
670:
666:
643:
640:2.3565
630:
611:
607:
578:
565:
549:
545:
517:
501:
346:Am-241
320:93.923
244:α
226:β
47:Symbol
3855:(PDF)
3848:(PDF)
3776:[
3719:(PDF)
3704:(PDF)
3598:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3567:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3527:. n.d
3485:(PDF)
3466:(PDF)
3437:(PDF)
3426:(PDF)
3244:(PDF)
3223:(PDF)
3188:S2CID
3164:eISSN
3150:(4).
2986:(PDF)
2920:(PDF)
2830:liver
2707:glass
2397:16.02
2301:17.3%
2240:16.02
1749:432.2
1151:γ-ray
1045:432.2
982:Decay
804:14.35
293:5.486
137:432.6
57:Names
4147:2024
4136:PMID
4128:ISSN
4083:2007
4047:2008
4016:2007
3986:2007
3956:2007
3901:ISBN
3800:OCLC
3792:LCCN
3782:ISBN
3759:2022
3727:2022
3681:2022
3641:2022
3606:2022
3533:2022
3493:2022
3445:2022
3396:2022
3353:2022
3316:link
3302:2022
3180:OCLC
3172:ISSN
3117:2022
3087:2022
3040:OCLC
3032:LCCN
3022:ISBN
2994:2019
2836:and
2819:8.48
2811:3.14
2701:and
2693:and
2602:10.1
1828:59.5
1578:sand
1568:(4.5
881:Am:
575:23.5
428:(AmO
312:CD (
171:5/2−
167:Spin
157:(12)
155:8273
4120:doi
4108:286
3668:NPR
3264:doi
3156:doi
2932:doi
2817:or
2640:244
2581:244
2530:243
2482:242
2435:242
2376:242
2325:241
2278:242
2219:242
2168:241
2118:242
2067:241
1771:237
1727:241
1654:of
1586:kBq
1572:10
1427:207
1401:241
1211:241
1184:241
1067:237
1023:241
957:242
906:241
845:241
783:241
726:239
678:239
619:239
557:239
509:238
448:of
438:MeV
422:GBq
368:of
360:of
278:MeV
211:keV
207:543
193:keV
190:1.1
184:934
130:1/2
112:0 (
95:146
4162::
4134:.
4126:.
4118:.
4106:.
4100:.
4069:.
4063:.
4033:.
4002:.
3972:.
3942:.
3923:.
3919:,
3808:OL
3806:.
3798:.
3790:.
3743:.
3714:.
3710::
3683:.
3671:.
3665:.
3643:.
3631:.
3627:.
3593:.
3587:.
3558:.
3541:^
3523:.
3476::
3474:GA
3472:,
3343:.
3341:DE
3339:,
3312:}}
3308:{{
3292:.
3290:35
3288:.
3284:.
3262:.
3252:41
3250:.
3246:.
3231:^
3186:.
3178:.
3170:.
3162:.
3148:41
3146:.
3132:UO
3103:.
3071:.
3060:^
3048:OL
3046:.
3038:.
3030:.
3020:.
3002:^
2957:.
2928:45
2926:.
2922:.
2903:^
2734:.
2635:96
2576:95
2525:95
2477:95
2430:94
2371:95
2320:95
2273:96
2214:95
2163:95
2113:95
2062:95
2014:Be
2005:Am
1938:12
1766:93
1722:95
1703::
1617:.
1534:Ra
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