1118:
1150:
1134:
65:
33:
52:
433:, arranged in four whorls. The fertile flowers are hermaphrodite. The gamosepalous green sepals consist of ovate lobes, and are distributed in one whorl. The annular disk is hypogynous. The five gamesepalous petals have oblong or ovate lobes and are disposed in one whorl. The
393:
are elliptical, ovate, linear or lanceolate and wedge-shaped at the base. The leaf blade is dorsiventral, medium-sized to large and disposed oppositely or in a whorl and with entire margin. The leaf venation is pinnate, with numerous veins ending in a marginal vein.
1054:
1648:
702:
1087:
823:
790:
1098:
1076:
1017:– pali-mari, dita bark, bitter bark, milkwood, milky bean, milky pine, white cheesewood, scholar tree, blackboard tree - E + S + SE Asia, Papuasia, N Australia
922:
911:
845:
966:
933:
900:
834:
812:
779:
977:
768:
746:
669:
878:
1535:
1210:(third, revised ed.). Secretariat of the Pacific Community & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. pp. 42–3.
1117:
1571:
1149:
1457:
1522:
1470:
1527:
306:
212:
185:
1243:
1540:
1496:
1133:
1589:
1643:
1509:
1343:
1449:
1423:
493:
as 'Havari nuga' or the 'wig banyan' because of its distinct flower that looks like a woman's long wig.
1584:
1550:
310:
64:
1475:
1324:
1576:
1444:
1418:
1286:
955:
636:
625:
560:
trees are widespread and mostly not endangered. However a few species are very rare, such as
1563:
1379:
1203:
1156:
1140:
1043:
889:
867:
801:
647:
500:
421:
are white, yellow, pink or green and funnel-shaped, growing on a pedicel and subtended by
386:
is the only species growing in
Central America (mainly shrubs, but also trees 20 m high).
8:
1050:– poele bark, jackapple, leatherjacket, milky yellowwood - SE Asia, Papuasia, N Australia
988:
944:
856:
735:
658:
505:
1436:
1410:
1610:
1431:
1124:
1032:
1010:
999:
724:
713:
680:
511:
220:
201:
59:
41:
1638:
1558:
1366:
1269:
1252:
Forster, P.I. (1992). "A taxonomic revision of
Alstonia (Apocynaceae) in Australia".
1239:
1226:
1065:
1181:
1615:
1261:
1021:
757:
434:
1335:
1371:
1348:
691:
356:
102:
1309:
446:
399:
360:
158:
89:
1632:
1273:
410:
406:
333:
208:
1602:
592:
193:
1514:
1358:
1483:
1318:
482:
302:
148:
138:
1462:
395:
168:
1488:
1265:
1405:
1392:
896:– jackapple, leatherjacket, milky yellowwood - New Guinea, Queensland
490:
368:
364:
318:
294:
51:
32:
1280:
351:(according to different authors) native to tropical and subtropical
1597:
1303:
462:
128:
115:
1501:
1397:
1248:
Kade
Sidiyasa, A., 3, 1992. A monograph of Alstonia (Apocynaceae).
382:, recorded with a height of 60 m and a diameter of more than 2 m.
1384:
1227:"Taxonomy, phylogeny, and wood anatomy of Alstonia (Apocynaceae)"
516:
466:
372:
348:
742:– bitterbark, quinine tree, Australian fever bark - E Australia
531:
418:
352:
314:
874:– batino, devil tree - S China, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, New Guinea
520:
458:
454:
430:
426:
422:
414:
298:
290:
76:
402:
i.e. two or more leaves arises at a node and form a whorl .
450:
390:
546:
produce lightweight timber, while those from the sections
449:
has 2 separate follicles with glabrous or ciliate, oblong
457:, between 7–40 cm long. The plants contain a milky
1039:– hard milkwood, Siamese balsa - SE Asia, New Guinea
523:
is used in treating coughs, throat sores and fever.
542:in Indonesia and Malaysia. Trees from the section
409:is terminal or axillary, consisting of thyrsiform
1649:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)
1630:
453:that develop into deep blue podlike, schizocarp
1201:
927:(M.Gangop. & Chakrab.) Lakra & Chakrab.
1208:Trees of Fiji: A Guide to 100 Rainforest Trees
1224:
654:- Borneo, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Java
519:, toothache, rheumatism and snake bites. The
1182:"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"
50:
31:
378:These trees can grow very large, such as
984:- Yunnan, Indochina, W Malaysia, Sumatra
1251:
962:- W Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Sumatra
437:lobes overlapping to the left (such as
1631:
1285:
1284:
1551:d792511b-a84d-491a-9b33-909500e55e69
1026:(Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.) Monach.
632:– milkwood - New Guinea, N Australia
591:has five distinct sections, each a
234:Benth. in G.Bentham & J.D.Hooker
1176:
1174:
417:. The small, more or less fragrant
13:
1028:- Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, N Myanmar
515:is the source of a remedy against
14:
1660:
45:, habit (above), details (below)
1590:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331333-2
1171:
1148:
1132:
1116:
328:(L.) R.Br. was originally named
63:
1195:
389:The leathery, sessile, simple
339:
1:
1218:
643:- Borneo, W Malaysia, Sumatra
1254:Australian Systematic Botany
971:Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. -
7:
441:) or to the right (such as
371:, with most species in the
10:
1665:
1109:
1105:- Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi
1081:Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
850:Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
839:Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
817:Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
784:Van Heurck & Müll.Arg.
583:
530:species are harvested for
313:(1685–1760), professor of
1293:
951:- Penang Hill in Malaysia
863:- Mexico, Central America
687:- Waigeo I in E Indonesia
226:
219:
199:
192:
60:Scientific classification
58:
49:
39:
30:
23:
16:Genus of flowering plants
1164:
1055:Alstonia sphaerocapitata
960:Backer ex L.G.Den Berger
347:consists of about 40–60
274:A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle
242:A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle
907:- Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan
1225:Kade Sidiyasa (1998).
956:Alstonia pneumatophora
703:Alstonia boulindaensis
554:produce heavy timber.
380:Alstonia pneumatophora
1204:Ghazanfar, Shahina A.
1088:Alstonia vietnamensis
824:Alstonia lanceolifera
795:D.Fang & X.X.Chen
791:Alstonia guangxiensis
751:Pancher & S.Moore
637:Alstonia angustifolia
626:Alstonia actinophylla
489:is commonly known in
1157:Alstonia macrophylla
1141:Alstonia spectabilis
1099:Alstonia yunnanensis
1077:Alstonia vieillardii
1044:Alstonia spectabilis
923:Alstonia parkinsonii
912:Alstonia odontophora
890:Alstonia muelleriana
885:- S China, N Vietnam
868:Alstonia macrophylla
846:Alstonia lenormandii
802:Alstonia iwahigensis
663:(Monach.) K.Sidiyasa
648:Alstonia angustiloba
501:traditional medicine
487:Alstonia macrophylla
461:, rich in poisonous
425:. They consist of 5
989:Alstonia rubiginosa
967:Alstonia quaternata
945:Alstonia penangiana
934:Alstonia parvifolia
901:Alstonia neriifolia
857:Alstonia longifolia
835:Alstonia legouixiae
813:Alstonia lanceolata
780:Alstonia deplanchei
736:Alstonia constricta
665:- Cambodia, Vietnam
659:Alstonia annamensis
506:Alstonia constricta
384:Alstonia longifolia
321:from 1716 to 1760.
1644:Apocynaceae genera
1231:Blumea. Supplement
1125:Alstonia scholaris
1033:Alstonia spatulata
1011:Alstonia scholaris
1000:Alstonia rupestris
995:- Papua New Guinea
797:- Guangxi in China
725:Alstonia congensis
720:- Papua New Guinea
714:Alstonia breviloba
698:- W + C + E Africa
681:Alstonia beatricis
630:(A.Cunn.) K.Schum.
512:Alstonia scholaris
499:trees are used in
445:) in the bud. The
326:Alstonia scholaris
305:. It was named by
202:Alstonia scholaris
42:Alstonia scholaris
1626:
1625:
1559:Open Tree of Life
1287:Taxon identifiers
1266:10.1071/SB9920745
1104:
1093:
1082:
1071:
1066:Alstonia venenata
1060:
1049:
1038:
1027:
1016:
1005:
994:
983:
978:Alstonia rostrata
972:
961:
950:
939:
928:
917:
906:
895:
884:
873:
862:
851:
840:
829:
818:
808:- Borneo, Palawan
807:
796:
785:
774:
773:King & Gamble
769:Alstonia curtisii
763:
752:
747:Alstonia coriacea
741:
730:
719:
708:
697:
686:
675:
670:Alstonia balansae
664:
653:
642:
631:
469:use the latex of
330:Echites scholaris
324:The type species
282:
281:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
188:
1656:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1504:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1238:
1212:
1211:
1202:Keppel, Gunnar;
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1178:
1152:
1136:
1120:
1102:
1091:
1080:
1069:
1058:
1047:
1036:
1025:
1022:Alstonia sebusii
1014:
1003:
992:
981:
970:
959:
948:
937:
926:
915:
904:
893:
882:
871:
860:
849:
838:
827:
816:
805:
794:
783:
772:
761:
758:Alstonia costata
750:
739:
728:
717:
706:
695:
684:
673:
662:
651:
640:
629:
619:Accepted species
301:, of the family
289:is a widespread
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
233:
184:
68:
67:
54:
35:
21:
20:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1289:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1144:
1137:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1083:- New Caledonia
1061:- New Caledonia
918:- New Caledonia
879:Alstonia mairei
852:- New Caledonia
841:- New Caledonia
830:- New Caledonia
819:- New Caledonia
786:- New Caledonia
753:- New Caledonia
709:- New Caledonia
692:Alstonia boonei
676:- New Caledonia
586:
578:A. guangxiensis
481:) as a form of
373:Malesian region
357:Central America
342:
309:in 1811, after
278:
215:
205:
183:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:wfo-4000001406
1607:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1555:
1545:
1532:
1519:
1506:
1493:
1480:
1467:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1353:
1340:
1330:
1325:Alstonia R.Br.
1315:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1249:
1246:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1194:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1084:
1073:
1062:
1051:
1040:
1029:
1018:
1007:
996:
985:
974:
963:
952:
941:
930:
919:
908:
897:
886:
875:
872:Wall. ex G.Don
864:
861:(A.DC.) Pichon
853:
842:
831:
820:
809:
798:
787:
776:
765:
754:
743:
732:
731:- W + C Africa
721:
710:
699:
688:
677:
666:
655:
644:
633:
621:
620:
613:Dissuraspermum
585:
582:
574:A. stenophylla
552:Dissuraspermum
503:. The bark of
443:A. macrophylla
361:Southeast Asia
341:
338:
311:Charles Alston
280:
279:
277:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
227:
224:
223:
217:
216:
206:
197:
196:
190:
189:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
159:Rauvolfioideae
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
93:
92:
87:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
47:
46:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:90-71236-35-8
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1092:D.J.Middleton
1090:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1001:
997:
991:
990:
986:
982:C.E.C.Fischer
980:
979:
975:
973:New Caledonia
969:
968:
964:
958:
957:
953:
947:
946:
942:
940:- Philippines
936:
935:
931:
929:- Andaman Is.
925:
924:
920:
914:
913:
909:
903:
902:
898:
892:
891:
887:
881:
880:
876:
870:
869:
865:
859:
858:
854:
848:
847:
843:
837:
836:
832:
826:
825:
821:
815:
814:
810:
804:
803:
799:
793:
792:
788:
782:
781:
777:
771:
770:
766:
760:
759:
755:
749:
748:
744:
738:
737:
733:
727:
726:
722:
716:
715:
711:
705:
704:
700:
694:
693:
689:
683:
682:
678:
672:
671:
667:
661:
660:
656:
650:
649:
645:
639:
638:
634:
628:
627:
623:
622:
618:
617:
616:
614:
610:
609:Monuraspermum
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:A. annamensis
559:
555:
553:
549:
548:Monuraspermum
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:inflorescence
403:
401:
397:
392:
387:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
337:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:
272:
269:
264:
261:
256:
253:
248:
245:
240:
237:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
203:
198:
195:
191:
187:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:Tracheophytes
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1294:
1257:
1253:
1234:
1230:
1207:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1155:
1139:
1123:
1097:
1086:
1075:
1064:
1053:
1042:
1031:
1020:
1009:
998:
987:
976:
965:
954:
943:
932:
921:
910:
899:
888:
877:
866:
855:
844:
833:
822:
811:
800:
789:
778:
767:
756:
745:
734:
723:
712:
701:
690:
679:
668:
657:
646:
635:
624:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:monophyletic
588:
587:
577:
573:
570:A. breviloba
569:
566:A. beatricis
565:
561:
557:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
527:
525:
510:
504:
496:
495:
486:
478:
474:
470:
442:
438:
413:or compound
404:
388:
383:
379:
377:
344:
343:
329:
325:
323:
307:Robert Brown
285:
284:
283:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
200:
194:Type species
179:
178:
122:
109:
96:
83:
40:
24:
18:
1484:iNaturalist
1319:Wikispecies
883:H. Léveillé
764:- S Pacific
483:chewing gum
439:A. rostrata
340:Description
303:Apocynaceae
231:Amblyocalyx
155:Subfamily:
149:Apocynaceae
139:Gentianales
103:Angiosperms
1633:Categories
1260:(6): 745.
1219:References
1015:(L.) R.Br.
1006:- Thailand
993:K.Sidiyasa
949:K.Sidiyasa
775:- Thailand
718:K.Sidiyasa
685:K.Sidiyasa
674:Guillaumin
601:Blaberopus
471:A. costata
396:Phyllotaxy
297:trees and
255:Paladelpha
239:Blaberopus
169:Alstonieae
1406:FloraBase
1274:1030-1887
1094:- Vietnam
1072:- S India
534:, called
491:Sri Lanka
463:alkaloids
369:Australia
365:Polynesia
336:in 1767.
319:Edinburgh
295:evergreen
73:Kingdom:
1639:Alstonia
1603:40010957
1598:Tropicos
1502:331333-2
1437:Alstonia
1385:21228192
1356:BioLib:
1310:Q2475725
1304:Wikidata
1295:Alstonia
1237:: 1–230.
1206:(2011).
740:F.Muell.
696:De Wild.
605:Tonduzia
597:Alstonia
589:Alstonia
558:Alstonia
544:Alstonia
528:Alstonia
497:Alstonia
345:Alstonia
334:Linnaeus
286:Alstonia
263:Tonduzia
221:Synonyms
180:Alstonia
145:Family:
129:Asterids
116:Eudicots
25:Alstonia
1463:5414409
1187:May 21,
1110:Gallery
1059:Boiteau
916:Boiteau
828:S.Moore
707:Boiteau
595:group;
584:Species
517:malaria
467:Fijians
435:corolla
419:flowers
400:whorled
349:species
271:Winchia
266:Pittier
175:Genus:
165:Tribe:
135:Order:
77:Plantae
1572:PLANTS
1564:749451
1548:NZOR:
1528:184801
1489:155627
1450:101211
1424:101211
1359:112008
1336:187974
1333:APDB:
1272:
1242:
532:timber
485:. The
475:saurua
431:sepals
429:and 5
427:petals
423:bracts
415:umbels
391:leaves
353:Africa
315:botany
299:shrubs
258:Pichon
1577:ALSTO
1541:52821
1432:FoAO2
1411:21927
1398:1ATNG
1349:83699
1165:Notes
1103:Diels
1070:R.Br.
1048:R.Br.
1037:Blume
938:Merr.
905:D.Don
894:Domin
806:Elmer
762:R.Br.
729:Engl.
641:A.DC.
540:pulai
526:Many
521:latex
479:sorua
459:latex
455:fruit
451:seeds
447:ovary
411:cymes
291:genus
250:Juss.
213:R.Br.
186:R.Br.
123:Clade
110:Clade
97:Clade
84:Clade
1585:POWO
1536:NCBI
1523:ITIS
1515:4439
1497:IPNI
1471:GRIN
1458:GBIF
1393:EPPO
1344:APNI
1270:ISSN
1240:ISBN
1189:2014
1004:Kerr
652:Miq.
576:and
550:and
536:pule
509:and
405:The
367:and
247:Pala
1611:WFO
1510:ISC
1476:460
1445:FoC
1419:FNA
1380:EoL
1372:SY3
1367:CoL
1262:doi
538:or
398:is
332:by
317:at
293:of
1635::
1613::
1600::
1587::
1574::
1561::
1538::
1525::
1512::
1499::
1486::
1473::
1460::
1447::
1434::
1421::
1408::
1395::
1382::
1369::
1346::
1321::
1306::
1268:.
1256:.
1235:11
1233:.
1229:.
1173:^
615:.
611:,
607:,
603:,
599:,
580:.
572:,
568:,
564:,
477:,
465:.
375:.
363:,
359:,
355:,
211:)
209:L.
125::
112::
99::
86::
1276:.
1264::
1258:5
1191:.
473:(
207:(
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