796:
517:
414:
835:
446:
461:. This large wingspan allows the bird to easily use soaring flight for migration. Body weight can range between 7.7 and 30 lb (3.5 and 13.6 kg), although typically these birds average between 11 and 20 lb (5.0 and 9.1 kg). One mean body mass of 15.4 lb (7.0 kg) was reported. Another study found mean weights to be somewhat lower than expected, with eleven males averaging 13.97 lb (6.34 kg) and six females averaging 10.95 lb (4.97 kg). Among standard measurements, the wing chord measures 20–26.7 in (51–68 cm) and the
808:
221:
100:
823:
631:
457:, with a similar overall length, as one of the longest birds native to North America. Both very large and plump, it has an overall length of about 50–70 in (130–180 cm), courtesy of the huge beak which measures 11.3–15.2 in (290–390 mm) in males and 10.3–14.2 in (260–360 mm) in females. It has a wingspan of about 95–120 in (240–300 cm). The species also has the second-largest average wingspan of any North American bird, after the
31:
55:
77:
430:
906:. The pelicans react to mammalian threats differently from avian threats. Though fairly approachable while feeding, the pelicans may temporarily abandon their nests if a human closely approaches the colony. If the threat is another bird, however, the pelicans do not abandon the nest and may fight off the interloper by jabbing at them with their considerable bills. Full-grown pelicans have few predators. Only
637:
635:
632:
636:
740:
American white pelicans like to come together in groups of a dozen or more birds to feed, as they can thus cooperate and corral fish to one another. When this is not easily possible – for example in deep water, where fish can escape by diving out of reach – they prefer to forage alone. But the birds
765:
As noted above, they are colonial breeders, with up to 5,000 pairs per site. The birds arrive on the breeding grounds in March or April; nesting starts between early April and early June. During the breeding season, both males and females develop a pronounced bump on the top of their large beaks.
496:
flattened "horn" on the upper bill, located about one-third the bill's length behind the tip. This is the only one of the eight species of pelican to have a bill "horn". The horn is shed after the birds have mated and laid their eggs. Outside the breeding season, the bare parts become duller in
789:, the parents care for their offspring some three more weeks, until the close family bond separates in late summer or early fall, and the birds gather in larger groups on rich feeding grounds in preparation for the migration to the winter quarters. They migrate south by September or October.
968:
laws came into effect, and are stable or slightly increasing today. By the 1980s, more than 100,000 adult
American white pelicans were estimated to exist in the wild, with 33,000 nests altogether in the 50 colonies in Canada, and 18,500 nests in the 14–17 United States colonies. Shoreline
634:
1670:
834:
653:), the American white pelican does not dive for its food. Instead, it catches its prey while swimming. Each bird eats more than four pounds (1.8 kg) of food a day. The fish taken by pelicans can range from the size of
633:
1530:
769:
The nest is a shallow depression scraped in the ground, into which some twigs, sticks, reeds, or similar debris have been gathered. After about one week of courtship and nest-building, the female lays a
945:
Habitat loss is the largest known cause of nesting failure, with flooding and drought being recurrent problems. Human-related losses include entanglement in fishing gear, boating disturbance, and
1568:
Knopf, F. L. and R. M. Evans (2020). American White
Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
1467:"Endohelminths from the Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, and the American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, from Galveston Bay, Texas, U.S.A., and Checklist of Pelican Parasites"
795:
608:
1633:
781:
for about one month. The young leave the nest 3–4 weeks after hatching; at this point, usually only one young per nest has survived. They spend the following month in a
473:, which are hardly visible except in flight. From early spring until after breeding has finished in mid-late summer, the breast feathers have a yellowish hue. After
1542:
2347:
615:
which passed nearby in
November 1996. Since then, there have also been a few observations likely to pertain to this species on the Colombian mainland, e.g. at
737:, amphibians, and sometimes larval salamanders. Birds nesting on saline lakes, where food is scarce, will travel great distances to better feeding grounds.
866:
Occasionally, these pelicans may nest in colonies on isolated islands, which is believed to significantly reduce the likelihood of mammalian predation.
2470:
2238:
1676:
2480:
2465:
2440:
822:
1370:
Bent, Arthur
Cleveland. Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies. Vol. 121. US Government Printing Office, 1922.
500:
Apart from the difference in size, males and females look exactly alike. Immature birds have light grey plumage with darker brownish nape and
2290:
1184:
1180:
2435:
1121:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
952:
There was a pronounced decline in
American white pelican numbers in the mid-20th century, attributable to the excessive spraying of
2460:
2189:
1716:
2251:
1556:
434:
1584:
1652:
927:
1629:
2329:
1303:
1283:
1192:
931:
2256:
964:
in agriculture as well as widespread draining and pollution of wetlands. But populations have recovered well after stricter
874:
prey upon colonies that they can access, and several gulls have been known to prey on pelican eggs and nestlings (including
488:
is huge and flat on the top, with a large throat sac below, and, in the breeding season, is vivid orange in color as is the
2342:
2217:
1043:
345:. Gmelin based his description on the "rough-billed pelican" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist
2055:
814:
622:
Wild
American white pelicans may live for more than 16 years. In captivity, the record lifespan stands at over 34 years.
2212:
1243:
1094:
477:
into the eclipse plumage, the upper head often has a grey hue, as blackish feathers grow between the small wispy white
2386:
1600:
1513:
1257:
1103:
923:
541:
2445:
2394:
1616:
1425:
2295:
2455:
2450:
2176:
84:
1643:
1482:
384:
532:
lakes of inland North
America. The most northerly nesting colony can be found on islands in the rapids of the
2064:
1709:
1328:
Estela, Felipe A.; Silva, John
Douglas & Castillo, Luis Fernando (2005): El pelícano blanco americano (
493:
413:
2308:
2101:
1135:
807:
394:
346:
303:. It breeds in interior North America, moving south and to the coasts, as far as Costa Rica, in winter.
2106:
1208:
516:
1445:
1021:
99:
2399:
2080:
2303:
1621:
1164:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 191.
965:
545:
537:
418:
2282:
2204:
1401:
2373:
1702:
1115:
973:
at breeding colonies remains a problem in some cases, as are the occasional mass poisonings when
316:
210:
2360:
1447:
2243:
2088:
2017:
1656:
1380:
612:
2269:
497:
color, with the naked facial skin yellow and the bill, pouch, and feet an orangy-flesh color.
2355:
1124:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 571.
875:
349:. Latham had access to three specimens that had been brought to London from New York and the
339:
194:
1580:
Blood, Donald A.; Hames, Michael; Graham, Arifin; Pawlas, Richard & Friis, Laura (1993)
445:
2412:
2381:
2150:
2093:
1406:
934:(CSC). On a global scale, however, the species is common enough to qualify as a Species of
8:
1831:
1826:
1816:
841:
588:
312:
44:
998:
782:
616:
2475:
1836:
1486:
849:
524:
American white pelicans nest in colonies of several hundred pairs on islands in remote
256:
94:
1340:
2124:
1821:
1596:
1581:
1509:
1466:
1299:
1279:
1253:
1188:
1099:
584:
462:
458:
1490:
1159:
1139:
2129:
1941:
1863:
1806:
1746:
1682:
1664:
1478:
1212:
1119:
1016:
891:
879:
754:
742:
694:
478:
441:. Brown pelicans can also be seen in the center, and at the left and right margins.
1332:) en Colombia, con comentarios sobre los effectos de los huracanes en el Caribe .
2316:
2116:
1725:
1637:
1588:
1316:
1315:
Dorr, Brian S.; King, D. Tommy; Gerard, Patrick; and
Spalding, Marilyn G. (2005)
895:
883:
778:
557:
549:
492:, the bare skin around the eye, and the feet. In the breeding season, there is a
354:
325:
297:
2181:
595:, bays, and lakes. They cross deserts and mountains but avoid the open ocean on
220:
1729:
1503:
1446:
Montana
Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. (2018).
1353:
1216:
961:
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or "pod", moulting into immature plumage and eventually learning to fly. After
596:
572:
501:
489:
454:
300:
293:
151:
2429:
2264:
2040:
1801:
1249:
1007:
935:
771:
714:
710:
686:
662:
646:
591:. In winter quarters, they are rarely found on the open seashore, preferring
504:. Their bare parts are dull grey. Chicks are naked at first, then grow white
374:
320:
64:
59:
1858:
568:. Nesting colonies exist as far south as Albany County in southern Wyoming.
548:
in the state of Washington since 2015. About 10–20% of the population uses
469:
is almost entirely bright white, except for the black primary and secondary
903:
887:
726:
702:
505:
1144:. Vol. 3, Part 2. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 586.
2368:
2321:
2277:
2225:
2049:
1905:
1750:
1689:
1595:. Province of British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks.
1317:"The Use of Culmen Length to Determine Sex of the American White Pelican"
690:
666:
553:
533:
429:
161:
30:
1694:
1569:
1465:
Dronen, Norman O.; Blend, Charles K. & Anderson, Christy K. (2003).
641:
American white pelicans fishing in a group near Corte Madera, California
2407:
2194:
1319:. USDA National Wildlife Research Center – Staff Publications. Paper 9.
1155:
899:
774:
of usually two or three eggs, sometimes just one, sometimes up to six.
730:
600:
580:
565:
529:
422:
402:
358:
350:
828:
Adults on their nests, already in nonbreeding plumage (note dark nape)
2163:
1741:
1508:. Aberdeen, South Dakota: Midstates/Quality Quick Print. p. 10.
1098:(Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks): 310, plate 20. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
974:
750:
592:
398:
334:
111:
2230:
2011:
2168:
2142:
2034:
1992:
1983:
1937:
1914:
1859:
1423:
946:
786:
766:
This conspicuous growth is shed by the end of the breeding season.
734:
674:
604:
560:
as a nesting ground. The southernmost colonies are in southwestern
525:
131:
1531:"Kleptoparasitism of great blue herons by American white pelicans"
1351:
741:
also steal food on occasion from other birds, a practice known as
2155:
2075:
1971:
1893:
1792:
1780:
1742:
970:
907:
867:
576:
561:
470:
466:
438:
362:
171:
2334:
1936:
1647:
1092:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.):
957:
911:
871:
853:
722:
682:
654:
270:
121:
992:
990:
745:. White pelicans are known to steal fish from other pelicans,
607:
territory, it was recorded first on February 22, 1997, on the
2137:
1962:
1945:
1884:
1867:
1771:
1754:
474:
388:
378:
330:
1504:
Dan A. Tallman; David L. Swanson; Jeffrey S. Palmer (2002).
1660:
1483:
10.1654/1525-2647(2003)070[0140:EFTBPP]2.0.CO;2
987:
939:
746:
658:
485:
141:
544:. Several groups have been visiting the bird sanctuary at
953:
1217:"Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans"
801:
American white pelican (breeding) in Green Bay, WI, 2013
1644:
American white pelican pictures from 'Field Guide' page
1528:
914:
are known to prey on nesting adults on rare occasions.
840:
A captive American white pelican (right) alongside two
753:
from the surface of the water and, in one case, from a
1396:
1394:
1241:
996:
465:
measures 3.9–5.4 in (9.9–13.7 cm) long. The
1448:"American White Pelican - Pelecanus erythrorhynchos"
1402:"Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (American white pelican)"
1354:"American white pelican - Pelecanus erythrorhynchos"
1207:
1464:
1426:"NOCTURNAL FORAGING IN THE AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN'"
1391:
1298:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008),
1278:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
1088:Elliott, Andrew (1992): 6. American White Pelican.
508:all over, before moulting to the immature plumage.
1022:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697611A93624242.en
2427:
2218:american-white-pelican-pelecanus-erythrorhynchos
425:. Note the lack of "horn" and duller bare parts.
1296:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition
1084:
329:. He placed it with the other pelicans in the
1710:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
599:. But stray birds, often blown off course by
1424:BLAIR F. MCMAHON AND ROGER M. EVANS (1992).
1242:del Hoyo, J; Elliot, A; Sargatal, J (1996).
1177:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1154:
1352:Knopf, Fritz L. and Roger M. Evans (2004).
977:are used near breeding or wintering sites.
949:as well as additional habitat degradation.
511:
1717:
1703:
1433:Searchable Ornithological Research Archive
1061:
917:
520:Non-breeding adult wintering in California
219:
75:
53:
29:
2471:Native birds of the Western United States
1724:
1020:
733:. Other animals eaten by these birds are
629:
515:
449:With wings spread, showing black remiges
444:
428:
412:
1174:
757:while both large birds were in flight.
435:Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge
319:in his revised and expanded edition of
2428:
1458:
1322:
1271:
1269:
1134:
1114:
928:California Department of Fish and Game
611:, where they might have been swept by
603:, have been seen in the Caribbean. In
453:The American white pelican rivals the
2481:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2466:Native birds of the Canadian Prairies
2441:NatureServe apparently secure species
2016:
2015:
1935:
1857:
1740:
1698:
1667:) – with Range Map at bird-stamps.org
1574:
1570:https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.amwpel.01
1419:
1417:
1223:. International Ornithologists' Union
1179:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1158:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
932:California species of special concern
433:American white pelicans gathering at
357:means "red-billed pelican", from the
1677:Photos of the American White Pelican
1671:American white pelican photo gallery
1593:Wildlife in British Columbia at Risk
1289:
2436:IUCN Red List least concern species
1266:
1008:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
625:
575:coasts from central California and
13:
1529:Nesbitt, S.A.; Folk, M.J. (2003).
1414:
1245:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1235:
1201:
1095:Handbook of the Birds of the World
890:. Young pelicans may be hunted by
14:
2492:
1609:
1276:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
924:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
922:This species is protected by the
542:Fort Smith, Northwest Territories
315:in 1789 by the German naturalist
1358:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
1221:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
1161:Check-List of Birds of the World
833:
821:
806:
794:
98:
2461:Birds of the Dominican Republic
1562:
1549:
1522:
1497:
1439:
1373:
1364:
1345:
1309:
997:BirdLife International (2016).
760:
571:They winter on the Pacific and
311:The American white pelican was
1630:American white pelican profile
1617:"American white pelican media"
1168:
1148:
1128:
1108:
1036:
408:
1:
980:
1673:at VIREO (Drexel University)
861:
661:. Typical fish prey include
7:
1640:) at The Nature Conservancy
1141:A General Synopsis of Birds
1044:"Pelecanus erythrorhynchos"
353:area of North America. The
306:
10:
2497:
1866:: Balaenicipitidae ·
1587:February 27, 2009, at the
1541:(2): 19–45. Archived from
1248:. Vol. 3. Barcelona:
1175:Jobling, James A. (2010).
397:, "bill"). The species is
2413:Pelecanus-erythrorhynchos
2056:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
2026:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
2024:
1981:
1961:
1957:
1931:
1903:
1883:
1879:
1853:
1790:
1770:
1766:
1736:
1685:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
1683:Interactive range map of
1557:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
1330:Pelecanus erythrorhynchus
1001:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
856:(note the damaged 'horn')
587:at least as far north as
343:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
289:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
265:Pelecanus erythrorhynchus
262:
255:
227:
218:
204:Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
200:
193:
95:Scientific classification
93:
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1622:Internet Bird Collection
1582:"American White Pelican"
1535:Florida Field Naturalist
1471:Comparative Parasitology
1381:"American White Pelican"
1116:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
1015:: e.T22697611A93624242.
966:environmental protection
538:Fort Fitzgerald, Alberta
512:Distribution and ecology
2446:Birds described in 1789
918:Status and conservation
699:Archoplites interruptus
389:
379:
317:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
186:P. erythrorhynchos
24:American white pelican
2456:Birds of the Caribbean
2451:Birds of North America
2348:american-white-pelican
2205:american-white-pelican
1812:American white pelican
1657:British Virgin Islands
1559:. Animal Diversity Web
1215:, eds. (August 2022).
642:
521:
450:
442:
426:
296:soaring bird from the
284:American white pelican
38:Flying in Dallas, USA
2356:Paleobiology Database
1506:Birds of South Dakota
846:Pelecanus onocrotalus
640:
519:
448:
432:
417:Adult nonbreeding in
416:
1407:Animal Diversity Web
1048:Natureserve Explorer
842:great white pelicans
1832:Spot-billed pelican
1827:Pink-backed pelican
1817:Great white pelican
1452:Montana Field Guide
1385:Truckee River Guide
719:Oncorhynchus mykiss
589:St. Paul, Minnesota
373:, derived from the
45:Conservation status
1944:: Scopidae ·
1837:Australian pelican
1690:IUCN Red List maps
1636:2014-09-20 at the
1211:; Donsker, David;
930:protective status
679:Gila bicolor obesa
643:
522:
451:
443:
427:
313:formally described
81:Apparently Secure
2423:
2422:
2018:Taxon identifiers
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1822:Dalmatian pelican
1304:978-1-4200-6444-5
1284:978-0-8493-4258-5
1213:Rasmussen, Pamela
1194:978-1-4081-2501-4
938:according to the
892:great horned owls
638:
609:San Andrés Island
585:Mississippi River
564:and northeastern
459:California condor
280:
279:
275:
250: Nonbreeding
88:
68:
2488:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
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2363:
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2172:
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2120:
2119:
2110:
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2081:866903B93D70056B
2071:
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2045:
2044:
2043:
2013:
2012:
1959:
1958:
1933:
1932:
1881:
1880:
1855:
1854:
1807:Peruvian pelican
1768:
1767:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1665:Turks and Caicos
1626:
1603:
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1339:(2): 271- 275 .
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1086:
1059:
1058:
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1054:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1024:
994:
896:red-tailed hawks
837:
825:
810:
798:
755:great blue heron
743:kleptoparasitism
707:Perca flavescens
695:Sacramento perch
639:
626:Food and feeding
583:, and along the
405:are recognised.
392:
382:
267:
249:
244: Year-round
243:
237:
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206:
103:
102:
82:
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33:
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20:
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2317:Observation.org
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1387:. 24 June 2023.
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995:
988:
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962:organochlorides
920:
884:California gull
864:
857:
850:St James's Park
838:
829:
826:
817:
811:
802:
799:
763:
729:(catfish), and
671:Cyprinus carpio
651:P. occidentalis
630:
628:
613:Hurricane Marco
558:Great Salt Lake
550:Gunnison Island
514:
411:
371:erythrorhynchos
355:scientific name
338:and coined the
326:Systema Naturae
309:
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238: Migration
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233:
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17:
16:Species of bird
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11:
5:
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2007:
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1989:
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1733:
1730:Pelecaniformes
1722:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1679:by Klaus Nigge
1674:
1668:
1650:
1641:
1627:
1611:
1610:External links
1608:
1605:
1604:
1573:
1561:
1555:Dewey, Tanya.
1548:
1545:on 2014-05-03.
1521:
1514:
1496:
1477:(2): 140–154.
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886:), as well as
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573:Gulf of Mexico
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455:trumpeter swan
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301:Pelecaniformes
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232: Breeding
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1802:Brown pelican
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1601:0-7726-7466-3
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1571:
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1515:0-929918-06-1
1511:
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1259:84-87334-20-2
1255:
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1250:Lynx Edicions
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948:
943:
941:
937:
936:Least Concern
933:
929:
926:. It has the
925:
915:
913:
909:
905:
904:golden eagles
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:common ravens
885:
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777:Both parents
775:
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724:
720:
716:
715:rainbow trout
712:
711:Salmoniformes
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:Cypriniformes
660:
657:to 3.5-pound
656:
652:
648:
647:brown pelican
623:
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531:
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509:
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506:down feathers
503:
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386:
381:
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375:Ancient Greek
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
340:binomial name
337:
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
321:Carl Linnaeus
318:
314:
304:
302:
299:
295:
292:) is a large
291:
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195:Binomial name
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101:
96:
92:
86:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2025:
1982:
1970:
1949:
1904:
1892:
1871:
1811:
1791:
1779:
1758:
1684:
1620:
1592:
1576:
1564:
1551:
1543:the original
1538:
1534:
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1384:
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1347:
1341:PDF fulltext
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1311:
1295:
1291:
1275:
1244:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1220:
1203:
1176:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1136:Latham, John
1130:
1120:
1110:
1093:
1089:
1051:. Retrieved
1047:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1012:
1006:
1000:
960:, and other
951:
944:
921:
865:
845:
776:
768:
764:
761:Reproduction
739:
727:Siluriformes
718:
706:
703:yellow perch
698:
678:
673:), Lahontan
670:
650:
644:
621:
570:
523:
499:
483:
452:
419:Marin County
370:
366:
342:
333:
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288:
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281:
269:
264:
263:
203:
201:
185:
184:
172:
18:
2369:SeaLifeBase
2304:Neotropical
2278:NatureServe
2226:iNaturalist
2050:Wikispecies
1906:Balaeniceps
1872:Balaeniceps
1751:Pelecanidae
1209:Gill, Frank
1156:Mayr, Ernst
1028:19 November
900:bald eagles
880:ring-billed
691:Perciformes
667:common carp
645:Unlike the
554:Great Basin
546:Useless Bay
534:Slave River
409:Description
387:, "red") +
347:John Latham
162:Pelecanidae
85:NatureServe
2430:Categories
2408:Xeno-canto
1659:, Canada,
1227:2 December
981:References
975:pesticides
815:Chase Lake
751:cormorants
601:hurricanes
581:Costa Rica
566:California
530:freshwater
423:California
403:subspecies
359:Latin term
351:Hudson Bay
2476:Pelecanus
1793:Pelecanus
1759:Pelecanus
908:Red foxes
868:Red foxes
862:Predation
659:pickerels
605:Colombian
597:migration
593:estuaries
579:south to
494:laterally
399:monotypic
367:Pelecanus
335:Pelecanus
180:Species:
173:Pelecanus
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
2283:2.102798
2270:22697611
2244:10195478
2156:45509059
2094:22697611
2089:BirdLife
2035:Wikidata
1993:Hamerkop
1938:Hamerkop
1915:Shoebill
1860:Shoebill
1743:Pelicans
1634:Archived
1585:Archived
1491:85757144
1334:Caldasia
1138:(1785).
1118:(1789).
1053:17 April
947:poaching
813:Nest at
787:fledging
779:incubate
735:crayfish
731:jackfish
675:tui chub
536:between
526:brackish
475:moulting
390:rhynchos
380:erythros
307:Taxonomy
257:Synonyms
158:Family:
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2195:5229155
2076:Avibase
2041:Q735190
1972:Species
1894:Species
1781:Species
1753:·
971:erosion
912:coyotes
876:herring
872:coyotes
687:shiners
683:minnows
655:minnows
617:Calamar
577:Florida
562:Ontario
552:in the
502:remiges
471:remiges
467:plumage
439:Florida
385:ἐρυθρός
363:pelican
294:aquatic
168:Genus:
148:Order:
138:Class:
83: (
63: (
2400:159058
2361:335659
2335:159058
2309:amwpel
2257:174684
2202:GNAB:
2177:EURING
2169:PELKER
2143:amwpel
2117:amwpel
2069:amwhpe
1984:Scopus
1950:Scopus
1942:family
1864:family
1747:family
1653:Stamps
1648:Flickr
1599:
1512:
1489:
1302:
1282:
1256:
1191:
1102:
958:endrin
902:, and
882:, and
854:London
783:creche
772:clutch
749:, and
723:salmon
721:) and
685:, and
540:, and
463:tarsus
395:ῥύγχος
377:words
369:, and
361:for a
271:lapsus
248:
242:
236:
230:
213:, 1789
211:Gmelin
2395:WoRMS
2387:13046
2374:73581
2322:73532
2296:33618
2239:IRMNG
2138:eBird
2130:6TYWG
2114:BOW:
1963:Genus
1946:genus
1885:Genus
1868:genus
1772:Genus
1755:genus
1726:Order
1655:(for
1487:S2CID
1429:(PDF)
848:) in
747:gulls
713:like
701:) or
693:like
665:like
479:crest
401:: no
331:genus
298:order
2343:ODNR
2330:OBIS
2291:NCBI
2265:IUCN
2252:ITIS
2231:4334
2190:GBIF
2164:EPPO
2107:9999
2102:BOLD
1661:Cuba
1597:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1229:2022
1189:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1055:2024
1030:2021
1013:2016
940:IUCN
910:and
870:and
528:and
490:iris
486:bill
484:The
282:The
142:Aves
2382:TSA
2213:IBC
2182:870
2151:EoL
2125:CoL
2065:ABA
1688:at
1646:on
1591:in
1479:doi
1185:150
1181:295
1090:In:
1017:doi
954:DDT
709:),
681:),
556:'s
437:in
323:'s
2432::
2410::
2397::
2384::
2371::
2358::
2345::
2332::
2319::
2306::
2293::
2280::
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2254::
2241::
2228::
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2179::
2166::
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2140::
2127::
2104::
2091::
2078::
2067::
2052::
2037::
1948::
1870::
1757::
1749::
1728::
1663:,
1619:.
1539:31
1537:.
1533:.
1485:.
1475:70
1473:.
1469:.
1450:.
1431:.
1416:^
1404:.
1393:^
1383:.
1356:.
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1252:.
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286:(
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268:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
