American literature

1882: 977: 2679: 2736: 160: 5250: 1626: 5061: 1453:, impacted the authority of clergyman and scripture, making way for democratic principles. The increase in population helped account for the greater diversity of opinion in religious and political life, as seen in the literature of this time. In 1670, the population of the colonies numbered approximately 111,000. Thirty years later, it was more than 250,000. By 1760, it reached 1,600,000. The growth of communities, and therefore social life, led people to become more interested in the progress of individuals and their shared experience in the colonies. These new ideas can be seen in the popularity of 4122: 3964: 281: 4026: 2553: 516: 2141: 180: 3645: 1945:. Neal criticized Irving and Cooper for relying on old British conventions of authorship to frame American phenomena, arguing that "to succeed ... must resemble nobody ... must be unlike all that have gone before " and issue "another Declaration of Independence, in the great Republic of Letters." As a pioneer of the literary device he referred to "natural writing", Neal was "the first in America to be natural in his diction" and his work represents "the first deviation from ... Irvingesque graciousness." 243: 191: 1489: 6115: 5901: 2032: 6129: 4036: 3001: 3791: 3516: 2878: 151: 1069: 4565: 2311: 1017:

literature was larger than what was published in North America. However, printing was established in the American colonies before it was allowed in most of England. In England, restrictive laws had long confined printing to four locations, where the government could monitor what was published: London, York, Oxford, and Cambridge. Because of this, the colonies ventured into the modern world earlier than their provincial English counterparts.

47: 171: 2801:(1899–1961) saw violence and death as an ambulance driver in World War I, and the carnage persuaded him that abstract language was empty and misleading. He cut out unnecessary words from his writing, simplified sentence structure, and concentrated on concrete objects and actions. He adhered to a moral code that emphasized grace under pressure, and his protagonists were strong, silent men who often dealt awkwardly with women. 2433:(1843–1916) confronted the Old World-New World dilemma by writing directly about it. Although he was born in New York City, James spent most of his adult life in England. Many of his novels center on Americans who live in or travel to Europe. With its intricate, highly qualified sentences and dissection of emotional and psychological nuance, James's fiction can be daunting. Among his more accessible works are the novellas 200: 3375:(1975) are presented largely in terms of unattributed dialog that requires almost unexampled reader participation. Gaddis's primary themes include forgery, capitalism, religious zealotry, and the legal system, constituting a sustained polyphonic critique of modern American life. Gaddis's work, though largely ignored for years, anticipated and influenced the development of such ambitious "postmodern" fiction writers as 3185: 3418: 1304:(1782) addresses the question "What is an American?", by moving between praise for the opportunities and peace offered in the new society and recognition that the solid life of the farmer must rest, uneasily, between the oppressive aspects of the urban life and the lawless aspects of the frontier, where the lack of social structures leads to the loss of civilized living. 3611:, the novel, widely studied in American schools, includes an elaborate description of incestuous rape and explores the conventions of beauty established by a historically racist society, painting a portrait of a self-immolating black family in search of beauty in whiteness. Since then, Morrison has experimented with lyric fantasy, as in her two best-known later works, 2346:(1884). Twain's style – influenced by journalism, wedded to the vernacular, direct and unadorned but also highly evocative and irreverently humorous – changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents. 4752:(1890), which addressed issues of social determinism through realistic dialogue, psychological insight, and symbolism. The play was not successful, and both critics and audiences thought it dwelt too much on unseemly topics and included improper scenes, such as the main character nursing her husband's illegitimate child onstage. 3980:, the autofictional subgenre blends autobiography and fiction, thereby allowing authors to go beyond the limitations of form and substance imposed by these genres. A well-established term in the French literary world, it has been less discussed in American literary criticism, despite the recent proliferation of such novels. 2194:(1851) became not only an adventure tale about the pursuit of a white whale, but also an exploration of obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. It was a critical and commercial failure, as were his subsequent novels. He turned to poetry and did not return to fiction until the short novel 3303: 2760:, is the tendency of youth's golden dreams to dissolve in failure and disappointment. Fitzgerald also dwells on the collapse of long-held American Ideals, such as liberty, social unity, good governance and peace, features which were severely threatened by the pressures of modern early 20th century society. 1350: 3987:

American autofiction is best regarded less as a form which interrogates the complex workings of memory and their effect on subjectivity and more as evidence of the preoccupation with the conditions of authorship, especially institutional, which has characterized American writing in the late twentieth

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is a seduction tale, written in the third person, which warns against listening to the voice of love and counsels resistance. She also wrote nine novels, six theatrical works, two collections of poetry, six textbooks, and countless songs. Reaching more than a million and a half readers over a century

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essential goodness of humanity. Sentimentalism is often thought to be a reaction against the Calvinistic belief in the depravity of human nature. While many of these novels were popular, the economic infrastructure of the time did not allow these writers to make a living through their writing alone.

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are novels that treat the right of women to live as equals as the new democratic experiment. These novels are of the sentimental genre, characterized by overindulgence in emotion, an invitation to listen to the voice of reason against misleading passions, as well as an optimistic overemphasis on the

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One of the developments in late-20th-century American literature was the increase of literature written by and about ethnic minorities beyond African Americans and Jewish Americans. This development came alongside the growth of the Civil Rights Movement and its corollary, the ethnic pride movement,

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During the 18th century, writing shifted from the Puritanism of Winthrop and Bradford to Enlightenment ideas of reason. The belief that human and natural occurrences were messages from God no longer fit with the budding anthropocentric culture. Many intellectuals believed that the human mind could

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demonstrate the growth of an international perspective in American literature. American writers had long looked to European models for inspiration, but whereas the literary breakthroughs of the mid-19th century came from finding distinctly American styles and themes, writers from this period were

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was published in 1797 and was extremely popular. Told from Foster's point of view and based on the real life of Eliza Whitman, the novel is about a woman who is seduced and abandoned. Eliza is a "coquette" who is courted by two very different men: a clergyman who offers her a comfortable domestic

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From 1696 to 1700, only about 250 separate items were issued from the major printing presses in the American colonies. This is a small number, compared to the output of the printers in London at the time. London printers published materials written by New England authors, so, the body of American

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American dramatic literature, by contrast, remained dependent on European models, although many playwrights did attempt to apply these forms to American topics and themes, such as immigrants, westward expansion, temperance, etc. At the same time, American playwrights created several long-lasting

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In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the first American novels were published. These fictions were too lengthy to be printed for public reading. Publishers took a chance on these works in hopes they would become steady sellers and need to be reprinted. This scheme was ultimately successful

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tribes. However, with the onset of English settlement of North America, the English language established a foothold in North America that would spread with the growth of England's political influence in the continent and the continued arrival of settlers from the British Isles. This included the

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observes and depicts the lives of three struggling tenant-farming families in Alabama in 1936. Combining factual reporting with poetic beauty, Agee presented an accurate and detailed report of what he had seen coupled with insight into his feelings about the experience and the difficulties of

4247: 4859: 2201:, which he left unfinished at his death in 1891. In it, Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of war. His more profound books sold poorly, and he had been long forgotten by the time of his death. He was rediscovered in the 1920s. 3280:

of Roth. With these techniques, and armed with his articulate and fast-paced style, Roth explores the distinction between reality and fiction in literature while provocatively examining American culture. His most famous work includes the Zuckerman novels, the controversial

4200:, in which he uses a free-flowing verse and lines of irregular length to depict the all-inclusiveness of American democracy. Taking that motif one step further, the poet equates the vast range of American experience with himself without being egotistical. For example, in 3215:. Notable among Updike's characteristic innovations was his use of present-tense narration, his rich, stylized language, and his attention to sensual detail. His work is also deeply imbued with Christian themes. The two final installments of the Rabbit series, 2782:

which extended into the Depression. Experimental in form, the U.S.A. trilogy weaves together various narrative strands, which alternate with contemporary news reports, snatches of the author's autobiography, and capsule biographies of public figures including

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referred to the countercultural rhythm of the Jazz scene, to a sense of rebellion regarding the conservative stress of post-war society, and to an interest in new forms of spiritual experience through drugs, alcohol, philosophy, and religion (specifically

3828:(1996), a futuristic portrait of America and a playful critique of the media-saturated nature of American life, has been consistently ranked among the most important works of the 20th century, and his final novel, unfinished at the time of his death, 999:

was in German and was the largest book printed in any of the colonies before the American Revolution. Spanish and French had two of the strongest colonial literary traditions in the areas that now comprise the United States. Moreover, a wealth of

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stands out as a theologian and historian, who wrote the history of the colonies with a view to God's activity in their midst and to connecting the Puritan leaders with the great heroes of the Christian faith. His best-known works include the

4136:(also known as the Schoolroom or Household Poets) were some of America's first major poets domestically and internationally. They were known for their poems being easy to memorize due to their general adherence to poetic form (standard 3206:

over the course of four decades against the backdrop of the major events of the second half of the 20th century, broke new ground on its release in its characterization and detail of the American middle class and frank discussion of

4234:. Her poetry is ingenious, witty, and penetrating. Her work was unconventional for its day, and little of it was published during her lifetime. Many of her poems dwell on the topic of death, often with a mischievous twist. One, " 1543:

Early American literature struggled to find a unique voice in existing literary genre, and this tendency was reflected in novels. European styles were frequently imitated, but critics usually considered the imitations inferior.

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life and a noted libertine. Unable to choose between them, she finds herself single when both men get married. She eventually yields to the artful libertine and gives birth to an illegitimate stillborn child at an inn.

2975:'s semi-autobiographical novels of sexual exploration, written and published in Paris, were deemed pornographic and officially banned from the United States until 1962. By then, the themes and stylistic innovations in 8494: 4238:", begins, "He kindly stopped for me". The opening of another Dickinson poem toys with her position as a woman in a male-dominated society and an unrecognized poet: "I'm nobody! Who are you? / Are you nobody too?" 2904:(1939), considered his masterpiece, is a strong, socially-oriented novel of the Joads, a poor family from Oklahoma and their journey to California in search of a better life. Other of his popular novels include 2160:, a volume rich in symbolism and occult incidents. Hawthorne went on to write full-length "romances", quasi-allegorical novels that explore the themes of guilt, pride, and emotional repression. His masterpiece, 8272: 2714:

The 1920s brought sharp changes to American literature. Many writers had direct experience of the First World War, and they used it to frame their writings. Writers like Henry James, Gertrude Stein, and poets

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and is usually considered his masterpiece. It was also the runner-up in a survey that asked writers to identify the most important work of fiction of the last 25 years. Among his other important novels are

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Longfellow achieved the highest level of acclaim and is often considered the first internationally acclaimed American poet, being the first American poet given a bust in Westminster Abbey's Poets' Corner.

3943:, a distinctly Faulknerian, polyphonic examination of the tribal experience set against the backdrop of murder in the fictional town of Pluto, North Dakota, was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize, and her 3455:(1960), with deeply religious themes, focusing particularly on the search for truth and religious skepticism against the backdrop of the nuclear age. Other important practitioners of the form include 995:

have often been regarded as the center of early American literature. However, the first European settlements in North America had been founded elsewhere, many years earlier. The first item printed in

2898:, where he was born. His style was simple and evocative, winning him the favor of the readers but not of the critics. His poor, working-class characters struggled to lead a decent and honest life. 11851: 2051:, which argued that men should dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and interacting with the natural world. He expanded his influence with his lecture " 8737: 3175: 11846: 11826: 3758:. He is listed by Harold Bloom as being among the preeminent contemporary American writers, in the company of such figures as Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, and Thomas Pynchon. His 1997 novel 9457: 3081:(1964), Bellow painted vivid portraits of Jewish life in America that opened the way for further work. He was honored by the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976. Other noteworthy novels are 2728:

finding ways of contributing to a flourishing international literary scene, not as imitators but as equals. Something similar was happening back in the States, as Jewish writers (such as

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programs in most major universities. These programs helped establish the new ethnic literature as worthy objects of academic study, alongside such other new areas of literary study as

902:, prior to the arrival of European colonists. The traditional territories of some tribes traverse national boundaries and such literature is not homogeneous but reflects the different 11776: 11713: 3900:

about the disintegrating Lambert family, has been called "the literary phenomenon of decade" and was ranked as one of the greatest novels of the past century. In 2010, he published

2188:, adventure tales based loosely on his own life at sea and jumping ship to live among South Sea natives. Becoming a friend of Hawthorne's in 1850, Melville was inspired by his work. 7383: 7219: 11623: 11816: 9822: 4081:(1660), describes the time of judgment. It was published in the same year that anti-Puritan Charles II was restored to the British throne. He followed it two years later with 2222: 4351:

Pound's poetry is complex and sometimes obscure, with references to other art forms and to a vast range of Western and Eastern literature. He influenced many poets, notably

2503:(1860–1940) wrote about the problems of American farmers and other social issues from a naturalist perspective. Garland is best known for his fiction involving hard-working 1122:) in 1630. This work outlined the ideal society that he and the other Separatists would build, in an attempt to realize a "Puritan utopia". Other religious writers included 2055:", delivered in Cambridge in 1837, which called upon Americans to create a uniquely American writing style. Both the nation and the individual should declare independence. 7097:"Summary of Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831. Ed. John Franklin Jameson. From The American Historical Review, 30, No. 4. (July 1925), 787–795" 7241: 3435:

esthetic in which characters acted at one level as people and at another as symbols. A devout Catholic, O'Connor often imbued her stories, among them the widely studied "

11841: 11836: 11821: 9539: 4059:; however, the translators' intention was not to create literature, but to create hymns that could be used in worship. Among lyric poets, the most important figures are 1622:

is praised for its demonstration of the era's contradictory ideas of womanhood. even as it has been criticized for delegitimizing protest against women's subordination.

4359:, he embodied a jaundiced vision of post–World War I society in fragmented, haunted images. Like Pound's, Eliot's poetry could be highly allusive, and some editions of 11806: 9544: 8264: 3293:(1959). Among the most decorated American writers of his generation, he has won every major American literary award, including the Pulitzer Prize for his major novel 11796: 11718: 9639: 8979: 8849: 3403:

addresses themes of violence and eroticism and experiments audaciously with narrative voice and style. Among his most important works is the short nightmarish novel

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plays, it also showed up in the more subdued, less romantic tone that reflected the effects of the Civil War and continued social turmoil on the American psyche.

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education in the segregated South, fictionalizing and exaggerating some elements as he saw fit. Because of its polemical themes and Wright's involvement with the

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At the beginning of the 20th century, American novelists were expanding fiction to encompass a broader range of experiences, and sometimes connected these to the

10229: 9109: 2106:(1835 and 1840) described his travels through the young nation, making observations about the relations between American politics, individualism, and community. 1554: 878: 4735:. Although realism was most influential in set design and staging—audiences loved the special effects offered up by the popular melodramas—and in the growth of 11781: 11771: 11766: 11756: 11673: 11633: 10988: 9716: 9484: 9318: 8974: 7350: 5929: 2707:, jazz, and other movements in contemporary art and music. Stein labeled a group of expatriate literary figures who lived in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s the " 544: 11658: 10005: 9572: 9462: 4962:

who has to wait 18 years to divorce his wife for another woman, all the while having to worry about persecution for his protracted affair, and twice won the

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described the Southern landscape and the Indian tribes he encountered; Bartram's book was popular in Europe, being translated into German, French and Dutch.

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about falsified intelligence during Vietnam both won the National Book Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and was called by critic

2067:, a nonconformist and critic of American commercial culture. After living mostly by himself for two years in a nearby cabin by a wooded pond, Thoreau wrote 11061: 9340: 933: 1020:

Some American literature of the time consisted of pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonial audience.

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In late 20th century and early 21st century, there has been increased popular and academic acceptance of literature written by immigrant, ethnic, and

9479: 9266: 505: 2778:, describing scenes of blind hatred, stupidity, and criminality; and the suffocating regimentation of army life. He also wrote about the war in the 976: 9971: 9944: 9261: 8305: 8137: 7750: 7525: 4924:

After being relegated to cookbooks and autobiographies for most of the 20th century, Asian American literature achieved widespread notice through

3752:, a work broaching the subjects of death and consumerism and doubling as a piece of comic social criticism, began his writing career in 1971 with 10319: 10279: 8615: 3147:(1956), a work that begins: "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness". Among the achievements of the Beats, in the novel, are 1176: 7457: 6485: 1294:

As the colonies moved toward independence from Britain, an important discussion of American culture and identity came from the French immigrant

11598: 10127: 9045: 8532: 3167:(1959), a more experimental work structured as a series of vignettes relating, among other things, the narrator's travels and experiments with 6546: 4101:

The 18th century saw an increasing emphasis on America itself as fit subject matter for its poets. This trend is most evident in the works of

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in the early- to mid-nineteenth century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture, by criticizing predecessors, such as

11231: 9959: 9556: 9372: 9313: 8896: 8854: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 7583: 4877:(1991). She is the recipient of numerous awards including a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, and is regarded as a key figure in 4105:(1752–1832), who is also notable for the unusually sympathetic attitude to Native Americans, which was reflective of his skepticism toward 3915: 2831:

region of his own invention. He recorded his characters' seemingly unedited ramblings to represent their inner states, a technique called "

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A Voyage to the Moon: With Some Account of the Manners and Customs, Science and Philosophy, of the People of Morosofia, and Other Lunarians

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capturing it for a broad audience. In doing so, he created an enduring portrait of a nearly invisible segment of the American population.

1603:. Although Rowson was extremely popular in her time and is often acknowledged in accounts of the development of the early American novel, 11083: 10926: 10821: 10566: 10304: 9424: 9335: 9077: 9062: 8944: 7211: 4223:

wrote that Whitman "was the first to smash the old moral conception that the soul of man is something 'superior' and 'above' the flesh."

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As one of the great works of the Revolutionary period was written by a Frenchman, so too was a work about America from this generation.

1895:, there was an increasing desire to produce a uniquely American literature and culture. Literary figures who took up the cause included 10909: 10424: 10419: 10409: 9782: 9511: 8759: 6515: 6079: 5922: 3919:(2000) tells the story of two friends, Joe Kavalier and Sam Clay, as they rise through the ranks of the comics industry in its heyday; 2170:

Massachusetts, about a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery with a minister who refuses to acknowledge his own sin.

537: 5212: 11078: 11021: 10914: 10743: 10185: 8688: 6143: 4043: 3834:(2011), has garnered much praise and attention. In addition to his novels, he also authored three acclaimed short story collections: 3601:, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, writing in a distinctive lyrical prose style, published her controversial debut novel, 3128:" developed, initially from a New York circle of intellectuals and then established more officially later in San Francisco. The term 1501: 1279:(1728) described the expedition to survey the swamp between Virginia and North Carolina but also comments on the differences between 1266:

New England was not the only area in the colonies with a literature: southern literature was also growing at this time. The diary of

4763:, as well as by the maturation of the American musical, which had found a way to integrate script, music and dance in such works as 3533:, a seminal practitioner of the form, drew in his work on modernist fixtures such as temporal distortion, unreliable narrators, and 1081:

The religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were important topics of early American literature. A journal written by

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Though its exact parameters remain disputable, from the early 1990s to the present day the most salient literary movement has been

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published in 1789. Brown's novel depicts a tragic love story between siblings who fell in love without knowing they were related.

111: 11031: 11004: 10963: 10958: 10931: 10861: 10748: 10544: 10351: 9939: 9763: 9661: 9293: 8213: 7720: 7658: 4873: 4459:(National Book Award, 2014), who is additionally the only living American author publishing primarily written poetry awarded the 4385: 3976:

is a literary movement that has gained steam in American literature throughout the 21st century. Coined in 1977 by French author

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The period of peace and debt-fueled economic expansion that followed WWI was the setting for many of the stories and novels of

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Stylistic and cultural diversity remain distinguishing features of American poetry. Notable poets of the 21st century include

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characterization, unrealistic names (Oedipa Maas, Benny Profane, etc.), plot elements and hyperbolic humor, deliberate use of

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was instantly recognized as among the most powerful and important works of the immediate post-war years. The story of a black

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in the urban north, the novel laid bare the often repressed racial tension that still prevailed while also succeeding as an

3272:, Roth's work is known to be highly autobiographical, and many of Roth's main characters, most famously the Jewish novelist 2581:(1920), centers on a man who chooses to marry a conventional, socially acceptable woman rather than a fascinating outsider. 11882: 11294: 11144: 11041: 10978: 10968: 10851: 10642: 10605: 10534: 10366: 10331: 9882: 9612: 9345: 9116: 9067: 9040: 8964: 8923: 7848: 6057: 5323: 5194: 1951:

was born in Boston but raised in Virginia and identified with the South. In 1832, he began writing short stories, such as "

1295: 866: 403: 90: 64: 35: 4186:(1830–1886), two of America's greatest 19th-century poets could hardly have been more different in temperament and style. 11100: 11088: 11026: 10783: 10274: 10173: 9770: 9429: 9325: 9209: 4155:"), as well as working with distinctly American themes, including some political issues such as abolition. They included 3666:

seizes on the literary traditions of several regions of the United States and includes multiple genres. He writes in the

3440: 1919:(1809). Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry, which evolved away from their European origins. Cooper's 8401: 11877: 11591: 11379: 11073: 11014: 10899: 10894: 10831: 10593: 10554: 10514: 10361: 10314: 10294: 9907: 9534: 9529: 9434: 9382: 8911: 8666: 8525: 8411: 7957: 6208: 5389: 5232: 4235: 3952: 2987:

had already set an example that paved the way for sexually frank novels of personal experience of the 1950s and 1960s.

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are esteemed works, with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American identity. Paine's pamphlet

1005: 8500: 11389: 11324: 11115: 11095: 11046: 11036: 10904: 10826: 10803: 10763: 10627: 10617: 10494: 10469: 10376: 10356: 9834: 9624: 9350: 8732: 7821: 7347: 6966: 6444: 6153: 6051: 4292: 3842: 2324:, 1835–1910) was among the first major American writers to be born away from the East Coast – in the border state of 2110: 2082: 635: 485: 335: 130: 97: 31: 2750:(1896–1940). Fitzgerald's work captured the restless, pleasure-hungry, defiant mood of the 1920s, a decade he named 11480: 11224: 11120: 11066: 11051: 10953: 10788: 10264: 10217: 10212: 10114: 10041: 9741: 9506: 9035: 7074: 7027: 6811:

Hamilton, Kristie. "An Assault on the Will: Republican Virtue and the City in Hannah Webster Foster's 'The Coquette

6396: 6304: 4210:, Whitman writes: "These are really the thoughts of all men in all ages and lands, they are not original with me". 1275: 874: 5121: 4656:

American character types, especially the "Yankee", the "Negro" and the "Indian", exemplified by the characters of

3736:(2007). His novels are noted for achieving both commercial and critical success, several of his works having been 814:

writers, and of writings in languages other than English. Examples of pioneers in these areas include LGBT author

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Born for the Shade: Stereotypes of the Native American in United States Literature and the Visual Arts, 1776–1894

7774:"Autofiction, Autobiografiction, Autofabrication, and Heterony: Differentiating Versions of the Autobiographical" 6595: 6316: 4355:(1888–1965), another expatriate. Eliot wrote spare, cerebral poetry, carried by a dense structure of symbols. In 2832: 1633: 1300: 1073: 480: 433: 418: 413: 340: 17: 6834: 5237: 5108:, released to widespread commercial and critical success, Lahiri shifts focus and treats the experiences of the 4109:. However, this late colonial-era poetry generally was influenced by contemporary poetry in Europe. The work of 1492:

The opening of the original printing of the Declaration, printed on July 4, 1776, under Jefferson's supervision.

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is one of the first in the canon of American literature, and has influenced a diverse range of subsequent works.

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In the postwar period, the art of the short story again flourished. Among its most respected practitioners was

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in 1664, with the English renaming it New York and changing the administrative language from Dutch to English.

377: 302: 68: 8017: 3890:, discussing the cultural role of the writer in the new millennium through the prism of his own frustrations. 2735: 1881: 1449:(1721). The enormous scientific, economic, social, and philosophical, changes of the 18th century, called the 950:

A significant event in the development of Native American literature in English came with the awarding of the

11663: 11584: 10889: 10753: 10669: 10600: 10571: 10509: 10399: 10371: 10015: 9387: 9280: 8518: 6328: 4736: 4260: 4005: 3967: 3718: 3071: 2519: 2459: 1964: 1942: 1224: 438: 408: 319: 3395:. Another neglected and challenging postwar American novelist, albeit one who wrote much shorter works, was 11872: 11490: 11339: 11184: 11177: 11110: 10973: 10856: 10778: 10768: 10622: 10583: 10539: 10499: 10456: 10404: 10336: 10309: 10269: 10247: 10056: 9870: 9817: 9750: 9607: 9563: 9491: 9412: 9330: 9141: 9005: 8834: 8742: 8550: 8320: 6384: 6294: 6277: 6168: 5851: 5791: 5784: 4612: 4572: 4152: 4106: 3333: 2964: 2640: 1979: 1127: 1105: 382: 350: 297: 266: 4491:, which won both the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award for Poetry in 2008 and 2007 respectively; and 3062:, winner of the National Book Award; his attempt at exploring "the dislocation of man in the modern age." 1679:

The first writer to be able to support himself through the income generated by his publications alone was

1625: 11426: 11319: 11217: 11105: 11056: 10871: 10773: 10696: 10578: 10474: 10299: 10284: 10222: 9857: 9812: 9619: 9501: 9355: 6340: 6299: 6163: 6085: 5505: 5370: 4959: 4816: 4808: 4455: 3249: 2385:). A version of local color regionalism that focused on minority experiences can be seen in the works of 1991: 1952: 1935:, 1826) treated uniquely American material in ways that were popular both in the new country and Europe. 1834: 1528:

presented a significant historical discussion of American government organization and republican values.

1308: 1137: 915: 455: 428: 8265:"Luis A. Miranda, Jr. Doesn't 'Need To Be Liked' but This New Documentary Will Make You Like Him Anyway" 7513: 5297: 5278:, best known for "Eccentric Neighborhoods". Puerto Rico has also produced important playwrights such as 4629:'s troupe in the mid-18th century and was very active in the 19th century, as seen by the popularity of 2298:(1854), which is considered the first American Indian novel but is also an early story that talks about 1553:

because male and female literacy rates were increasing at the time. Among the first American novels are

11384: 11359: 11349: 11009: 10879: 10711: 10691: 10679: 10489: 10479: 10161: 10066: 9679: 9669: 9196: 9191: 9181: 9176: 8698: 8403:

The Multilingual Anthology of American Literature: A Reader of Original Texts with English Translations

8119: 7742: 6311: 5869: 5547: 5542: 5526: 5521: 5168: 4812: 4254:

American poetry arguably reached its peak in the early-to-mid-20th century, with such noted writers as

4156: 3760: 3568: 3436: 3228: 2022: 1862: 1505: 1414: 1388: 1207: 851: 569: 423: 372: 345: 5249: 4727:

Realism began to influence American drama, partly through Howells, but also through Europeans such as

3686:

tradition, with grotesquely drawn characters and symbolic narrative turns reminiscent of Melville, in

3332:

was catapulted to fame by the publication in subsequent years of his now widely studied short story, "

2073:(1854), a memoir that urges resistance to the dictates of society. Other Transcendentalists included 11607: 11485: 11369: 11334: 11259: 10588: 9894: 9699: 9694: 9256: 8710: 8383:

Chicago and the Making of American Modernism: Cather, Hemingway, Faulkner, and Fitzgerald in Conflict

7449: 6461: 6335: 6232: 6228: 6180: 5943: 5742: 5158: 4985: 4917: 4867: 4820: 4649: 4520:

schools of poetry enjoyed popular and academic success, producing such widely anthologized voices as

4460: 4364: 4172: 3654:

Writing in a lyrical, flowing style that eschews excessive use of the comma and semicolon, recalling

2929: 2814: 2026: 1371: 1244: 475: 159: 8000: 11615: 11495: 11329: 10701: 10081: 10051: 10046: 10036: 9802: 9758: 9599: 9360: 9146: 9010: 8824: 8764: 8452: 8421: 7681: 6919: 6538: 6403: 6323: 6272: 6248: 5635: 5455: 5072: 5060: 4911: 4645: 3608: 3451: 3196:

approached American life from a more reflective but no less subversive perspective. His 1960 novel

2977: 2453: 2417: 2336: 2003: 1956: 1931: 1857: 1788: 1773: 1704:

Female Quixotism: Exhibited in the Romantic Opinions and Extravagant Adventure of Dorcasina Sheldon

1445:. The first book published in North America that promoted Newton and natural theology was Mather's 1172: 1168: 1145: 1090: 947:(Potawatomi, 1830–99) was "the first Native American novel devoted to the subject of Indian life". 495: 4113:(1772–1855), is still relevant today, writing about the environment as well as also human nature. 2584:

Social issues and the power of corporations was the central concern of some writers at this time.

11811: 11560: 11515: 10195: 9931: 9689: 8656: 8447: 8425: 8159:

Peterson, Kathleen (January 1, 2013), "Poetry", in Rubin, Joan Shelley; Casper, Scott E. (eds.),

7482: 6379: 6345: 6216: 5588: 5307: 5088: 4843: 4748: 4341: 4323: 4164: 3902: 3872: 3814: 3613: 3329: 3268:

in American society, especially in the postwar era and the early 21st century. Frequently set in

3237: 2835:". He also jumbled time sequences to show how the past – especially the slave-holding era of the 2614: 2606:(1876–1916) was also very committed to social justice and socialism through some of his books as 2564: 2374: 2366: 2330: 2124: 1909: 1691: 1180: 1159:

Other late writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians, as seen in writings by

1045: 882: 104: 57: 11786: 7593: 5337: 5115:

Hispanic literature also became important during this period, starting with acclaimed novels by

2390: 1026:

A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginia ...

985:

A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginia ...

11648: 11449: 11374: 11274: 11269: 11254: 11193: 10647: 9997: 9807: 9787: 9589: 9444: 9239: 9186: 9171: 9015: 8703: 8433: 7627: 6224: 5842: 5448: 5435:. The success of these authors has brought renewed attention to earlier generations, including 5403:

and several other novels that use a recurring set of characters and locations in the manner of

5379: 4999: 4839: 4308: 4231: 4049:

Puritan poetry was highly religious, and one of the earliest books of poetry published was the

3836: 3694: 3396: 3321: 3283: 3087: 3028: 2853: 2847: 2495: 2137:(1852). These efforts were supported by the continuation of the slave narrative autobiography. 2114: 1838: 1651: 1582:, published in London in 1791. In 1794 the novel was reissued in Philadelphia under the title, 1450: 1132: 1057: 899: 891: 767: 684: 11550: 5289: 5033:. Equally important has been the effort to recover earlier Asian American authors, started by 4885:

The second half of the twentieth century saw the emergence of American Jewish writers such as

4640:, American drama attained international status only in the 1920s and 1930s, with the works of 11801: 11708: 11703: 11678: 11668: 11444: 10846: 10529: 9644: 9201: 9166: 9161: 9104: 9087: 8817: 8480:

The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: an Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes

8069: 6006: 5837: 5821: 5593: 5583: 5109: 4831: 4380: 4266: 4160: 4025: 3456: 3113: 2951: 2788: 2572: 2552: 2441: 2362: 2128: 2097: 1963:", that explore hidden depths of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction. Poe's " 1921: 1915: 1904: 1900: 1852: 1714: 1699: 1610: 1567: 1248: 1232: 1021: 980: 639: 600: 6507: 3623:(1987), for which she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction; along these lines, critic 2693:

Experimentation in style and form soon joined the new latitudes in subject matter. In 1909,

280: 11545: 11475: 11289: 11198: 10326: 10200: 10091: 9469: 8901: 8881: 8829: 8779: 8720: 8651: 8170: 6674: 6255: 6236: 6148: 6134: 6074: 5889: 5779: 5769: 5671: 5661: 5656: 5563: 5408: 5203: 5094: 4925: 4755:

In the middle of the 20th century, American drama was dominated by the work of playwrights

4168: 4121: 4110: 4072: 3886: 3881: 3809: 3648: 3579: 3559: 3500: 3428: 3380: 3158: 2983: 2924: 2824: 2623: 2577: 2509: 2423: 2408: 2358: 2167: 2133: 2102: 2052: 2018: 1810: 1599: 1430: 1422: 1037: 819: 520: 8160: 3963: 3856:, Wallace's friend and contemporary, rose to prominence after the 2001 publication of his 2823:(1897–1962) won the Nobel Prize in 1949. Faulkner encompassed a wide range of humanity in 8: 11744: 11693: 11688: 11643: 11638: 11628: 11470: 11436: 11421: 11354: 11279: 10738: 10464: 10180: 9865: 9496: 8693: 6244: 6220: 6212: 6200: 6190: 6068: 5759: 5749: 5727: 5691: 5681: 5666: 5630: 5625: 5459: 5440: 5413: 5374: 5099: 4949: 4697: 4681: 4661: 4503: 3939: 3857: 3783: 3748: 3723: 3564: 3353: 3048: 2918: 2900: 2895: 2747: 2682: 2656: 2386: 2378: 2253: 2151: 2144: 2074: 2064: 2042: 2035: 1999: 1759: 1406: 1400: 1362:

The Revolutionary period also contained political writings, including those by colonists

1260: 870: 787: 757: 700: 647: 625: 617: 575: 445: 360: 247: 6751: 2140: 727:, adopted experimental forms. American modernist poets included diverse figures such as 11698: 11683: 11540: 11404: 11344: 11240: 9978: 9966: 9684: 9674: 9651: 9634: 9030: 8774: 8769: 8641: 8342: 8205: 8124: 7785: 7712: 7650: 7377: 7019: 7011: 6854: 6477: 6367: 6204: 6196: 6185: 6010: 5879: 5796: 5774: 5754: 5722: 5712: 5686: 5616: 5598: 5444: 5365: 5346: 5341: 5185: 5150: 5104: 4963: 4878: 4756: 4191: 3944: 3867: 3819: 3707: 3672: 3637: 3534: 3269: 3243: 2881: 2809: 2803: 2699: 2635: 2354: 2217: 2196: 2162: 1938: 1885: 1784: 1744: 1562: 1517: 1465: 1410:

writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the time.

1184: 1164: 964: 924:, by Samson Occom, from the Mohegan tribe, was published and went through 19 editions. 815: 796: 719: 713: 652: 643: 605: 595: 583: 565: 8501:

Audio lectures on American Literature in TheEnglishCollection.com (clickable timeline)

8442:. Vol. 1–4. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press; G. P. Putnam's Sons. 5369:, Native American literature showed explosive growth during this period, known as the 5173: 1108:" by John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts, was a Sermon preached on the 11520: 11364: 10721: 9877: 9229: 8727: 8646: 8631: 8429: 8407: 8368: 8300: 8246: 8174: 8129: 7937: 7867: 7817: 7412: 7195: 7066: 7056: 7023: 7003: 6962: 6656: 6481: 6440: 6357: 6120: 6065:(Fiction, Drama and poetry, as well as various non-fiction and journalist categories) 5957: 5905: 5811: 5801: 5764: 5737: 5707: 5578: 5279: 5242: 5030: 5026: 4989:(1989), tracing the lives of four immigrant families brought together by the game of 4940: 4930: 4717: 4641: 4151:) and were often recited in the home (hence the name) as well as in school (such as " 3993: 3848: 3754: 3519: 3400: 3295: 3289: 3043: 2941: 2841: 2765: 2644:(1907) also depicted a stinging description of the education system and modern life. 2370: 2289: 2279: 2060: 1995: 1896: 1847: 1732: 1685:

A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty

1680: 1629: 1454: 1426: 1379: 1228: 992: 929: 895: 792: 782: 621: 609: 579: 8346: 7849:"Eye to I: American Autofiction and Its Contexts from Jerzy Kosinski to Dave Eggers" 7156:

American Writers: A Series of Papers Contributed to Blackwood's Magazine (1824–1825)

7096: 6935:

Reynolds, Guy. "The Winning of the West: Washington Irving's 'A Tour on the Prairies

6858: 4405:, winner of both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award for Poetry in 1957; 3557:

themes, and a subversive commingling of high and low culture. In 1973, he published

2473:(1871–1945) portrayed a country girl who moves to Chicago and becomes a kept woman. 1654:

is the earliest American novelist whose works are still commonly read. He published

515: 11653: 11555: 11416: 11408: 11394: 10637: 10484: 10190: 10010: 9020: 8861: 8844: 8839: 8678: 8332: 8166: 7907: 7859: 7553: 7348:"Existentialism, Semiotics and Iced Tea, Review of Conversations with Walker Percy" 6995: 6890: 6846: 6469: 6240: 5985: 5978: 5884: 5806: 5732: 5676: 5404: 5360: 5319: 5261: 5141: 5131: 4689: 4657: 4525: 4426: 4397:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1956) and "Geography III" (National Book Award, 1970); 4390: 3977: 3930: 3853: 3805: 3659: 3655: 3585: 3476: 3365: 3273: 3254: 3102: 2946: 2887: 2820: 2798: 2756: 2739: 2686: 2631: 2556: 2540: 2504: 2470: 2394: 2299: 2205: 2156: 2086: 1584: 1497: 1367: 1312: 1049: 955: 748: 724: 708: 591: 398: 234: 7154: 5275: 242: 11535: 10346: 10122: 10020: 9792: 9092: 9025: 8794: 8715: 8661: 8316: 8105: 8098: 8004: 7993: 7986: 7863: 7811: 7588: 7354: 6758: 6599: 6260: 6090: 5816: 5463: 5311: 5146: 5079: 5054: 4954: 4906: 4862: 4847: 4771: 4707: 4345: 4328: 4302: 4286: 4255: 4227: 4196: 4183: 4077: 4060: 4029: 4020: 3892: 3862: 3737: 3667: 3663: 3644: 3619: 3591: 3432: 3388: 3265: 3203: 3125: 2912: 2859: 2769: 2708: 2667: 2648: 2350: 2173: 2078: 1968: 1948: 1656: 1375: 1320: 1316: 1288: 1270: 1123: 1001: 804: 728: 704: 671: 657: 613: 490: 365: 218: 8390: 6038: 5116: 4625:

Although the American theatrical tradition can be traced back to the arrival of

4541: 4446: 3992:

Notable American authors known to have written in the autofiction genre include

230: 179: 11530: 10816: 10716: 10099: 9234: 9224: 9219: 9214: 8886: 8749: 8683: 8337: 8295:

For references on specific authors or topics, please see the relevant article.

6473: 6372: 6100: 6095: 6062: 6017: 5992: 5950: 5573: 5418: 5394: 5384: 5352: 5302: 5227: 5223: 5199: 5064: 5046: 5005: 4835: 4827: 4521: 4398: 4337: 4333: 4276: 4220: 4202: 4141: 4133: 4102: 4086: 4051: 3934: 3910: 3688: 3628: 3603: 3530: 3468: 3384: 3376: 3360: 3325: 3223: 3217: 3138: 3077: 2936: 2891: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2761: 2694: 2627: 2585: 2531: 2500: 2412: 2227: 2047: 2014: 1575: 1533: 1513: 1488: 1252: 1141: 1119: 1094: 951: 752: 744: 222: 190: 7445: 7070: 5086:

won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her debut collection of short stories,

4137: 3631:, and the Nobel committee to "Faulkner and to the Latin American tradition ." 3174: 2236:(1861). At this time, American Indian autobiography develops, most notably in 1476:

history. Colden also wrote a book on botany, which attracted the attention of

1068: 795:, who won a Nobel Prize. In the mid-twentieth century, drama was dominated by 612:, for imitating their British counterparts and by influencing writers such as 11866: 11525: 9797: 9097: 8906: 8541: 8457: 8250: 8133: 7007: 6024: 5964: 5568: 5399: 5207: 5163: 5154: 5126: 5083: 4994: 4894: 4890: 4788: 4760: 4677: 4630: 4596: 4584: 4580: 4568: 4553: 4507: 4436: 4406: 4064: 4001: 3925: 3920: 3830: 3824: 3794: 3771: 3712: 3692:(1985), which Harold Bloom styled "the greatest single book since Faulkner's 3598: 3526: 3488: 3405: 3316: 3311: 3082: 3054: 3033: 3023: 3004: 2906: 2754:. Fitzgerald's characteristic theme, expressed poignantly in his masterpiece 2729: 2619: 2608: 2568: 2465: 2448: 2402: 2271: 2263: 2245: 2237: 2204:

Anti-transcendental works from Melville, Hawthorne, and Poe all comprise the

2031: 1987: 1826: 1753: 1672: 1537: 1521: 1477: 1442: 1267: 1256: 1240: 1201: 1160: 1082: 1033: 1010: 944: 835: 831: 827: 800: 772: 762: 226: 11576: 8466:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 831–842. 6713:

The History of the Five Indian Nations Depending on the Province of New-York

5189: 5069:

RED INK: International Journal of Indigenous Literature, Art, and Humanities

4732: 4035: 3157:(1957), the chronicle of a soul-searching travel through the continent, and 2252:(1847). Moreover, minority authors were beginning to publish fiction, as in 616:. Edgar Allan Poe took American poetry and short fiction in new directions. 10104: 10076: 9131: 8487: 5468: 5329: 5270: 5260:

Celebrated Puerto Rican novelists who write in English and Spanish include

5018: 5014: 4792: 4776: 4712: 4626: 4537: 4512: 4376: 4281: 4187: 4179: 4125: 3699: 3683: 3624: 3554: 3546: 3496: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3421: 3356:, the novel's final part, "American Hunger", was not published until 1977. 3349: 3302: 3148: 3134: 3097: 3092: 3059: 3052:(1969). While the Korean war was a source of trauma for the protagonist of 2972: 2751: 2663: 2474: 2435: 2314: 1926: 1727: 1666: 1500:

established his place in American literature through his authorship of the

1438: 1383: 1363: 1330: 1259:(who wrote a diary revealing the daily life of the late 17th century), and 1197:

printed 1,000 copies on the first printing press in the American colonies.

1194: 1156:

and declared that the local Native Americans were better people than them.

1041: 996: 736: 667: 587: 8451: 8392:

Handbook of the American Novel of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries

7911: 4600: 4540:, among many others. Other notable poets of the late 20th century include 3880:, but did not gain national attention until the publication of his essay, 3746:, who rose to literary prominence with the publication of his 1985 novel, 3359:

Perhaps the most ambitious and challenging post-war American novelist was

10381: 9912: 9249: 9151: 8891: 8754: 8510: 8497:

The Ohio State University Libraries Rare Books and Manuscripts Collection

6850: 5999: 5971: 5428: 5136: 5042: 5038: 5022: 4902: 4898: 4886: 4784: 4780: 4743: 4742:

The most ambitious attempt at bringing modern realism into the drama was

4592: 4588: 4549: 4545: 4533: 4529: 4517: 4484: 4476: 4464: 4414: 4352: 4271: 3997: 3973: 3897: 3743: 3607:, to critical acclaim in 1970. Coming on the heels of the signing of the 3538: 3515: 3504: 3392: 3261: 3198: 3193: 3178: 3163: 3153: 3143: 3066: 2877: 2828: 2724: 2670:(1909–1993), both of whom had a major opus set largely in their regions. 2652: 2603: 2430: 2010: 1983: 1892: 1801: 1779: 1529: 1418: 1329:(1789). At this time, American Indian literature also began to flourish. 1053: 823: 732: 692: 679: 7900:

Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory

7895: 7789: 7773: 7153:

Pattee, Fred Lewis (1937). "Introduction". In Pattee, Fred Lewis (ed.).

7015: 3121:

was a less intense novel of racial inequality and white responsibility.

2955:

satirizes Hollywood stereotypes and the dark ironies of Hollywood life.

1869:. He followed in 1827 with one of the country's first science fictions: 9244: 9050: 8876: 8871: 8789: 6999: 6983: 6174: 5483: 5436: 5344:, a Nuyorican poet and playwright, wrote the popular Broadway musicals 5284: 5253: 5198:, which tells the story of an overweight Dominican boy growing up as a 5050: 5034: 4431: 4318: 4313: 4297: 4039: 4009: 3801: 3790: 3492: 3445: 3338: 3232: 3168: 3118: 3000: 2959: 2836: 2732:) used the English language to reach an international Jewish audience. 2716: 2594: 2589: 2478: 2321: 2090: 1975: 1480:, and he maintained a long term correspondence with Benjamin Franklin. 740: 675: 500: 214: 150: 8505: 8226:'Braschi: one of the most revolutionary voices in Latin America today' 7050: 6592: 5256:

has gained recognition for her nuanced exploration of family dynamics.

4617: 3487:

Major American essayists of the 20th century included writers such as

1349: 564:. The American literary tradition is part of the broader tradition of 11209: 10733: 10726: 8478: 8162:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History

7858:. Palgrave Studies in Life Writing. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 257. 6031: 5432: 5265: 4972: 4765: 4669: 4634: 4564: 4492: 3877: 3703: 3344: 3277: 3184: 3012: 2939:

produced two short novels that later came to be considered classics.

2651:, who published five influential works from 1900 to 1903. Similarly, 2599: 2310: 2190: 1437:

comprehend the universe through the laws of physics, as described by

1236: 1193:. It was the first complete Bible printed in the Western hemisphere; 1099: 839: 696: 662: 307: 7268:

The War That Used Up Words: American Writers and the First World War

4909:. Potok's novels about a young New York Jewish boy's coming of age, 4230:

lived the sheltered life of a genteel unmarried woman in small-town

1030:

The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles

46: 8916: 8866: 8021: 6752:"The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original" 4673: 4090: 3765: 3732: 3550: 3542: 3212: 3202:, the first of four chronicling the rising and falling fortunes of 3038: 2483: 2382: 2325: 1574:

In the next decade, important women writers also published novels.

1525: 1473: 1115: 777: 761:(1939). America's involvement in World War II led to works such as 7816:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–2. 4246: 2349:

Other writers interested in regional differences and dialect were

1865:

produced in 1824 the first fiction of Virginia colonial life with

1144:

more fiercely argued state and church separation. Others, such as

932:(Cherokee, 1827–67) was the first novel by a Native American, and 560:

is literature written or produced in the United States and in the

170: 8420: 7483:"What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?" 4990: 4980: 4858: 4363:

come with footnotes supplied by the poet. In 1948, Eliot won the

4190:

was a working man, a traveler, a self-appointed nurse during the

4063:, who wrote personal poems about her family and homelife; pastor 3678: 3016: 2535: 2398: 2284: 1153: 1110: 1004:

traditions existed on the continent among the numerous different

4413:, (Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1964, National Book Award, 1968); 3069:

became one of the most influential American writers. Works like

1285:

Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West

1235:, a religious revival in the early 18th century that emphasized 199: 6437:

That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution

4945: 4148: 4056: 3983:

Of the autofiction genre, English professor Bran Nicol states:

3777: 3537:

and coupled them with distinctly postmodern techniques such as

3417: 3342:(1940), and his legacy was cemented by the 1945 publication of 3107: 2704: 2258: 2069: 1830: 1378:, the last being a loyalist to the crown. Two key figures were 666:(1851). Major American poets of the nineteenth century include 630: 6439:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 80. 2813:

are generally considered his best novels; in 1954, he won the

2662:

Prominent among mid-western and western American writers were

2223:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

7159:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 22. 6646:

the Bay Psalm Book exhibition at the Library of Congress 2015

6462:"Ch. 22: American Literature in Languages Other Than English" 4728: 4506:, whose origin is often traced to the publication in 1959 of 4145: 3208: 2768:

also wrote novels with critical depictions of American life.

2178: 1829:, a Muslim slave in the Carolinas, wrote an autobiography in 1024:

could be considered the first American author with his works

959: 5462:

of the 1920s, has become more prominent through the work of

5145:. Latina writing became important thanks to authors such as 4071:, were written to help him prepare for leading worship; and 3641:

as the most important work of fiction of the last 25 years.

2575:

society in which she had grown up. One of her finest books,

1472:, published in 1727 was one of the first texts published on 987:(1608) can be considered America's first work of literature. 678:

was the first major American writer to be born in the West.

634:, was influenced by this movement. The conflict surrounding 6773: 6771: 5192:

received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his 2007 novel

4213:

In his words Whitman was a poet of "the body electric". In

3933:"one of the classic works of literature produced by "; and 3764:

chronicles American life through and immediately after the

3363:, whose uncompromising, satiric, and large novels, such as 3019:, and explorations of personal, racial, and ethnic themes. 2720: 2184: 1540:

are also valued for their political writings and orations.

922:

A Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul, an Indian

811: 6926:. Atlanta: The Franklin Printing and Publishing Co., 1902. 6835:"Maintaining Stability: Fancy and Passion in the Coquette" 6777:

Parker, Patricia L. "Charlotte Temple by Susanna Rowson".

6739:

Cadwallader Colden: A Figure of the American Enlightenment

3808:, and strongly influenced by the works of Thomas Pynchon, 3348:, a work in which Wright drew on his childhood and mostly 3011:

The period was dominated by the last few of the realistic

2945:

plumbs the life of reluctant (and, to comic effect, male)

2457:(1895), depicted the life of New York City prostitutes in 1597:

was the biggest seller of the 19th century before Stowe's

656:(1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did 8099:

Groundbreaking Book: Life Studies by Robert Lowell (1959)

4194:(1861–1865), and a poetic innovator. His magnum opus was 3909:

Other notable writers at the turn of the century include

3371: 1607:

often is criticized as a sentimental novel of seduction.

7651:"A Family Full of Unhappiness, Hoping for Transcendence" 6768: 5310:

who write about the life of American immigrants include

2703:, an innovative work influenced by her familiarity with 2647:

Race was a common issue as well, as seen in the work of

1326:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

920:

In 1771 the first work by a Native American in English,

8311:. Vol. 1–8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7997: 6416: 3573: 2890:

era literature offered blunt, direct social criticism.

2697:(1874–1946), by then an expatriate in Paris, published 2544:(1888) was concerned with political and social issues. 2216:

Slave narrative autobiography from this period include

1876: 1283:

and the white settlers in the area. In a similar book,

879:

List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas

30:"American fiction" redirects here. For other uses, see 7052:

Muslim American Slave : the Life of Omar Ibn Said

6587:

Henry L. Schoolcraft, "The Capture of New Amsterdam",

6071:(Fiction, Non-Fiction, Poetry and Young-Adult Fiction) 4668:. In addition, new dramatic forms were created in the 4421:

won a National Book Award in 1973 and whose long poem

3022:

World War II was the subject of several major novels:

2045:, who had renounced his ministry, published his essay 7958:"Our Land, Our Literature: Literature – Rebecca Lard" 7842: 7840: 7735: 7713:"In Vietnam: Stars and Stripes, and Innocence Undone" 6675:"Sarah Kemble Knight | American diarist | Britannica" 4375:

Among the most respected postwar American poets are:

2949:

who cannot deal with the tragic letters he receives.

863:

Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas

791:(1969). Prominent playwrights of these years include 578:(1775–1783) is notable for the political writings of 27:

Literature written in or related to the United States

8367:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 7813:

The Story of "Me": Contemporary American Autofiction

6175:

Regional and minority focuses in American literature

6110: 5484:

Nobel Prize in Literature winners (American authors)

5393:

and numerous essays on Native American literature),

5092:(1999), and went on to write a well-received novel, 4621:

U.S. postage stamp of Eugene O'Neill issued in 1967.

3571:

that year. His other major works include his debut,

2839:– endures in the present. Among his great works are 2305: 682:

achieved international recognition with novels like

6578:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. Print. 6159:

List of 20th-century American writers by birth year

4775:. Later American playwrights of importance include 3951:, which builds on the same themes, was awarded the 3800:Seizing on the distinctly postmodern techniques of 2250:

The Life, History and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh

1683:. He completed his first major book in 1809 titled 1097:also recorded a diary of the first years after the 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8304: 7837: 4439:and his epic poem of communication with the dead, 1200:Of the second generation of New England settlers, 887:Mexican literature § Pre-Columbian literature 7673: 7340: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6020:(poet and essayist, wrote in English and Russian) 5029:have also achieved prominence, as has playwright 4871:(1983) and her subsequent short story collection 4326:and his epic poem about his New Jersey hometown, 2618:. Other political writers of the period included 11864: 9945:Native American recognition in the United States 7704: 7642: 6984:"African Muslims in African American Literature" 6744: 6726:Cadwallader Colden: As Scientist and Philosopher 4798: 2477:'s (1870–1902) fiction was predominantly in the 2451:(1871–1900), best known for his Civil War novel 1974:Humorous writers were also popular and included 1916:A History of New York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker 1335:A Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul 217:; 19th-century writer, poet and literary critic 8299: 7540: 7408:The Golden Age of the American Essay: 1945–1970 7297:. United States of America: The Modern Library. 7048: 5162:is taught in schools across the United States, 4979:Other notable Asian-American novelists include 4850:as a key component of academic literary study. 2285:Our Nig: Sketches from the Life of a Free Black 7613: 7611: 7309:American moderns, from rebellion to conformity 6891:"The Early American Novel: Introductory Notes" 6763:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 6561: 5102:in 2007. In her second collection of stories, 4055:(1640), a set of translations of the biblical 4042:of the copy of the Bay Psalm Book held by the 3563:, a leading work in this genre, which won the 3336:" (1939), and his controversial second novel, 3260:Frequently linked with Updike is the novelist 2655:wrote about Chinese-American experiences, and 2567:school of realism. In her stories and novels, 2439:(1878), about an American girl in Europe, and 2208:sub-genre of popular literature at this time. 1855:was a notable author best known for his novel 1615:The Coquette: Or, the History of Eliza Wharton 1239:. Other Puritan and religious writers include 699:rejected nineteenth-century forms and values. 11606: 11592: 11225: 10342:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 8526: 8365:Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature 7505: 7438: 7361:, August 4, 1985, Accessed September 24, 2006 6266:Black lesbian literature in the United States 5923: 5424:The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven 5135:), and the emergence of Chicano theater with 3916:The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay 3310:In the realm of African-American literature, 2711:," a term later used as by Ernest Hemingway. 2288:(1859) as early African-American novels, and 2154:(1804–1864) collected some of his stories as 1089:, discussed the religious foundations of the 1032:(1624). Other writers of this genre included 845: 703:captured the carefree mood of the 1920s, but 538: 8439:The Cambridge History of American Literature 8399: 8307:The Cambridge History of American Literature 8240: 7477: 7475: 6422: 5037:and his colleagues; this effort has brought 2990: 2328:. His regional masterpieces were the memoir 1941:as a critic played a key role in developing 8400:Shell, Marc; Sollors, Werner, eds. (2000). 8321:"American Literature: A Vanishing subject?" 7809: 7620:"Jonathan Franzen: Great American Novelist" 7608: 7181:Lease 1972, p. 70, quoting Harold C. Martin 6576:The Norton Anthology of American Literature 6045: 5340:, a performance space for poetry readings. 2063:. Among the leaders was Emerson's friend, 1547: 1255:. Less strict and serious writers included 642:, and authors of slave narratives, such as 11599: 11585: 11232: 11218: 8540: 8533: 8519: 8186: 7925: 7578: 7576: 7335:William Faulkner: seeing through the South 7292: 6884: 6882: 6880: 5930: 5916: 2659:wrote about Mexican-American experiences. 2397:novelists to write in English, and in the 2295:The Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta 926:The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta 545: 531: 9955:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 8446: 8336: 8236: 8234: 7679: 7472: 6655: 6144:American literature (academic discipline) 4680:. Among the best plays of the period are 4044:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library 3670:aesthetic in his Faulknerian 1965 debut, 3635:was chosen in a 2006 survey conducted by 2866: 2571:(1862–1937) scrutinized the upper-class, 2176:(1819–1891) made a name for himself with 1421:" were popular. Major satirists included 568:but also includes literature produced in 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 8495:19th Century American Fiction and Poetry 8385:. New York; London: Bloomsbury Academic. 8315: 8158: 7771: 7710: 7648: 7617: 7584:"All-Time 100 Novels: The Complete List" 7373:"Seeking Salvation On the Silver Screen" 7370: 7364: 7322:Ernest Hemingway: The Search for Courage 6888: 6741:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2002. 5248: 5179:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza 5059: 4857: 4616: 4563: 4245: 4120: 4034: 4024: 3962: 3804:, narrative fragmentation and elaborate 3789: 3643: 3514: 3416: 3301: 3183: 3173: 3141:set the tone with his Whitmanesque poem 3007:, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1948 2999: 2876: 2734: 2677: 2551: 2415:tradition through his novels, including 2309: 2139: 2030: 1880: 1833:in 1831, considered an early example of 1676:. These novels are of the Gothic genre. 1624: 1487: 1348: 1148:, cared little for the church; Morton's 1067: 1063: 975: 826:, and African Americans authors such as 241: 10006:List of counties and county equivalents 7931: 7573: 6901:from the original on September 29, 2005 6877: 6832: 6711:Colden, Cadwallader, and John G. Shea. 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6518:from the original on September 28, 2020 6459: 6410: 5213:How the García Girls Lost Their Accents 4874:Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories 3510: 3482: 2894:(1902–1968) set many of his stories in 1344: 1339:Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Songs 1190:Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God 1133:History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–47 1130:, author of the journal published as a 1009:English capture of the Dutch colony of 604:, published in 1791. Writer and critic 259:This article is part of a series on the 14: 11865: 11239: 8388: 8362: 8231: 8192: 8117: 8092: 7692:from the original on September 3, 2011 7404: 7371:Kakutani, Michiko (January 12, 1996). 7222:from the original on November 10, 2012 7194:. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 7–8. 7152: 6404:Romani literature § United States 4921:figured prominently in this movement. 4471:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1971) and 4453:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1993) and 4216:Studies in Classic American Literature 3567:and was unanimously nominated for the 3065:Though born in Canada, Chicago raised 2873:List of writers of the Lost Generation 2389:(writing about African Americans), of 1470:The History of the Five Indian Nations 1395:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 1355:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin 1307:This same period saw the beginning of 971: 11580: 11213: 8514: 8275:from the original on January 26, 2021 8243:Norton Anthology of Latino Literature 7987:"A Brief Guide to the Fireside Poets" 7968:from the original on December 1, 2022 7893: 7846: 7753:from the original on October 26, 2018 7711:Kakutani, Michiko (August 31, 2007). 7649:Kakutani, Michiko (August 15, 2010). 7546: 7528:from the original on November 5, 2013 7511: 7192:American Transcendentalism: A History 7163:from the original on January 17, 2021 7077:from the original on February 5, 2023 7030:from the original on February 6, 2021 6981: 6956: 6865:from the original on February 5, 2023 6765:100, number 4 (October 1976), p. 456. 6549:from the original on December 4, 2021 6434: 5098:(2003), which was shortly adapted to 4502:In addition, in this same period the 4379:, the key figure of the surrealistic 3124:The 1950s poetry and fiction of the " 2547: 2233:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 2006:writing about the American frontier. 8506:Electronic Texts in American Studies 8353: 8216:from the original on August 28, 2017 8171:10.1093/acref/9780199764358.001.0001 8080:from the original on October 8, 2020 8070:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2020" 7547:Bloom, Harold (September 24, 2003). 7411:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 6889:Campbell, Donna M. (July 14, 2008). 6692: 6604: 6058:American Academy of Arts and Letters 5195:The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao 4853: 4722:Witchcraft; or, the Martyrs of Salem 4686:Superstition; or, the Fanatic Father 4370: 3730:genre in the Pulitzer Prize-winning 2259:Clotel; or, The President's Daughter 1877:19th century – Unique American style 1483: 867:American Indian literary nationalism 838:. In 2016, the folk-rock songwriter 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 36:American literature (disambiguation) 8484:(Online Version of 1907–1921 print) 8140:from the original on April 30, 2018 8118:Hassan, Adeel (February 28, 2018). 7493:from the original on August 8, 2020 7450:"Nobel Prize Award Ceremony Speech" 7435:, page 269. Touchstone Press, 2000. 6661:The Life and Times of Cotton Mather 6505: 4713:The Octoroon; or, Life in Louisiana 4499:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1987). 4483:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1999); 4475:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 2009); 4445:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1977); 4435:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1954); 4389:(Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1976); 3818:, published to moderate acclaim in 3627:has drawn favorable comparisons to 3441:Everything That Rises Must Converge 2109:The political conflict surrounding 2059:fostered the movement now known as 1787:as the basis for a novel) in 1828. 842:won the Nobel Prize in Literature. 221:; 20th-century writer and novelist 24: 8111: 8020:. January 24, 2018. Archived from 7723:from the original on June 23, 2011 7680:Tanenhaus, Sam (August 19, 2010). 7592:. October 16, 2005. Archived from 7561:from the original on June 17, 2006 7107:from the original on July 12, 2020 6536: 6466:A Companion to American Literature 5390:Bearheart: The Heirship Chronicles 5336:). Pietri was a co-founder of the 5233:The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love 4236:Because I could not stop for Death 4083:God's Controversy With New England 3876:, a novel centering on his native 3231:. Other notable works include the 2626:. Journalistic critics, including 2490:The Octopus: A Story of California 2484:McTeague: A Story of San Francisco 1561:, published in London in 1775 and 1341:, "the first Indian best-seller". 909: 856: 279: 25: 11899: 9351:Director of National Intelligence 8471: 7661:from the original on May 12, 2011 7618:Grossman, Lev (August 12, 2010). 7460:from the original on May 31, 2022 7444: 7405:Lopate, Phillip (April 6, 2021). 7386:from the original on May 20, 2013 7242:"Hamlin Garland and Henry George" 7055:. University of Wisconsin Press. 6961:. Twayne Publishers. p. 82. 6488:from the original on May 31, 2022 6154:List of American literary critics 6052:Category:American literary awards 4958:, about a Chinese soldier in the 4865:, best known for her first novel 3866:. He began his writing career in 3843:Brief Interviews with Hideous Men 2634:, were labeled "The Muckrakers". 2588:(1878–1968), most famous for his 2481:genre. His notable works include 2421:(1885) and his work as editor of 2320:Mark Twain (the pen name used by 2306:Late 19th century Realist fiction 2211: 1907:. Irving wrote humorous works in 576:The American Revolutionary Period 213:19th-century writer and humorist 32:American Fiction (disambiguation) 11724:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9507:Government Accountability Office 8356:A History of American Literature 7324:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) 7218:. Wisconsin Historical Society. 6700:A History of American Literature 6397:List of Mexican-American writers 6305:List of African-American writers 6127: 6113: 5899: 4941:Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book 4386:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror 3412: 1433:also wrote poems about the War. 1276:The History of the Dividing Line 875:Indigenous literatures in Canada 514: 225:; 20th-century writer, novelist 198: 189: 178: 169: 158: 149: 45: 8290: 8257: 8198: 8152: 8062: 8049: 8036: 8010: 7980: 7950: 7887: 7803: 7765: 7549:"Dumbing down American readers" 7512:Bloom, Harold (June 15, 2009). 7425: 7398: 7327: 7314: 7301: 7286: 7273: 7260: 7234: 7216:Dictionary of Wisconsin History 7204: 7184: 7175: 7146: 7137: 7128: 7119: 7089: 7042: 6975: 6950: 6941:The Yearbook of English Studies 6929: 6913: 6826: 6805: 6788: 6731: 6718: 6715:. New York: T.H. Morrell, 1866. 6705: 6667: 6649: 6640: 6317:List of Jewish American writers 6195:Literature of Southern states: 4993:, and Korean American novelist 4559: 4241: 4116: 4096: 3913:, whose Pulitzer Prize-winning 2772:wrote a famous anti-war novel, 2526: 1660:in 1798, and in 1799 published 1464:Even earlier than Franklin was 1301:Letters from an American Farmer 1296:J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur 1074:Letters from an American Farmer 56:needs additional citations for 11150:Separation of church and state 9366:National Reconnaissance Office 9309:President of the United States 8358:. Malden, Ma: Wiley-Blackwell. 7810:Worthington, Marjorie (2018). 6628: 6581: 6530: 6499: 6453: 6428: 6392:List of Cuban-American writers 6351:List of Asian American writers 6283:American literature in Spanish 5458:, largely unnoticed since the 5219:In the Time of the Butterflies 4805:American literature in Spanish 4442:The Changing Light at Sandover 4383:of poetry, and his celebrated 3958: 3812:began his writing career with 3431:, who developed a distinctive 3257:called "arguably his finest". 3253:(1996), which literary critic 3227:(1990), were both awarded the 2343:Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 2276:Blake; or, The Huts of America 2013:, a group of writers known as 1961:The Fall of the House of Usher 1713:Other notable authors include 1510:Notes on the State of Virginia 1263:(who likewise wrote a diary). 1214:Wonders of the Invisible World 1183:translated the Bible into the 898:has existed among the various 13: 1: 8212:. Library of Congress. 2012. 7847:Nicol, Bran (June 15, 2018). 7281:Scott Fitzgerald: A Biography 7270:(Yale University Press, 2015) 7212:"Garland, Hamlin 1860 – 1940" 6625:, Barron's Educational, 1992. 6329:List of Arab American writers 5294:The Passion of Antigone Perez 5122:...y no se lo tragó la tierra 4826:which led to the creation of 4799:Ethnic studies and literature 4694:Fashion; or, Life in New York 3101:(1963), and Russian-American 3072:The Adventures of Augie March 2460:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 2381:, and William Sydney Porter ( 1965:The Murders in the Rue Morgue 1943:American literary nationalism 1106:A modell of Christian Charity 11888:Culture of the United States 11852:United States Virgin Islands 9512:Government Publishing Office 8980:Technological and industrial 8120:"A Young Poet's Inspiration" 8057:The invisible poet: TS Eliot 7864:10.1007/978-3-319-89902-2_14 6539:"Native American Literature" 6508:"Native American Literature" 6385:List of Puerto Rican writers 6295:Armenian American literature 6278:American Catholic literature 6169:Theater in the United States 5373:, through such novelists as 5206:. Another Dominican author, 4983:, best known for her novel, 4613:Theater of the United States 4573:National Youth Poet Laureate 4425:earned him another in 1993; 4206:, the long, central poem in 3698:", calling the character of 3475:, and the more experimental 3334:The Man Who Was Almost a Man 2965:Let Us Now Praise Famous Men 2641:The Education of Henry Adams 2268:The Garies and Their Friends 1980:Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber 1706:in 1801; Royall Tyler wrote 1578:is best known for her novel 570:languages other than English 7: 11883:English-language literature 10984:Women's reproductive health 9950:Federally recognized tribes 9813:Public utilities commission 9717:Public Health Service Corps 9620:Code of Federal Regulations 9502:Congressional Budget Office 9356:Central Intelligence Agency 9262:Water supply and sanitation 8689:Declaration of Independence 8453:"American Literature" 8381:Moore, Michelle E. (2019). 8363:Madsen, Deborah L. (2000). 7743:"2012 National Book Awards" 6833:Joudrey, Thomas J. (2013). 6794:Schweitzer, Ivy. "Review". 6468:, Wiley, pp. 349–364, 6464:, in Belasco, Susan (ed.), 6460:Kellman, Steven G. (2020), 6341:Chinese American literature 6300:African-American literature 6164:Poetry of the United States 6106: 6086:United States Poet Laureate 5506:List of years in literature 5371:Native American Renaissance 5110:second and third generation 4817:African-American literature 4809:Mexican American literature 4703:Putnam, the Iron Son of '76 4456:Faithful and Virtuous Night 4306:(1926) and the epic cycle, 4075:, whose best-selling poem, 3988:and twenty-first centuries. 3906:to great critical acclaim. 3264:. Roth vigorously explores 3250:In the Beauty of the Lilies 3111:(1955). The highly popular 3058:(1962), by Southern author 2638:'s literate autobiography, 2166:(1850), is a drama, set in 1992:Augustus Baldwin Longstreet 1953:The Masque of the Red Death 1835:African-American literature 1502:Declaration of Independence 1417:, poems and songs such as " 1309:African-American literature 916:Native American Renaissance 566:English-language literature 10: 11904: 11566:Women's writing in English 10162:Red states and blue states 10067:City commission government 10062:Council–manager government 8338:10.1162/daed.2006.135.2.22 8003:December 18, 2015, at the 7353:December 13, 2007, at the 6757:February 12, 2015, at the 6663:. New York: HarperCollins. 6637:by Robert J. Allison, p.14 6545:. Weber State University. 6474:10.1002/9781119056157.ch84 6312:Jewish American literature 6289:Ethnic minority literature 6049: 5941: 5870:History of science fiction 5363:'s Pulitzer Prize–winning 5359:Spurred by the success of 5169:The Last of the Menu Girls 5057:and others to prominence. 4944:. Chinese-American author 4836:gay and lesbian literature 4813:Jewish American literature 4802: 4610: 4157:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 4018: 3569:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 3437:A Good Man is Hard to Find 3229:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 2870: 2499:(1903). Norris along with 2023:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1580:Charlotte: A Tale of Truth 1208:Magnalia Christi Americana 1087:The History of New England 913: 860: 852:Native American literature 849: 846:Native American literature 620:pioneered the influential 29: 11878:North American literature 11827:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11742: 11614: 11608:North American literature 11508: 11458: 11435: 11403: 11310: 11303: 11247: 11171: 10997: 10870: 10802: 10455: 10451: 10442: 10390: 10255: 10246: 10142: 10113: 10090: 10029: 9996: 9987: 9930: 9918:Comparison of governments 9893: 9856: 9833: 9749: 9729: 9660: 9598: 9520: 9443: 9301: 9292: 9288: 9279: 9001: 8992: 8937: 8897:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 8738:drafting and ratification 8711:Articles of Confederation 8624: 8558: 8549: 8395:. Boston, Ma: de Gruyter. 8018:"Emily Dickinson Archive" 7992:January 16, 2014, at the 7293:Dos Passos, John (1932). 6957:Sears, Donald A. (1978). 6839:The New England Quarterly 6817:Early American Literature 6796:Early American Literature 6635:A Short History of Boston 6589:English Historical Review 6363:Hispanic American writers 6336:Asian American literature 6181:Literature of New England 5967:(biographer and novelist) 5944:Nobel Prize in Literature 5159:The House on Mango Street 5149:, an icon of an emerging 5067:reading at the launch of 4868:The House on Mango Street 4821:Asian American literature 4461:Nobel prize in literature 4419:Collected Poems 1951–1971 4365:Nobel Prize in Literature 4173:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 4014: 2991:Post-World War II fiction 2930:Nobel Prize in Literature 2815:Nobel Prize in Literature 2113:inspired the writings of 2027:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 1967:", is seen as the first 1690:Of the picaresque genre, 1508:, his autobiography, his 1447:The Christian Philosopher 935:O-gi-maw-kwe Mit-I-gwa-ki 904:cultures of these peoples 818:, Asian American authors 711:, who became famous with 562:colonies that preceded it 246:Main reading room at the 11847:Turks and Caicos Islands 10937:Prescription drug prices 10057:Mayor–council government 10047:Coterminous municipality 10037:Consolidated city-county 9803:Agriculture commissioner 9453:House of Representatives 9361:National Security Agency 9011:Contiguous United States 8448:Woodberry, George Edward 8406:. New York: SUNY Press. 7747:National Book Foundation 7049:Said, Omar Ibn. (2014). 6982:Marfo, Florence (2009). 6819:. 24.2: (1989) 135–151. 6798:. 23.2: (1988) 221–225. 6435:Lease, Benjamin (1972). 6324:Arab American literature 6273:Deaf American literature 6046:American literary awards 5456:Arab American literature 5073:Arizona State University 4840:working-class literature 4606: 4067:, whose best poems, the 3953:2012 National Book Award 3609:Civil Rights Act of 1965 3452:The Violent Bear It Away 2995: 2673: 2454:The Red Badge of Courage 2418:The Rise of Silas Lapham 2337:Adventures of Tom Sawyer 2322:Samuel Langhorne Clemens 2004:George Washington Harris 1957:The Pit and the Pendulum 1932:The Last of the Mohicans 1893:war with Britain in 1812 1867:The Valley of Shenandoah 1858:The Last of the Mohicans 1789:Catherine Maria Sedgwick 1548:The first American novel 1512:, and his many letters. 1496:In the post-war period, 1468:(1689–1776), whose book 1337:and a popular hymnbook, 1091:Massachusetts Bay Colony 210:Clockwise from top left: 11561:Postcolonial literature 11516:Anglo-Norman literature 11022:Criticism of government 10367:Social welfare programs 9960:State-recognized tribes 8945:Outline of U.S. history 8657:Continental Association 8463:Encyclopædia Britannica 7962:digitalresearch.bsu.edu 7932:Lubbers, Klaus (1994). 6728:. Burlington, Vt, 1935. 6598:August 7, 2020, at the 6380:Puerto Rican literature 6346:Korean American writers 5556:20th–21st century 5514:Early modern by century 5478:The Language of Baklava 5466:, whose novels include 5089:Interpreter of Maladies 4934:(1976), and her novels 4844:postcolonial literature 4342:Edna St. Vincent Millay 4324:William Carlos Williams 4219:, the English novelist 4165:John Greenleaf Whittier 4089:was also known for his 4069:Preparatory Meditations 3873:The Twenty-Seventh City 3870:with the well-received 3815:The Broom of the System 3238:The Witches of Eastwick 3204:Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom 2833:stream of consciousness 2615:The People of the Abyss 2445:(1898), a ghost story. 2375:Mary E. Wilkins Freeman 2367:Charles Egbert Craddock 2331:Life on the Mississippi 2125:John Greenleaf Whittier 1819:The Dutchman's Fireside 1692:Hugh Henry Brackenridge 1504:, his influence on the 1389:Poor Richard's Almanack 883:Mesoamerican literature 638:inspired writers, like 11777:British Virgin Islands 11325:American Sign Language 11084:Environmental movement 10927:Health insurance costs 10822:Educational attainment 10347:Federal Reserve System 10305:Science and technology 9808:Insurance commissioner 9346:Intelligence Community 9041:minor outlying islands 8804:Civil rights movement 8354:Gray, Richard (2011). 8210:National Book Festival 8044:The Life of Ezra Pound 7856:Autofiction in English 7772:Saunders, Max (2020). 7283:(HarperCollins, 1994). 7125:Lease 1972, pp. 42, 69 6781:. 65.1: (1976) 59–60. 5316:I was my own route fui 5257: 5076: 4952:for his second novel, 4882: 4622: 4576: 4469:The Carrier of Ladders 4251: 4232:Amherst, Massachusetts 4129: 4046: 4032: 3990: 3970: 3860:-winning third novel, 3837:Girl with Curious Hair 3797: 3722:(1992), winner of the 3651: 3522: 3424: 3307: 3306:Flannery-O'Connor 1947 3189: 3181: 3088:The Catcher in the Rye 3029:The Naked and the Dead 3015:, the wildly Romantic 3008: 2884: 2867:1930s – Depression-era 2854:The Sound and the Fury 2743: 2690: 2560: 2559:in World War I uniform 2393:, one of the earliest 2317: 2147: 2115:William Lloyd Garrison 2038: 2021:, then in later years 1888: 1839:Robert Montgomery Bird 1652:Charles Brockden Brown 1636: 1493: 1359: 1150:The New English Canaan 1078: 1056:, Gabriel Thomas, and 988: 768:The Naked and the Dead 751:-era writers included 685:The Portrait of a Lady 284: 251: 11714:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10910:Immigrant health care 10425:Transportation safety 10420:Transportation policy 10410:Public transportation 9480:President pro tempore 9336:Executive departments 9105:National Park Service 8760:Territorial evolution 8389:Müller, Timo (2017). 8241:Ilan Stavans (2011). 8104:May 29, 2010, at the 8007:. Accessed 10-07-2015 7912:10.1353/arq.2020.0003 7896:"Becoming Autotheory" 7894:Clare, Ralph (2020). 7749:. November 14, 2012. 6591:(1907) 22#88 674–693 6007:Isaac Bashevis Singer 5974:(poet and playwright) 5942:Further information: 5906:Literature portal 5875:Literature by country 5535:Mid-modern by century 5334:Puerto Rican Obituary 5308:Puerto Rican diaspora 5252: 5240:received acclaim for 5063: 4928:'s fictional memoir, 4861: 4620: 4567: 4267:The Auroras of Autumn 4249: 4161:William Cullen Bryant 4124: 4038: 4028: 3985: 3966: 3793: 3719:All the Pretty Horses 3647: 3518: 3457:Katherine Anne Porter 3420: 3305: 3187: 3177: 3114:To Kill a Mockingbird 3003: 2952:The Day of the Locust 2928:. He was awarded the 2880: 2871:Further information: 2738: 2681: 2555: 2442:The Turn of the Screw 2411:also represented the 2363:Mary Noailles Murfree 2313: 2143: 2129:Harriet Beecher Stowe 2098:Alexis de Tocqueville 2034: 1922:Leatherstocking Tales 1905:James Fenimore Cooper 1901:William Cullen Bryant 1884: 1853:James Fenimore Cooper 1783:(earliest use of the 1715:William Gilmore Simms 1700:Tabitha Gilman Tenney 1628: 1611:Hannah Webster Foster 1568:The Power of Sympathy 1555:Thomas Attwood Digges 1491: 1352: 1071: 1064:Topics of early prose 979: 962:tribe) for his novel 914:Further information: 861:Further information: 640:Harriet Beecher Stowe 601:The Power of Sympathy 283: 245: 80:"American literature" 11546:Great American Novel 11265:Early English Jewish 11079:Environmental issues 10744:Political ideologies 10643:Indigenous languages 9843:List of legislatures 9640:separation of powers 9341:Independent agencies 9267:World Heritage Sites 8902:September 11 attacks 8825:Spanish–American War 8765:Mexican–American War 8721:Confederation period 8652:Continental Congress 8436:, eds. (1917–1921). 8108:Accessed May 5, 2010 6947:. Web. 1 March 2010. 6943:. 34: (2004) 88–99. 6851:10.1162/TNEQ_a_00257 6802:. Web. 1 March 2010. 6785:. Web. 1 March 2010. 6737:Hoermann, Alfred R. 6411:Notes and references 6256:Literature in Hawaii 6149:Great American Novel 6135:United States portal 6075:American Book Awards 6009:(novelist, wrote in 5890:Intellectual history 5338:Nuyorican Poets Café 5210:, is well known for 5204:Paterson, New Jersey 4997:, who has published 4926:Maxine Hong Kingston 4473:The Shadow of Sirius 4403:Things of This World 4169:James Russell Lowell 4111:Rebecca Hammond Lard 4073:Michael Wigglesworth 3882:"Perchance to Dream" 3822:. His second novel, 3810:David Foster Wallace 3649:David Foster Wallace 3580:The Crying of Lot 49 3553:, a strong focus on 3511:Contemporary fiction 3483:Literary non-fiction 3381:David Foster Wallace 3276:, are thought to be 3159:William S. Burroughs 2825:Yoknapatawpha County 2624:William Vaughn Moody 2578:The Age of Innocence 2510:Main-Travelled Roads 2424:The Atlantic Monthly 2409:William Dean Howells 2401:-inflected works of 2391:María Ruiz de Burton 2359:Joel Chandler Harris 2131:in her world-famous 2103:Democracy in America 2053:The American Scholar 2019:James Russell Lowell 1815:The Lion of the West 1811:James Kirke Paulding 1708:The Algerine Captive 1559:Adventures of Alonso 1431:Philip Morin Freneau 1345:Revolutionary period 1219:The Biblia Americana 820:Maxine Hong Kingston 807:was also prominent. 697:modernist literature 594:. An early novel is 521:United States portal 506:World Heritage Sites 65:improve this article 11873:American literature 11729:Trinidad and Tobago 11624:Antigua and Barbuda 11551:Jèrriais literature 11541:European literature 10922:Health care finance 10415:Rail transportation 10181:Imperial presidency 9903:State constitutions 9848:List of legislators 9798:Auditor/Comptroller 9771:Lieutenant governor 9497:Library of Congress 9388:Diplomatic Security 9031:Indian reservations 8694:American Revolution 8303:, ed. (1994–2005). 8271:. October 5, 2020. 8024:on January 24, 2018 7596:on October 19, 2005 7433:How to Read and Why 7248:on February 3, 2014 6920:Rutherford, Mildred 6823:. Web. 1 March 2010 6779:The English Journal 6623:American Literature 6423:ShellSollors (2000) 6191:Southern literature 6080:PEN literary awards 6069:National Book Award 5718:Bangladeshi English 5460:New York Pen League 5441:John Joseph Mathews 5414:Winter in the Blood 5375:Leslie Marmon Silko 5290:Luis Rafael Sánchez 5230:won a Pulitzer for 4950:National Book Award 4698:Nathaniel Bannister 4682:James Nelson Barker 4569:Amanda S. C. Gorman 3940:The Plague of Doves 3937:, whose 2008 novel 3923:, whose 2007 novel 3858:National Book Award 3724:National Book Award 3565:National Book Award 3443:", and two novels, 3284:Portnoy's Complaint 3049:Slaughterhouse-Five 2935:In his short life, 2901:The Grapes of Wrath 2896:Salinas, California 2748:F. Scott Fitzgerald 2683:F. Scott Fitzgerald 2657:Maria Cristina Mena 2387:Charles W. Chesnutt 2379:Henry Cuyler Bunner 2254:William Wells Brown 2242:A Son of the Forest 2152:Nathaniel Hawthorne 2150:In 1837, the young 2145:Nathaniel Hawthorne 2075:Amos Bronson Alcott 2065:Henry David Thoreau 2057:Emerson's influence 2043:Ralph Waldo Emerson 2036:Ralph Waldo Emerson 2000:Thomas Bangs Thorpe 1632:and his friends at 1441:. One of these was 1407:The American Crisis 1311:, through the poet 1261:Sarah Kemble Knight 972:Colonial literature 871:Hawaiian literature 788:Slaughterhouse-Five 758:The Grapes of Wrath 701:F. Scott Fitzgerald 648:Nathaniel Hawthorne 626:Henry David Thoreau 618:Ralph Waldo Emerson 558:American literature 328:Arts and literature 250:in Washington, D.C. 248:Library of Congress 11664:Dominican Republic 11241:English literature 11032:affirmative action 11005:Capital punishment 10964:Poverty and health 10959:Physician shortage 10932:Health care prices 10862:Standard of living 10545:standard of living 10352:Financial position 9979:Hawaiian home land 9967:Indian reservation 9940:Tribal sovereignty 9783:Secretary of state 9652:United States Code 9568:Territorial courts 9540:Associate Justices 9425:Inspector generals 8912:War in Afghanistan 8775:Reconstruction era 8642:Stamp Act Congress 8301:Bercovitch, Sacvan 8206:"Giannina Braschi" 8125:The New York Times 7717:The New York Times 7686:The New York Times 7655:The New York Times 7630:on August 15, 2010 7487:The New York Times 7378:The New York Times 7333:John T. Matthews, 7000:10.1353/cal.0.0567 6895:Literary Movements 6702:. Blackwell, 2004. 6679:www.britannica.com 6657:Silverman, Kenneth 6621:Skipp, Francis E. 6514:. Britannica.com. 6368:Chicano literature 6186:Chicago literature 5880:History of theater 5366:House Made of Dawn 5342:Lin-Manuel Miranda 5306:). Major poets of 5258: 5186:Dominican-American 5151:Chicano literature 5105:Unaccustomed Earth 5077: 4964:PEN/Faulkner Award 4960:Revolutionary Army 4883: 4879:Chicana literature 4846:, and the rise of 4832:women's literature 4757:Tennessee Williams 4623: 4577: 4489:Time and Materials 4252: 4192:American Civil War 4153:Paul Revere's Ride 4130: 4047: 4033: 3971: 3798: 3673:The Orchard Keeper 3662:in equal measure, 3652: 3638:The New York Times 3535:internal monologue 3523: 3425: 3308: 3270:Newark, New Jersey 3235:novels (1970–98), 3190: 3188:Eudora Welty, 1962 3182: 3009: 2885: 2882:Zora Neale Hurston 2810:A Farewell to Arms 2804:The Sun Also Rises 2789:Robert La Follette 2744: 2691: 2685:, photographed by 2636:Henry Brooks Adams 2598:(1906), advocated 2561: 2548:20th century prose 2355:Thomas Nelson Page 2318: 2218:Frederick Douglass 2163:The Scarlet Letter 2148: 2123:, along with poet 2039: 1889: 1793:A New England Tale 1785:Salem witch trials 1637: 1563:William Hill Brown 1518:Alexander Hamilton 1494: 1466:Cadwallader Colden 1360: 1185:Algonquin language 1165:Alexander Whitaker 1079: 1022:Captain John Smith 989: 981:Captain John Smith 965:House Made of Dawn 939:Queen of the Woods 816:Michael Cunningham 797:Tennessee Williams 720:A Farewell to Arms 714:The Sun Also Rises 653:The Scarlet Letter 644:Frederick Douglass 596:William Hill Brown 584:Alexander Hamilton 313:race and ethnicity 285: 252: 11860: 11859: 11749:other territories 11574: 11573: 11521:Celtic literature 11504: 11503: 11295:Twentieth century 11207: 11206: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11133:National security 10842:Income inequality 10722:Statue of Liberty 10525:income inequality 10438: 10437: 10430:Trucking industry 10242: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10169:Foreign relations 10157:Electoral College 10138: 10137: 9926: 9925: 9878:District attorney 9725: 9724: 9552:Courts of appeals 9275: 9274: 8988: 8987: 8929:COVID-19 pandemic 8882:Feminist Movement 8728:American frontier 8647:Thirteen Colonies 8374:978-1-57003-379-7 8180:978-0-19-976435-8 7943:978-90-5183-628-8 7873:978-3-319-89901-5 7514:"Harold Bloom on 7418:978-0-525-56733-2 7307:Maxwell Geismar, 7266:Hazel Hutchison, 7200:978-0-8090-3477-2 7143:Sears 1978, p. 57 7134:Sears 1978, p. 80 7062:978-0-299-24953-3 6543:faculty.weber.edu 6358:Latino literature 6121:Literature portal 6082:(multiple awards) 5940: 5939: 5857: 5856: 5785:Pakistani English 5579:Poststructuralism 5493:modern literature 5243:Dreaming in Cuban 5031:David Henry Hwang 5027:Janice Mirikitani 4986:The Joy Luck Club 4931:The Woman Warrior 4854:Ethnic literature 4718:Cornelius Mathews 4637:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4571:became the first 4497:Thomas and Beulah 4395:North & South 4371:Post-World War II 3994:Bret Easton Ellis 3887:Harper's Magazine 3849:Oblivion: Stories 3586:Mason & Dixon 3560:Gravity's Rainbow 3520:Joyce Carol Oates 3501:Flannery O'Connor 3429:Flannery O'Connor 3401:visionary fiction 3328:character study. 3296:American Pastoral 3290:Goodbye, Columbus 3044:Kurt Vonnegut Jr. 2942:Miss Lonelyhearts 2842:Absalom, Absalom! 2766:Sherwood Anderson 2371:Sarah Orne Jewett 2290:John Rollin Ridge 2280:Harriet E. Wilson 2134:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2061:Transcendentalism 1996:Johnson J. Hooper 1897:Washington Irving 1861:written in 1826. 1848:Nick of the Woods 1733:Lydia Maria Child 1681:Washington Irving 1630:Washington Irving 1600:Uncle Tom's Cabin 1506:U.S. Constitution 1484:Post-independence 1455:Benjamin Franklin 1427:Francis Hopkinson 1415:Revolutionary War 1380:Benjamin Franklin 1237:Calvinist thought 1229:George Whitefield 993:Thirteen Colonies 930:John Rollin Ridge 900:Indigenous tribes 783:Kurt Vonnegut Jr. 622:Transcendentalism 610:Washington Irving 580:Benjamin Franklin 555: 554: 270: 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 11895: 11817:Saint Barthélemy 11616:Sovereign states 11601: 11594: 11587: 11578: 11577: 11556:Literary fiction 11320:African American 11308: 11307: 11234: 11227: 11220: 11211: 11210: 11187: 11180: 11067:African American 10949:Health insurance 10837:Household income 10707:National symbols 10638:American English 10611:Federal holidays 10520:household income 10453: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10253: 10252: 10191:Anti-Americanism 10115:Special district 10042:Independent city 10011:County executive 9994: 9993: 9788:Attorney general 9747: 9746: 9736:Federal District 9319:Executive Office 9299: 9298: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9046:populated places 9026:federal enclaves 9021:federal district 8999: 8998: 8862:American Century 8845:Great Depression 8840:Roaring Twenties 8800:Women's suffrage 8679:Halifax Resolves 8672:Founding Fathers 8667:military history 8632:Pre-colonial era 8556: 8555: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8512: 8511: 8491: 8485: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8417: 8396: 8378: 8359: 8350: 8340: 8317:Delbanco, Andrew 8312: 8310: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8238: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8221: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8115: 8109: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8066: 8060: 8053: 8047: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8014: 8008: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7853: 7844: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7626:. 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Such poets as 4970:and in 2005 for 4948:in 1999 won the 4749:Margaret Fleming 4690:Anna Cora Mowatt 4674:showboat theater 4526:Charles Bukowski 4427:Theodore Roethke 4391:Elizabeth Bishop 4182:(1819–1892) and 4107:American culture 3978:Serge Doubrovsky 3931:Michiko Kakutani 3854:Jonathan Franzen 3728:post-apocalyptic 3660:Ernest Hemingway 3656:William Faulkner 3477:Donald Barthelme 3399:, whose surreal 3366:The Recognitions 3274:Nathan Zuckerman 3255:Michiko Kakutani 3103:Vladimir Nabokov 2978:Tropic of Cancer 2958:In non-fiction, 2947:advice columnist 2821:William Faulkner 2799:Ernest Hemingway 2757:The Great Gatsby 2740:William Faulkner 2687:Carl van Vechten 2666:(1873–1947) and 2632:Lincoln Steffens 2622:(1852–1940) and 2573:Eastern-seaboard 2557:Ernest Hemingway 2541:Looking Backward 2471:Theodore Dreiser 2395:Mexican-American 2300:Mexican-American 2206:Dark romanticism 2157:Twice-Told Tales 2087:Orestes Brownson 1929:(which includes 1774:Brother Jonathan 1645:Charlotte Temple 1605:Charlotte Temple 1595:Charlotte Temple 1590:Charlotte Temple 1585:Charlotte Temple 1498:Thomas Jefferson 1313:Phillis Wheatley 1281:American Indians 1231:represented the 1225:Jonathan Edwards 1128:William Bradford 1050:William Strachey 956:N. Scott Momaday 725:William Faulkner 709:Ernest Hemingway 670:, Melville, and 592:Thomas Jefferson 547: 540: 533: 518: 467: 273: 268: 260: 254: 253: 235:Ernest Hemingway 202: 193: 182: 173: 162: 153: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 11903: 11902: 11898: 11897: 11896: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11863: 11862: 11861: 11856: 11750: 11748: 11738: 11610: 11605: 11575: 11570: 11536:English studies 11500: 11454: 11431: 11399: 11385:Native American 11360:Jewish American 11350:Franco American 11304:Regional/ethnic 11299: 11243: 11238: 11208: 11203: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11159: 11145:Opioid epidemic 11062:Native American 11042:intersex rights 10993: 10989:Life expectancy 10979:Medical deserts 10969:Race and health 10866: 10852:Personal income 10798: 10702:National anthem 10535:personal income 10500:Economic issues 10434: 10386: 10234: 10134: 10123:School district 10109: 10092:Minor divisions 10086: 10025: 9983: 9922: 9908:Statutory codes 9889: 9852: 9829: 9739: 9734: 9721: 9656: 9613:civil liberties 9594: 9585:Other tribunals 9564:District courts 9516: 9475:current members 9458:current members 9439: 9373:Law enforcement 9271: 8984: 8933: 8924:Great Recession 8795:Progressive Era 8785:Native genocide 8716:Perpetual Union 8704:Treaty of Paris 8662:United Colonies 8620: 8545: 8539: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8414: 8375: 8319:(Spring 2006). 8293: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8239: 8232: 8219: 8217: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8141: 8116: 8112: 8106:Wayback Machine 8097: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8054: 8050: 8041: 8037: 8027: 8025: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8005:Wayback Machine 7994:Wayback Machine 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7930: 7926: 7916: 7914: 7892: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7851: 7845: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7754: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7709: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7682:"Peace and War" 7678: 7674: 7664: 7662: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7616: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7582: 7581: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7545: 7541: 7531: 7529: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7481: 7480: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7443: 7439: 7431:Bloom, Harold: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7403: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7369: 7365: 7355:Wayback Machine 7346:Kimball, Roger 7345: 7341: 7332: 7328: 7320:Keith Ferrell, 7319: 7315: 7306: 7302: 7291: 7287: 7278: 7274: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7249: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7108: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7063: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6955: 6951: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6918: 6914: 6904: 6902: 6887: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6831: 6827: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6793: 6789: 6776: 6769: 6759:Wayback Machine 6749: 6745: 6736: 6732: 6723: 6719: 6710: 6706: 6698:Gray, Richard. 6697: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6620: 6605: 6600:Wayback Machine 6586: 6582: 6573: 6562: 6552: 6550: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6506:Gunther, Erna. 6504: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6433: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6261:LGBT literature 6177: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6091:Bollingen Prize 6054: 6048: 5946: 5936: 5900: 5898: 5492: 5486: 5476:and the memoir 5464:Diana Abu-Jaber 5454:More recently, 5445:D'Arcy McNickle 5312:Julia de Burgos 5238:Cristina García 5174:Gloria Anzaldúa 5147:Sandra Cisneros 5080:Indian-American 5055:Hisaye Yamamoto 4907:Bernard Malamud 4863:Sandra Cisneros 4856: 4848:literary theory 4823: 4803:Main articles: 4801: 4772:West Side Story 4708:Dion Boucicault 4646:Pulitzer Prizes 4644:, who won four 4635:adaptations of 4615: 4609: 4562: 4481:Blizzard of One 4411:The Dream Songs 4381:New York School 4373: 4346:Langston Hughes 4303:White Buildings 4287:North of Boston 4256:Wallace Stevens 4244: 4228:Emily Dickinson 4208:Leaves of Grass 4197:Leaves of Grass 4184:Emily Dickinson 4119: 4099: 4078:The Day of Doom 4061:Anne Bradstreet 4030:Emily Dickinson 4023: 4021:American poetry 4017: 3961: 3949:The Round House 3893:The Corrections 3863:The Corrections 3738:adapted to film 3682:(1979); in the 3668:Southern Gothic 3664:Cormac McCarthy 3614:Song of Solomon 3592:Against the Day 3513: 3485: 3433:Southern gothic 3415: 3389:William H. Gass 3354:Communist Party 3322:Underground Man 3266:Jewish identity 3244:Roger's Version 3211:topics such as 3126:Beat Generation 2998: 2993: 2913:Of Mice and Men 2875: 2869: 2860:Light in August 2770:John Dos Passos 2709:Lost Generation 2676: 2668:Wallace Stegner 2649:Pauline Hopkins 2550: 2529: 2463:(1893). And in 2351:George W. Cable 2334:and the novels 2308: 2214: 2174:Herman Melville 2079:Margaret Fuller 2015:Boston Brahmins 1969:detective story 1949:Edgar Allan Poe 1913:and the satire 1879: 1696:Modern Chivalry 1550: 1486: 1376:Joseph Galloway 1347: 1321:Olaudah Equiano 1317:slave narrative 1289:William Bartram 1233:Great Awakening 1173:Benjamin Church 1124:Increase Mather 1066: 1006:Native American 974: 918: 912: 910:Published books 892:Oral literature 889: 859: 857:Oral literature 854: 848: 805:Musical theater 729:Wallace Stevens 705:John Dos Passos 672:Emily Dickinson 658:Herman Melville 614:Edgar Allan Poe 551: 519: 465: 271: 269:Culture of the 267: 258: 240: 239: 238: 237: 233:, and novelist 219:Edgar Allan Poe 212: 205: 204: 203: 195: 194: 185: 184: 183: 175: 174: 165: 164: 163: 155: 154: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:American author 15: 12: 11: 5: 11901: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11837:Sint Eustatius 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11782:Cayman Islands 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11753: 11751: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11620: 11618: 11612: 11611: 11604: 11603: 11596: 11589: 11581: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11531:English poetry 11528: 11523: 11518: 11512: 11510: 11509:Related topics 11506: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11462: 11460: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11441: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11413: 11411: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11335:Asian American 11332: 11327: 11322: 11316: 11314: 11305: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11260:Middle English 11257: 11251: 11249: 11245: 11244: 11237: 11236: 11229: 11222: 11214: 11205: 11204: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11189: 11188: 11181: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11101:Mass shootings 11098: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11089:Climate change 11086: 11076: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11027:Discrimination 11024: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11007: 11001: 10999: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10882: 10876: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10817:American Dream 10814: 10808: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10784:Transportation 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10717:Mount Rushmore 10714: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10657: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10603: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10559: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10461: 10459: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10396: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10337:Federal budget 10334: 10329: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10275:Communications 10272: 10267: 10256: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10196:exceptionalism 10193: 10183: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10174:foreign policy 10166: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10149: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10119: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10096: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 10000: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9942: 9936: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9899: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9875: 9874: 9873: 9871:Chief justices 9866:Supreme courts 9862: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9839: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9755: 9753: 9744: 9727: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9705:National Guard 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9666: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9622: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9608:Bill of Rights 9604: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9581: 9580: 9578:list of judges 9575: 9573:list of courts 9561: 9560: 9559: 9557:list of judges 9549: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9526: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9492:Capitol Police 9489: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9449: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9413:Secret Service 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9326:Vice President 9323: 9322: 9321: 9316: 9305: 9303: 9296: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9253: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9110:National Parks 9102: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9070: 9065: 9063:Extreme points 9060: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8914: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8750:Federalist Era 8747: 8746: 8745: 8743:Bill of Rights 8740: 8730: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8691: 8686: 8684:Lee Resolution 8681: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8562: 8560: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8544: articles 8538: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8492: 8473: 8472:External links 8470: 8469: 8468: 8458:Chisholm, Hugh 8444: 8430:Sherman, S. P. 8418: 8413:978-0814797525 8412: 8397: 8386: 8379: 8373: 8360: 8351: 8313: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8256: 8230: 8197: 8185: 8179: 8151: 8110: 8091: 8074:NobelPrize.org 8061: 8048: 8035: 8009: 7979: 7949: 7942: 7924: 7886: 7872: 7836: 7822: 7802: 7764: 7734: 7703: 7672: 7641: 7607: 7572: 7539: 7516:Blood Meridian 7504: 7471: 7454:NobelPrize.org 7437: 7424: 7417: 7397: 7363: 7359:New York Times 7339: 7337:(Wiley, 2011). 7326: 7313: 7300: 7295:Three Soldiers 7285: 7272: 7259: 7233: 7203: 7183: 7174: 7145: 7136: 7127: 7118: 7088: 7061: 7041: 6974: 6967: 6949: 6928: 6912: 6876: 6825: 6804: 6787: 6767: 6743: 6730: 6717: 6704: 6691: 6666: 6648: 6639: 6627: 6603: 6580: 6560: 6529: 6498: 6452: 6445: 6427: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6373:Chicano poetry 6365: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6233:South Carolina 6229:North Carolina 6188: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6124: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6101:O. Henry Award 6098: 6096:Pushcart Prize 6093: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6063:Pulitzer Prize 6060: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6018:Joseph Brodsky 6014: 6003: 5996: 5993:John Steinbeck 5989: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5958:Eugene O'Neill 5954: 5951:Sinclair Lewis 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5862:Related topics 5859: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5743:Indian English 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5620: 5619: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5574:Deconstruction 5571: 5566: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5485: 5482: 5419:Sherman Alexie 5395:Louise Erdrich 5385:Gerald Vizenor 5353:In the Heights 5228:Oscar Hijuelos 5224:Cuban American 5200:social outcast 5065:Sherman Alexie 5047:Carlos Bulosan 5006:A Gesture Life 5000:Native Speaker 4966:, in 2000 for 4855: 4852: 4828:Ethnic Studies 4800: 4797: 4642:Eugene O'Neill 4631:minstrel shows 4611:Main article: 4608: 4605: 4603:, and others. 4561: 4558: 4556:, and others. 4522:Allen Ginsberg 4399:Richard Wilbur 4372: 4369: 4361:The Waste Land 4357:The Waste Land 4338:E. E. Cummings 4334:Marianne Moore 4277:The Waste Land 4243: 4240: 4221:D. H. Lawrence 4203:Song of Myself 4134:Fireside Poets 4118: 4115: 4103:Philip Freneau 4098: 4095: 4087:Nicholas Noyes 4052:Bay Psalm Book 4019:Main article: 4016: 4013: 3960: 3957: 3935:Louise Erdrich 3911:Michael Chabon 3713:bildungsromans 3708:Border Trilogy 3695:As I Lay Dying 3689:Blood Meridian 3629:Virginia Woolf 3604:The Bluest Eye 3531:Thomas Pynchon 3512: 3509: 3484: 3481: 3469:Raymond Carver 3414: 3411: 3385:Joseph McElroy 3377:Thomas Pynchon 3361:William Gaddis 3330:Richard Wright 3314:'s 1952 novel 3224:Rabbit at Rest 3218:Rabbit is Rich 3139:Allen Ginsberg 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2937:Nathanael West 2892:John Steinbeck 2868: 2865: 2848:As I Lay Dying 2793:Isadora Duncan 2780:U.S.A. trilogy 2775:Three Soldiers 2762:Sinclair Lewis 2695:Gertrude Stein 2675: 2672: 2628:Ida M. Tarbell 2586:Upton Sinclair 2549: 2546: 2532:Edward Bellamy 2528: 2525: 2501:Hamlin Garland 2307: 2304: 2278:(1859–62) and 2228:Harriet Jacobs 2213: 2212:Ethnic writers 2210: 2117:and his paper 2100:'s two-volume 1878: 1875: 1698:in 1792–1815; 1576:Susanna Rowson 1549: 1546: 1514:The Federalist 1485: 1482: 1372:John Dickinson 1346: 1343: 1333:published his 1253:Samuel Willard 1245:Thomas Shepard 1142:Nathaniel Ward 1138:Roger Williams 1136:. Others like 1120:Winthrop Fleet 1095:Edward Winslow 1065: 1062: 973: 970: 952:Pulitzer Prize 911: 908: 858: 855: 850:Main article: 847: 844: 793:Eugene O'Neill 753:John Steinbeck 745:E. E. Cummings 553: 552: 550: 549: 542: 535: 527: 524: 523: 511: 510: 509: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 470: 469: 461: 460: 459: 458: 453: 448: 443: 442: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 411: 406: 401: 393: 392: 388: 387: 386: 385: 380: 375: 370: 369: 368: 363: 353: 348: 343: 338: 330: 329: 325: 324: 323: 322: 317: 316: 315: 305: 300: 292: 291: 287: 286: 276: 275: 263: 262: 223:John Steinbeck 208: 207: 206: 197: 196: 188: 187: 186: 177: 176: 168: 167: 166: 157: 156: 148: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 138: 121:September 2020 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11900: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11746: 11741: 11735: 11734:United States 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11602: 11597: 11595: 11590: 11588: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11526:English drama 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11507: 11497: 11496:South African 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11457: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11330:Arab American 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11235: 11230: 11228: 11223: 11221: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11191: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11175: 11174: 11170: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11131: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11074:Energy policy 11072: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11015:incarceration 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10900:Prenatal care 10898: 10896: 10895:Birth control 10893: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10832:Homeownership 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10555:working class 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10515:homeownership 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10441: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10295:Manufacturing 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10231: 10228: 10224: 10223:Third parties 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10112: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9737: 9732: 9728: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9590:U.S. attorney 9588: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9535:Chief Justice 9533: 9532: 9531: 9530:Supreme Court 9528: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9519: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9435:Public policy 9433: 9431: 9430:Civil service 9428: 9426: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9098:Sierra Nevada 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9036:insular zones 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8907:War on Terror 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8887:LGBT Movement 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8542:United States 8536: 8531: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8475: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8434:Van Doren, C. 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8309: 8308: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8237: 8235: 8227: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8195:, p. 107 8194: 8189: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8155: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8095: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8065: 8058: 8055:Hugh Kenner, 8052: 8045: 8039: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7983: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7913: 7909: 7906:(1): 85–107. 7905: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7875: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7841: 7825: 7823:9781496208750 7819: 7815: 7814: 7806: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7612: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7577: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7543: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7517: 7508: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7434: 7428: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7343: 7336: 7330: 7323: 7317: 7310: 7304: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7276: 7269: 7263: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7178: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7140: 7131: 7122: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6968:080-5-7723-08 6964: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6869:September 21, 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6747: 6740: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6624: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6537:MacKay, K.L. 6533: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6448: 6446:0-226-46969-7 6442: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6249:West Virginia 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6125: 6122: 6111: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6025:Toni Morrison 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5965:Pearl S. Buck 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5636:South African 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569:Structuralism 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5450: 5449:Mourning Dove 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427:), and poets 5426: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5400:Love Medicine 5396: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5276:Rosario Ferré 5273: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5208:Julia Alvarez 5205: 5201: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5164:Denise Chavez 5161: 5160: 5156: 5155:bildungsroman 5152: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5127:Rudolfo Anaya 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5084:Jhumpa Lahiri 5081: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4995:Chang-Rae Lee 4992: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895:Joseph Heller 4892: 4891:Norman Mailer 4888: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4789:August Wilson 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4761:Arthur Miller 4758: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4678:minstrel show 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4597:Alex Dimitrov 4594: 4590: 4586: 4585:Saul Williams 4582: 4581:Amanda Gorman 4574: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4554:Robert Pinsky 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4508:Robert Lowell 4505: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4451:The Wild Iris 4448: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4437:James Merrill 4434: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4407:John Berryman 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4322:(1917–1969). 4321: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4293:New Hampshire 4289: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4250:First edition 4248: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4226:By contrast, 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065:Edward Taylor 4062: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4002:Maggie Nelson 3999: 3995: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3926:Tree of Smoke 3922: 3921:Denis Johnson 3918: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3831:The Pale King 3827: 3826: 3825:Infinite Jest 3821: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3795:Jhumpa Lahiri 3792: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3726:; and in the 3725: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3710:(1992–98) of 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3599:Toni Morrison 3596: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3543:ideogrammatic 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527:postmodernism 3521: 3517: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3489:James Baldwin 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3419: 3413:Short fiction 3410: 3408: 3407: 3406:The Lime Twig 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3317:Invisible Man 3313: 3312:Ralph Ellison 3304: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3192:In contrast, 3186: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3083:J.D. Salinger 3080: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3055:The Moviegoer 3051: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3034:Joseph Heller 3031: 3030: 3025: 3024:Norman Mailer 3020: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3005:Norman Mailer 3002: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2908: 2907:Tortilla Flat 2903: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829:Mississippian 2826: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2730:Abraham Cahan 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620:Edwin Markham 2617: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2609:The Iron Heel 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2569:Edith Wharton 2566: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2520:Jason Edwards 2516: 2515:Prairie Folks 2512: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2466:Sister Carrie 2462: 2461: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2449:Stephen Crane 2446: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2403:Abraham Cahan 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2312: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272:Martin Delany 2269: 2265: 2264:Frank J. Webb 2261: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:George Copway 2243: 2239: 2238:William Apess 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2120:The Liberator 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083:George Ripley 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988:Davy Crockett 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:George Tucker 1860: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827:Omar ibn Said 1824: 1821:in 1831, and 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805:in 1827, and 1804: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1777:in 1825, and 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1725:in 1834, and 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1673:Arthur Mervyn 1669: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1538:Patrick Henry 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:James Madison 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1481: 1479: 1478:Carl Linnaeus 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1459:Autobiography 1456: 1452: 1451:Enlightenment 1448: 1444: 1443:Cotton Mather 1440: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:John Trumbull 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1386:. 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Tan 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:Daniel Gookin 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:Thomas Morton 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:John Winthrop 1076: 1075: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:Daniel Denton 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1011:New Amsterdam 1007: 1003: 1002:oral literary 998: 994: 986: 982: 978: 969: 967: 966: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 945:Simon Pokagon 942: 940: 936: 931: 927: 923: 917: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 853: 843: 841: 837: 836:Toni Morrison 833: 832:James Baldwin 829: 828:Ralph Ellison 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 801:Arthur Miller 798: 794: 790: 789: 784: 780: 779: 774: 773:Joseph Heller 770: 769: 764: 763:Norman Mailer 760: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 721: 716: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 686: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664: 659: 655: 654: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 548: 543: 541: 536: 534: 529: 528: 526: 525: 522: 517: 513: 512: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 472: 471: 468: 463: 462: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 390: 389: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 332: 331: 327: 326: 321: 318: 314: 311: 310: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 294: 293: 289: 288: 282: 278: 277: 274: 272:United States 265: 264: 261: 256: 255: 249: 244: 236: 232: 228: 227:Toni Morrison 224: 220: 216: 211: 201: 192: 181: 172: 161: 152: 143: 135: 132: 124: 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: – 81: 77: 76:Find sources: 70: 66: 60: 59: 54:This article 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 11842:Sint Maarten 11822:Saint Martin 11745:Dependencies 11733: 11311: 11116:Human rights 11096:Gun politics 11047:Islamophobia 11037:antisemitism 10905:Hospice care 10847:Middle class 10827:Homelessness 10804:Social class 10764:Social class 10654: 10628:Human rights 10618:Homelessness 10530:middle class 10495:Demographics 10470:Architecture 10377:Unemployment 10357:Labor unions 10105:Town meeting 10082:City council 10077:City manager 9818:State police 9680:Marine Corps 9670:Armed Forces 9645:civil rights 9625:Constitution 9197:Southwestern 9192:Southeastern 9182:Northwestern 9177:Northeastern 9142:Mid-Atlantic 9132:Great Plains 8850:World War II 8733:Constitution 8637:Colonial era 8616:2008–present 8488:Bartleby.com 8486:– via 8479: 8461: 8437: 8422:Trent, W. 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Retrieved 6511: 6501: 6490:, retrieved 6465: 6455: 6436: 6430: 6418: 6039:Louise Glück 6034:(songwriter) 5960:(playwright) 5651: 5589:Postcolonial 5477: 5473: 5469:Arabian Jazz 5467: 5453: 5422: 5412: 5398: 5388: 5378: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5333: 5330:Pedro Pietri 5324: 5315: 5301: 5293: 5283: 5280:René Marqués 5271:Yo-Yo Boing! 5269: 5259: 5241: 5231: 5217: 5211: 5193: 5184: 5177: 5167: 5157: 5140: 5130: 5120: 5117:Tomás Rivera 5114: 5103: 5095:The Namesake 5093: 5087: 5078: 5068: 5019:Li-Young Lee 5015:Marilyn Chin 5010: 5004: 4998: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4953: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4884: 4872: 4866: 4824: 4793:Tony Kushner 4777:Edward Albee 4770: 4764: 4754: 4747: 4741: 4726: 4721: 4711: 4701: 4693: 4685: 4654: 4636: 4627:Lewis Hallam 4624: 4578: 4560:21st century 4542:Louise Glück 4538:Sylvia Plath 4513:Life Studies 4511: 4504:confessional 4501: 4496: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4454: 4450: 4447:Louise Glück 4440: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4394: 4384: 4377:John Ashbery 4374: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4327: 4317: 4307: 4301: 4291: 4285: 4282:Robert Frost 4275: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4242:20th century 4225: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4188:Walt Whitman 4180:Walt Whitman 4178: 4131: 4126:Walt Whitman 4117:19th century 4100: 4097:18th century 4082: 4076: 4068: 4050: 4048: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3948: 3938: 3924: 3914: 3908: 3901: 3891: 3885: 3871: 3861: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3813: 3799: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3742: 3731: 3717: 3716:, including 3711: 3700:Judge Holden 3693: 3687: 3684:Epic Western 3677: 3671: 3653: 3636: 3632: 3625:Harold Bloom 3618: 3612: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3589:(1997), and 3584: 3578: 3572: 3558: 3555:postcolonial 3547:anachronisms 3524: 3497:Susan Sontag 3486: 3473:Tobias Wolff 3465:John Cheever 3461:Eudora Welty 3450: 3444: 3426: 3422:Lorrie Moore 3404: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3350:autodidactic 3343: 3337: 3315: 3309: 3294: 3288: 3287:(1969), and 3282: 3259: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3222: 3216: 3197: 3191: 3162: 3152: 3149:Jack Kerouac 3142: 3135:Zen Buddhism 3129: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3098:The Bell Jar 3096: 3093:Sylvia Plath 3086: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3060:Walker Percy 3053: 3047: 3037: 3027: 3021: 3010: 2984:Black Spring 2982: 2976: 2973:Henry Miller 2971: 2963: 2957: 2950: 2940: 2934: 2925:East of Eden 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2886: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2819: 2808: 2802: 2797: 2773: 2755: 2752:the Jazz Age 2745: 2713: 2698: 2692: 2664:Willa Cather 2661: 2646: 2639: 2613: 2607: 2593: 2583: 2576: 2562: 2539: 2530: 2527:Social novel 2518: 2514: 2508: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2475:Frank Norris 2464: 2458: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2436:Daisy Miller 2434: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2407: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2319: 2315:Willa Cather 2293: 2283: 2275: 2267: 2257: 2249: 2241: 2231: 2221: 2215: 2203: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2132: 2118: 2111:abolitionism 2108: 2101: 2095: 2068: 2046: 2040: 2008: 1973: 1947: 1937: 1930: 1927:Natty Bumppo 1920: 1914: 1908: 1890: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1846: 1845:in 1834 and 1842: 1823:Westward Ho! 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807:The Linwoods 1806: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1778: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1739:in 1824 and 1736: 1728:The Yemassee 1726: 1722: 1719:Martin Faber 1718: 1717:, who wrote 1712: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1667:Edgar Huntly 1665: 1661: 1655: 1650: 1644: 1641:The Coquette 1640: 1638: 1620:The Coquette 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1593:and a half, 1589: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1566: 1558: 1551: 1542: 1495: 1469: 1463: 1458: 1446: 1439:Isaac Newton 1435: 1412: 1405: 1401:Common Sense 1399: 1393: 1387: 1384:Thomas Paine 1364:Samuel Adams 1361: 1353: 1338: 1334: 1331:Samson Occom 1324: 1306: 1299: 1293: 1284: 1274: 1271:William Byrd 1265: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1211:(1702), the 1206: 1199: 1195:Stephen Daye 1188: 1158: 1149: 1131: 1109: 1098: 1086: 1080: 1072: 1046:George Percy 1042:William Penn 1029: 1025: 1019: 1015: 997:Pennsylvania 990: 984: 963: 949: 938: 934: 925: 921: 919: 896:storytelling 890: 809: 786: 776: 766: 756: 755:, author of 737:Robert Frost 718: 712: 690: 683: 668:Walt Whitman 661: 651: 636:abolitionism 629: 628:, author of 599: 588:Thomas Paine 574: 557: 556: 355: 336:Architecture 257: 231:Louise Glück 209: 142: 127: 118: 108: 101: 94: 87: 75: 63:Please help 58:verification 55: 11812:Puerto Rico 11719:Saint Lucia 11669:El Salvador 11466:Bangladeshi 11450:New Zealand 11370:New England 11285:Romanticism 11275:Restoration 11270:Elizabethan 11255:Old English 11121:Immigration 11052:LGBT rights 10954:Food safety 10789:Video games 10382:Wall Street 10362:Public debt 10265:Agriculture 10201:nationalism 9913:Uniform act 9835:Legislative 9742:Territorial 9700:Coast Guard 9695:Space Force 9445:Legislative 9240:Red (South) 9230:Mississippi 9152:New England 9088:Appalachian 9058:Earthquakes 8955:Discoveries 8950:Demographic 8892:Vietnam War 8835:World War I 8830:Imperialism 8780:Indian Wars 8755:War of 1812 8426:Erskine, J. 8279:October 12, 8193:Madsen 2000 8028:January 24, 7757:December 2, 7600:December 4, 7565:December 4, 7497:December 4, 7390:December 3, 7252:January 29, 7226:October 17, 6553:December 3, 6522:December 4, 6225:Mississippi 6000:Saul Bellow 5972:T. S. Eliot 5843:New Zealand 5830:Australasia 5429:Simon Ortiz 5409:James Welch 5298:José Rivera 5153:whose 1983 5137:Luis Valdez 5043:Toshio Mori 5039:Sui Sin Far 5023:Kimiko Hahn 4938:(1980) and 4918:The Promise 4903:Chaim Potok 4899:Philip Roth 4887:Saul Bellow 4785:David Mamet 4781:Sam Shepard 4744:James Herne 4737:local color 4650:Nobel Prize 4593:Saeed Jones 4589:Ocean Vuong 4550:Gary Snyder 4546:Mary Oliver 4534:Anne Sexton 4530:Gary Snyder 4485:Robert Hass 4477:Mark Strand 4465:W.S. Merwin 4415:A.R. Ammons 4353:T. S. Eliot 4290:(1914) and 4272:T. S. Eliot 4264:(1923) and 4006:Chris Kraus 3998:Sheila Heti 3974:Autofiction 3968:Chris Kraus 3959:Autofiction 3898:tragicomedy 3846:(1999) and 3784:Falling Man 3781:(1991) and 3749:White Noise 3744:Don DeLillo 3617:(1977) and 3539:metafiction 3505:Joan Didion 3397:John Hawkes 3393:Don DeLillo 3369:(1955) and 3326:existential 3262:Philip Roth 3247:(1986) and 3221:(1981) and 3199:Rabbit, Run 3194:John Updike 3179:John Updike 3164:Naked Lunch 3154:On the Road 3075:(1953) and 3067:Saul Bellow 3042:(1961) and 2981:(1934) and 2919:Cannery Row 2785:Eugene Debs 2725:T. S. Eliot 2700:Three Lives 2653:Sui Sin Far 2604:Jack London 2493:(1901) and 2431:Henry James 2244:(1829) and 2226:(1845) and 2011:New England 1984:New England 1802:Hope Leslie 1780:Rachel Dyer 1760:Seventy-Six 1530:Fisher Ames 1419:Nathan Hale 1413:During the 1152:mocked the 1058:John Lawson 1054:Daniel Coxe 1038:Thomas Ashe 1028:(1608) and 954:in 1969 to 824:Ocean Vuong 781:(1961) and 733:T. S. Eliot 693:World War I 680:Henry James 11867:Categories 11807:Montserrat 11802:Martinique 11797:Guadeloupe 11649:Costa Rica 11445:Australian 11375:New Mexico 11248:Historical 11155:Xenophobia 10944:Disability 10885:Healthcare 10794:Visual art 10739:Philosophy 10685:television 10675:newspapers 10665:journalism 10655:Literature 10567:attainment 10218:Republican 10213:Democratic 10186:Ideologies 10147:Corruption 9712:NOAA Corps 9635:preemption 9630:federalism 9245:Rio Grande 9147:Midwestern 9127:West Coast 9122:East Coast 8965:Inventions 8877:Space Race 8872:Korean War 8855:home front 8790:Gilded Age 8245:. Norton. 7936:. Rodopi. 7784:(4): 763. 7696:August 19, 7665:August 16, 7634:August 16, 7167:August 10, 7071:1043364329 6512:Britannica 6050:See also: 6027:(novelist) 6002:(novelist) 5995:(novelist) 5988:(novelist) 5981:(novelist) 5953:(novelist) 5838:Australian 5822:Vietnamese 5594:Electronic 5584:Postmodern 5491:History of 5437:Zitkala-Sa 5285:The Oxcart 5254:Celeste Ng 5190:Junot Díaz 5051:John Okada 5035:Frank Chin 4912:The Chosen 4432:The Waking 4319:The Cantos 4314:Ezra Pound 4309:The Bridge 4298:Hart Crane 4140:, regular 4040:Title page 4010:Ben Lerner 3802:digression 3761:Underworld 3702:"short of 3493:Gore Vidal 3446:Wise Blood 3339:Native Son 3278:alter egos 3233:Henry Bech 3169:hard drugs 3119:Harper Lee 3117:(1960) by 3013:modernists 2960:James Agee 2888:Depression 2837:Deep South 2717:Ezra Pound 2595:The Jungle 2590:muckraking 2565:naturalist 2507:farmers. 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