American literature

1871: 966: 2668: 2725: 149: 5239: 1615: 5050: 1442:, impacted the authority of clergyman and scripture, making way for democratic principles. The increase in population helped account for the greater diversity of opinion in religious and political life, as seen in the literature of this time. In 1670, the population of the colonies numbered approximately 111,000. Thirty years later, it was more than 250,000. By 1760, it reached 1,600,000. The growth of communities, and therefore social life, led people to become more interested in the progress of individuals and their shared experience in the colonies. These new ideas can be seen in the popularity of 4111: 3953: 270: 4015: 2542: 505: 2130: 169: 3634: 1934:. Neal criticized Irving and Cooper for relying on old British conventions of authorship to frame American phenomena, arguing that "to succeed ... must resemble nobody ... must be unlike all that have gone before " and issue "another Declaration of Independence, in the great Republic of Letters." As a pioneer of the literary device he referred to "natural writing", Neal was "the first in America to be natural in his diction" and his work represents "the first deviation from ... Irvingesque graciousness." 232: 180: 1478: 6104: 5890: 2021: 6118: 4025: 2990: 3780: 3505: 2867: 140: 1058: 4554: 2300: 1006:

literature was larger than what was published in North America. However, printing was established in the American colonies before it was allowed in most of England. In England, restrictive laws had long confined printing to four locations, where the government could monitor what was published: London, York, Oxford, and Cambridge. Because of this, the colonies ventured into the modern world earlier than their provincial English counterparts.

36: 160: 2790:(1899–1961) saw violence and death as an ambulance driver in World War I, and the carnage persuaded him that abstract language was empty and misleading. He cut out unnecessary words from his writing, simplified sentence structure, and concentrated on concrete objects and actions. He adhered to a moral code that emphasized grace under pressure, and his protagonists were strong, silent men who often dealt awkwardly with women. 2422:(1843–1916) confronted the Old World-New World dilemma by writing directly about it. Although he was born in New York City, James spent most of his adult life in England. Many of his novels center on Americans who live in or travel to Europe. With its intricate, highly qualified sentences and dissection of emotional and psychological nuance, James's fiction can be daunting. Among his more accessible works are the novellas 189: 3364:(1975) are presented largely in terms of unattributed dialog that requires almost unexampled reader participation. Gaddis's primary themes include forgery, capitalism, religious zealotry, and the legal system, constituting a sustained polyphonic critique of modern American life. Gaddis's work, though largely ignored for years, anticipated and influenced the development of such ambitious "postmodern" fiction writers as 3174: 3407: 1293:(1782) addresses the question "What is an American?", by moving between praise for the opportunities and peace offered in the new society and recognition that the solid life of the farmer must rest, uneasily, between the oppressive aspects of the urban life and the lawless aspects of the frontier, where the lack of social structures leads to the loss of civilized living. 3600:, the novel, widely studied in American schools, includes an elaborate description of incestuous rape and explores the conventions of beauty established by a historically racist society, painting a portrait of a self-immolating black family in search of beauty in whiteness. Since then, Morrison has experimented with lyric fantasy, as in her two best-known later works, 2335:(1884). Twain's style – influenced by journalism, wedded to the vernacular, direct and unadorned but also highly evocative and irreverently humorous – changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. 4741:(1890), which addressed issues of social determinism through realistic dialogue, psychological insight, and symbolism. The play was not successful, and both critics and audiences thought it dwelt too much on unseemly topics and included improper scenes, such as the main character nursing her husband's illegitimate child onstage. 3969:, the autofictional subgenre blends autobiography and fiction, thereby allowing authors to go beyond the limitations of form and substance imposed by these genres. A well-established term in the French literary world, it has been less discussed in American literary criticism, despite the recent proliferation of such novels. 2183:(1851) became not only an adventure tale about the pursuit of a white whale, but also an exploration of obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. It was a critical and commercial failure, as were his subsequent novels. He turned to poetry and did not return to fiction until the short novel 3292: 2749:, is the tendency of youth's golden dreams to dissolve in failure and disappointment. Fitzgerald also dwells on the collapse of long-held American Ideals, such as liberty, social unity, good governance and peace, features which were severely threatened by the pressures of modern early 20th century society. 1339: 3976:

American autofiction is best regarded less as a form which interrogates the complex workings of memory and their effect on subjectivity and more as evidence of the preoccupation with the conditions of authorship, especially institutional, which has characterized American writing in the late twentieth

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is a seduction tale, written in the third person, which warns against listening to the voice of love and counsels resistance. She also wrote nine novels, six theatrical works, two collections of poetry, six textbooks, and countless songs. Reaching more than a million and a half readers over a century

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essential goodness of humanity. Sentimentalism is often thought to be a reaction against the Calvinistic belief in the depravity of human nature. While many of these novels were popular, the economic infrastructure of the time did not allow these writers to make a living through their writing alone.

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are novels that treat the right of women to live as equals as the new democratic experiment. These novels are of the sentimental genre, characterized by overindulgence in emotion, an invitation to listen to the voice of reason against misleading passions, as well as an optimistic overemphasis on the

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One of the developments in late-20th-century American literature was the increase of literature written by and about ethnic minorities beyond African Americans and Jewish Americans. This development came alongside the growth of the Civil Rights Movement and its corollary, the ethnic pride movement,

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During the 18th century, writing shifted from the Puritanism of Winthrop and Bradford to Enlightenment ideas of reason. The belief that human and natural occurrences were messages from God no longer fit with the budding anthropocentric culture. Many intellectuals believed that the human mind could

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demonstrate the growth of an international perspective in American literature. American writers had long looked to European models for inspiration, but whereas the literary breakthroughs of the mid-19th century came from finding distinctly American styles and themes, writers from this period were

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was published in 1797 and was extremely popular. Told from Foster's point of view and based on the real life of Eliza Whitman, the novel is about a woman who is seduced and abandoned. Eliza is a "coquette" who is courted by two very different men: a clergyman who offers her a comfortable domestic

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From 1696 to 1700, only about 250 separate items were issued from the major printing presses in the American colonies. This is a small number, compared to the output of the printers in London at the time. London printers published materials written by New England authors, so, the body of American

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American dramatic literature, by contrast, remained dependent on European models, although many playwrights did attempt to apply these forms to American topics and themes, such as immigrants, westward expansion, temperance, etc. At the same time, American playwrights created several long-lasting

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In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the first American novels were published. These fictions were too lengthy to be printed for public reading. Publishers took a chance on these works in hopes they would become steady sellers and need to be reprinted. This scheme was ultimately successful

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tribes. However, with the onset of English settlement of North America, the English language established a foothold in North America that would spread with the growth of England's political influence in the continent and the continued arrival of settlers from the British Isles. This included the

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observes and depicts the lives of three struggling tenant-farming families in Alabama in 1936. Combining factual reporting with poetic beauty, Agee presented an accurate and detailed report of what he had seen coupled with insight into his feelings about the experience and the difficulties of

4236: 4848: 2190:, which he left unfinished at his death in 1891. In it, Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of war. His more profound books sold poorly, and he had been long forgotten by the time of his death. He was rediscovered in the 1920s. 3269:

of Roth. With these techniques, and armed with his articulate and fast-paced style, Roth explores the distinction between reality and fiction in literature while provocatively examining American culture. His most famous work includes the Zuckerman novels, the controversial

4189:, in which he uses a free-flowing verse and lines of irregular length to depict the all-inclusiveness of American democracy. Taking that motif one step further, the poet equates the vast range of American experience with himself without being egotistical. For example, in 3204:. Notable among Updike's characteristic innovations was his use of present-tense narration, his rich, stylized language, and his attention to sensual detail. His work is also deeply imbued with Christian themes. The two final installments of the Rabbit series, 2771:

which extended into the Depression. Experimental in form, the U.S.A. trilogy weaves together various narrative strands, which alternate with contemporary news reports, snatches of the author's autobiography, and capsule biographies of public figures including

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referred to the countercultural rhythm of the Jazz scene, to a sense of rebellion regarding the conservative stress of post-war society, and to an interest in new forms of spiritual experience through drugs, alcohol, philosophy, and religion (specifically

3817:(1996), a futuristic portrait of America and a playful critique of the media-saturated nature of American life, has been consistently ranked among the most important works of the 20th century, and his final novel, unfinished at the time of his death, 988:

was in German and was the largest book printed in any of the colonies before the American Revolution. Spanish and French had two of the strongest colonial literary traditions in the areas that now comprise the United States. Moreover, a wealth of

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stands out as a theologian and historian, who wrote the history of the colonies with a view to God's activity in their midst and to connecting the Puritan leaders with the great heroes of the Christian faith. His best-known works include the

4125:(also known as the Schoolroom or Household Poets) were some of America's first major poets domestically and internationally. They were known for their poems being easy to memorize due to their general adherence to poetic form (standard 3195:

over the course of four decades against the backdrop of the major events of the second half of the 20th century, broke new ground on its release in its characterization and detail of the American middle class and frank discussion of

4223:. Her poetry is ingenious, witty, and penetrating. Her work was unconventional for its day, and little of it was published during her lifetime. Many of her poems dwell on the topic of death, often with a mischievous twist. One, " 1532:

Early American literature struggled to find a unique voice in existing literary genre, and this tendency was reflected in novels. European styles were frequently imitated, but critics usually considered the imitations inferior.

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life and a noted libertine. Unable to choose between them, she finds herself single when both men get married. She eventually yields to the artful libertine and gives birth to an illegitimate stillborn child at an inn.

2964:'s semi-autobiographical novels of sexual exploration, written and published in Paris, were deemed pornographic and officially banned from the United States until 1962. By then, the themes and stylistic innovations in 8483: 4227:", begins, "He kindly stopped for me". The opening of another Dickinson poem toys with her position as a woman in a male-dominated society and an unrecognized poet: "I'm nobody! Who are you? / Are you nobody too?" 2893:(1939), considered his masterpiece, is a strong, socially-oriented novel of the Joads, a poor family from Oklahoma and their journey to California in search of a better life. Other of his popular novels include 2149:, a volume rich in symbolism and occult incidents. Hawthorne went on to write full-length "romances", quasi-allegorical novels that explore the themes of guilt, pride, and emotional repression. His masterpiece, 8261: 2703:

The 1920s brought sharp changes to American literature. Many writers had direct experience of the First World War, and they used it to frame their writings. Writers like Henry James, Gertrude Stein, and poets

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and is usually considered his masterpiece. It was also the runner-up in a survey that asked writers to identify the most important work of fiction of the last 25 years. Among his other important novels are

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Longfellow achieved the highest level of acclaim and is often considered the first internationally acclaimed American poet, being the first American poet given a bust in Westminster Abbey's Poets' Corner.

3932:, a distinctly Faulknerian, polyphonic examination of the tribal experience set against the backdrop of murder in the fictional town of Pluto, North Dakota, was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize, and her 3444:(1960), with deeply religious themes, focusing particularly on the search for truth and religious skepticism against the backdrop of the nuclear age. Other important practitioners of the form include 984:

have often been regarded as the center of early American literature. However, the first European settlements in North America had been founded elsewhere, many years earlier. The first item printed in

2887:, where he was born. His style was simple and evocative, winning him the favor of the readers but not of the critics. His poor, working-class characters struggled to lead a decent and honest life. 11840: 2040:, which argued that men should dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and interacting with the natural world. He expanded his influence with his lecture " 8726: 3164: 11835: 11815: 3747:. He is listed by Harold Bloom as being among the preeminent contemporary American writers, in the company of such figures as Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, and Thomas Pynchon. His 1997 novel 9446: 3070:(1964), Bellow painted vivid portraits of Jewish life in America that opened the way for further work. He was honored by the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976. Other noteworthy novels are 2717:

finding ways of contributing to a flourishing international literary scene, not as imitators but as equals. Something similar was happening back in the States, as Jewish writers (such as

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programs in most major universities. These programs helped establish the new ethnic literature as worthy objects of academic study, alongside such other new areas of literary study as

891:, prior to the arrival of European colonists. The traditional territories of some tribes traverse national boundaries and such literature is not homogeneous but reflects the different 11765: 11702: 3889:

about the disintegrating Lambert family, has been called "the literary phenomenon of decade" and was ranked as one of the greatest novels of the past century. In 2010, he published

2177:, adventure tales based loosely on his own life at sea and jumping ship to live among South Sea natives. Becoming a friend of Hawthorne's in 1850, Melville was inspired by his work. 7372: 7208: 11612: 11805: 9811: 4070:(1660), describes the time of judgment. It was published in the same year that anti-Puritan Charles II was restored to the British throne. He followed it two years later with 2211: 4340:

Pound's poetry is complex and sometimes obscure, with references to other art forms and to a vast range of Western and Eastern literature. He influenced many poets, notably

2492:(1860–1940) wrote about the problems of American farmers and other social issues from a naturalist perspective. Garland is best known for his fiction involving hard-working 1111:) in 1630. This work outlined the ideal society that he and the other Separatists would build, in an attempt to realize a "Puritan utopia". Other religious writers included 2044:", delivered in Cambridge in 1837, which called upon Americans to create a uniquely American writing style. Both the nation and the individual should declare independence. 7086:"Summary of Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831. Ed. John Franklin Jameson. From The American Historical Review, 30, No. 4. (July 1925), 787–795" 7230: 3424:

esthetic in which characters acted at one level as people and at another as symbols. A devout Catholic, O'Connor often imbued her stories, among them the widely studied "

11830: 11825: 11810: 9528: 4048:; however, the translators' intention was not to create literature, but to create hymns that could be used in worship. Among lyric poets, the most important figures are 1611:

is praised for its demonstration of the era's contradictory ideas of womanhood. even as it has been criticized for delegitimizing protest against women's subordination.

4348:, he embodied a jaundiced vision of post–World War I society in fragmented, haunted images. Like Pound's, Eliot's poetry could be highly allusive, and some editions of 11795: 9533: 8253: 3282:(1959). Among the most decorated American writers of his generation, he has won every major American literary award, including the Pulitzer Prize for his major novel 11785: 11707: 9628: 8968: 8838: 3392:

addresses themes of violence and eroticism and experiments audaciously with narrative voice and style. Among his most important works is the short nightmarish novel

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plays, it also showed up in the more subdued, less romantic tone that reflected the effects of the Civil War and continued social turmoil on the American psyche.

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education in the segregated South, fictionalizing and exaggerating some elements as he saw fit. Because of its polemical themes and Wright's involvement with the

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At the beginning of the 20th century, American novelists were expanding fiction to encompass a broader range of experiences, and sometimes connected these to the

10218: 9098: 2095:(1835 and 1840) described his travels through the young nation, making observations about the relations between American politics, individualism, and community. 1543: 867: 4724:. Although realism was most influential in set design and staging—audiences loved the special effects offered up by the popular melodramas—and in the growth of 11770: 11760: 11755: 11745: 11662: 11622: 10977: 9705: 9473: 9307: 8963: 7339: 5918: 2696:, jazz, and other movements in contemporary art and music. Stein labeled a group of expatriate literary figures who lived in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s the " 533: 11647: 9994: 9561: 9451: 4951:

who has to wait 18 years to divorce his wife for another woman, all the while having to worry about persecution for his protracted affair, and twice won the

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described the Southern landscape and the Indian tribes he encountered; Bartram's book was popular in Europe, being translated into German, French and Dutch.

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about falsified intelligence during Vietnam both won the National Book Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and was called by critic

2056:, a nonconformist and critic of American commercial culture. After living mostly by himself for two years in a nearby cabin by a wooded pond, Thoreau wrote 11050: 9329: 922: 1009:

Some American literature of the time consisted of pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonial audience.

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In late 20th century and early 21st century, there has been increased popular and academic acceptance of literature written by immigrant, ethnic, and

9468: 9255: 494: 2767:, describing scenes of blind hatred, stupidity, and criminality; and the suffocating regimentation of army life. He also wrote about the war in the 965: 9960: 9933: 9250: 8294: 8126: 7739: 7514: 4913:

After being relegated to cookbooks and autobiographies for most of the 20th century, Asian American literature achieved widespread notice through

3741:, a work broaching the subjects of death and consumerism and doubling as a piece of comic social criticism, began his writing career in 1971 with 10308: 10268: 8604: 3136:(1956), a work that begins: "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness". Among the achievements of the Beats, in the novel, are 1165: 7446: 6474: 1283:

As the colonies moved toward independence from Britain, an important discussion of American culture and identity came from the French immigrant

11587: 10116: 9034: 8521: 3156:(1959), a more experimental work structured as a series of vignettes relating, among other things, the narrator's travels and experiments with 6535: 4090:

The 18th century saw an increasing emphasis on America itself as fit subject matter for its poets. This trend is most evident in the works of

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in the early- to mid-nineteenth century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture, by criticizing predecessors, such as

11220: 9948: 9545: 9361: 9302: 8885: 8843: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 7572: 4866:(1991). She is the recipient of numerous awards including a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, and is regarded as a key figure in 4094:(1752–1832), who is also notable for the unusually sympathetic attitude to Native Americans, which was reflective of his skepticism toward 3904: 2820:

region of his own invention. He recorded his characters' seemingly unedited ramblings to represent their inner states, a technique called "

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A Voyage to the Moon: With Some Account of the Manners and Customs, Science and Philosophy, of the People of Morosofia, and Other Lunarians

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capturing it for a broad audience. In doing so, he created an enduring portrait of a nearly invisible segment of the American population.

1592:. Although Rowson was extremely popular in her time and is often acknowledged in accounts of the development of the early American novel, 11072: 10915: 10810: 10555: 10293: 9413: 9324: 9066: 9051: 8933: 7200: 4212:

wrote that Whitman "was the first to smash the old moral conception that the soul of man is something 'superior' and 'above' the flesh."

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As one of the great works of the Revolutionary period was written by a Frenchman, so too was a work about America from this generation.

1884:, there was an increasing desire to produce a uniquely American literature and culture. Literary figures who took up the cause included 10898: 10413: 10408: 10398: 9771: 9500: 8748: 6504: 6068: 5911: 3908:(2000) tells the story of two friends, Joe Kavalier and Sam Clay, as they rise through the ranks of the comics industry in its heyday; 2159:

Massachusetts, about a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery with a minister who refuses to acknowledge his own sin.

526: 5201: 11067: 11010: 10903: 10732: 10174: 8677: 6132: 4032: 3823:(2011), has garnered much praise and attention. In addition to his novels, he also authored three acclaimed short story collections: 3590:, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, writing in a distinctive lyrical prose style, published her controversial debut novel, 3117:" developed, initially from a New York circle of intellectuals and then established more officially later in San Francisco. The term 1490: 1268:(1728) described the expedition to survey the swamp between Virginia and North Carolina but also comments on the differences between 1255:

New England was not the only area in the colonies with a literature: southern literature was also growing at this time. The diary of

4752:, as well as by the maturation of the American musical, which had found a way to integrate script, music and dance in such works as 3522:, a seminal practitioner of the form, drew in his work on modernist fixtures such as temporal distortion, unreliable narrators, and 1070:

The religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were important topics of early American literature. A journal written by

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Though its exact parameters remain disputable, from the early 1990s to the present day the most salient literary movement has been

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published in 1789. Brown's novel depicts a tragic love story between siblings who fell in love without knowing they were related.

100: 11020: 10993: 10952: 10947: 10920: 10850: 10737: 10533: 10340: 9928: 9752: 9650: 9282: 8202: 7709: 7647: 4862: 4448:(National Book Award, 2014), who is additionally the only living American author publishing primarily written poetry awarded the 4374: 3965:

is a literary movement that has gained steam in American literature throughout the 21st century. Coined in 1977 by French author

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The period of peace and debt-fueled economic expansion that followed WWI was the setting for many of the stories and novels of

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Stylistic and cultural diversity remain distinguishing features of American poetry. Notable poets of the 21st century include

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characterization, unrealistic names (Oedipa Maas, Benny Profane, etc.), plot elements and hyperbolic humor, deliberate use of

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was instantly recognized as among the most powerful and important works of the immediate post-war years. The story of a black

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in the urban north, the novel laid bare the often repressed racial tension that still prevailed while also succeeding as an

3261:, Roth's work is known to be highly autobiographical, and many of Roth's main characters, most famously the Jewish novelist 2570:(1920), centers on a man who chooses to marry a conventional, socially acceptable woman rather than a fascinating outsider. 11871: 11283: 11133: 11030: 10967: 10957: 10840: 10631: 10594: 10523: 10355: 10320: 9871: 9601: 9334: 9105: 9056: 9029: 8953: 8912: 7837: 6046: 5312: 5183: 1940:

was born in Boston but raised in Virginia and identified with the South. In 1832, he began writing short stories, such as "

1284: 855: 392: 79: 53: 24: 4175:(1830–1886), two of America's greatest 19th-century poets could hardly have been more different in temperament and style. 11089: 11077: 11015: 10772: 10263: 10162: 9759: 9418: 9314: 9198: 4144:"), as well as working with distinctly American themes, including some political issues such as abolition. They included 3655:

seizes on the literary traditions of several regions of the United States and includes multiple genres. He writes in the

3429: 1908:(1809). Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry, which evolved away from their European origins. Cooper's 8390: 11866: 11580: 11368: 11062: 11003: 10888: 10883: 10820: 10582: 10543: 10503: 10350: 10303: 10283: 9896: 9523: 9518: 9423: 9371: 8900: 8655: 8514: 8400: 7946: 6197: 5378: 5221: 4224: 3941: 2976:

had already set an example that paved the way for sexually frank novels of personal experience of the 1950s and 1960s.

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are esteemed works, with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American identity. Paine's pamphlet

994: 8489: 11378: 11313: 11104: 11084: 11035: 11025: 10893: 10815: 10792: 10752: 10616: 10606: 10483: 10458: 10365: 10345: 9823: 9613: 9339: 8721: 7810: 7336: 6955: 6433: 6142: 6040: 4281: 3831: 2313:, 1835–1910) was among the first major American writers to be born away from the East Coast – in the border state of 2099: 2071: 624: 474: 324: 119: 86: 20: 2739:(1896–1940). Fitzgerald's work captured the restless, pleasure-hungry, defiant mood of the 1920s, a decade he named 11469: 11213: 11109: 11055: 11040: 10942: 10777: 10253: 10206: 10201: 10103: 10030: 9730: 9495: 9024: 7063: 7016: 6800:

Hamilton, Kristie. "An Assault on the Will: Republican Virtue and the City in Hannah Webster Foster's 'The Coquette

6385: 6293: 4199:, Whitman writes: "These are really the thoughts of all men in all ages and lands, they are not original with me". 1264: 863: 5110: 4645:

American character types, especially the "Yankee", the "Negro" and the "Indian", exemplified by the characters of

3725:(2007). His novels are noted for achieving both commercial and critical success, several of his works having been 803:

writers, and of writings in languages other than English. Examples of pioneers in these areas include LGBT author

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Born for the Shade: Stereotypes of the Native American in United States Literature and the Visual Arts, 1776–1894

7763:"Autofiction, Autobiografiction, Autofabrication, and Heterony: Differentiating Versions of the Autobiographical" 6584: 6305: 4344:(1888–1965), another expatriate. Eliot wrote spare, cerebral poetry, carried by a dense structure of symbols. In 2821: 1622: 1289: 1062: 469: 422: 407: 402: 329: 6823: 5226: 5097:, released to widespread commercial and critical success, Lahiri shifts focus and treats the experiences of the 4098:. However, this late colonial-era poetry generally was influenced by contemporary poetry in Europe. The work of 1481:

The opening of the original printing of the Declaration, printed on July 4, 1776, under Jefferson's supervision.

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is one of the first in the canon of American literature, and has influenced a diverse range of subsequent works.

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In the postwar period, the art of the short story again flourished. Among its most respected practitioners was

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in 1664, with the English renaming it New York and changing the administrative language from Dutch to English.

366: 291: 57: 8006: 3879:, discussing the cultural role of the writer in the new millennium through the prism of his own frustrations. 2724: 1870: 1438:(1721). The enormous scientific, economic, social, and philosophical, changes of the 18th century, called the 939:

A significant event in the development of Native American literature in English came with the awarding of the

11652: 11573: 10878: 10742: 10658: 10589: 10560: 10498: 10388: 10360: 10004: 9376: 9269: 8507: 6317: 4725: 4249: 3994: 3956: 3707: 3060: 2508: 2448: 1953: 1931: 1213: 427: 397: 308: 3384:. Another neglected and challenging postwar American novelist, albeit one who wrote much shorter works, was 11861: 11479: 11328: 11173: 11166: 11099: 10962: 10845: 10767: 10757: 10611: 10572: 10528: 10488: 10445: 10393: 10325: 10298: 10258: 10236: 10045: 9859: 9806: 9739: 9596: 9552: 9480: 9401: 9319: 9130: 8994: 8823: 8731: 8539: 8309: 6373: 6283: 6266: 6157: 5840: 5780: 5773: 4601: 4561: 4141: 4095: 3322: 2953: 2629: 1968: 1116: 1094: 371: 339: 286: 255: 4480:, which won both the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award for Poetry in 2008 and 2007 respectively; and 3051:, winner of the National Book Award; his attempt at exploring "the dislocation of man in the modern age." 1668:

The first writer to be able to support himself through the income generated by his publications alone was

1614: 11415: 11308: 11206: 11094: 11045: 10860: 10762: 10685: 10567: 10463: 10288: 10273: 10211: 9846: 9801: 9608: 9490: 9344: 6329: 6288: 6152: 6074: 5494: 5359: 4948: 4805: 4797: 4444: 3238: 2374:). A version of local color regionalism that focused on minority experiences can be seen in the works of 1980: 1941: 1924:, 1826) treated uniquely American material in ways that were popular both in the new country and Europe. 1823: 1517:

presented a significant historical discussion of American government organization and republican values.

1297: 1126: 904: 444: 417: 8254:"Luis A. Miranda, Jr. Doesn't 'Need To Be Liked' but This New Documentary Will Make You Like Him Anyway" 7502: 5286: 5267:, best known for "Eccentric Neighborhoods". Puerto Rico has also produced important playwrights such as 4618:'s troupe in the mid-18th century and was very active in the 19th century, as seen by the popularity of 2287:(1854), which is considered the first American Indian novel but is also an early story that talks about 1542:

because male and female literacy rates were increasing at the time. Among the first American novels are

11373: 11348: 11338: 10998: 10868: 10700: 10680: 10668: 10478: 10468: 10150: 10055: 9668: 9658: 9185: 9180: 9170: 9165: 8687: 8392:

The Multilingual Anthology of American Literature: A Reader of Original Texts with English Translations

8108: 7731: 6300: 5858: 5536: 5531: 5515: 5510: 5157: 4801: 4243:

American poetry arguably reached its peak in the early-to-mid-20th century, with such noted writers as

4145: 3749: 3557: 3425: 3217: 2011: 1851: 1494: 1403: 1377: 1196: 840: 558: 412: 361: 334: 5238: 4716:

Realism began to influence American drama, partly through Howells, but also through Europeans such as

3675:

tradition, with grotesquely drawn characters and symbolic narrative turns reminiscent of Melville, in

3321:

was catapulted to fame by the publication in subsequent years of his now widely studied short story, "

2062:(1854), a memoir that urges resistance to the dictates of society. Other Transcendentalists included 11596: 11474: 11358: 11323: 11248: 10577: 9883: 9688: 9683: 9245: 8699: 8372:

Chicago and the Making of American Modernism: Cather, Hemingway, Faulkner, and Fitzgerald in Conflict

7438: 6450: 6324: 6221: 6217: 6169: 5932: 5731: 5147: 4974: 4906: 4856: 4809: 4638: 4509:

schools of poetry enjoyed popular and academic success, producing such widely anthologized voices as

4449: 4353: 4161: 3643:

Writing in a lyrical, flowing style that eschews excessive use of the comma and semicolon, recalling

2918: 2803: 2015: 1360: 1233: 464: 148: 7989: 11604: 11484: 11318: 10690: 10070: 10040: 10035: 10025: 9791: 9747: 9588: 9349: 9135: 8999: 8813: 8753: 8441: 8410: 7670: 6908: 6527: 6392: 6312: 6261: 6237: 5624: 5444: 5061: 5049: 4900: 4634: 3597: 3440: 3185:

approached American life from a more reflective but no less subversive perspective. His 1960 novel

2966: 2442: 2406: 2325: 1992: 1945: 1920: 1846: 1777: 1762: 1693:

Female Quixotism: Exhibited in the Romantic Opinions and Extravagant Adventure of Dorcasina Sheldon

1434:. The first book published in North America that promoted Newton and natural theology was Mather's 1161: 1157: 1134: 1079: 936:(Potawatomi, 1830–99) was "the first Native American novel devoted to the subject of Indian life". 484: 4102:(1772–1855), is still relevant today, writing about the environment as well as also human nature. 2573:

Social issues and the power of corporations was the central concern of some writers at this time.

11800: 11549: 11504: 10184: 9920: 9678: 8645: 8436: 8414: 8148:

Peterson, Kathleen (January 1, 2013), "Poetry", in Rubin, Joan Shelley; Casper, Scott E. (eds.),

7471: 6368: 6334: 6205: 5577: 5296: 5077: 4832: 4737: 4330: 4312: 4153: 3891: 3861: 3803: 3602: 3318: 3257:

in American society, especially in the postwar era and the early 21st century. Frequently set in

3226: 2824:". He also jumbled time sequences to show how the past – especially the slave-holding era of the 2603: 2595:(1876–1916) was also very committed to social justice and socialism through some of his books as 2553: 2363: 2355: 2319: 2113: 1898: 1680: 1169: 1148:

Other late writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians, as seen in writings by

1034: 871: 93: 46: 11775: 7582: 5326: 5104:

Hispanic literature also became important during this period, starting with acclaimed novels by

2379: 1015:

A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginia ...

974:

A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginia ...

11637: 11438: 11363: 11263: 11258: 11243: 11182: 10636: 9986: 9796: 9776: 9578: 9433: 9228: 9175: 9160: 9004: 8692: 8422: 7616: 6213: 5831: 5437: 5424:. The success of these authors has brought renewed attention to earlier generations, including 5392:

and several other novels that use a recurring set of characters and locations in the manner of

5368: 4988: 4828: 4297: 4220: 4038:

Puritan poetry was highly religious, and one of the earliest books of poetry published was the

3825: 3683: 3385: 3310: 3272: 3076: 3017: 2842: 2836: 2484: 2126:(1852). These efforts were supported by the continuation of the slave narrative autobiography. 2103: 1827: 1640: 1571:, published in London in 1791. In 1794 the novel was reissued in Philadelphia under the title, 1439: 1121: 1046: 888: 880: 756: 673: 11539: 5278: 5022:. Equally important has been the effort to recover earlier Asian American authors, started by 4874:

The second half of the twentieth century saw the emergence of American Jewish writers such as

4629:, American drama attained international status only in the 1920s and 1930s, with the works of 11790: 11697: 11692: 11667: 11657: 11433: 10835: 10518: 9633: 9190: 9155: 9150: 9093: 9076: 8806: 8469:

The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: an Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes

8058: 5995: 5826: 5810: 5582: 5572: 5098: 4820: 4369: 4255: 4149: 4014: 3445: 3102: 2940: 2777: 2561: 2541: 2430: 2351: 2117: 2086: 1952:", that explore hidden depths of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction. Poe's " 1910: 1904: 1893: 1889: 1841: 1703: 1688: 1599: 1556: 1237: 1221: 1010: 969: 628: 589: 6496: 3612:(1987), for which she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction; along these lines, critic 2682:

Experimentation in style and form soon joined the new latitudes in subject matter. In 1909,

269: 11534: 11464: 11278: 11187: 10315: 10189: 10080: 9458: 8890: 8870: 8818: 8768: 8709: 8640: 8159: 6663: 6244: 6225: 6137: 6123: 6063: 5878: 5768: 5758: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5552: 5397: 5192: 5083: 4914: 4744:

In the middle of the 20th century, American drama was dominated by the work of playwrights

4157: 4110: 4099: 4061: 3875: 3870: 3798: 3637: 3568: 3548: 3489: 3417: 3369: 3147: 2972: 2913: 2813: 2612: 2566: 2498: 2412: 2397: 2347: 2156: 2122: 2091: 2041: 2007: 1799: 1588: 1419: 1411: 1026: 808: 509: 8149: 3952: 3845:, Wallace's friend and contemporary, rose to prominence after the 2001 publication of his 2812:(1897–1962) won the Nobel Prize in 1949. Faulkner encompassed a wide range of humanity in 8: 11733: 11682: 11677: 11632: 11627: 11617: 11459: 11425: 11410: 11343: 11268: 10727: 10453: 10169: 9854: 9485: 8682: 6233: 6209: 6201: 6189: 6179: 6057: 5748: 5738: 5716: 5680: 5670: 5655: 5619: 5614: 5448: 5429: 5402: 5363: 5088: 4938: 4686: 4670: 4650: 4492: 3928: 3846: 3772: 3737: 3712: 3553: 3342: 3037: 2907: 2889: 2884: 2736: 2671: 2645: 2375: 2367: 2242: 2140: 2133: 2063: 2053: 2031: 2024: 1988: 1748: 1395: 1389: 1351:

The Revolutionary period also contained political writings, including those by colonists

1249: 859: 776: 746: 689: 636: 614: 606: 564: 434: 349: 236: 6740: 2129: 716:, adopted experimental forms. American modernist poets included diverse figures such as 11687: 11672: 11529: 11393: 11333: 11229: 9967: 9955: 9673: 9663: 9640: 9623: 9019: 8763: 8758: 8630: 8331: 8194: 8113: 7774: 7701: 7639: 7366: 7008: 7000: 6843: 6466: 6356: 6193: 6185: 6174: 5999: 5868: 5785: 5763: 5743: 5711: 5701: 5675: 5605: 5587: 5433: 5354: 5335: 5330: 5174: 5139: 5093: 4952: 4867: 4745: 4180: 3933: 3856: 3808: 3696: 3661: 3626: 3523: 3258: 3232: 2870: 2798: 2792: 2688: 2624: 2343: 2206: 2185: 2151: 1927: 1874: 1773: 1733: 1551: 1506: 1454: 1399:

writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the time.

1173: 1153: 953: 913:, by Samson Occom, from the Mohegan tribe, was published and went through 19 editions. 804: 785: 708: 702: 641: 632: 594: 584: 572: 554: 8490:

Audio lectures on American Literature in TheEnglishCollection.com (clickable timeline)

8431:. Vol. 1–4. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press; G. P. Putnam's Sons. 5358:, Native American literature showed explosive growth during this period, known as the 5162: 1097:" by John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts, was a Sermon preached on the 11509: 11353: 10710: 9866: 9218: 8716: 8635: 8620: 8418: 8396: 8357: 8289: 8235: 8163: 8118: 7926: 7856: 7806: 7401: 7184: 7055: 7045: 7012: 6992: 6951: 6645: 6470: 6429: 6346: 6109: 6054:(Fiction, Drama and poetry, as well as various non-fiction and journalist categories) 5946: 5894: 5800: 5790: 5753: 5726: 5696: 5567: 5268: 5231: 5019: 5015: 4978:(1989), tracing the lives of four immigrant families brought together by the game of 4929: 4919: 4706: 4630: 4140:) and were often recited in the home (hence the name) as well as in school (such as " 3982: 3837: 3743: 3508: 3389: 3284: 3278: 3032: 2930: 2830: 2754: 2633:(1907) also depicted a stinging description of the education system and modern life. 2359: 2278: 2268: 2049: 1984: 1885: 1836: 1721: 1674:

A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty

1669: 1618: 1443: 1415: 1368: 1217: 981: 918: 884: 781: 771: 610: 598: 568: 8335: 7838:"Eye to I: American Autofiction and Its Contexts from Jerzy Kosinski to Dave Eggers" 7145:

American Writers: A Series of Papers Contributed to Blackwood's Magazine (1824–1825)

7085: 6924:

Reynolds, Guy. "The Winning of the West: Washington Irving's 'A Tour on the Prairies

6847: 4394:, winner of both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award for Poetry in 1957; 3546:

themes, and a subversive commingling of high and low culture. In 1973, he published

2462:(1871–1945) portrayed a country girl who moves to Chicago and becomes a kept woman. 1643:

is the earliest American novelist whose works are still commonly read. He published

504: 11642: 11544: 11405: 11397: 11383: 10626: 10473: 10179: 9999: 9009: 8850: 8833: 8828: 8667: 8321: 8155: 7896: 7848: 7542: 7337:"Existentialism, Semiotics and Iced Tea, Review of Conversations with Walker Percy" 6984: 6879: 6835: 6458: 6229: 5974: 5967: 5873: 5795: 5721: 5665: 5393: 5349: 5308: 5250: 5130: 5120: 4678: 4646: 4514: 4415: 4386:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1956) and "Geography III" (National Book Award, 1970); 4379: 3966: 3919: 3842: 3794: 3648: 3644: 3574: 3465: 3354: 3262: 3243: 3091: 2935: 2876: 2809: 2787: 2745: 2728: 2675: 2620: 2545: 2529: 2493: 2459: 2383: 2288: 2194: 2145: 2075: 1573: 1486: 1356: 1301: 1038: 944: 737: 713: 697: 580: 387: 223: 7143: 5264: 231: 11524: 10335: 10111: 10009: 9781: 9081: 9014: 8783: 8704: 8650: 8305: 8094: 8087: 7993: 7982: 7975: 7852: 7800: 7577: 7343: 6747: 6588: 6249: 6079: 5805: 5452: 5300: 5135: 5068: 5043: 4943: 4895: 4851: 4836: 4760: 4696: 4334: 4317: 4291: 4275: 4244: 4216: 4185: 4172: 4066: 4049: 4018: 4009: 3881: 3851: 3726: 3656: 3652: 3633: 3608: 3580: 3421: 3377: 3254: 3192: 3114: 2901: 2848: 2758: 2697: 2656: 2637: 2339: 2162: 2067: 1957: 1937: 1645: 1364: 1309: 1305: 1277: 1259: 1112: 990: 793: 717: 693: 660: 646: 602: 479: 354: 207: 8379: 6027: 5105: 4614:

Although the American theatrical tradition can be traced back to the arrival of

4530: 4435: 3981:

Notable American authors known to have written in the autofiction genre include

219: 168: 11519: 10805: 10705: 10088: 9223: 9213: 9208: 9203: 8875: 8738: 8672: 8326: 8284:

For references on specific authors or topics, please see the relevant article.

6462: 6361: 6089: 6084: 6051: 6006: 5981: 5939: 5562: 5407: 5383: 5373: 5341: 5291: 5216: 5212: 5188: 5053: 5035: 4994: 4824: 4816: 4510: 4387: 4326: 4322: 4265: 4209: 4191: 4130: 4122: 4091: 4075: 4040: 3923: 3899: 3677: 3617: 3592: 3519: 3457: 3373: 3365: 3349: 3314: 3212: 3206: 3127: 3066: 2925: 2880: 2781: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2750: 2683: 2616: 2574: 2520: 2489: 2401: 2216: 2036: 2003: 1564: 1522: 1502: 1477: 1241: 1130: 1108: 1083: 940: 741: 733: 211: 179: 7434: 7059: 5075:

won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her debut collection of short stories,

4126: 3620:, and the Nobel committee to "Faulkner and to the Latin American tradition ." 3163: 2225:(1861). At this time, American Indian autobiography develops, most notably in 1465:

history. Colden also wrote a book on botany, which attracted the attention of

1057: 784:, who won a Nobel Prize. In the mid-twentieth century, drama was dominated by 601:, for imitating their British counterparts and by influencing writers such as 11855: 11514: 9786: 9086: 8895: 8530: 8446: 8239: 8122: 6996: 6013: 5953: 5557: 5388: 5196: 5152: 5143: 5115: 5072: 4983: 4883: 4879: 4777: 4749: 4666: 4619: 4585: 4573: 4569: 4557: 4542: 4496: 4425: 4395: 4053: 3990: 3914: 3909: 3819: 3813: 3783: 3760: 3701: 3681:(1985), which Harold Bloom styled "the greatest single book since Faulkner's 3587: 3515: 3477: 3394: 3305: 3300: 3071: 3043: 3022: 3012: 2993: 2895: 2743:. Fitzgerald's characteristic theme, expressed poignantly in his masterpiece 2718: 2608: 2597: 2557: 2454: 2437: 2391: 2260: 2252: 2234: 2226: 2193:

Anti-transcendental works from Melville, Hawthorne, and Poe all comprise the

2020: 1976: 1815: 1742: 1661: 1526: 1510: 1466: 1431: 1256: 1245: 1229: 1190: 1149: 1071: 1022: 999: 933: 824: 820: 816: 789: 761: 751: 215: 11565: 8455:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 831–842. 6702:

The History of the Five Indian Nations Depending on the Province of New-York

5178: 5058:

RED INK: International Journal of Indigenous Literature, Art, and Humanities

4721: 4024: 3146:(1957), the chronicle of a soul-searching travel through the continent, and 2241:(1847). Moreover, minority authors were beginning to publish fiction, as in 605:. Edgar Allan Poe took American poetry and short fiction in new directions. 10093: 10065: 9120: 8476: 5457: 5318: 5259: 5249:

Celebrated Puerto Rican novelists who write in English and Spanish include

5007: 5003: 4781: 4765: 4701: 4615: 4526: 4501: 4365: 4270: 4176: 4168: 4114: 3688: 3672: 3613: 3543: 3535: 3485: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3410: 3345:, the novel's final part, "American Hunger", was not published until 1977. 3338: 3291: 3137: 3123: 3086: 3081: 3048: 3041:(1969). While the Korean war was a source of trauma for the protagonist of 2961: 2740: 2652: 2463: 2424: 2303: 1915: 1716: 1655: 1489:

established his place in American literature through his authorship of the

1427: 1372: 1352: 1319: 1248:(who wrote a diary revealing the daily life of the late 17th century), and 1186:

printed 1,000 copies on the first printing press in the American colonies.

1183: 1145:

and declared that the local Native Americans were better people than them.

1030: 985: 725: 656: 576: 8440: 8381:

Handbook of the American Novel of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries

7900: 4589: 4529:, among many others. Other notable poets of the late 20th century include 3869:, but did not gain national attention until the publication of his essay, 3735:, who rose to literary prominence with the publication of his 1985 novel, 3348:

Perhaps the most ambitious and challenging post-war American novelist was

10370: 9901: 9238: 9140: 8880: 8743: 8499: 8486:

The Ohio State University Libraries Rare Books and Manuscripts Collection

6839: 5988: 5960: 5417: 5125: 5031: 5027: 5011: 4891: 4887: 4875: 4773: 4769: 4732: 4731:

The most ambitious attempt at bringing modern realism into the drama was

4581: 4577: 4538: 4534: 4522: 4518: 4506: 4473: 4465: 4453: 4403: 4341: 4260: 3986: 3962: 3886: 3732: 3596:, to critical acclaim in 1970. Coming on the heels of the signing of the 3527: 3504: 3493: 3381: 3250: 3187: 3182: 3167: 3152: 3142: 3132: 3055: 2866: 2817: 2713: 2659:(1909–1993), both of whom had a major opus set largely in their regions. 2641: 2592: 2419: 1999: 1972: 1881: 1790: 1768: 1518: 1407: 1318:(1789). At this time, American Indian literature also began to flourish. 1042: 812: 721: 681: 668: 7889:

Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory

7884: 7778: 7762: 7142:

Pattee, Fred Lewis (1937). "Introduction". In Pattee, Fred Lewis (ed.).

7004: 3110:

was a less intense novel of racial inequality and white responsibility.

2944:

satirizes Hollywood stereotypes and the dark ironies of Hollywood life.

1858:. He followed in 1827 with one of the country's first science fictions: 9233: 9039: 8865: 8860: 8778: 6988: 6972: 6163: 5472: 5425: 5333:, a Nuyorican poet and playwright, wrote the popular Broadway musicals 5273: 5242: 5187:, which tells the story of an overweight Dominican boy growing up as a 5039: 5023: 4420: 4307: 4302: 4286: 4028: 3998: 3790: 3779: 3481: 3434: 3327: 3221: 3157: 3107: 2989: 2948: 2825: 2721:) used the English language to reach an international Jewish audience. 2705: 2583: 2578: 2467: 2310: 2079: 1964: 1469:, and he maintained a long term correspondence with Benjamin Franklin. 729: 664: 489: 203: 139: 8494: 8215:'Braschi: one of the most revolutionary voices in Latin America today' 7039: 6581: 5245:

has gained recognition for her nuanced exploration of family dynamics.

4606: 3476:

Major American essayists of the 20th century included writers such as

1338: 553:. The American literary tradition is part of the broader tradition of 11198: 10722: 10715: 8467: 8151:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History

7847:. Palgrave Studies in Life Writing. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 257. 6020: 5421: 5254: 4961: 4754: 4658: 4623: 4553: 4481: 3866: 3692: 3333: 3266: 3173: 3001: 2928:

produced two short novels that later came to be considered classics.

2640:, who published five influential works from 1900 to 1903. Similarly, 2588: 2299: 2179: 1426:

comprehend the universe through the laws of physics, as described by

1225: 1182:. It was the first complete Bible printed in the Western hemisphere; 1088: 828: 685: 651: 296: 7257:

The War That Used Up Words: American Writers and the First World War

4898:. Potok's novels about a young New York Jewish boy's coming of age, 4219:

lived the sheltered life of a genteel unmarried woman in small-town

1019:

The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles

35: 8905: 8855: 8010: 6741:"The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original" 4662: 4079: 3754: 3721: 3539: 3531: 3201: 3191:, the first of four chronicling the rising and falling fortunes of 3027: 2472: 2371: 2314: 1563:

In the next decade, important women writers also published novels.

1514: 1462: 1104: 766: 750:(1939). America's involvement in World War II led to works such as 7805:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–2. 4235: 2338:

Other writers interested in regional differences and dialect were

1854:

produced in 1824 the first fiction of Virginia colonial life with

1133:

more fiercely argued state and church separation. Others, such as

921:(Cherokee, 1827–67) was the first novel by a Native American, and 549:

is literature written or produced in the United States and in the

159: 8409: 7472:"What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?" 4979: 4969: 4847: 4352:

come with footnotes supplied by the poet. In 1948, Eliot won the

4179:

was a working man, a traveler, a self-appointed nurse during the

4052:, who wrote personal poems about her family and homelife; pastor 3667: 3005: 2524: 2387: 2273: 1142: 1099: 993:

traditions existed on the continent among the numerous different

4402:, (Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1964, National Book Award, 1968); 3058:

became one of the most influential American writers. Works like

1274:

Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West

1224:, a religious revival in the early 18th century that emphasized 188: 6426:

That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution

4934: 4137: 4045: 3972:

Of the autofiction genre, English professor Bran Nicol states:

3766: 3526:

and coupled them with distinctly postmodern techniques such as

3406: 3331:(1940), and his legacy was cemented by the 1945 publication of 3096: 2693: 2247: 2058: 1819: 1367:, the last being a loyalist to the crown. Two key figures were 655:(1851). Major American poets of the nineteenth century include 619: 6428:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 80. 2802:

are generally considered his best novels; in 1954, he won the

2651:

Prominent among mid-western and western American writers were

2212:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

7148:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 22. 6635:

the Bay Psalm Book exhibition at the Library of Congress 2015

6451:"Ch. 22: American Literature in Languages Other Than English" 4717: 4495:, whose origin is often traced to the publication in 1959 of 4134: 3197: 2757:

also wrote novels with critical depictions of American life.

2167: 1818:, a Muslim slave in the Carolinas, wrote an autobiography in 1013:

could be considered the first American author with his works

948: 5451:

of the 1920s, has become more prominent through the work of

5134:. Latina writing became important thanks to authors such as 4060:, were written to help him prepare for leading worship; and 3630:

as the most important work of fiction of the last 25 years.

2564:

society in which she had grown up. One of her finest books,

1461:, published in 1727 was one of the first texts published on 976:(1608) can be considered America's first work of literature. 667:

was the first major American writer to be born in the West.

623:, was influenced by this movement. The conflict surrounding 6762: 6760: 5181:

received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his 2007 novel

4202:

In his words Whitman was a poet of "the body electric". In

3922:"one of the classic works of literature produced by "; and 3753:

chronicles American life through and immediately after the

3352:, whose uncompromising, satiric, and large novels, such as 3008:, and explorations of personal, racial, and ethnic themes. 2709: 2173: 1529:

are also valued for their political writings and orations.

911:

A Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul, an Indian

800: 6915:. Atlanta: The Franklin Printing and Publishing Co., 1902. 6824:"Maintaining Stability: Fancy and Passion in the Coquette" 6766:

Parker, Patricia L. "Charlotte Temple by Susanna Rowson".

6728:

Cadwallader Colden: A Figure of the American Enlightenment

3797:, and strongly influenced by the works of Thomas Pynchon, 3337:, a work in which Wright drew on his childhood and mostly 3000:

The period was dominated by the last few of the realistic

2934:

plumbs the life of reluctant (and, to comic effect, male)

2446:(1895), depicted the life of New York City prostitutes in 1586:

was the biggest seller of the 19th century before Stowe's

645:(1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did 8088:

Groundbreaking Book: Life Studies by Robert Lowell (1959)

4183:(1861–1865), and a poetic innovator. His magnum opus was 3898:

Other notable writers at the turn of the century include

3360: 1596:

often is criticized as a sentimental novel of seduction.

7640:"A Family Full of Unhappiness, Hoping for Transcendence" 6757: 5299:

who write about the life of American immigrants include

2692:, an innovative work influenced by her familiarity with 2636:

Race was a common issue as well, as seen in the work of

1315:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

909:

In 1771 the first work by a Native American in English,

8300:. Vol. 1–8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7986: 6405: 3562: 2879:

era literature offered blunt, direct social criticism.

2686:(1874–1946), by then an expatriate in Paris, published 2533:(1888) was concerned with political and social issues. 2205:

Slave narrative autobiography from this period include

1865: 1272:

and the white settlers in the area. In a similar book,

868:

List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas

19:"American fiction" redirects here. For other uses, see 7041:

Muslim American Slave : the Life of Omar Ibn Said

6576:

Henry L. Schoolcraft, "The Capture of New Amsterdam",

6060:(Fiction, Non-Fiction, Poetry and Young-Adult Fiction) 4657:. In addition, new dramatic forms were created in the 4410:

won a National Book Award in 1973 and whose long poem

3011:

World War II was the subject of several major novels:

2034:, who had renounced his ministry, published his essay 7947:"Our Land, Our Literature: Literature – Rebecca Lard" 7831: 7829: 7724: 7702:"In Vietnam: Stars and Stripes, and Innocence Undone" 6664:"Sarah Kemble Knight | American diarist | Britannica" 4364:

Among the most respected postwar American poets are:

2938:

who cannot deal with the tragic letters he receives.

852:

Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas

780:(1969). Prominent playwrights of these years include 567:(1775–1783) is notable for the political writings of 16:

Literature written in or related to the United States

8356:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 7802:

The Story of "Me": Contemporary American Autofiction

6164:

Regional and minority focuses in American literature

6099: 5473:

Nobel Prize in Literature winners (American authors)

5382:

and numerous essays on Native American literature),

5081:(1999), and went on to write a well-received novel, 4610:

U.S. postage stamp of Eugene O'Neill issued in 1967.

3560:

that year. His other major works include his debut,

2828:– endures in the present. Among his great works are 2294: 671:

achieved international recognition with novels like

6567:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. Print. 6148:

List of 20th-century American writers by birth year

4764:. Later American playwrights of importance include 3940:, which builds on the same themes, was awarded the 3789:Seizing on the distinctly postmodern techniques of 2239:

The Life, History and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh

1672:. He completed his first major book in 1809 titled 1086:also recorded a diary of the first years after the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8293: 7826: 4428:and his epic poem of communication with the dead, 1189:Of the second generation of New England settlers, 876:Mexican literature § Pre-Columbian literature 7662: 7329: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6009:(poet and essayist, wrote in English and Russian) 5018:have also achieved prominence, as has playwright 4860:(1983) and her subsequent short story collection 4315:and his epic poem about his New Jersey hometown, 2607:. Other political writers of the period included 11853: 9934:Native American recognition in the United States 7693: 7631: 6973:"African Muslims in African American Literature" 6733: 6715:Cadwallader Colden: As Scientist and Philosopher 4787: 2466:'s (1870–1902) fiction was predominantly in the 2440:(1871–1900), best known for his Civil War novel 1963:Humorous writers were also popular and included 1905:A History of New York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker 1324:A Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul 206:; 19th-century writer, poet and literary critic 8288: 7529: 7397:The Golden Age of the American Essay: 1945–1970 7286:. United States of America: The Modern Library. 7037: 5151:is taught in schools across the United States, 4968:Other notable Asian-American novelists include 4839:as a key component of academic literary study. 2274:Our Nig: Sketches from the Life of a Free Black 7602: 7600: 7298:American moderns, from rebellion to conformity 6880:"The Early American Novel: Introductory Notes" 6752:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 6550: 5091:in 2007. In her second collection of stories, 4044:(1640), a set of translations of the biblical 4031:of the copy of the Bay Psalm Book held by the 3552:, a leading work in this genre, which won the 3325:" (1939), and his controversial second novel, 3249:Frequently linked with Updike is the novelist 2644:wrote about Chinese-American experiences, and 2556:school of realism. In her stories and novels, 2428:(1878), about an American girl in Europe, and 2197:sub-genre of popular literature at this time. 1844:was a notable author best known for his novel 1604:The Coquette: Or, the History of Eliza Wharton 1228:. Other Puritan and religious writers include 688:rejected nineteenth-century forms and values. 11595: 11581: 11214: 10331:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 8515: 8354:Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature 7494: 7427: 7350:, August 4, 1985, Accessed September 24, 2006 6255:Black lesbian literature in the United States 5912: 5413:The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven 5124:), and the emergence of Chicano theater with 3905:The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay 3299:In the realm of African-American literature, 2700:," a term later used as by Ernest Hemingway. 2277:(1859) as early African-American novels, and 2143:(1804–1864) collected some of his stories as 1078:, discussed the religious foundations of the 1021:(1624). Other writers of this genre included 834: 692:captured the carefree mood of the 1920s, but 527: 8428:The Cambridge History of American Literature 8388: 8296:The Cambridge History of American Literature 8229: 7466: 7464: 6411: 5026:and his colleagues; this effort has brought 2979: 2317:. His regional masterpieces were the memoir 1930:as a critic played a key role in developing 8389:Shell, Marc; Sollors, Werner, eds. (2000). 8310:"American Literature: A Vanishing subject?" 7798: 7609:"Jonathan Franzen: Great American Novelist" 7597: 7170:Lease 1972, p. 70, quoting Harold C. Martin 6565:The Norton Anthology of American Literature 6034: 5329:, a performance space for poetry readings. 2052:. Among the leaders was Emerson's friend, 1536: 1244:. Less strict and serious writers included 631:, and authors of slave narratives, such as 11588: 11574: 11221: 11207: 8529: 8522: 8508: 8175: 7914: 7567: 7565: 7324:William Faulkner: seeing through the South 7281: 6873: 6871: 6869: 5919: 5905: 2648:wrote about Mexican-American experiences. 2386:novelists to write in English, and in the 2284:The Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta 915:The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta 534: 520: 9944:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 8435: 8325: 8225: 8223: 7668: 7461: 6644: 6133:American literature (academic discipline) 4669:. Among the best plays of the period are 4033:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library 3659:aesthetic in his Faulknerian 1965 debut, 3624:was chosen in a 2006 survey conducted by 2855: 2560:(1862–1937) scrutinized the upper-class, 2165:(1819–1891) made a name for himself with 1410:" were popular. Major satirists included 557:but also includes literature produced in 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 8484:19th Century American Fiction and Poetry 8374:. New York; London: Bloomsbury Academic. 8304: 8147: 7760: 7699: 7637: 7606: 7573:"All-Time 100 Novels: The Complete List" 7362:"Seeking Salvation On the Silver Screen" 7359: 7353: 7311:Ernest Hemingway: The Search for Courage 6877: 6730:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002. 5237: 5168:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza 5048: 4846: 4605: 4552: 4234: 4109: 4023: 4013: 3951: 3793:, narrative fragmentation and elaborate 3778: 3632: 3503: 3405: 3290: 3172: 3162: 3130:set the tone with his Whitmanesque poem 2996:, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1948 2988: 2865: 2723: 2666: 2540: 2404:tradition through his novels, including 2298: 2128: 2019: 1869: 1822:in 1831, considered an early example of 1665:. These novels are of the Gothic genre. 1613: 1476: 1337: 1137:, cared little for the church; Morton's 1056: 1052: 964: 815:, and African Americans authors such as 230: 9995:List of counties and county equivalents 7920: 7562: 6890:from the original on September 29, 2005 6866: 6821: 6700:Colden, Cadwallader, and John G. Shea. 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6507:from the original on September 28, 2020 6448: 6399: 5202:How the García Girls Lost Their Accents 4863:Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories 3499: 3471: 2883:(1902–1968) set many of his stories in 1333: 1328:Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Songs 1179:Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God 1122:History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–47 1119:, author of the journal published as a 998:English capture of the Dutch colony of 593:, published in 1791. Writer and critic 248:This article is part of a series on the 11854: 11228: 8377: 8351: 8220: 8181: 8106: 8081: 7681:from the original on September 3, 2011 7393: 7360:Kakutani, Michiko (January 12, 1996). 7211:from the original on November 10, 2012 7183:. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 7–8. 7141: 6393:Romani literature § United States 4910:figured prominently in this movement. 4460:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1971) and 4442:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1993) and 4205:Studies in Classic American Literature 3556:and was unanimously nominated for the 3054:Though born in Canada, Chicago raised 2862:List of writers of the Lost Generation 2378:(writing about African Americans), of 1459:The History of the Five Indian Nations 1384:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 1344:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 1296:This same period saw the beginning of 960: 11569: 11202: 8503: 8264:from the original on January 26, 2021 8232:Norton Anthology of Latino Literature 7976:"A Brief Guide to the Fireside Poets" 7957:from the original on December 1, 2022 7882: 7835: 7742:from the original on October 26, 2018 7700:Kakutani, Michiko (August 31, 2007). 7638:Kakutani, Michiko (August 15, 2010). 7535: 7517:from the original on November 5, 2013 7500: 7181:American Transcendentalism: A History 7152:from the original on January 17, 2021 7066:from the original on February 5, 2023 7019:from the original on February 6, 2021 6970: 6945: 6854:from the original on February 5, 2023 6754:100, number 4 (October 1976), p. 456. 6538:from the original on December 4, 2021 6423: 5087:(2003), which was shortly adapted to 4491:In addition, in this same period the 4368:, the key figure of the surrealistic 3113:The 1950s poetry and fiction of the " 2536: 2222:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 1995:writing about the American frontier. 8495:Electronic Texts in American Studies 8342: 8205:from the original on August 28, 2017 8160:10.1093/acref/9780199764358.001.0001 8069:from the original on October 8, 2020 8059:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2020" 7536:Bloom, Harold (September 24, 2003). 7400:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 6878:Campbell, Donna M. (July 14, 2008). 6681: 6593: 6047:American Academy of Arts and Letters 5184:The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao 4842: 4711:Witchcraft; or, the Martyrs of Salem 4675:Superstition; or, the Fanatic Father 4359: 3719:genre in the Pulitzer Prize-winning 2248:Clotel; or, The President's Daughter 1866:19th century – Unique American style 1472: 856:American Indian literary nationalism 827:. In 2016, the folk-rock songwriter 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 25:American literature (disambiguation) 8473:(Online Version of 1907–1921 print) 8129:from the original on April 30, 2018 8107:Hassan, Adeel (February 28, 2018). 7482:from the original on August 8, 2020 7439:"Nobel Prize Award Ceremony Speech" 7424:, page 269. Touchstone Press, 2000. 6650:The Life and Times of Cotton Mather 6494: 4702:The Octoroon; or, Life in Louisiana 4488:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1987). 4472:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1999); 4464:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 2009); 4434:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1977); 4424:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1954); 4378:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1976); 3807:, published to moderate acclaim in 3616:has drawn favorable comparisons to 3430:Everything That Rises Must Converge 2098:The political conflict surrounding 2048:fostered the movement now known as 1776:as the basis for a novel) in 1828. 831:won the Nobel Prize in Literature. 210:; 20th-century writer and novelist 13: 8100: 8009:. January 24, 2018. Archived from 7712:from the original on June 23, 2011 7669:Tanenhaus, Sam (August 19, 2010). 7581:. October 16, 2005. Archived from 7550:from the original on June 17, 2006 7096:from the original on July 12, 2020 6525: 6455:A Companion to American Literature 5379:Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles 5325:). Pietri was a co-founder of the 5222:The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love 4225:Because I could not stop for Death 4072:God's Controversy With New England 3865:, a novel centering on his native 3220:. Other notable works include the 2615:. Journalistic critics, including 2479:The Octopus: A Story of California 2473:McTeague: A Story of San Francisco 1550:, published in London in 1775 and 1330:, "the first Indian best-seller". 898: 845: 268: 14: 11888: 9340:Director of National Intelligence 8460: 7650:from the original on May 12, 2011 7607:Grossman, Lev (August 12, 2010). 7449:from the original on May 31, 2022 7433: 7394:Lopate, Phillip (April 6, 2021). 7375:from the original on May 20, 2013 7231:"Hamlin Garland and Henry George" 7044:. University of Wisconsin Press. 6950:. Twayne Publishers. p. 82. 6477:from the original on May 31, 2022 6143:List of American literary critics 6041:Category:American literary awards 4947:, about a Chinese soldier in the 4854:, best known for her first novel 3855:. He began his writing career in 3832:Brief Interviews with Hideous Men 2623:, were labeled "The Muckrakers". 2577:(1878–1968), most famous for his 2470:genre. His notable works include 2410:(1885) and his work as editor of 2309:Mark Twain (the pen name used by 2295:Late 19th century Realist fiction 2200: 1896:. Irving wrote humorous works in 565:The American Revolutionary Period 202:19th-century writer and humorist 21:American Fiction (disambiguation) 11713:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9496:Government Accountability Office 8345:A History of American Literature 7313:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) 7207:. Wisconsin Historical Society. 6689:A History of American Literature 6386:List of Mexican-American writers 6294:List of African-American writers 6116: 6102: 5888: 4930:Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book 4375:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror 3401: 1422:also wrote poems about the War. 1265:The History of the Dividing Line 864:Indigenous literatures in Canada 503: 214:; 20th-century writer, novelist 187: 178: 167: 158: 147: 138: 34: 8279: 8246: 8187: 8141: 8051: 8038: 8025: 7999: 7969: 7939: 7876: 7792: 7754: 7538:"Dumbing down American readers" 7501:Bloom, Harold (June 15, 2009). 7414: 7387: 7316: 7303: 7290: 7275: 7262: 7249: 7223: 7205:Dictionary of Wisconsin History 7193: 7173: 7164: 7135: 7126: 7117: 7108: 7078: 7031: 6964: 6939: 6930:The Yearbook of English Studies 6918: 6902: 6815: 6794: 6777: 6720: 6707: 6704:. New York: T.H. Morrell, 1866. 6694: 6656: 6638: 6629: 6306:List of Jewish American writers 6184:Literature of Southern states: 4982:, and Korean American novelist 4548: 4230: 4105: 4085: 3902:, whose Pulitzer Prize-winning 2761:wrote a famous anti-war novel, 2515: 1649:in 1798, and in 1799 published 1453:Even earlier than Franklin was 1290:Letters from an American Farmer 1285:J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur 1063:Letters from an American Farmer 45:needs additional citations for 11139:Separation of church and state 9355:National Reconnaissance Office 9298:President of the United States 8347:. Malden, Ma: Wiley-Blackwell. 7799:Worthington, Marjorie (2018). 6617: 6570: 6519: 6488: 6442: 6417: 6381:List of Cuban-American writers 6340:List of Asian American writers 6272:American literature in Spanish 5447:, largely unnoticed since the 5208:In the Time of the Butterflies 4794:American literature in Spanish 4431:The Changing Light at Sandover 4372:of poetry, and his celebrated 3947: 3801:began his writing career with 3420:, who developed a distinctive 3246:called "arguably his finest". 3242:(1996), which literary critic 3216:(1990), were both awarded the 2332:Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 2265:Blake; or, The Huts of America 2002:, a group of writers known as 1950:The Fall of the House of Usher 1702:Other notable authors include 1499:Notes on the State of Virginia 1252:(who likewise wrote a diary). 1203:Wonders of the Invisible World 1172:translated the Bible into the 887:has existed among the various 1: 8201:. Library of Congress. 2012. 7836:Nicol, Bran (June 15, 2018). 7270:Scott Fitzgerald: A Biography 7259:(Yale University Press, 2015) 7201:"Garland, Hamlin 1860 – 1940" 6614:, Barron's Educational, 1992. 6318:List of Arab American writers 5283:The Passion of Antigone Perez 5111:...y no se lo tragó la tierra 4815:which led to the creation of 4788:Ethnic studies and literature 4683:Fashion; or, Life in New York 3090:(1963), and Russian-American 3061:The Adventures of Augie March 2449:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 2370:, and William Sydney Porter ( 1954:The Murders in the Rue Morgue 1932:American literary nationalism 1095:A modell of Christian Charity 11877:Culture of the United States 11841:United States Virgin Islands 9501:Government Publishing Office 8969:Technological and industrial 8109:"A Young Poet's Inspiration" 8046:The invisible poet: TS Eliot 7853:10.1007/978-3-319-89902-2_14 6528:"Native American Literature" 6497:"Native American Literature" 6374:List of Puerto Rican writers 6284:Armenian American literature 6267:American Catholic literature 6158:Theater in the United States 5362:, through such novelists as 5195:. Another Dominican author, 4972:, best known for her novel, 4602:Theater of the United States 4562:National Youth Poet Laureate 4414:earned him another in 1993; 4195:, the long, central poem in 3687:", calling the character of 3464:, and the more experimental 3323:The Man Who Was Almost a Man 2954:Let Us Now Praise Famous Men 2630:The Education of Henry Adams 2257:The Garies and Their Friends 1969:Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber 1695:in 1801; Royall Tyler wrote 1567:is best known for her novel 559:languages other than English 7: 11872:English-language literature 10973:Women's reproductive health 9939:Federally recognized tribes 9802:Public utilities commission 9706:Public Health Service Corps 9609:Code of Federal Regulations 9491:Congressional Budget Office 9345:Central Intelligence Agency 9251:Water supply and sanitation 8678:Declaration of Independence 8442:"American Literature" 8370:Moore, Michelle E. (2019). 8352:Madsen, Deborah L. (2000). 7732:"2012 National Book Awards" 6822:Joudrey, Thomas J. (2013). 6783:Schweitzer, Ivy. "Review". 6457:, Wiley, pp. 349–364, 6453:, in Belasco, Susan (ed.), 6449:Kellman, Steven G. (2020), 6330:Chinese American literature 6289:African-American literature 6153:Poetry of the United States 6095: 6075:United States Poet Laureate 5495:List of years in literature 5360:Native American Renaissance 5099:second and third generation 4806:African-American literature 4798:Mexican American literature 4692:Putnam, the Iron Son of '76 4445:Faithful and Virtuous Night 4295:(1926) and the epic cycle, 4064:, whose best-selling poem, 3977:and twenty-first centuries. 3895:to great critical acclaim. 3253:. Roth vigorously explores 3239:In the Beauty of the Lilies 3100:(1955). The highly popular 3047:(1962), by Southern author 2627:'s literate autobiography, 2155:(1850), is a drama, set in 1981:Augustus Baldwin Longstreet 1942:The Masque of the Red Death 1824:African-American literature 1491:Declaration of Independence 1406:, poems and songs such as " 1298:African-American literature 905:Native American Renaissance 555:English-language literature 10: 11893: 11555:Women's writing in English 10151:Red states and blue states 10056:City commission government 10051:Council–manager government 8327:10.1162/daed.2006.135.2.22 7992:December 18, 2015, at the 7342:December 13, 2007, at the 6746:February 12, 2015, at the 6652:. New York: HarperCollins. 6626:by Robert J. Allison, p.14 6534:. Weber State University. 6463:10.1002/9781119056157.ch84 6301:Jewish American literature 6278:Ethnic minority literature 6038: 5930: 5859:History of science fiction 5352:'s Pulitzer Prize–winning 5348:Spurred by the success of 5158:The Last of the Menu Girls 5046:and others to prominence. 4933:. Chinese-American author 4825:gay and lesbian literature 4802:Jewish American literature 4791: 4599: 4146:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 4007: 3558:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 3426:A Good Man is Hard to Find 3218:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 2859: 2488:(1903). Norris along with 2012:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1569:Charlotte: A Tale of Truth 1197:Magnalia Christi Americana 1076:The History of New England 902: 849: 841:Native American literature 838: 835:Native American literature 609:pioneered the influential 18: 11867:North American literature 11816:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11731: 11603: 11597:North American literature 11497: 11447: 11424: 11392: 11299: 11292: 11236: 11160: 10986: 10859: 10791: 10444: 10440: 10431: 10379: 10244: 10235: 10131: 10102: 10079: 10018: 9985: 9976: 9919: 9907:Comparison of governments 9882: 9845: 9822: 9738: 9718: 9649: 9587: 9509: 9432: 9290: 9281: 9277: 9268: 8990: 8981: 8926: 8886:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 8727:drafting and ratification 8700:Articles of Confederation 8613: 8547: 8538: 8384:. Boston, Ma: de Gruyter. 8007:"Emily Dickinson Archive" 7981:January 16, 2014, at the 7282:Dos Passos, John (1932). 6946:Sears, Donald A. (1978). 6828:The New England Quarterly 6806:Early American Literature 6785:Early American Literature 6624:A Short History of Boston 6578:English Historical Review 6352:Hispanic American writers 6325:Asian American literature 6170:Literature of New England 5956:(biographer and novelist) 5933:Nobel Prize in Literature 5148:The House on Mango Street 5138:, an icon of an emerging 5056:reading at the launch of 4857:The House on Mango Street 4810:Asian American literature 4450:Nobel prize in literature 4408:Collected Poems 1951–1971 4354:Nobel Prize in Literature 4162:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 4003: 2980:Post-World War II fiction 2919:Nobel Prize in Literature 2804:Nobel Prize in Literature 2102:inspired the writings of 2016:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 1956:", is seen as the first 1679:Of the picaresque genre, 1497:, his autobiography, his 1436:The Christian Philosopher 924:O-gi-maw-kwe Mit-I-gwa-ki 893:cultures of these peoples 807:, Asian American authors 700:, who became famous with 551:colonies that preceded it 235:Main reading room at the 11836:Turks and Caicos Islands 10926:Prescription drug prices 10046:Mayor–council government 10036:Coterminous municipality 10026:Consolidated city-county 9792:Agriculture commissioner 9442:House of Representatives 9350:National Security Agency 9000:Contiguous United States 8437:Woodberry, George Edward 8395:. New York: SUNY Press. 7736:National Book Foundation 7038:Said, Omar Ibn. (2014). 6971:Marfo, Florence (2009). 6808:. 24.2: (1989) 135–151. 6787:. 23.2: (1988) 221–225. 6424:Lease, Benjamin (1972). 6313:Arab American literature 6262:Deaf American literature 6035:American literary awards 5445:Arab American literature 5062:Arizona State University 4829:working-class literature 4595: 4056:, whose best poems, the 3942:2012 National Book Award 3598:Civil Rights Act of 1965 3441:The Violent Bear It Away 2984: 2662: 2443:The Red Badge of Courage 2407:The Rise of Silas Lapham 2326:Adventures of Tom Sawyer 2311:Samuel Langhorne Clemens 1993:George Washington Harris 1946:The Pit and the Pendulum 1921:The Last of the Mohicans 1882:war with Britain in 1812 1856:The Valley of Shenandoah 1847:The Last of the Mohicans 1778:Catherine Maria Sedgwick 1537:The first American novel 1501:, and his many letters. 1485:In the post-war period, 1457:(1689–1776), whose book 1326:and a popular hymnbook, 1080:Massachusetts Bay Colony 199:Clockwise from top left: 11550:Postcolonial literature 11505:Anglo-Norman literature 11011:Criticism of government 10356:Social welfare programs 9949:State-recognized tribes 8934:Outline of U.S. history 8646:Continental Association 8452:Encyclopædia Britannica 7951:digitalresearch.bsu.edu 7921:Lubbers, Klaus (1994). 6717:. Burlington, Vt, 1935. 6587:August 7, 2020, at the 6369:Puerto Rican literature 6335:Korean American writers 5545:20th–21st century 5503:Early modern by century 5467:The Language of Baklava 5455:, whose novels include 5078:Interpreter of Maladies 4923:(1976), and her novels 4833:postcolonial literature 4331:Edna St. Vincent Millay 4313:William Carlos Williams 4208:, the English novelist 4154:John Greenleaf Whittier 4078:was also known for his 4058:Preparatory Meditations 3862:The Twenty-Seventh City 3859:with the well-received 3804:The Broom of the System 3227:The Witches of Eastwick 3193:Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom 2822:stream of consciousness 2604:The People of the Abyss 2434:(1898), a ghost story. 2364:Mary E. Wilkins Freeman 2356:Charles Egbert Craddock 2320:Life on the Mississippi 2114:John Greenleaf Whittier 1808:The Dutchman's Fireside 1681:Hugh Henry Brackenridge 1493:, his influence on the 1378:Poor Richard's Almanack 872:Mesoamerican literature 627:inspired writers, like 11766:British Virgin Islands 11314:American Sign Language 11073:Environmental movement 10916:Health insurance costs 10811:Educational attainment 10336:Federal Reserve System 10294:Science and technology 9797:Insurance commissioner 9335:Intelligence Community 9030:minor outlying islands 8793:Civil rights movement 8343:Gray, Richard (2011). 8199:National Book Festival 8033:The Life of Ezra Pound 7845:Autofiction in English 7761:Saunders, Max (2020). 7272:(HarperCollins, 1994). 7114:Lease 1972, pp. 42, 69 6770:. 65.1: (1976) 59–60. 5305:I was my own route fui 5246: 5065: 4941:for his second novel, 4871: 4611: 4565: 4458:The Carrier of Ladders 4240: 4221:Amherst, Massachusetts 4118: 4035: 4021: 3979: 3959: 3849:-winning third novel, 3826:Girl with Curious Hair 3786: 3711:(1992), winner of the 3640: 3511: 3413: 3296: 3295:Flannery-O'Connor 1947 3178: 3170: 3077:The Catcher in the Rye 3018:The Naked and the Dead 3004:, the wildly Romantic 2997: 2873: 2856:1930s – Depression-era 2843:The Sound and the Fury 2732: 2679: 2549: 2548:in World War I uniform 2382:, one of the earliest 2306: 2136: 2104:William Lloyd Garrison 2027: 2010:, then in later years 1877: 1828:Robert Montgomery Bird 1641:Charles Brockden Brown 1625: 1482: 1348: 1139:The New English Canaan 1067: 1045:, Gabriel Thomas, and 977: 757:The Naked and the Dead 740:-era writers included 674:The Portrait of a Lady 273: 240: 11703:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10899:Immigrant health care 10414:Transportation safety 10409:Transportation policy 10399:Public transportation 9469:President pro tempore 9325:Executive departments 9094:National Park Service 8749:Territorial evolution 8378:Müller, Timo (2017). 8230:Ilan Stavans (2011). 8093:May 29, 2010, at the 7996:. Accessed 10-07-2015 7901:10.1353/arq.2020.0003 7885:"Becoming Autotheory" 7883:Clare, Ralph (2020). 7738:. November 14, 2012. 6580:(1907) 22#88 674–693 5996:Isaac Bashevis Singer 5963:(poet and playwright) 5931:Further information: 5895:Literature portal 5864:Literature by country 5524:Mid-modern by century 5323:Puerto Rican Obituary 5297:Puerto Rican diaspora 5241: 5229:received acclaim for 5052: 4917:'s fictional memoir, 4850: 4609: 4556: 4256:The Auroras of Autumn 4238: 4150:William Cullen Bryant 4113: 4027: 4017: 3974: 3955: 3782: 3708:All the Pretty Horses 3636: 3507: 3446:Katherine Anne Porter 3409: 3294: 3176: 3166: 3103:To Kill a Mockingbird 2992: 2941:The Day of the Locust 2917:. He was awarded the 2869: 2860:Further information: 2727: 2670: 2544: 2431:The Turn of the Screw 2400:also represented the 2352:Mary Noailles Murfree 2302: 2132: 2118:Harriet Beecher Stowe 2087:Alexis de Tocqueville 2023: 1911:Leatherstocking Tales 1894:James Fenimore Cooper 1890:William Cullen Bryant 1873: 1842:James Fenimore Cooper 1772:(earliest use of the 1704:William Gilmore Simms 1689:Tabitha Gilman Tenney 1617: 1600:Hannah Webster Foster 1557:The Power of Sympathy 1544:Thomas Attwood Digges 1480: 1341: 1060: 1053:Topics of early prose 968: 951:tribe) for his novel 903:Further information: 850:Further information: 629:Harriet Beecher Stowe 590:The Power of Sympathy 272: 234: 69:"American literature" 11535:Great American Novel 11254:Early English Jewish 11068:Environmental issues 10733:Political ideologies 10632:Indigenous languages 9832:List of legislatures 9629:separation of powers 9330:Independent agencies 9256:World Heritage Sites 8891:September 11 attacks 8814:Spanish–American War 8754:Mexican–American War 8710:Confederation period 8641:Continental Congress 8425:, eds. (1917–1921). 8097:Accessed May 5, 2010 6936:. Web. 1 March 2010. 6932:. 34: (2004) 88–99. 6840:10.1162/TNEQ_a_00257 6791:. Web. 1 March 2010. 6774:. Web. 1 March 2010. 6726:Hoermann, Alfred R. 6400:Notes and references 6245:Literature in Hawaii 6138:Great American Novel 6124:United States portal 6064:American Book Awards 5998:(novelist, wrote in 5879:Intellectual history 5327:Nuyorican Poets Café 5199:, is well known for 5193:Paterson, New Jersey 4986:, who has published 4915:Maxine Hong Kingston 4462:The Shadow of Sirius 4392:Things of This World 4158:James Russell Lowell 4100:Rebecca Hammond Lard 4062:Michael Wigglesworth 3871:"Perchance to Dream" 3811:. His second novel, 3799:David Foster Wallace 3638:David Foster Wallace 3569:The Crying of Lot 49 3542:, a strong focus on 3500:Contemporary fiction 3472:Literary non-fiction 3370:David Foster Wallace 3265:, are thought to be 3148:William S. Burroughs 2814:Yoknapatawpha County 2613:William Vaughn Moody 2567:The Age of Innocence 2499:Main-Travelled Roads 2413:The Atlantic Monthly 2398:William Dean Howells 2390:-inflected works of 2380:María Ruiz de Burton 2348:Joel Chandler Harris 2120:in her world-famous 2092:Democracy in America 2042:The American Scholar 2008:James Russell Lowell 1804:The Lion of the West 1800:James Kirke Paulding 1697:The Algerine Captive 1548:Adventures of Alonso 1420:Philip Morin Freneau 1334:Revolutionary period 1208:The Biblia Americana 809:Maxine Hong Kingston 796:was also prominent. 686:modernist literature 583:. An early novel is 510:United States portal 495:World Heritage Sites 54:improve this article 11862:American literature 11718:Trinidad and Tobago 11613:Antigua and Barbuda 11540:Jèrriais literature 11530:European literature 10911:Health care finance 10404:Rail transportation 10170:Imperial presidency 9892:State constitutions 9837:List of legislators 9787:Auditor/Comptroller 9760:Lieutenant governor 9486:Library of Congress 9377:Diplomatic Security 9020:Indian reservations 8683:American Revolution 8292:, ed. (1994–2005). 8260:. October 5, 2020. 8013:on January 24, 2018 7585:on October 19, 2005 7422:How to Read and Why 7237:on February 3, 2014 6909:Rutherford, Mildred 6812:. Web. 1 March 2010 6768:The English Journal 6612:American Literature 6412:ShellSollors (2000) 6180:Southern literature 6069:PEN literary awards 6058:National Book Award 5707:Bangladeshi English 5449:New York Pen League 5430:John Joseph Mathews 5403:Winter in the Blood 5364:Leslie Marmon Silko 5279:Luis Rafael Sánchez 5219:won a Pulitzer for 4939:National Book Award 4687:Nathaniel Bannister 4671:James Nelson Barker 4558:Amanda S. C. Gorman 3929:The Plague of Doves 3926:, whose 2008 novel 3912:, whose 2007 novel 3847:National Book Award 3713:National Book Award 3554:National Book Award 3432:", and two novels, 3273:Portnoy's Complaint 3038:Slaughterhouse-Five 2924:In his short life, 2890:The Grapes of Wrath 2885:Salinas, California 2737:F. Scott Fitzgerald 2672:F. Scott Fitzgerald 2646:Maria Cristina Mena 2376:Charles W. Chesnutt 2368:Henry Cuyler Bunner 2243:William Wells Brown 2231:A Son of the Forest 2141:Nathaniel Hawthorne 2139:In 1837, the young 2134:Nathaniel Hawthorne 2064:Amos Bronson Alcott 2054:Henry David Thoreau 2046:Emerson's influence 2032:Ralph Waldo Emerson 2025:Ralph Waldo Emerson 1989:Thomas Bangs Thorpe 1621:and his friends at 1430:. One of these was 1396:The American Crisis 1300:, through the poet 1250:Sarah Kemble Knight 961:Colonial literature 860:Hawaiian literature 777:Slaughterhouse-Five 747:The Grapes of Wrath 690:F. Scott Fitzgerald 637:Nathaniel Hawthorne 615:Henry David Thoreau 607:Ralph Waldo Emerson 547:American literature 317:Arts and literature 239:in Washington, D.C. 237:Library of Congress 11653:Dominican Republic 11230:English literature 11021:affirmative action 10994:Capital punishment 10953:Poverty and health 10948:Physician shortage 10921:Health care prices 10851:Standard of living 10534:standard of living 10341:Financial position 9968:Hawaiian home land 9956:Indian reservation 9929:Tribal sovereignty 9772:Secretary of state 9641:United States Code 9557:Territorial courts 9529:Associate Justices 9414:Inspector generals 8901:War in Afghanistan 8764:Reconstruction era 8631:Stamp Act Congress 8290:Bercovitch, Sacvan 8195:"Giannina Braschi" 8114:The New York Times 7706:The New York Times 7675:The New York Times 7644:The New York Times 7619:on August 15, 2010 7476:The New York Times 7367:The New York Times 7322:John T. Matthews, 6989:10.1353/cal.0.0567 6884:Literary Movements 6691:. Blackwell, 2004. 6668:www.britannica.com 6646:Silverman, Kenneth 6610:Skipp, Francis E. 6503:. Britannica.com. 6357:Chicano literature 6175:Chicago literature 5869:History of theater 5355:House Made of Dawn 5331:Lin-Manuel Miranda 5295:). Major poets of 5247: 5175:Dominican-American 5140:Chicano literature 5094:Unaccustomed Earth 5066: 4953:PEN/Faulkner Award 4949:Revolutionary Army 4872: 4868:Chicana literature 4835:, and the rise of 4821:women's literature 4746:Tennessee Williams 4612: 4566: 4478:Time and Materials 4241: 4181:American Civil War 4142:Paul Revere's Ride 4119: 4036: 4022: 3960: 3787: 3662:The Orchard Keeper 3651:in equal measure, 3641: 3627:The New York Times 3524:internal monologue 3512: 3414: 3297: 3259:Newark, New Jersey 3224:novels (1970–98), 3179: 3177:Eudora Welty, 1962 3171: 2998: 2874: 2871:Zora Neale Hurston 2799:A Farewell to Arms 2793:The Sun Also Rises 2778:Robert La Follette 2733: 2680: 2674:, photographed by 2625:Henry Brooks Adams 2587:(1906), advocated 2550: 2537:20th century prose 2344:Thomas Nelson Page 2307: 2207:Frederick Douglass 2152:The Scarlet Letter 2137: 2112:, along with poet 2028: 1878: 1782:A New England Tale 1774:Salem witch trials 1626: 1552:William Hill Brown 1507:Alexander Hamilton 1483: 1455:Cadwallader Colden 1349: 1174:Algonquin language 1154:Alexander Whitaker 1068: 1011:Captain John Smith 978: 970:Captain John Smith 954:House Made of Dawn 928:Queen of the Woods 805:Michael Cunningham 786:Tennessee Williams 709:A Farewell to Arms 703:The Sun Also Rises 642:The Scarlet Letter 633:Frederick Douglass 585:William Hill Brown 573:Alexander Hamilton 302:race and ethnicity 274: 241: 11849: 11848: 11738:other territories 11563: 11562: 11510:Celtic literature 11493: 11492: 11284:Twentieth century 11196: 11195: 11156: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11122:National security 10831:Income inequality 10711:Statue of Liberty 10514:income inequality 10427: 10426: 10419:Trucking industry 10231: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10158:Foreign relations 10146:Electoral College 10127: 10126: 9915: 9914: 9867:District attorney 9714: 9713: 9541:Courts of appeals 9264: 9263: 8977: 8976: 8918:COVID-19 pandemic 8871:Feminist Movement 8717:American frontier 8636:Thirteen Colonies 8363:978-1-57003-379-7 8169:978-0-19-976435-8 7932:978-90-5183-628-8 7862:978-3-319-89901-5 7503:"Harold Bloom on 7407:978-0-525-56733-2 7296:Maxwell Geismar, 7255:Hazel Hutchison, 7189:978-0-8090-3477-2 7132:Sears 1978, p. 57 7123:Sears 1978, p. 80 7051:978-0-299-24953-3 6532:faculty.weber.edu 6347:Latino literature 6110:Literature portal 6071:(multiple awards) 5929: 5928: 5846: 5845: 5774:Pakistani English 5568:Poststructuralism 5482:modern literature 5232:Dreaming in Cuban 5020:David Henry Hwang 5016:Janice Mirikitani 4975:The Joy Luck Club 4920:The Woman Warrior 4843:Ethnic literature 4707:Cornelius Mathews 4626:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4560:became the first 4486:Thomas and Beulah 4384:North & South 4360:Post-World War II 3983:Bret Easton Ellis 3876:Harper's Magazine 3838:Oblivion: Stories 3575:Mason & Dixon 3549:Gravity's Rainbow 3509:Joyce Carol Oates 3490:Flannery O'Connor 3418:Flannery O'Connor 3390:visionary fiction 3317:character study. 3285:American Pastoral 3279:Goodbye, Columbus 3033:Kurt Vonnegut Jr. 2931:Miss Lonelyhearts 2831:Absalom, Absalom! 2755:Sherwood Anderson 2360:Sarah Orne Jewett 2279:John Rollin Ridge 2269:Harriet E. Wilson 2123:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2050:Transcendentalism 1985:Johnson J. Hooper 1886:Washington Irving 1850:written in 1826. 1837:Nick of the Woods 1722:Lydia Maria Child 1670:Washington Irving 1619:Washington Irving 1589:Uncle Tom's Cabin 1495:U.S. Constitution 1473:Post-independence 1444:Benjamin Franklin 1416:Francis Hopkinson 1404:Revolutionary War 1369:Benjamin Franklin 1226:Calvinist thought 1218:George Whitefield 982:Thirteen Colonies 919:John Rollin Ridge 889:Indigenous tribes 772:Kurt Vonnegut Jr. 611:Transcendentalism 599:Washington Irving 569:Benjamin Franklin 544: 543: 259: 130: 129: 122: 104: 11884: 11806:Saint Barthélemy 11605:Sovereign states 11590: 11583: 11576: 11567: 11566: 11545:Literary fiction 11309:African American 11297: 11296: 11223: 11216: 11209: 11200: 11199: 11176: 11169: 11056:African American 10938:Health insurance 10826:Household income 10696:National symbols 10627:American English 10600:Federal holidays 10509:household income 10442: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10242: 10241: 10180:Anti-Americanism 10104:Special district 10031:Independent city 10000:County executive 9983: 9982: 9777:Attorney general 9736: 9735: 9725:Federal District 9308:Executive Office 9288: 9287: 9279: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9035:populated places 9015:federal enclaves 9010:federal district 8988: 8987: 8851:American Century 8834:Great Depression 8829:Roaring Twenties 8789:Women's suffrage 8668:Halifax Resolves 8661:Founding Fathers 8656:military history 8621:Pre-colonial era 8545: 8544: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8501: 8500: 8480: 8474: 8456: 8444: 8432: 8406: 8385: 8367: 8348: 8339: 8329: 8306:Delbanco, Andrew 8301: 8299: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8210: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8104: 8098: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8055: 8049: 8042: 8036: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8003: 7997: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7842: 7833: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7615:. Archived from 7604: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7569: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7543:The Boston Globe 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7478:. May 21, 2006. 7468: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7357: 7351: 7333: 7327: 7320: 7314: 7307: 7301: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7279: 7273: 7268:Jeffrey Meyers, 7266: 7260: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7233:. Archived from 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7197: 7191: 7179:Gura, Philip F. 7177: 7171: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7090:docsouth.unc.edu 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 6983:(4): 1213–1222. 6968: 6962: 6961: 6943: 6937: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6913:American Authors 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6875: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6819: 6813: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6781: 6775: 6764: 6755: 6739:Julian P. 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Such poets as 4959:and in 2005 for 4937:in 1999 won the 4738:Margaret Fleming 4679:Anna Cora Mowatt 4663:showboat theater 4515:Charles Bukowski 4416:Theodore Roethke 4380:Elizabeth Bishop 4171:(1819–1892) and 4096:American culture 3967:Serge Doubrovsky 3920:Michiko Kakutani 3843:Jonathan Franzen 3717:post-apocalyptic 3649:Ernest Hemingway 3645:William Faulkner 3466:Donald Barthelme 3388:, whose surreal 3355:The Recognitions 3263:Nathan Zuckerman 3244:Michiko Kakutani 3092:Vladimir Nabokov 2967:Tropic of Cancer 2947:In non-fiction, 2936:advice columnist 2810:William Faulkner 2788:Ernest Hemingway 2746:The Great Gatsby 2729:William Faulkner 2676:Carl van Vechten 2655:(1873–1947) and 2621:Lincoln Steffens 2611:(1852–1940) and 2562:Eastern-seaboard 2546:Ernest Hemingway 2530:Looking Backward 2460:Theodore Dreiser 2384:Mexican-American 2289:Mexican-American 2195:Dark romanticism 2146:Twice-Told Tales 2076:Orestes Brownson 1918:(which includes 1763:Brother Jonathan 1634:Charlotte Temple 1594:Charlotte Temple 1584:Charlotte Temple 1579:Charlotte Temple 1574:Charlotte Temple 1487:Thomas Jefferson 1302:Phillis Wheatley 1270:American Indians 1220:represented the 1214:Jonathan Edwards 1117:William Bradford 1039:William Strachey 945:N. Scott Momaday 714:William Faulkner 698:Ernest Hemingway 659:, Melville, and 581:Thomas Jefferson 536: 529: 522: 507: 456: 262: 257: 249: 243: 242: 224:Ernest Hemingway 191: 182: 171: 162: 151: 142: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 11892: 11891: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11845: 11739: 11737: 11727: 11599: 11594: 11564: 11559: 11525:English studies 11489: 11443: 11420: 11388: 11374:Native American 11349:Jewish American 11339:Franco American 11293:Regional/ethnic 11288: 11232: 11227: 11197: 11192: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11148: 11134:Opioid epidemic 11051:Native American 11031:intersex rights 10982: 10978:Life expectancy 10968:Medical deserts 10958:Race and health 10855: 10841:Personal income 10787: 10691:National anthem 10524:personal income 10489:Economic issues 10423: 10375: 10223: 10123: 10112:School district 10098: 10081:Minor divisions 10075: 10014: 9972: 9911: 9897:Statutory codes 9878: 9841: 9818: 9728: 9723: 9710: 9645: 9602:civil liberties 9583: 9574:Other tribunals 9553:District courts 9505: 9464:current members 9447:current members 9428: 9362:Law enforcement 9260: 8973: 8922: 8913:Great Recession 8784:Progressive Era 8774:Native genocide 8705:Perpetual Union 8693:Treaty of Paris 8651:United Colonies 8609: 8534: 8528: 8472: 8466: 8463: 8403: 8364: 8308:(Spring 2006). 8282: 8277: 8267: 8265: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8228: 8221: 8208: 8206: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8105: 8101: 8095:Wayback Machine 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8043: 8039: 8030: 8026: 8016: 8014: 8005: 8004: 8000: 7994:Wayback Machine 7983:Wayback Machine 7974: 7970: 7960: 7958: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7919: 7915: 7905: 7903: 7881: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7840: 7834: 7827: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7759: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7682: 7671:"Peace and War" 7667: 7663: 7653: 7651: 7636: 7632: 7622: 7620: 7605: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7553: 7551: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7470: 7469: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7432: 7428: 7420:Bloom, Harold: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7392: 7388: 7378: 7376: 7358: 7354: 7344:Wayback Machine 7335:Kimball, Roger 7334: 7330: 7321: 7317: 7309:Keith Ferrell, 7308: 7304: 7295: 7291: 7280: 7276: 7267: 7263: 7254: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7140: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7052: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6944: 6940: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6876: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6820: 6816: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6782: 6778: 6765: 6758: 6748:Wayback Machine 6738: 6734: 6725: 6721: 6712: 6708: 6699: 6695: 6687:Gray, Richard. 6686: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6609: 6594: 6589:Wayback Machine 6575: 6571: 6562: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6495:Gunther, Erna. 6493: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6250:LGBT literature 6166: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6080:Bollingen Prize 6043: 6037: 5935: 5925: 5889: 5887: 5481: 5475: 5465:and the memoir 5453:Diana Abu-Jaber 5443:More recently, 5434:D'Arcy McNickle 5301:Julia de Burgos 5227:Cristina García 5163:Gloria Anzaldúa 5136:Sandra Cisneros 5069:Indian-American 5044:Hisaye Yamamoto 4896:Bernard Malamud 4852:Sandra Cisneros 4845: 4837:literary theory 4812: 4792:Main articles: 4790: 4761:West Side Story 4697:Dion Boucicault 4635:Pulitzer Prizes 4633:, who won four 4624:adaptations of 4604: 4598: 4551: 4470:Blizzard of One 4400:The Dream Songs 4370:New York School 4362: 4335:Langston Hughes 4292:White Buildings 4276:North of Boston 4245:Wallace Stevens 4233: 4217:Emily Dickinson 4197:Leaves of Grass 4186:Leaves of Grass 4173:Emily Dickinson 4108: 4088: 4067:The Day of Doom 4050:Anne Bradstreet 4019:Emily Dickinson 4012: 4010:American poetry 4006: 3950: 3938:The Round House 3882:The Corrections 3852:The Corrections 3727:adapted to film 3671:(1979); in the 3657:Southern Gothic 3653:Cormac McCarthy 3603:Song of Solomon 3581:Against the Day 3502: 3474: 3422:Southern gothic 3404: 3378:William H. Gass 3343:Communist Party 3311:Underground Man 3255:Jewish identity 3233:Roger's Version 3200:topics such as 3115:Beat Generation 2987: 2982: 2902:Of Mice and Men 2864: 2858: 2849:Light in August 2759:John Dos Passos 2698:Lost Generation 2665: 2657:Wallace Stegner 2638:Pauline Hopkins 2539: 2518: 2452:(1893). And in 2340:George W. Cable 2323:and the novels 2297: 2203: 2163:Herman Melville 2068:Margaret Fuller 2004:Boston Brahmins 1958:detective story 1938:Edgar Allan Poe 1902:and the satire 1868: 1685:Modern Chivalry 1539: 1475: 1365:Joseph Galloway 1336: 1310:Olaudah Equiano 1306:slave narrative 1278:William Bartram 1222:Great Awakening 1162:Benjamin Church 1113:Increase Mather 1055: 995:Native American 963: 907: 901: 899:Published books 881:Oral literature 878: 848: 846:Oral literature 843: 837: 794:Musical theater 718:Wallace Stevens 694:John Dos Passos 661:Emily Dickinson 647:Herman Melville 603:Edgar Allan Poe 540: 508: 454: 260: 258:Culture of the 256: 247: 229: 228: 227: 226: 222:, and novelist 208:Edgar Allan Poe 201: 194: 193: 192: 184: 183: 174: 173: 172: 164: 163: 154: 153: 152: 144: 143: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11890: 11880: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11826:Sint Eustatius 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11771:Cayman Islands 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11742: 11740: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11609: 11607: 11601: 11600: 11593: 11592: 11585: 11578: 11570: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11520:English poetry 11517: 11512: 11507: 11501: 11499: 11498:Related topics 11495: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11451: 11449: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11441: 11436: 11430: 11428: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11402: 11400: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11324:Asian American 11321: 11316: 11311: 11305: 11303: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11249:Middle English 11246: 11240: 11238: 11234: 11233: 11226: 11225: 11218: 11211: 11203: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11178: 11177: 11170: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11090:Mass shootings 11087: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11078:Climate change 11075: 11065: 11060: 11059: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11016:Discrimination 11013: 11008: 11007: 11006: 10996: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10908: 10907: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10871: 10865: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10806:American Dream 10803: 10797: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10773:Transportation 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10706:Mount Rushmore 10703: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10646: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10592: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10450: 10448: 10435: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10385: 10383: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10326:Federal budget 10323: 10318: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10264:Communications 10261: 10256: 10245: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10185:exceptionalism 10182: 10172: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10163:foreign policy 10155: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10138: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10108: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10085: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10022: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9991: 9989: 9980: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9931: 9925: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9860:Chief justices 9855:Supreme courts 9851: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9828: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9744: 9742: 9733: 9716: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9694:National Guard 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9655: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9611: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9597:Bill of Rights 9593: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9570: 9569: 9567:list of judges 9564: 9562:list of courts 9550: 9549: 9548: 9546:list of judges 9538: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9515: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9481:Capitol Police 9478: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9438: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9404: 9402:Secret Service 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9315:Vice President 9312: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9294: 9292: 9285: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9099:National Parks 9091: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9059: 9054: 9052:Extreme points 9049: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8739:Federalist Era 8736: 8735: 8734: 8732:Bill of Rights 8729: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8680: 8675: 8673:Lee Resolution 8670: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8623: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8533: articles 8527: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8462: 8461:External links 8459: 8458: 8457: 8447:Chisholm, Hugh 8433: 8419:Sherman, S. P. 8407: 8402:978-0814797525 8401: 8386: 8375: 8368: 8362: 8349: 8340: 8302: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8245: 8219: 8186: 8174: 8168: 8140: 8099: 8080: 8063:NobelPrize.org 8050: 8037: 8024: 7998: 7968: 7938: 7931: 7913: 7875: 7861: 7825: 7811: 7791: 7753: 7723: 7692: 7661: 7630: 7596: 7561: 7528: 7505:Blood Meridian 7493: 7460: 7443:NobelPrize.org 7426: 7413: 7406: 7386: 7352: 7348:New York Times 7328: 7326:(Wiley, 2011). 7315: 7302: 7289: 7284:Three Soldiers 7274: 7261: 7248: 7222: 7192: 7172: 7163: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7107: 7077: 7050: 7030: 6963: 6956: 6938: 6917: 6901: 6865: 6814: 6793: 6776: 6756: 6732: 6719: 6706: 6693: 6680: 6655: 6637: 6628: 6616: 6592: 6569: 6549: 6518: 6487: 6441: 6434: 6416: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6362:Chicano poetry 6354: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6222:South Carolina 6218:North Carolina 6177: 6172: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6113: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6090:O. Henry Award 6087: 6085:Pushcart Prize 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6052:Pulitzer Prize 6049: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6010: 6007:Joseph Brodsky 6003: 5992: 5985: 5982:John Steinbeck 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5947:Eugene O'Neill 5943: 5940:Sinclair Lewis 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5851:Related topics 5848: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5732:Indian English 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5609: 5608: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5563:Deconstruction 5560: 5555: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5474: 5471: 5408:Sherman Alexie 5384:Louise Erdrich 5374:Gerald Vizenor 5342:In the Heights 5217:Oscar Hijuelos 5213:Cuban American 5189:social outcast 5054:Sherman Alexie 5036:Carlos Bulosan 4995:A Gesture Life 4989:Native Speaker 4955:, in 2000 for 4844: 4841: 4817:Ethnic Studies 4789: 4786: 4631:Eugene O'Neill 4620:minstrel shows 4600:Main article: 4597: 4594: 4592:, and others. 4550: 4547: 4545:, and others. 4511:Allen Ginsberg 4388:Richard Wilbur 4361: 4358: 4350:The Waste Land 4346:The Waste Land 4327:E. E. Cummings 4323:Marianne Moore 4266:The Waste Land 4232: 4229: 4210:D. H. Lawrence 4192:Song of Myself 4123:Fireside Poets 4107: 4104: 4092:Philip Freneau 4087: 4084: 4076:Nicholas Noyes 4041:Bay Psalm Book 4008:Main article: 4005: 4002: 3949: 3946: 3924:Louise Erdrich 3900:Michael Chabon 3702:bildungsromans 3697:Border Trilogy 3684:As I Lay Dying 3678:Blood Meridian 3618:Virginia Woolf 3593:The Bluest Eye 3520:Thomas Pynchon 3501: 3498: 3473: 3470: 3458:Raymond Carver 3403: 3400: 3374:Joseph McElroy 3366:Thomas Pynchon 3350:William Gaddis 3319:Richard Wright 3303:'s 1952 novel 3213:Rabbit at Rest 3207:Rabbit is Rich 3128:Allen Ginsberg 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2926:Nathanael West 2881:John Steinbeck 2857: 2854: 2837:As I Lay Dying 2782:Isadora Duncan 2769:U.S.A. trilogy 2764:Three Soldiers 2751:Sinclair Lewis 2684:Gertrude Stein 2664: 2661: 2617:Ida M. Tarbell 2575:Upton Sinclair 2538: 2535: 2521:Edward Bellamy 2517: 2514: 2490:Hamlin Garland 2296: 2293: 2267:(1859–62) and 2217:Harriet Jacobs 2202: 2201:Ethnic writers 2199: 2106:and his paper 2089:'s two-volume 1867: 1864: 1687:in 1792–1815; 1565:Susanna Rowson 1538: 1535: 1503:The Federalist 1474: 1471: 1361:John Dickinson 1335: 1332: 1322:published his 1242:Samuel Willard 1234:Thomas Shepard 1131:Nathaniel Ward 1127:Roger Williams 1125:. Others like 1109:Winthrop Fleet 1084:Edward Winslow 1054: 1051: 962: 959: 941:Pulitzer Prize 900: 897: 847: 844: 839:Main article: 836: 833: 782:Eugene O'Neill 742:John Steinbeck 734:E. E. Cummings 542: 541: 539: 538: 531: 524: 516: 513: 512: 500: 499: 498: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 459: 458: 450: 449: 448: 447: 442: 437: 432: 431: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 400: 395: 390: 382: 381: 377: 376: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 358: 357: 352: 342: 337: 332: 327: 319: 318: 314: 313: 312: 311: 306: 305: 304: 294: 289: 281: 280: 276: 275: 265: 264: 252: 251: 212:John Steinbeck 197: 196: 195: 186: 185: 177: 176: 175: 166: 165: 157: 156: 155: 146: 145: 137: 136: 135: 134: 133: 128: 127: 110:September 2020 42: 40: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11889: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11735: 11730: 11724: 11723:United States 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11591: 11586: 11584: 11579: 11577: 11572: 11571: 11568: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11515:English drama 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11496: 11486: 11485:South African 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11423: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11319:Arab American 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11224: 11219: 11217: 11212: 11210: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11171: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11159: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11063:Energy policy 11061: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11005: 11004:incarceration 11002: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10909: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10889:Prenatal care 10887: 10885: 10884:Birth control 10882: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10821:Homeownership 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10545: 10544:working class 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10504:homeownership 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10284:Manufacturing 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10234: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10212:Third parties 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9975: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9639: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9586: 9580: 9579:U.S. attorney 9577: 9575: 9572: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9524:Chief Justice 9522: 9521: 9520: 9519:Supreme Court 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9424:Public policy 9422: 9420: 9419:Civil service 9417: 9415: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9087:Sierra Nevada 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9025:insular zones 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8896:War on Terror 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8876:LGBT Movement 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8532: 8531:United States 8525: 8520: 8518: 8513: 8511: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8423:Van Doren, C. 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8355: 8350: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8224: 8216: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8184:, p. 107 8183: 8178: 8171: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8144: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8103: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8084: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8047: 8044:Hugh Kenner, 8041: 8034: 8028: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7972: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7902: 7898: 7895:(1): 85–107. 7894: 7890: 7886: 7879: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7830: 7814: 7812:9781496208750 7808: 7804: 7803: 7795: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7601: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7532: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7506: 7497: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7430: 7423: 7417: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7390: 7374: 7370: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7332: 7325: 7319: 7312: 7306: 7299: 7293: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7265: 7258: 7252: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7111: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7034: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6959: 6957:080-5-7723-08 6953: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6931: 6921: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6858:September 21, 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6736: 6729: 6723: 6716: 6710: 6703: 6697: 6690: 6684: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6632: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526:MacKay, K.L. 6522: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6435:0-226-46969-7 6431: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6238:West Virginia 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6114: 6111: 6100: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6014:Toni Morrison 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5954:Pearl S. Buck 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5625:South African 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558:Structuralism 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5438:Mourning Dove 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5416:), and poets 5415: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5389:Love Medicine 5385: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5265:Rosario Ferré 5262: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5197:Julia Alvarez 5194: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5153:Denise Chavez 5150: 5149: 5145: 5144:bildungsroman 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5116:Rudolfo Anaya 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5073:Jhumpa Lahiri 5070: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4984:Chang-Rae Lee 4981: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4884:Joseph Heller 4881: 4880:Norman Mailer 4877: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4778:August Wilson 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4750:Arthur Miller 4747: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4667:minstrel show 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4608: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4586:Alex Dimitrov 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574:Saul Williams 4571: 4570:Amanda Gorman 4563: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4544: 4543:Robert Pinsky 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4497:Robert Lowell 4494: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4440:The Wild Iris 4437: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4426:James Merrill 4423: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4396:John Berryman 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4311:(1917–1969). 4310: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4282:New Hampshire 4278: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4239:First edition 4237: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4215:By contrast, 4213: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054:Edward Taylor 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3991:Maggie Nelson 3988: 3984: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3915:Tree of Smoke 3911: 3910:Denis Johnson 3907: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3821: 3820:The Pale King 3816: 3815: 3814:Infinite Jest 3810: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3784:Jhumpa Lahiri 3781: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3715:; and in the 3714: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3699:(1992–98) of 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3588:Toni Morrison 3585: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532:ideogrammatic 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516:postmodernism 3510: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478:James Baldwin 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3408: 3402:Short fiction 3399: 3397: 3396: 3395:The Lime Twig 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3306:Invisible Man 3302: 3301:Ralph Ellison 3293: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3181:In contrast, 3175: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3072:J.D. Salinger 3069: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3044:The Moviegoer 3040: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3023:Joseph Heller 3020: 3019: 3014: 3013:Norman Mailer 3009: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2994:Norman Mailer 2991: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2896:Tortilla Flat 2892: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818:Mississippian 2815: 2811: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2719:Abraham Cahan 2715: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609:Edwin Markham 2606: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2598:The Iron Heel 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2558:Edith Wharton 2555: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2509:Jason Edwards 2505: 2504:Prairie Folks 2501: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2455:Sister Carrie 2451: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2438:Stephen Crane 2435: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2392:Abraham Cahan 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:Martin Delany 2258: 2254: 2253:Frank J. Webb 2250: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235:George Copway 2232: 2228: 2227:William Apess 2224: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2109:The Liberator 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072:George Ripley 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977:Davy Crockett 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:George Tucker 1849: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816:Omar ibn Said 1813: 1810:in 1831, and 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794:in 1827, and 1793: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1766:in 1825, and 1765: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1714:in 1834, and 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1662:Arthur Mervyn 1658: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1527:Patrick Henry 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:James Madison 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1468: 1467:Carl Linnaeus 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1448:Autobiography 1445: 1441: 1440:Enlightenment 1437: 1433: 1432:Cotton Mather 1429: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:John Trumbull 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1375:. 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Tan 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:Daniel Gookin 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:Thomas Morton 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:John Winthrop 1065: 1064: 1059: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023:Daniel Denton 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1001: 1000:New Amsterdam 996: 992: 991:oral literary 987: 983: 975: 971: 967: 958: 956: 955: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 934:Simon Pokagon 931: 929: 925: 920: 916: 912: 906: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 842: 832: 830: 826: 825:Toni Morrison 822: 821:James Baldwin 818: 817:Ralph Ellison 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 795: 791: 790:Arthur Miller 787: 783: 779: 778: 773: 769: 768: 763: 762:Joseph Heller 759: 758: 753: 752:Norman Mailer 749: 748: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 710: 705: 704: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 675: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 648: 644: 643: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 537: 532: 530: 525: 523: 518: 517: 515: 514: 511: 506: 502: 501: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 460: 457: 452: 451: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 384: 383: 379: 378: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 321: 320: 316: 315: 310: 307: 303: 300: 299: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 284: 283: 282: 278: 277: 271: 267: 266: 263: 261:United States 254: 253: 250: 245: 244: 238: 233: 225: 221: 217: 216:Toni Morrison 213: 209: 205: 200: 190: 181: 170: 161: 150: 141: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 26: 22: 11831:Sint Maarten 11811:Saint Martin 11734:Dependencies 11722: 11300: 11105:Human rights 11085:Gun politics 11036:Islamophobia 11026:antisemitism 10894:Hospice care 10836:Middle class 10816:Homelessness 10793:Social class 10753:Social class 10643: 10617:Human rights 10607:Homelessness 10519:middle class 10484:Demographics 10459:Architecture 10366:Unemployment 10346:Labor unions 10094:Town meeting 10071:City council 10066:City manager 9807:State police 9669:Marine Corps 9659:Armed Forces 9634:civil rights 9614:Constitution 9186:Southwestern 9181:Southeastern 9171:Northwestern 9166:Northeastern 9131:Mid-Atlantic 9121:Great Plains 8839:World War II 8722:Constitution 8626:Colonial era 8605:2008–present 8477:Bartleby.com 8475:– via 8468: 8450: 8426: 8411:Trent, W. 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Retrieved 6500: 6490: 6479:, retrieved 6454: 6444: 6425: 6419: 6407: 6028:Louise Glück 6023:(songwriter) 5949:(playwright) 5640: 5578:Postcolonial 5466: 5462: 5458:Arabian Jazz 5456: 5442: 5411: 5401: 5387: 5377: 5367: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5322: 5319:Pedro Pietri 5313: 5304: 5290: 5282: 5272: 5269:René Marqués 5260:Yo-Yo Boing! 5258: 5248: 5230: 5220: 5206: 5200: 5182: 5173: 5166: 5156: 5146: 5129: 5119: 5109: 5106:Tomás Rivera 5103: 5092: 5084:The Namesake 5082: 5076: 5067: 5057: 5008:Li-Young Lee 5004:Marilyn Chin 4999: 4993: 4987: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4956: 4942: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4873: 4861: 4855: 4813: 4782:Tony Kushner 4766:Edward Albee 4759: 4753: 4743: 4736: 4730: 4715: 4710: 4700: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4643: 4625: 4616:Lewis Hallam 4613: 4567: 4549:21st century 4531:Louise Glück 4527:Sylvia Plath 4502:Life Studies 4500: 4493:confessional 4490: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4443: 4439: 4436:Louise Glück 4429: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4391: 4383: 4373: 4366:John Ashbery 4363: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4316: 4306: 4296: 4290: 4280: 4274: 4271:Robert Frost 4264: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4231:20th century 4214: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4177:Walt Whitman 4169:Walt Whitman 4167: 4120: 4115:Walt Whitman 4106:19th century 4089: 4086:18th century 4071: 4065: 4057: 4039: 4037: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3937: 3927: 3913: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3880: 3874: 3860: 3850: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3802: 3788: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3731: 3720: 3706: 3705:, including 3700: 3689:Judge Holden 3682: 3676: 3673:Epic Western 3666: 3660: 3642: 3625: 3621: 3614:Harold Bloom 3607: 3601: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3578:(1997), and 3573: 3567: 3561: 3547: 3544:postcolonial 3536:anachronisms 3513: 3486:Susan Sontag 3475: 3462:Tobias Wolff 3454:John Cheever 3450:Eudora Welty 3439: 3433: 3415: 3411:Lorrie Moore 3393: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3339:autodidactic 3332: 3326: 3304: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3276:(1969), and 3271: 3248: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3211: 3205: 3186: 3180: 3151: 3141: 3138:Jack Kerouac 3131: 3124:Zen Buddhism 3118: 3112: 3101: 3095: 3087:The Bell Jar 3085: 3082:Sylvia Plath 3075: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3049:Walker Percy 3042: 3036: 3026: 3016: 3010: 2999: 2973:Black Spring 2971: 2965: 2962:Henry Miller 2960: 2952: 2946: 2939: 2929: 2923: 2914:East of Eden 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2875: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2808: 2797: 2791: 2786: 2762: 2744: 2741:the Jazz Age 2734: 2702: 2687: 2681: 2653:Willa Cather 2650: 2635: 2628: 2602: 2596: 2582: 2572: 2565: 2551: 2528: 2519: 2516:Social novel 2507: 2503: 2497: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2464:Frank Norris 2453: 2447: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2425:Daisy Miller 2423: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2396: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2308: 2304:Willa Cather 2282: 2272: 2264: 2256: 2246: 2238: 2230: 2220: 2210: 2204: 2192: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2121: 2107: 2100:abolitionism 2097: 2090: 2084: 2057: 2035: 2029: 1997: 1962: 1936: 1926: 1919: 1916:Natty Bumppo 1909: 1903: 1897: 1879: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1835: 1834:in 1834 and 1831: 1812:Westward Ho! 1811: 1807: 1803: 1796:The Linwoods 1795: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1767: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1728:in 1824 and 1725: 1717:The Yemassee 1715: 1711: 1708:Martin Faber 1707: 1706:, who wrote 1701: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1678: 1673: 1667: 1660: 1656:Edgar Huntly 1654: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1633: 1630:The Coquette 1629: 1627: 1609:The Coquette 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1582:and a half, 1578: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1555: 1547: 1540: 1531: 1484: 1458: 1452: 1447: 1435: 1428:Isaac Newton 1424: 1401: 1394: 1390:Common Sense 1388: 1382: 1376: 1373:Thomas Paine 1353:Samuel Adams 1350: 1342: 1327: 1323: 1320:Samson Occom 1313: 1295: 1288: 1282: 1273: 1263: 1260:William Byrd 1254: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1200:(1702), the 1195: 1188: 1184:Stephen Daye 1177: 1147: 1138: 1120: 1098: 1087: 1075: 1069: 1061: 1035:George Percy 1031:William Penn 1018: 1014: 1008: 1004: 986:Pennsylvania 979: 973: 952: 938: 927: 923: 914: 910: 908: 885:storytelling 879: 798: 775: 765: 755: 745: 744:, author of 726:Robert Frost 707: 701: 679: 672: 657:Walt Whitman 650: 640: 625:abolitionism 618: 617:, author of 588: 577:Thomas Paine 563: 546: 545: 344: 325:Architecture 246: 220:Louise Glück 198: 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 11801:Puerto Rico 11708:Saint Lucia 11658:El Salvador 11455:Bangladeshi 11439:New Zealand 11359:New England 11274:Romanticism 11264:Restoration 11259:Elizabethan 11244:Old English 11110:Immigration 11041:LGBT rights 10943:Food safety 10778:Video games 10371:Wall Street 10351:Public debt 10254:Agriculture 10190:nationalism 9902:Uniform act 9824:Legislative 9731:Territorial 9689:Coast Guard 9684:Space Force 9434:Legislative 9229:Red (South) 9219:Mississippi 9141:New England 9077:Appalachian 9047:Earthquakes 8944:Discoveries 8939:Demographic 8881:Vietnam War 8824:World War I 8819:Imperialism 8769:Indian Wars 8744:War of 1812 8415:Erskine, J. 8268:October 12, 8182:Madsen 2000 8017:January 24, 7746:December 2, 7589:December 4, 7554:December 4, 7486:December 4, 7379:December 3, 7241:January 29, 7215:October 17, 6542:December 3, 6511:December 4, 6214:Mississippi 5989:Saul Bellow 5961:T. S. Eliot 5832:New Zealand 5819:Australasia 5418:Simon Ortiz 5398:James Welch 5287:José Rivera 5142:whose 1983 5126:Luis Valdez 5032:Toshio Mori 5028:Sui Sin Far 5012:Kimiko Hahn 4927:(1980) and 4907:The Promise 4892:Chaim Potok 4888:Philip Roth 4876:Saul Bellow 4774:David Mamet 4770:Sam Shepard 4733:James Herne 4726:local color 4639:Nobel Prize 4582:Saeed Jones 4578:Ocean Vuong 4539:Gary Snyder 4535:Mary Oliver 4523:Anne Sexton 4519:Gary Snyder 4474:Robert Hass 4466:Mark Strand 4454:W.S. Merwin 4404:A.R. Ammons 4342:T. S. Eliot 4279:(1914) and 4261:T. S. Eliot 4253:(1923) and 3995:Chris Kraus 3987:Sheila Heti 3963:Autofiction 3957:Chris Kraus 3948:Autofiction 3887:tragicomedy 3835:(1999) and 3773:Falling Man 3770:(1991) and 3738:White Noise 3733:Don DeLillo 3606:(1977) and 3528:metafiction 3494:Joan Didion 3386:John Hawkes 3382:Don DeLillo 3358:(1955) and 3315:existential 3251:Philip Roth 3236:(1986) and 3210:(1981) and 3188:Rabbit, Run 3183:John Updike 3168:John Updike 3153:Naked Lunch 3143:On the Road 3064:(1953) and 3056:Saul Bellow 3031:(1961) and 2970:(1934) and 2908:Cannery Row 2774:Eugene Debs 2714:T. S. Eliot 2689:Three Lives 2642:Sui Sin Far 2593:Jack London 2482:(1901) and 2420:Henry James 2233:(1829) and 2215:(1845) and 2000:New England 1973:New England 1791:Hope Leslie 1769:Rachel Dyer 1749:Seventy-Six 1519:Fisher Ames 1408:Nathan Hale 1402:During the 1141:mocked the 1047:John Lawson 1043:Daniel Coxe 1027:Thomas Ashe 1017:(1608) and 943:in 1969 to 813:Ocean Vuong 770:(1961) and 722:T. S. 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Rodopi. 7773:(4): 763. 7685:August 19, 7654:August 16, 7623:August 16, 7156:August 10, 7060:1043364329 6501:Britannica 6039:See also: 6016:(novelist) 5991:(novelist) 5984:(novelist) 5977:(novelist) 5970:(novelist) 5942:(novelist) 5827:Australian 5811:Vietnamese 5583:Electronic 5573:Postmodern 5480:History of 5426:Zitkala-Sa 5274:The Oxcart 5243:Celeste Ng 5179:Junot Díaz 5040:John Okada 5024:Frank Chin 4901:The Chosen 4421:The Waking 4308:The Cantos 4303:Ezra Pound 4298:The Bridge 4287:Hart Crane 4129:, regular 4029:Title page 3999:Ben Lerner 3791:digression 3750:Underworld 3691:"short of 3482:Gore Vidal 3435:Wise Blood 3328:Native Son 3267:alter egos 3222:Henry Bech 3158:hard drugs 3108:Harper Lee 3106:(1960) by 3002:modernists 2949:James Agee 2877:Depression 2826:Deep South 2706:Ezra Pound 2584:The Jungle 2579:muckraking 2554:naturalist 2496:farmers. 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