192:
The first round is randomly paired, while remaining rounds are bracketed, meaning that teams with the same record face each other. Preliminary rounds generally have only one judge, most frequently a debater from the host school. After five rounds, the “break” is announced, consisting of the top eight teams at the tournament. These teams compete in single-elimination quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals, judged by progressively larger panels of judges, and a tournament winner is crowned. Separate semifinals and then finals are held on the basis of the previous five rounds for the top novice team. Trophies are awarded to the top speakers, top teams, and top novice (first-year) debaters. Certain tournaments tinker with the format, having more or fewer preliminary rounds and larger or smaller breaks; the national championships, for instance, generally have one additional preliminary round and one additional elimination round.
271:(POI) of an opponent during the opponent's speech. POIs are only permitted during the first four speeches, though prohibited in the first and final minutes of each speech. The speaking debater can choose to hear the POI or to dismiss it politely. Traditionally when standing on a point of information some debaters extend one hand palm up, holding the back of the head with the other. This pose originated in old British Parliamentary etiquette: an
160:
during that debate season. There are several ways to qualify for
Nationals: The most common through the 2006–2007 season was to reach the final round of a tournament. Starting with the 2007–2008 season, qualification was earned through year-long performance, gauged by how far debaters advance at tournaments of varying sizes.
365:. It is somewhat more rule-oriented and structured than the CUSID style, as point-by-point argumentation and careful structure are considered very important. It also emphasizes detailed analysis and de-emphasizes oratory as compared to CUSID. However, APDA style is less structured and theoretical than the
182:
APDA is an entirely student-run organization. The APDA board members are students from various host institutions, and most of the tournaments are completely organized by the host school's debate team. Some teams do have professional coaches, but these are usually recently retired debaters who wish
665:
Created in 2016, the Kyle Bean award is presented to the debater or debaters who best embodies the qualities of Kyle Bean, a former
Harvard debater who died earlier that season. Those qualities included being welcoming to new debaters, using debate to explore interesting topics, and enjoying debate
191:
Weekly debating tournaments are the core of APDA. While numerous schools slightly alter the tournament format, the general format is fairly constant. Tournaments usually start on Friday afternoon and end on
Saturday evening. Five preliminary rounds are held, three on Friday and two on Saturday.
159:
There are a number of tournaments in which APDA plays a direct role. Most prominently, APDA sponsors a national championship at the end of each year. Unlike all other tournaments, debating at
Nationals is limited to one team per university, plus any additional teams who “qualified” for Nationals
674:
The
Distinguished Service Award (DSA) is awarded in order to recognize and honor individuals who have delivered outstanding contributions to APDA, parliamentary debate, or the facilitation of public discourse. These contributions may be of any nature, but must be characterized by devotion to APDA
632:
This award is given to rising fourth-year debaters who, in the opinion of its prior recipient(s), best represent(s) Bo
Missonis. This symbolizes a zest for debate for its own sake accompanied by a certain individuality or style, and in promoting a kind environment for the league. It is awarded to
610:
While parliamentary debate had been popular in
America for some time, there was no proper organization that existed to schedule tournaments, officiate a national championship or resolve disputes. The result was a bizarrely ordered chaos. Following the Glasgow World Championship in 1981, APDA was
178:
APDA also has a ranking system which combines the results of all of the year's tournaments. Both individual speakers and two-member teams can earn points based on the results of the tournament; these points also scale up depending on the tournament's size. At the end of the debate season, APDA
623:
The
President is the leader of the Executive Board of APDA, presiding over the Vice President of Operations, Vice President of Finance, and three Members-at-Large. They also serve as the American representative for WUDC. Candidates from various member schools typically declare in the middle of
287:
Since the
Opposition team arrives at the round with no prior knowledge of the case, some kinds of resolutions are not permitted to ensure a fair debate. If Opposition feels that the round fits any one of these categories, they may point this out during the Leader's speech. If the judge agrees,
565:
One type of case, common on APDA but rare on other circuits, is the time-space case. This places the speaker in the position of some real-life, fictional, or historical figure. Only information accessible to a person in that position is legal in this type of round. For instance, “You are
429:, are particularly popular. Cases involving the policies of particular organizations are popular as well, such as debates surrounding university speech codes. Additionally, broad social questions can be discussed without centering the case around a government actor; “Are
510:
Hypothetical moral dilemmas are popular topics for debate, given that they can be discussed with a minimum of specific knowledge and a maximum of argumentation. They can range from completely fantastical situations (“If you had definitive proof that one particular
469:
All aspects of law are fair game on APDA, including constitutional law (e.g. whether a
Supreme Court case was wrongly decided), procedural law (e.g. whether standards of proof should differ for criminal and civil law) and abstract legal theory (e.g. whether
283:
In most rounds, there is no resolution, and the Government team may propose whatever case it wishes consistent with the standards below. Certain tournaments provide both teams with a motion to which the case must conform 15 minutes before the round starts.
601:
Time-space cases are a particularly sensitive type of case for the government, because their setting must leave room for the opposition to defeat the case even if that would go against the historical outcome already known to everyone in the room.
156:, will be “unopposed”, meaning that they will be the only tournament on that particular weekend. Individual schools must ensure that their tournaments meet a broad set of APDA guidelines, but are free to tinker with their tournament formats.
348:
A judge listens to the round and provides quantitative and qualitative assessments of the round as a whole and of the individual speakers. Some rounds use a panel of judges. Judges are usually debaters themselves, but non-debater judges, or
666:
in a way that makes the activity more fun for everyone else. The award is agnostic to the competitive success of the debater, and instead acknowledges individuals for positive personal contributions to the debate community.
589:
One notable type of time-space case is the historical hypothetical case, in which decisions made by particular historical figures are debated from their historical context. Debates surrounding, for instance,
532:
Although somewhat less common than tangible moral hypotheticals, all aspects of philosophy make their way into debate rounds. Ethics is probably the most debated field of philosophy, including both abstract
139:
APDA members stage weekly debating tournaments, each at a different university and occurring throughout the academic year. Most weekends have two or three debating tournaments: at least one will be north of
1893:
331:
cases, i.e., cases which are unfair toward the Opposition team because they require highly obscure knowledge to oppose effectively ("NASA should replace the current sealant used on the space shuttle with
523:
person on the street, should you give him money you have in your pocket?”) The infinite number of hypothetical situations that can give rise to moral dilemmas make many moral hypothetical cases unique.
641:
This award is given to the fourth-year debater with the most top speaker finishes in their APDA career. It is named after Chris Porcaro, the 1998 APDA speaker of the year, who died of cancer in 2000.
657:
Created in 2007, the Jeff Williams award is presented to the fourth-year debater who, in the course of their APDA career, has earned the most finishes in the top ten of any OTY category.
1752:
1835:
275:
would adopt the position to secure his wig and show that he was not carrying a weapon. It is generally considered good form to accept at least one POI during a speech.
461:
is a worthwhile political theory, a team might argue that economic human rights should be included in constitutions, and use the veil of ignorance as a justification.
1469:
336:
Aside from these five limitations, virtually any topic for debate is fair game, as long as there are two coherent and debatable sides. Debaters may also present
2018:
519:, should you reveal it to society?”) to unlikely occurrences (“Should you kill one person to save five other people?”) to dilemmas we face every day (“You see a
457:”, for instance, are commonplace. These rounds will generally be folded into moral hypotheticals; for instance, rather than a team actually proposing that the
1510:
557:(“Does love result from appreciation of someone’s properties, or does appreciation of someone’s properties result from love?”) can result in excellent rounds.
113:
885:
1428:
200:
Debates at APDA tournaments follow a debating style known as American Parliamentary Debate, which is modeled loosely on the procedure and decorum of the
1112:
783:
340:
cases, in which the government team offers the opposition team the chance to choose which side of a topic the government team will defend in the round.
108:. APDA sponsors over 50 tournaments a year, all in a parliamentary format, as well as a national championship in late April. It also administers the
1318:
1403:
144:
and south of New York City, in order to shorten transport time. However, centrally located tournaments or historically large tournaments, such as
1794:
1643:
759:
1705:
1241:
850:
1898:
1377:
624:
February. Elections are typically held on the final weekend of March annually to elect the Executive Board for the following academic year.
1611:
979:, Yale Debate Association '91, Professor of Economics, University of Chicago and member of President Obama's Council of Economic Advisers
1137:
1820:
971:
1653:
895:
116:(CUSID) every year in January. Although it is mainly funded by its member universities, APDA is an entirely student-run organization.
1856:
1540:
366:
362:
1423:
486:
Many aspects of American and international foreign policy make for excellent debate rounds. Various aspects of policy related to
1991:
1700:
1535:
1520:
995:
163:
In addition, APDA sponsors a novice tournament at the beginning of the season, a pro-am tournament once per semester, and the
1840:
1675:
1525:
1418:
164:
813:
1772:
1665:
1505:
1413:
732:
649:
The APDA Speaker of the Year award is presented to the top-ranked individual speaker over the course of the academic year.
109:
441:
Abstract questions about political philosophy are also popular topics of debate. Cases about the relative benefits of the
2013:
1398:
860:
58:
1167:
1690:
1087:
803:
742:
1877:
1370:
788:
900:
1830:
1584:
870:
694:
1495:
1014:
737:
1670:
827:
458:
446:
389:
Cases about public policy are among the most common cases on APDA. They include common public policy debates (
1633:
835:
697:
1623:
1572:
1363:
1015:"Home of the American Parliamentary Debate Association | American College Debate Association - About"
1953:
1660:
1490:
1464:
1454:
1322:
204:. This style emphasizes argumentation and rhetoric, rather than research and detailed factual knowledge.
1979:
1861:
1825:
1648:
1638:
1606:
1530:
752:
311:(“Good citizens should help the poor,” with goodness defined as "a willingness to do charitable acts");
125:
1189:
966:, Georgetown '88, Solicitor General of the United States under President George W. Bush, defended the
433:, all things considered, a good thing for society?” is a perfectly acceptable opp-choice debate case.
1903:
1815:
1784:
583:
1777:
612:
318:
168:
1249:
1211:
675:
and/or its ideals above and beyond that expected of an individual in the position of the honoree.
598:
alliances are commonplace. These types of debates often require a detailed knowledge of history.
1973:
1919:
1727:
1685:
967:
939:
917:
798:
1459:
1695:
1515:
817:
709:
554:
542:
1935:
361:
The APDA style is generally seen as occupying a middle ground between the styles of CUSID and
1767:
633:
rising seniors so that it may be awarded each year. It is named after Robert "Bo" Missonis.
1985:
1799:
1732:
1594:
1579:
1474:
951:
706:
272:
145:
1212:"American University Debate Society - The premier debating society of American University"
890:
8:
1599:
1589:
471:
1717:
1680:
1628:
1408:
747:
591:
550:
406:
402:
153:
149:
167:, which are held every other year in the United States and include top teams from the
390:
308:
702:
1722:
1305:
475:
305:(“Joe Biden was the greatest Democratic president of the U.S. since Barack Obama”);
808:
1757:
1433:
976:
957:
579:
538:
454:
913:
765:
418:
410:
133:
1163:
381:
comprehensive, but should be treated as a general sketch of the case climate.
2007:
1618:
1567:
575:
450:
201:
141:
105:
48:
1789:
1762:
963:
520:
430:
422:
414:
942:'82, Conservative commentator and speechwriter to President George W. Bush
845:
722:
570:. Don’t commit suicide” could not reference events that took place after
945:
595:
495:
426:
793:
1018:
935:
534:
442:
398:
394:
322:
314:
1355:
179:
gives awards to the top ten teams, speakers, and novices of the year.
1040:
727:
611:
founded. It has dramatically grown in size since then. It became an
417:
for children, private criminal prosecution, and innumerable others).
377:
APDA's format allows for an enormous variety of cases. This list is
1164:"The rules of engagement: McGill debaters dedicated to disagreement"
960:, Harvard '86, American law professor and constitutional law scholar
16:
Oldest intercollegiate parliamentary debating association in the USA
982:
880:
571:
567:
516:
512:
136:. APDA includes both private and public colleges and universities.
875:
869:
University of Maryland, College Park Parliamentary Debate Society
717:
546:
288:
Opposition wins. There are five kinds of disallowed resolutions:
1271:
855:
1066:
820:
491:
302:
296:
212:
A round of debate features two teams of two debaters each: the
172:
101:
1067:"Schedule 2018-19 – American Parliamentary Debate Association"
865:
840:
246:
Leader of the Opposition's Constructive: 8 minutes, 30 seconds
578:. Do not sell your soul”), a historical character (“You are
574:’ death. The speaker can be a fictional character (“You are
129:
920:
830:
369:
style, and demands less use of technical debate formalisms.
1712:
879:
University of Pittsburgh Parliamentary Debate Organization
854:
The College of New Jersey Society for Parliamentary Debate
499:
487:
1348:
255:
Leader of the Opposition's Rebuttal: 4 minutes, 30 seconds
78:
69:
778:
1319:"Cruz Novice Championship | Princeton Debate Panel"
908:
1511:
Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate
1219:
1041:"Contacts - American Parliamentary Debate Association"
239:
Six speeches in all are delivered, varying in length:
114:
Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate
770:
243:
Prime Minister's Constructive: 7 minutes, 30 seconds
124:
APDA comprises about 80 universities, mainly in the
1182:
985:, Princeton Debate Panel '92, United States Senator
948:, Amherst Debate Society '85, United States Senator
844:Swarthmore College Amos J. Peaslee Debate Society
777:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Debate Team
701:Brandeis University Mock Trial Association (BUMTA)
409:) as well as more unconventional ideas (mandatory
1113:"Board of Trustees - APDA By-laws - APDAWeb Wiki"
2005:
553:(“Can a computer have mental states?”) and even
258:Prime Minister's Rebuttal: 5 minutes, 30 seconds
760:Harvard Speech and Parliamentary Debate Society
751:George Washington Parliamentary Debate Society
586:”) or virtually any other sentient individual.
252:Member of the Opposition: 8 minutes, 30 seconds
2019:Youth organizations based in the United States
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
669:
295:resolutions, which are deemed too one-sided (“
100:) is the oldest intercollegiate parliamentary
1371:
864:University of Chicago Chicago Debate Society
356:
1017:. Apda Web. January 23, 1981. Archived from
894:Wellesley College Speech and Debate Society
726:Dartmouth College Parliamentary Debate Team
644:
1286:
874:University of Massachusetts Debate Society
769:Johns Hopkins Undergraduate Debate Council
249:Member of Government: 8 minutes, 30 seconds
119:
1378:
1364:
972:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
954:, Amherst '85, Writer and MacArthur Fellow
1541:National Parliamentary Debate Association
1501:American Parliamentary Debate Association
1155:
421:policy proposals, such as abolishing the
94:American Parliamentary Debate Association
22:American Parliamentary Debate Association
262:
1536:National Educational Debate Association
1521:International Public Debate Association
1385:
1161:
996:Competitive debate in the United States
899:Wesleyan University Debate Association
678:
464:
2006:
713:Bryn Mawr Parliamentary Debate Society
652:
636:
527:
505:
1526:National Debate Federation Bangladesh
1419:US Universities Debating Championship
1359:
792:Mount Holyoke College Debate Society
787:Moody Bible Institute Debate Society
746:Georgetown Parliamentary Debate Team
537:and modern ethical problems like the
165:North American Debating Championships
1992:Shashi Tharoor's Oxford Union speech
1506:Cross Examination Debate Association
1170:from the original on August 18, 2006
627:
207:
110:North American Debating Championship
436:
183:to stay involved with the circuit.
59:World Universities Debating Council
13:
1162:Roberts, Jeff (January 26, 2006).
907:William & Mary Debate Society
741:Franklin and Marshall Debate Club
691:Bates Brooks-Quimby Debate Council
685:American University Debate Society
660:
14:
2030:
1340:
929:
849:Temple University Debate Society
824:Providence College Debate Society
481:
474:is a moral justification for the
372:
924:In addition to others not listed
859:Tufts University Debate Society
695:Boston University Debate Society
384:
1311:
1264:
1234:
828:Rutgers University Debate Union
797:NYU Parliamentary Debate Union
343:
1272:"Brooks Quimby Debate Council"
1204:
1130:
1105:
1080:
1059:
1033:
1007:
764:Haverford College Debate Team
278:
186:
1:
1686:University of Rochester- URDU
1429:World Championship in Spanish
1138:"APDA By-laws - APDAWeb Wiki"
1088:"APDA By-laws - APDAWeb Wiki"
1001:
834:Smith College Debate Society
618:
560:
38:Student debating organization
1573:Brooks Quimby Debate Council
802:Northeastern Debate Society
502:are frequent debate topics.
267:A debater may rise to ask a
7:
1954:University of KwaZulu-Natal
1491:American Debate Association
1449:
1414:North American Championship
989:
721:Cornell Debate Association
670:Distinguished Service Award
10:
2035:
2014:Student debating societies
1967:Notable university debates
1531:National Debate Tournament
1496:Mexican Debate Association
782:Middlebury Debate Society
605:
545:(“Is it rational to be an
357:Comparison to other styles
128:, ranging as far north as
126:Northeastern United States
1966:
1944:
1928:
1912:
1886:
1870:
1849:
1808:
1743:
1558:
1549:
1483:
1442:
1404:Australasian Championship
1391:
645:APDA Speakers of the Year
584:emancipation proclamation
195:
64:
54:
42:
34:
26:
839:Stanford Debate Society
716:Columbia Debate Society
332:hypoxynucleotide-C4598")
234:Member of the Opposition
230:Leader of the Opposition
120:Organizational structure
1974:King and Country debate
1728:Yale Debate Association
1460:Brazilian Parliamentary
1242:"Debate Society - Home"
968:Defense of Marriage Act
940:Yale Debate Association
918:Yale Debate Association
889:Villanova Debate Union
884:University of Virginia
736:Fordham Debate Society
1980:Baldwin–Buckley debate
1516:English-Speaking Union
1470:Canadian Parliamentary
1450:American Parliamentary
1190:"The Founding of APDA"
818:Princeton Debate Panel
688:Amherst Debate Society
615:organization in 2000.
555:philosophy of language
543:philosophy of religion
353:, are sometimes used.
299:is bad”, for example);
1465:British Parliamentary
912:Williams Debate Team
263:Points of information
1986:A Question of Europe
1733:Yale Political Union
1475:Model United Nations
952:David Foster Wallace
812:Penn Debate Society
707:Brown Debating Union
679:Member organizations
465:Law and legal theory
269:point of information
228:team, including the
222:Member of Government
216:team, including the
132:and as far south as
1936:Conférence Olivaint
1654:Penn Debate Society
1386:University debating
1325:on January 11, 2014
1274:. December 17, 2013
1166:. McGill Reporter.
1142:history.apdaweb.org
1117:history.apdaweb.org
1092:history.apdaweb.org
807:Odette Debate Team
653:Jeff Williams Award
637:Chris Porcaro Award
582:. Do not sign the
528:Abstract philosophy
506:Moral hypotheticals
472:retributive justice
104:association in the
23:
1821:Galway Lit&Deb
1424:World Championship
1409:Irish Times Debate
1399:Asian Championship
551:philosophy of mind
427:paternalistic laws
407:affirmative action
403:capital punishment
329:specific-knowledge
317:resolutions (“The
21:
2001:
2000:
1962:
1961:
1773:Dialectic Society
1306:Notable graduates
1252:on April 13, 2015
628:Bo Missonis Award
459:veil of ignorance
447:veil of ignorance
208:Flow of the round
90:
89:
2026:
1556:
1555:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:Official website
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:. Archived from
1315:
1309:
1303:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1248:. Archived from
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1218:. Archived from
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1011:
970:and opposed the
774:Loyola Marymount
756:Hamilton College
476:criminal justice
437:Political theory
85:
82:
80:
76:
73:
71:
24:
20:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1958:
1946:
1940:
1924:
1908:
1882:
1866:
1845:
1804:
1745:
1739:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1479:
1438:
1434:HWS Round Robin
1387:
1384:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1222:on May 17, 2017
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1021:on May 23, 2011
1013:
1012:
1008:
1004:
992:
977:Austan Goolsbee
958:Michael C. Dorf
932:
927:
681:
672:
663:
661:Kyle Bean Award
655:
647:
639:
630:
621:
608:
580:Abraham Lincoln
563:
539:trolley problem
530:
508:
484:
467:
455:state of nature
439:
391:school vouchers
387:
375:
359:
346:
281:
265:
210:
198:
189:
122:
77:
68:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2016:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1342:
1341:External links
1339:
1337:
1336:
1310:
1285:
1263:
1233:
1203:
1181:
1154:
1129:
1104:
1079:
1058:
1032:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
991:
988:
987:
986:
980:
974:
961:
955:
949:
943:
931:
930:Notable alumni
928:
926:
925:
922:
915:
910:
905:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
825:
822:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
772:
767:
762:
757:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
711:
704:
699:
692:
689:
686:
682:
680:
677:
671:
668:
662:
659:
654:
651:
646:
643:
638:
635:
629:
626:
620:
617:
607:
604:
562:
559:
529:
526:
507:
504:
483:
482:Foreign policy
480:
466:
463:
438:
435:
425:or abolishing
411:organ donation
386:
383:
374:
373:Types of cases
371:
358:
355:
345:
342:
334:
333:
326:
312:
306:
300:
280:
277:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
218:Prime Minister
209:
206:
197:
194:
188:
185:
134:North Carolina
121:
118:
88:
87:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
44:Region served
43:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2031:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:UCC Philosoph
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:Organisations
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1273:
1267:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1191:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
997:
994:
993:
984:
981:
978:
975:
973:
969:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
937:
934:
933:
923:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
829:
826:
823:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
712:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:
676:
667:
658:
650:
642:
634:
625:
616:
614:
603:
599:
597:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
576:Homer Simpson
573:
569:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
525:
522:
518:
515:was the true
514:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
479:
477:
473:
462:
460:
456:
452:
449:” versus the
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:, race-based
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:Public policy
382:
380:
370:
368:
364:
354:
352:
341:
339:
330:
327:
324:
320:
319:United States
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
290:
289:
285:
276:
274:
270:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
205:
203:
202:UK Parliament
193:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
169:United States
166:
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:New York City
137:
135:
131:
127:
117:
115:
111:
107:
106:United States
103:
99:
95:
84:
75:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
49:United States
47:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
19:
1595:Peithologian
1500:
1455:Australasian
1392:Competitions
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1313:
1308:apdaweb.org
1276:. Retrieved
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1245:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1216:AUDebate.org
1215:
1206:
1196:November 21,
1194:. Retrieved
1184:
1172:. Retrieved
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1009:
964:Paul Clement
731:Duke Debate
673:
664:
656:
648:
640:
631:
622:
613:incorporated
609:
600:
594:strategy or
588:
564:
541:. However,
531:
509:
485:
468:
440:
431:trade unions
423:minimum wage
415:proxy voting
388:
378:
376:
360:
350:
347:
344:Adjudication
337:
335:
328:
321:should have
292:
286:
282:
268:
266:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
211:
199:
190:
181:
177:
162:
158:
138:
123:
97:
93:
91:
55:Affiliations
18:
1871:New Zealand
1836:UCD-L&H
1639:Georgia Lit
1600:Philolexian
1329:January 11,
1246:Amherst.edu
1045:apda.online
946:Chris Coons
596:World War I
496:North Korea
419:Libertarian
395:term limits
323:jury trials
309:tautologies
279:Resolutions
187:Tournaments
2008:Categories
1857:Queensland
1841:UCD-LawSoc
1795:St Andrews
1785:Manchester
1718:Calliopean
1706:Washington
1629:Georgetown
1612:The Irving
1550:University
1278:August 29,
1002:References
936:David Frum
904:West Point
619:Presidents
561:Time-space
535:metaethics
399:euthanasia
351:lay judges
338:opp-choice
315:status quo
226:Opposition
224:, and the
214:Government
86:(formerly)
1920:Stuttgart
1850:Australia
1758:Cambridge
1701:Jefferson
1666:Princeton
1552:Societies
1174:August 1,
1147:March 24,
1122:March 24,
1097:March 24,
1072:March 24,
1051:March 24,
592:Civil War
478:system).
451:Hobbesian
146:Princeton
112:with the
27:Formation
1831:TCD-Phil
1826:TCD-Hist
1696:Virginia
1590:Columbia
1168:Archived
990:See also
983:Ted Cruz
572:Socrates
568:Socrates
521:homeless
517:religion
513:religion
443:Rawlsian
232:and the
220:and the
102:debating
81:.apdaweb
1913:Germany
1904:Queen's
1894:Western
1809:Ireland
1768:Glasgow
1753:Belfast
1746:Kingdom
1723:Linonia
1691:Vermont
1671:Rutgers
1644:Harvard
1634:Georgia
1624:Fordham
1607:Cornell
1025:May 14,
606:History
547:atheist
303:truisms
154:Harvard
150:Rutgers
74:.online
65:Website
1994:(2015)
1988:(1975)
1982:(1965)
1976:(1933)
1947:Africa
1929:France
1899:Ottawa
1887:Canada
1790:Oxford
1763:Durham
1744:United
1585:Boston
1561:States
1559:United
1443:Styles
1256:May 5,
1226:May 5,
1192:. APDA
1047:. 2019
498:, and
492:Israel
297:racism
196:Format
173:Canada
152:, and
1945:South
1878:Otago
1619:Emory
1580:Brown
1568:Bates
549:?”),
293:tight
130:Maine
72:.apda
1800:York
1713:Yale
1661:Pitt
1649:Penn
1331:2014
1280:2023
1258:2017
1228:2017
1198:2013
1176:2006
1149:2019
1124:2019
1099:2019
1074:2019
1053:2019
1027:2010
500:Cuba
488:Iraq
367:NPDA
363:NPDA
171:and
98:APDA
92:The
83:.org
35:Type
30:1981
1862:USU
1778:GUU
1681:USC
1676:UNC
379:not
325:”);
79:www
70:www
2010::
1288:^
1244:.
1214:.
1140:.
1115:.
1090:.
1043:.
938:,
494:,
490:,
413:,
401:,
397:,
393:,
273:MP
236:.
175:.
148:,
1379:e
1372:t
1365:v
1333:.
1282:.
1260:.
1230:.
1200:.
1178:.
1151:.
1126:.
1101:.
1076:.
1055:.
1029:.
453:“
445:“
96:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.