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cancel each other on their face; however, legally "even if" and "anyway" clauses need not be argued; mutually exclusive defenses can be advanced without excuses for their relationship to each other. Of course jurists might be influenced by dual defenses such as "my dog was tied up" and "I don't have a dog", but this must be weighed against the fact that defenses may not be allowed if they are introduced too late.
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Because pleading in the alternative is generally permitted in criminal cases, a defendant may claim to have not committed the crime itself, but at the same time may claim that if the defendant had committed the crime, the act was excused for a reason such as insanity or intoxication, or was justified
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This has been explained as being intended to accommodate "alternative theories" in cases where "the exact nature of the facts is in doubt" or the pleading party "does not know which of the alternatives is true or can be established by the evidence." However, this does not mean inconsistent statements
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gave this example: "Say you sue me because you say my dog bit you. Well, now this is my defense: My dog doesn't bite. And second, in the alternative, my dog was tied up that night. And third, I don't believe you really got bit. And fourth, I don't have a dog." Normally such arguments would seem to
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8(d)(2) states that " party may set out 2 or more statements of a claim or defense alternatively or hypothetically, either in a single count or defense or in separate ones. If a party makes alternative statements, the pleading is sufficient if any one of them is sufficient."
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Conversely, if the prosecutor puts forth alternative facts which are inconsistent with each other, the inconsistency may present confusion to the jury during deliberation of the verdict in term of the requirements of being unanimous. For example, the
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One example is submitting an injury complaint alleging that the harm to the plaintiff caused by the defendant was so outrageous that it must have either been intended as a malicious attack or, if not, must have been due to gross negligence.
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either hypothetically or alternatively, such that if one of the claims or defenses are held invalid or insufficient, the other claims or defenses should still have to be answered.
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disagreed and found that the purpose of Part 22 of the CPR is not to "exclude the possibility of pleading inconsistent factual alternatives".
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rejected an amendment giving a new version of the pleading that was contradictory to the original. However, the
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held that "a jury must agree, not only that a defendant is guilty of a crime, but also on
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will naturally be suspicious if a defendant claims the benefits of, for example, both
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that permits a party in a court action to argue multiple possibilities that may be
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When alternative pleading is logically inconsistent, it constitutes
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251:"Richard "Racehorse" Haynes, Prominent Texas Defense Attorney"
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Arguing multiple possibilities that may be mutually exclusive
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411:"PART 22 - STATEMENTS OF TRUTH - Civil Procedure Rules"
348:(18th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 26.
101:can be given for facts within a party's knowledge.
445:"Statements of Truth – Pleading Alternative Facts"
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45:A pleading in the alternative sets forth multiple
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141:due to provocation or self defense. However, a
379:LexisNexis Practice Guide: New Jersey Pleadings
468:"State v. Zweigart, 344 Or. 619 (Or. 2008)"
175:all the facts material to prove the crime
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161:requires that the guilty verdict of a
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300:"CASONHUA v. WASHINGTON MUTUAL BANK"
130:Court of Appeal of England and Wales
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376:Hille, Robert B. (6 January 2017).
276:"Rule 8. General Rules of Pleading"
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169:, 344 Or. 619 (Or. 2008), the
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382:(2017 ed.). LexisNexis.
230:"Pleading in the alternative"
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187:Argument in the alternative
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26:) is the legal term in the
24:pleading in the alternative
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522:American legal terminology
448:. International Law Office
71:Richard "Racehorse" Haynes
527:English legal terminology
216:Law.com Legal Dictionary
67:American Bar Association
28:law of the United States
491:Cite journal requires
323:Cite journal requires
212:"alternative pleading"
165:must be unanimous. In
159:Constitution of Oregon
342:Emmet, David (2016).
122:Civil Procedure Rules
69:seminar in New York,
198:Notes and references
171:Oregon Supreme Court
20:Alternative pleading
163:first-degree murder
36:mutually exclusive
302:. 26 October 2010
167:State v. Zweigart
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116:In the courts of
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57:Description
511:Categories
474:27 January
452:2 February
395:25 January
361:25 January
306:31 January
285:2022-08-01
261:2007-04-22
235:2 February
106:New Jersey
85:Civil law
345:Drafting
181:See also
51:defenses
32:pleading
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47:claims
517:Pleas
147:alibi
497:help
476:2017
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384:ISBN
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350:ISBN
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