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seeds drop off, and their aerodynamic form allows them to glide away from the tree. The wing spans around 13 centimetres (5 in) and can glide for long distances. The seed moves through the air like a butterfly in flight — it gains height, stalls, dips and accelerates, once again producing lift, a process termed
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extending either side of the seed to form a wing-like shape with the seed embedded along one long edge and the wings angled slightly back from it. As the seed ripens the wings dry and the long edge furthest from the seed curls slightly upwards. When ripe, a hole forms in the bottom of the gourd, the
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are football-sized (about 300mm diameter) and bell-shaped, suspended high in the forest canopy, and are densely packed with large numbers of seeds. Remarkably the seeds have large, papery wings and when ripe they fall from the underside of the fruit and glide long distances.
472:
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627:"Violently opposed to the Zanonia type in most characteristics are the wing forms in ... the division to which I have given most of my attention since 1904."
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The seed's relative stability in flight was studied in the 1890s by
Friedrich Ahlborn. Known generally as the Zanonia, it inspired several pioneers of early
655:
195:
Opening fruit (some 30cm in diameter) (lower left), flowers (lower right), winged seed (center), twining stem with foliage (top) - Not to same scale
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and is biodegradable. In use, a flock of sensors would be released from an aircraft and would spread out in random directions as they glided down.
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Over a century later, in 2022, the seed's directional instability inspired the aerodynamic design of a gliding sensor. The device is intended for
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also studied the seed but discarded it as inspiration because, although it is stable in pitch and roll, it is not directionally stable.
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231:. It is native to the tropical forests of Maritime Southeast Asia, as well as Thailand and New Guinea and its nearby islands.
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485:"Stock Photograph of Alsomitra macrocarpa from East Kalimantan, Indonesia (cld06121913) - www.wildborneo.com.my"
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265:, including 7 other ill-fitting species in the genus, a genus he did not define. In 1881
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582:'Introduction to Aerospace Engineering with a Flight Test Perspective' by Stephen Corda
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oscillation. In the past it was often found on the decks of ships at sea.
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is from the Latin for "grove mitre/fillet" and the species epithet
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Ananya; "Gliding
Sensors Inspired by Seeds Biodegrade After Use",
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Bulletin of
Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)
371:
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107:
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Early
Aviation at Farnborough, Volume II: The First Aeroplanes
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220:
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595:(On the Stability of Flying Machines), Friederichsen (1897).
522:
Azuma, Akira; Okuno, Yoshinori (1987). "Flight of a samara,
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617:Dunne, J.W.; "The theory of the Dunne aeroplane",
398:. Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS)
1021:
313:of this species is unusual in having two flat
239:The plant was first described under the name
637:Review of Raleigh's "The War in the Air",
625:over several issues from 16 August 1913):
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29:
273:. The current accepted name is Roemer's
189:
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621:, April 1913, pp83-102 (reproduced in
691:
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560:
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457:Macrozanonia Cogn. and Alsomitra Roem
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593:Über die Stabilität der Flugapparate
591:Ahlborn, Friedrich Christian Georg.
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249:from fruiting material collected on
512:", Macdonald (1974), Pages 174-175.
463:Volume 6 Issue 1, 1942, pp. 95-102.
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13:
199:Meyers großes Konversationslexikon
14:
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682:Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden
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981:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:294408-1
862:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:291224-1
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261:published it under the name
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1035:Decorative fruits and seeds
473:Royal Horticultural Society
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10:
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677:BBC video on gliding seeds
654:, 5 December 2022. p.17. (
16:Species of fruit and plant
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563:"Bukit Gemok Park, Tawau"
419:"Macrozanonia Macrocarpa"
341:The contemporary pioneer
269:allocated the species to
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39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
672:Fruits and gliding seeds
619:The aeronautical journal
350:environmental monitoring
326:Inspiration in aviation
293:means "large-fruited".
271:Macrozanonia macrocarpa
203:
417:Rolfe, R. A. (1920).
193:
731:Alsomitra macrocarpa
701:Alsomitra macrocarpa
639:Aeronautical Journal
608:, OUP (2003). p.280.
604:Hallion, Richard P.
524:Alsomitra macrocarpa
394:Alsomitra macrocarpa
275:Alsomitra macrocarpa
263:Alsomitra macrocarpa
211:, commonly known as
208:Alsomitra macrocarpa
170:Alsomitra macrocarpa
540:1987JThBi.129..263A
900:Zanonia macrocarpa
641:, July 1922, p243.
242:Zanonia macrocarpa
215:, is a species of
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152:A. macrocarpa
1050:Flora of Papuasia
1040:Flora of Thailand
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1016:
831:Open Tree of Life
693:Taxon identifiers
259:Max Joseph Roemer
247:Carl Ludwig Blume
223:belonging to the
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285:The genus name
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267:Alfred Cogniaux
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24:Javan cucumber
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508:Walker, P.; "
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491:on 2012-03-17
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161:Binomial name
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566:. Retrieved
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493:. Retrieved
489:the original
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400:. Retrieved
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362:Etrich Taube
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309:The seed or
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251:Mount Parang
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118:Cucurbitales
101:
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18:
849:kew-2630967
779:iNaturalist
725:Wikispecies
561:anonymous.
367:Flying wing
245:in 1825 by
82:Angiosperms
1024:Categories
844:Plant List
495:2011-05-28
378:References
343:J.W. Dunne
336:Igo Etrich
291:macrocarpa
257:. In 1843
915:Q38644269
875:100286329
287:Alsomitra
281:Etymology
219:-bearing
146:Species:
139:Alsomitra
52:Kingdom:
994:50304725
989:Tropicos
968:294408-1
909:Wikidata
870:Tropicos
797:291224-1
716:Q2651472
710:Wikidata
402:25 April
356:See also
332:aviation
235:Taxonomy
124:Family:
95:Eudicots
942:5537116
758:5537054
568:July 6,
536:Bibcode
443:4118666
372:Zanonia
320:phugoid
227:family
225:pumpkin
182:M.Roem.
134:Genus:
114:Order:
56:Plantae
836:337505
823:314684
810:386130
784:638439
771:466473
656:online
623:Flight
441:
315:bracts
311:samara
108:Rosids
955:42172
929:5CW7H
439:JSTOR
303:pepos
221:liana
217:gourd
178:Blume
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
63:Clade
976:POWO
963:IPNI
950:GRIN
937:GBIF
857:POWO
805:NCBI
792:IPNI
766:GRIN
753:GBIF
745:C7Y5
570:2010
427:1920
404:2024
255:Java
1002:WFO
924:CoL
883:WFO
740:CoL
544:doi
532:129
526:".
459:",
431:doi
253:in
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176:(
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