851:
2309:
2506:
66:
5982:
622:
5258:
44:
3932:
While humans appear to be relatively resistant to onion toxicity, there is some concern about the susceptibility of certain ethnic groups that have a genetic deficiency of G6PD. / Onion toxicity depends on factors other than variation in species susceptibility. Onions contain varying amounts of
919:
Many alliums have basal leaves that commonly wither away from the tips downward before or while the plants flower, but some species have persistent foliage. Plants produce from one to 12 leaves, most species having linear, channeled or flat leaf blades. The leaf blades are straight or variously
3933:
disulfide and SMCO toxins, depending on the species of onion, time of year, and growing conditions. Storing onions in large piles also provides a suitable environment for contamination of the crop with other toxins, such as mycotoxins, which could contribute to the disease process.
1084:
is poorly understood, with incorrect descriptions being widespread. The difficulties arise from the fact that the genus displays considerable polymorphism and has adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Furthermore, traditional classifications had been based on
673:. It is one of about 57 genera of flowering plants with more than 500 species. It is by far the largest genus in the Amaryllidaceae, and also in the Alliaceae in classification systems in which that family is recognized as separate.
829:
sulfoxides, that give them a characteristic onion or garlic taste and odor. Many are used as food plants, though not all members of the genus are equally flavorful. In most cases, both bulb and leaves are edible. The characteristic
2496:
The unusual telomeric sequence of 'Allium cepa' was discovered and cytologically validated to be CTCGGTTATGGG A bioinformatics method for detecting this unique telomere sequence was demonstrated using SERF de novo Genome
Analysis
4793:
Huang, De-Qing; Yang, Jing-Tian; Zhou, Chun-Jing; Zhou, Song-Dong; He, Xing-Jin (21 December 2013). "Phylogenetic reappraisal of Allium subgenus
Cyathophora (Amaryllidaceae) and related taxa, with a proposal of two new sections".
1343:. Since then, many attempts have been made to divide the growing number of recognised species into infrageneric subgroupings, initially as sections, and then as subgenera further divided into sections. For a brief history, see Li
1449:
or lines correspond to the three major clades. Line one (the oldest) with three subgenera is predominantly bulbous, the second, with five subgenera and the third with seven subgenera contain both bulbous and rhizomatous taxa.
4524:
4881:"Phylogeny and biogeography of Allium (Amaryllidaceae: Allieae) based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast rps16 sequences, focusing on the inclusion of species endemic to China"
4449:
Dubouzet, J. G.; Shinoda, K.; Murata, N. (17 December 1997). "Phylogeny of Allium L. subgenus
Rhizirideum (G. Don ex Koch) Wendelbo according to dot blot hybridization with randomly amplified DNA probes".
1029:
have been used as food items throughout their ranges. There are several unrelated species that are somewhat similar in appearance to
Alliums but are poisonous (e.g. in North America, death camas,
1408:. Meanwhile, the number of new species continued to increase, reaching 800 by 2009, and the pace of discovery has not decreased. Detailed studies have focused on a number of subgenera, including
4207:
Species
Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas
4342:
von Berg, Gerlinde Linne; Samoylov, Alexander; Klaas, Manfred; Hanelt, Peter (September 1996). "Chloroplast DNA restriction analysis and the infrageneric grouping of Allium (Alliaceae)".
4381:
Choi, Hyeok Jae; Giussani, Liliana M.; Jang, Chang Gee; Oh, Byoung Un; Cota-Sánchez, J. Hugo (June 2012). "Systematics of disjunct northeastern Asian and northern North
American
2056:
1388:. The terminology has varied with some authors subdividing subgenera into Sections and others Alliances. The term Alliance has also been used for subgroupings within species,
2381:
Species grow in various conditions from dry, well-drained mineral-based soils to moist, organic soils; most grow in sunny locations, but a number also grow in forests (e.g.,
916:
roots. The bulbs' outer coats are commonly brown or grey, with a smooth texture, and are fibrous, or with cellular reticulation. The inner coats of the bulbs are membranous.
2246:
2156:
2116:
2066:
2266:
2036:
1986:
1976:
2256:
2146:
2106:
2096:
2236:
2206:
2186:
2166:
2126:
2046:
2016:
2216:
2196:
2086:
1996:
999:, the bulbils replace some or all the flowers. The umbels are subtended by noticeable spathe bracts, which are commonly fused and normally have around three veins.
2285:
5290:
2276:
2136:
2006:
3512:
Fajkus, Petr; Peška, Vratislav; Sitová, Zdeňka; Fulnečková, Jana; Dvořáčková, Martina; Gogela, Roman; Sýkorová, Eva; Hapala, Jan; Fajkus, Jiří (December 2015).
2783:
1404:
studies have shown the 2006 classification is a considerable improvement over previous classifications, but some of its subgenera and sections are probably not
2076:
2026:
3240:
2226:
2176:
978:
The fruits are capsules that open longitudinally along the capsule wall between the partitions of the locule. The seeds are black, and have a rounded shape.
4564:
Friesen, Nikolai; Fritsch, Reinhard M.; Pollner, Sven; Blattner, Frank R. (2000). "Molecular and
Morphological Evidence for an Origin of the Aberrant Genus
2579:(H4). These ornamental onions produce spherical umbels on single stalks in spring and summer, in a wide variety of sizes and colours, ranging from white (
6241:
2569:
plants for their ornamental flowers, and their "architectural" qualities. Several hybrids have been bred, or selected, with rich purple flowers.
6280:
1947:. This subgenus also contains the majority of the species in its lineage. Within the lineage, the phylogeny is complex. Two small subgenera,
713:
vary in size between species, from small (around 2–3 mm in diameter) to rather large (8–10 cm). Some species (such as Welsh onion
1089:
characteristics (the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages). However, the genus has been shown to be
2670:
are very susceptible to poisoning after the consumption of certain species. Even cattle have suffered onion toxicosis. Vegetables of the
5186:
6326:
5268:
4962:
2525:
species have been harvested through human history, but only about a dozen are still economically important today as crops or garden
6189:
2347:
species, representing five subgenera. A few species are native to Africa and
Central and South America. A single known exception,
6254:
6202:
5015:
Sykorova, E.; Fajkus, J.; Meznikova, M.; Lim, K. Y.; Neplechova, K.; Blattner, F. R.; Chase, M. W.; Leitch, A. R. (1 June 2006).
6103:
3979:
Brullo, Salvatore; Guglielmo, Anna; Pavone, Pietro; Salmeri, Cristina; Terrasi, M. Carmen (January 2003). "Three new species of
1883:, and to be the only lineage that is purely bulbous, the other two having both bulbous and rhizomatous taxa. Within the lineage
904:
and the plants are perennialized by the bulbs reforming annually from the base of the old bulbs, or are produced on the ends of
4707:
Gurushidze, Maia; Fuchs, Jörg; Blattner, Frank R. (1 March 2012). "The
Evolution of Genome Size Variation in Drumstick Onions (
4756:
4276:
4255:
4234:
4191:
4170:
4149:
4084:
3646:
3603:
3576:
3045:
3013:
2939:
2869:
6436:
6259:
4480:
3420:
Ricroch, A.; Yockteng, R.; Brown, S C; Nadot, S (2005). "Evolution of genome size across some cultivated Allium species".
1963:
forms a medium-sized subgenus that is the sister to the other four, larger, subgenera. This line may not be monophyletic.
3078:
Penny
Woodward, "Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums" (South Melbourne: Hyland House, 1996)
1935:
The third evolutionary line contains the greatest number of sections (seven), and also the largest subgenus of the genus
5083:
Wheeler, E. J.; Mashayekhi, S.; McNeal, D. W.; Columbus, J. T.; Pires, J. C. (26 March 2013). "Molecular systematics of
6098:
2956:"A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae"
3146:
Peterson, R.P. 1982. A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants: Eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
1097:, although some proposed subgenera are not. Some progress is being made using molecular phylogenetic methods, and the
3946:
3666:
3627:
2905:
2897:
2791:
2456:
The genus Allium has very large variation between species in their genome size that is not accompanied by changes in
6380:
5965:
5321:
4963:
A. Samoylov, N. Friesen, S. Pollner, P. Hanelt. Use of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms for the phylogenetic study of
1813:
6285:
6228:
5234:
4344:
6344:
3069:
Haim D. Rabinowitch, Leslie Currah, "Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2002)
1632:
6426:
6375:
4858:
Li, R. J.; Shang, Z. Y.; Cui, T. C.; Xu, J. M. (1996). "Studies on karyotypes and phylogenetic relationship of
3774:
1736:
1707:
1673:
1580:
1573:
2784:"1793 illustration from William Woodville: "Medical botany", London, James Phillips, 1793, Vol. 3, Plate 168:
6267:
5230:
1597:
4922:
Nguyen, Nhu H.; Driscoll, Heather E.; Specht, Chelsea D. (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of the wild onions (
4417:
1777:
1760:
1639:
3800:
1830:
1690:
1614:
5122:
Zubaida Yousaf; Zabta Khan Shinwari; Rizwana ALEEM Qureshi; Mir Ajab Khan; Syed Shahinshah Gilani (2004).
1743:
6077:
6072:
6059:
5215:
3904:
2619:
1656:
1369:
1098:
766:
boundaries are unclear. Estimates of the number of species are as low as 260, and as high as 979. In the
6181:
6155:
3126:
3105:
989:, in which the outside flowers bloom first and flowering progresses to the inside. Some species produce
6339:
5191:
5093:
4141:
2431:
1794:
799:
1464:
The three evolutionary lineages and 15 subgenera here represent the classification schemes of Friesen
813:
have been cultivated from the earliest times, and about a dozen species are economically important as
6295:
5223:
4247:
CRC world dictionary of plant names: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology
3748:
3700:
3678:
1871:
Although this lineage consists of three subgenera, nearly all the species are attributed to subgenus
1847:
1002:
Some bulbous alliums increase by forming little bulbs or "offsets" around the old one, as well as by
838:
content of the soil the plant grows in. In the rare occurrence of sulfur-free growth conditions, all
6207:
2468:, a "reality check for anyone who thinks they have come up with a universal function for junk DNA".
5948:
5121:
3722:
3250:
2771:
1109:
ITS1 and ITS2, is one of the more commonly used markers in the study of the differentiation of the
1031:
65:
3853:
6431:
6331:
6176:
5376:
5262:
4990:
group (Amaryllidaceae): geographical isolation as the driving force of underestimated speciation"
2737:
This genus also includes species that are abundantly gathered from the wild such as wild garlic (
1417:
17:
4316:
4205:
6150:
6002:
5825:
5618:
5343:
3826:
3473:"A Solution to the C-Value Paradox and the Function of Junk DNA: The Genome Balance Hypothesis"
2423:
1919:, phylogenetically. These three genera are late-branching whereas the remaining two subgenera,
1459:
1401:
795:
738:
6246:
2369:, while a minor one is found in western North America. The genus is especially diverse in the
1351:
dates to 1996. In 2006 Friesen, Fritsch, and Blattner described a new classification with 15
5862:
5394:
5210:
4072:
2623:
2576:
2370:
2343:
zone, predominantly in Asia. Of the latter, 138 species occur in China, about a sixth of all
1446:
1348:
850:
6308:
6111:
5763:
5695:
5638:
5384:
5314:
4935:
4765:
4581:
4353:
4093:
3996:
3868:
2474:
2354:
8:
5810:
5613:
5543:
5503:
4661:
4496:
2512:
2415:
2358:
2328:
1769:
1648:
1434:
1333:
684:
272:
Medik. 1790, illegitimate homonym not Ehrh. 1783 nor Roth 1788 nor Wender. ex Steud. 1841
6142:
5123:
4939:
4769:
4585:
4357:
4097:
4000:
3513:
6388:
6163:
5938:
5673:
5668:
5653:
5558:
5498:
5181:
4905:
4880:
4879:
Li, Q.-Q.; Zhou, S.-D.; He, X.-J.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, Y.-C.; Wei, X.-Q. (21 October 2010).
4819:
4746:
Hirschegger, Pablo; Jaške, Jernej; Trontelj, Peter; Bohanec, Borut (2010). "Origins of
4734:
4552:
4467:
4369:
4059:
4012:
3918:
3899:
3872:
3566:
3453:
2840:
2571:
1907:
Nearly all the species in this lineage of five subgenera are accounted for by subgenus
1713:
1665:
1044:
933:
922:
219:
203:
60:
6168:
5778:
4833:"Testing the utility of matK and ITS DNA regions for discrimination of Allium species"
4684:(Webb & Berthel) Rouy (Alliaceae) based on molecular and morphological characters"
2811:
6303:
6085:
5933:
5830:
5800:
5648:
5628:
5588:
5573:
5568:
5523:
5518:
5508:
5493:
5161:
5110:
5038:
4951:
4910:
4811:
4781:
4717:
4675:
4648:
4610:
4597:
4294:
4272:
4251:
4230:
4187:
4166:
4145:
4109:
3923:
3880:
3662:
3642:
3623:
3599:
3572:
3533:
3494:
3445:
3437:
3041:
3009:
2972:
2955:
2921:
2901:
2893:
2865:
2601:
2566:
2555:
1682:
1439:
1308:
856:
822:
714:
696:
680:
4823:
4738:
4556:
4471:
4373:
4063:
4016:
3457:
2874:
1424:
has also been the subject of considerable study (see below), while work on subgenus
6393:
6318:
6090:
6040:
5795:
5758:
5658:
5643:
5623:
5608:
5603:
5583:
5538:
5528:
5205:
5102:
5071:
5028:
5001:
4943:
4900:
4892:
4844:
4803:
4773:
4726:
4626:
4589:
4544:
4459:
4435:
4402:
4394:
4361:
4328:
4101:
4049:
4004:
3913:
3525:
3484:
3429:
3403:
2967:
2832:
2745:
2699:
2643:
2585:
2561:
2550:
2542:
2349:
2340:
1839:
1786:
1699:
1623:
1606:
1356:
995:
937:
928:
720:
632:
6051:
3060:
James L. Brewster, "Onions and Other Alliums" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2008)
2505:
6421:
6416:
6064:
5985:
5943:
5753:
5578:
5553:
5533:
5488:
5307:
4266:
4245:
4224:
4160:
4135:
4008:
2460:
level. This remarkable variation was noted in the discussion of the evolution of
1140:
1058:
103:
6272:
5276:
4947:
4777:
4505:
4105:
2308:
1119:
includes a number of taxonomic groupings previously considered separate genera (
754:
which means "cultivated garlic". The decision to include a species in the genus
6367:
5897:
5840:
5835:
5700:
5663:
5633:
5598:
5593:
5563:
5548:
5426:
5399:
5075:
4440:
3951:
Chives: Nutritional Value, Health Benefits and Potential Side Effects of Chives
3591:
3489:
3472:
2739:
2691:
2607:
2480:
2383:
1822:
1805:
1752:
1589:
1167:
1077:
1069:
968:
944:
775:
767:
759:
750:
189:
136:
90:
52:
43:
5017:"Minisatellite telomeres occur in the family Alliaceae but are lost in Allium"
4926:; Alliaceae) with a focus on the western North American center of diversity".
4807:
4631:
985:
or flattened flowering scapes are normally persistent. The inflorescences are
6410:
5902:
5854:
5820:
5815:
5732:
5720:
5513:
5461:
4730:
4201:
3884:
3876:
3441:
2591:
2427:
2300:
Some sources refer to Greek ἀλέω (aleo, to avoid) due to the odor of garlic.
1799:
1727:
1393:
1247:
1102:
1006:. Several species can form many bulbils in the flowerhead; in the so-called "
730:
646:
626:
195:
173:
116:
4181:
4077:; Alliaceae) with a focus on the western North American center of diversity"
3035:
901:
6357:
6025:
5892:
5887:
5867:
5436:
5409:
5114:
5042:
4955:
4914:
4815:
4785:
4601:
4593:
4113:
3537:
3498:
3449:
2892:
Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press.
2546:
2411:
2362:
1888:
1721:
1405:
1360:
1090:
1086:
803:
745:
181:
4548:
4463:
3927:
2618:
The following cultivars, of uncertain or mixed parentage, have gained the
6215:
6034:
5910:
5805:
5768:
5737:
5715:
5705:
5451:
5431:
5419:
5033:
5016:
4896:
2469:
2435:
2419:
2407:
1856:
1385:
1243:
1227:
783:
126:
5106:
4849:
4832:
4333:
4054:
4025:
982:
6194:
5882:
5872:
5727:
5710:
5471:
5456:
4407:
4365:
4315:
Banfi, Enrico; Galasso, Gabriele; Soldano, Adriano (1 September 2011).
2860:
Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70-78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor).
2844:
2465:
2336:
1568:
Evolutionary lines and subgenera (number of sections/number of species)
1468:(2006) and Li (2010), and subsequent additional species and revisions.
1171:
1106:
1065:
1007:
878:
872:
818:
779:
146:
5006:
4985:
4750:
horticultural groups and a molecular phylogeny of the section Allium (
4398:
3598:. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York.
3529:
3471:
Freeling, Michael; Xu, Jie; Woodhouse, Margaret; Lisch, Damon (2015).
2682:
The genus includes many economically important species. These include
1879:. The lineage is considered to represent the most ancient line within
825:. Plants of the genus produce chemical compounds, mostly derived from
6220:
6137:
6124:
5414:
5280:
4426:
4317:"Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 2"
3954:
3551:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3155:
Gibbons, E. 1962. Stalking the wild asparagus. David McKay, New York.
2823:
Frodin, David G. (2004). "History and concepts of big plant genera".
2719:
2526:
2403:
2399:
2332:
1352:
1148:
1062:
952:
791:
701:). They vary in height between 5–150 centimetres (2–59 in). The
5996:
5389:
3433:
2836:
2575:'Purple Sensation' is one of the most popular and has been given an
1959:
as the first branching group. Amongst the remaining five subgenera,
1035:), but none of these has the distinctive scent of onions or garlic.
649:
flowering plants with hundreds of species, including the cultivated
6352:
6019:
5441:
2461:
2366:
2313:
1717:
1363:
1019:
913:
905:
886:
875:
826:
727:)) develop thickened leaf-bases rather than forming bulbs as such.
658:
6129:
5687:
3268:
3228:
6233:
5928:
5446:
5229:. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland:
4984:
Seregin, Alexey P.; Anačkov, Goran; Friesen, Nikolai (May 2015).
4268:
Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums
4071:
Nguyen, Nhu H.; Driscoll, Heather E.; Specht, Chelsea D. (2008).
4024:
Koçyiğıt, Mine; Yeşıl, Yeter; Koyuncu, Mehmet (14 January 2016).
3620:
The Royal Horticultural Society A–Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
2485:
2440:
1199:
1054:
990:
909:
835:
763:
662:
156:
3362:
3360:
2353:
occurs in the Southern Hemisphere (South Africa). There are two
1372:. Some of the subgenera correspond to the once separate genera (
621:
5877:
5356:
5351:
5272:
5257:
2727:
2707:
2457:
1321:
1094:
1076:
is one of the largest monocotyledonous genera, but the precise
972:
964:
960:
956:
894:
702:
670:
654:
6116:
5168:. Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia
4416:
Deniz, İsmail Gökhan; Genç, İlker; Sarı, Duygu (9 June 2015).
5404:
5366:
3854:"Toxicology Brief: Allium species poisoning in dogs and cats"
3357:
3321:
2683:
2395:
986:
948:
890:
882:
865:
814:
706:
650:
77:
5050:
Tzanoudakis, Dimitris; Trigas, Panayiotis (12 March 2015). "
4649:"More than a pretty face - ornamental "drumstick onions" of
4647:
Fritsch, RM; Gurushidze, M; Jedelská, J; Keusgen, M (2006).
1312:(1753), there were thirty species with this name. He placed
947:
are erect or in some species pendent, having six petal-like
5361:
3596:
The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening
3511:
3372:
2715:
2667:
2663:
2612:
2317:
1366:
1003:
710:
666:
5295:
species and cultivars currently offered in the trade. 2015
5285:
4418:"Morphological and molecular data reveal a new species of
3256:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
1955:
form a sister clade to the remaining five subgenera, with
5299:
5062:(Amaryllidaceae) from Skiros Island (W Aegean, Greece)".
4615:(Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences"
3419:
3384:
3345:
3333:
3297:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3081:
2864:
volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.
1442:
was not sufficient to test the monophyly of the section.
3470:
3309:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
5227:
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy)
3158:
821:, and an increasing number of species are important as
782:(formerly the family Alliaceae). In some of the older
687:, except for a few species occurring in Chile (such as
5160:
4608:
4522:
3279:
3234:
2674:
genus can cause digestive disorders for human beings.
1332:
Linnaeus originally grouped his 30 species into three
920:
coiled, but some species have broad leaves, including
27:
Genus of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae
4983:
4831:İpek, Meryem; İpek, Ahmet; SIMON, Philipp W. (2014).
4448:
3177:
211:
4478:
3565:
Simonetti, Gualtiero (1990). Stanley Schuler (ed.).
3564:
3524:(3). Petr Fajkus et el, The Plant Journal: 337–347.
3285:
1860:(5/30) onion, garden onion, bulb onion, common onion
5128:
L., be resolved through some numerical techniques?"
4609:Friesen, N; Fritsch, RM; Blattner, Frank R (2006).
4314:
3554:. SERF de novo Genome Analysis, BioSerf. July 2018.
1453:
4611:"Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of
4380:
4137:Garlic and other alliums: the lore and the science
3006:Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science
2954:Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009).
1911:, which is most closely associated with subgenera
5049:
4792:
4745:
4674:Fritsch, RM; Blattner, FR; Gurushidze, M (2010).
4479:Fragman-Sapir, Ori; Fritsch, Reinhard M. (2011).
4302:
4222:
3366:
3327:
2734:). Some have been used as traditional medicines.
2509:Selection of cultivated alliums displayed at the
571:Salisb. 1866, illegitimate homonym not Nutt. 1840
6408:
4706:
3568:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs and Spices
2599:). By contrast, other species (such as invasive
1943:, which includes the type species of the genus,
1593:(1/3) Mediterranean bells, Sicilian honey garlic
993:within the umbels, and in some species, such as
967:can vary in color depending on the species. The
467:Salisb. 1866, illegitimate homonym not Tul. 1857
4523:Friesen, N.; Fritsch, R.; Bachmann, K. (1997).
4038:, Amaryllidaceae), a new species from E Turkey"
4023:
3657:Lloyd, Christopher & Rice, Graham, (1991).
3378:
1966:
4341:
4292:
3651:
3262:
3100:
3098:
3096:
2953:
2812:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1018:) the bulbils are few, but large enough to be
5315:
5291:Reinhard M. Fritsch. Checklist of ornamental
5222:
5082:
4986:"Molecular and morphological revision of the
4830:
4673:
4646:
4563:
4070:
3978:
3390:
3351:
3339:
3303:
3222:
3087:
951:produced in two whorls. The flowers have one
842:species completely lose their usual pungency.
4921:
4857:
3315:
3033:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
1072:). New species continue to be described and
4415:
4243:
4073:"A molecular phylogeny of the wild onions (
3641:, p. 68, Dorling Kindersley, London, 2009,
3632:
3622:, p. 95, Dorling Kindersley, London, 1996,
3171:
3093:
2880:
2303:
1902:
1302:When Linnaeus formerly described the genus
5322:
5308:
5187:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
4422:(Amaryllidaceae) from SW Anatolia, Turkey"
4179:
3614:
3612:
3594:, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992).
3003:
2862:The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
2856:
2854:
2763:
2761:
1930:
1866:
42:
5216:Pacific Bulb Society: Rhizomatous Alliums
5032:
5005:
4979:Volume 110 Issue 1–2, Pages 103–109, 1999
4904:
4878:
4848:
4630:
4439:
4406:
4332:
4053:
3917:
3618:Brickell, Christopher (Editor-in-chief),
3488:
3210:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2980:
2971:
2816:
971:are superior, and three-lobed with three
5014:
4994:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
4264:
4200:
4158:
3900:"Onion toxicosis in a herd of beef cows"
3701:"RHS Plantfinder - Allium 'Beau Regard'"
3291:
3246:
2960:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2911:
2767:
2504:
2307:
900:The bulbs are solitary or clustered and
849:
620:
4223:Rabinowitch, H. D.; Currah, L. (2002).
3679:"RHS Plantfinder - Allium 'Ambassador'"
3609:
3558:
2886:
2851:
2758:
2394:species are used as food plants by the
212:§ Evolutionary lines and subgenera
14:
6409:
5786:
5479:
5180:
4525:"Hybrid origin of some ornamentals of
4210:. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii
3251:Hexandria monogynia I pp. 285–332
3022:
2822:
744:is the Latin word for garlic, and the
6001:
6000:
5303:
4928:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4757:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4574:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4296:Evolution, domestication and taxonomy
4226:Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances
4133:
4085:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3944:
3415:
3413:
1359:, and about 780 species based on the
908:or, in a few species, at the ends of
6381:bae56750-c47a-4d1a-9f4b-e575c9bb7ee8
6296:983a200e-8e4d-4fe2-afbf-5c09d36cd327
5091:(Amaryllidaceae) in North America".
4657:are also potential medicinal plants"
3851:
3280:Friesen, Fritsch & Blattner 2006
3127:"Allium in Flora of North America @"
1135:had been treated by many authors as
709:at the top of a leafless stalk. The
5231:USDA, Agricultural Research Service
3897:
3807:. Royal Horticultural Society. 2016
3755:. Royal Horticultural Society. 1995
3729:. Royal Horticultural Society. 1995
3703:. Royal Horticultural Society. 1995
3681:. Royal Horticultural Society. 2016
3585:
2926:
2920:In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In:
2444:, a moth that feeds exclusively on
1474:Cladogram of evolutionary lines in
943:The flowers, which are produced on
24:
6345:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000901-2
3947:"Potential Side Effects of Chives"
3410:
2788:(Garlic). Hand-coloured engraving"
936:, and very rarely narrowed into a
25:
6448:
5250:
3945:Singh, Zoomi (October 12, 2022).
1101:(ITS) region, including the 5.8S
912:. A small number of species have
5981:
5980:
5966:Garlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers
5256:
4537:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
4452:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
4321:Natural History Sciences (Milan)
2973:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
2611:) can become troublesome garden
1875:, the third largest subgenus of
1454:Evolutionary lines and subgenera
1316:in a grouping he referred to as
64:
5235:National Plant Germplasm System
4489:from the eastern Mediterranean"
4345:Plant Systematics and Evolution
4303:Rabinowitch & Currah (2002)
4121:
3938:
3891:
3845:
3819:
3793:
3767:
3741:
3715:
3693:
3671:
3544:
3505:
3464:
3396:
3149:
3140:
3119:
3072:
3063:
3054:
2947:
2387:), or even in swamps or water.
1324:) containing 51 genera in all.
5286:Bloomsta.com Florist Community
4183:Alliums: The Ornamental Onions
3898:Rae, Helen A. (January 1999).
3037:Alliums: The Ornamental Onions
3008:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
2933:
2805:
2776:
2500:
2331:, being spread throughout the
1327:
1147:. In 2000, it was shown to be
871:(alliums) is characterised by
845:
13:
1:
5124:"Can complexity of the genus
4250:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
4244:Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999).
3571:. Simon & Schuster, Inc.
3367:Tzanoudakis & Trigas 2015
2752:
2532:
1782:(G. Don ex Koch) Wendelbo s.s
885:, some of which are borne on
768:APG III classification system
5211:Pacific Bulb Society: Allium
4568:within Himalayan Species of
4533:verified with GISH and RAPD"
4009:10.1080/11263500312331351391
3106:"Allium in Flora of China @"
2295:
2057:Allium subsect. Campanulatae
1967:Proposed infrageneric groups
1891:to the other two subgenera (
1370:internal transcribed spacers
1158:
7:
6437:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
5154:
4948:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.006
4778:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.030
4308:
4286:
4106:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.006
3905:Canadian Veterinary Journal
3887:. [Peer-reviewed.]
3514:"Allium telomeres unmasked"
3235:Linnaeus Sexual System 2015
2658:
2620:Royal Horticultural Society
2491:
2451:
2418:moth (recorded on garlic),
2247:Allium sect. Rhophetoprason
2157:Allium subg. Melanocrommyon
2117:Allium subsect. Falcifoliae
2067:Allium sect. Caulorhizideum
1661:(G. Don ex Koch) N. Friesen
1099:internal transcribed spacer
1038:
10:
6453:
5329:
5192:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
5094:American Journal of Botany
5076:10.11646/phytotaxa.202.2.5
5021:American Journal of Botany
4441:10.11646/phytotaxa.212.4.4
4142:Royal Society of Chemistry
3972:
3852:Cope, R.B. (August 2005).
3639:RHS Plant Finder 2009–2010
3490:10.1016/j.molp.2015.02.009
2940:The Plant List, for genus
2432:setaceous Hebrew character
2376:
2327:species are native to the
2267:Allium sect. Schoenoprasum
2161:(Webb & Berthel.) Rouy
2037:Allium sect. Bromatorrhiza
1987:Allium subsect. Acuminatae
1977:Allium sect. Acanthoprason
1457:
1420:as monophyletic. Subgenus
1320:(i.e. six stamens and one
1297:
1139:, the only species in the
1042:
733:first described the genus
6009:
5976:
5957:
5919:
5904:Beurre à la bourguignonne
5853:
5777:
5746:
5686:
5470:
5375:
5339:
5281:NMNH Department of Botany
5273:Index Nominum Genericorum
4866:(Liliaceae) from China".
4837:Turkish Journal of Botany
4808:10.1007/s10265-013-0617-8
4796:Journal of Plant Research
4632:10.5642/aliso.20062201.31
4293:Fritsch, RM; Friesen, N.
2883:, vol. 1 p. 91.
2772:Allium I pp. 294–301
2257:Allium subsect. Sanbornae
2191:F.O. Khass. & Yengal.
2147:Allium sect. Lophioprason
2107:Allium sect. Falcatifolia
2097:Allium sect. Codonoprasum
1585:(Lindl.) Asch. et Graebn
1531:
1520:Second evolutionary line
1518:
1511:
1498:
1491:
1347:(2010) The modern era of
1240:
1224:
1217:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1093:, containing three major
1053:is the sole genus in the
225:
218:
209:
202:
187:
180:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
5949:syn-Propanethial-S-oxide
5162:"Linnaeus Sexual System"
4731:10.1600/036364412X616675
4162:Onions and Other Alliums
4159:Brewster, J. L. (2008).
4127:
3659:Garden Flowers From Seed
2304:Distribution and habitat
2237:Allium sect. Rhiziridium
2207:Allium sect. Petroprason
2187:Allium sect. Multicaulea
2167:Allium subsect. Mexicana
2127:Allium sect. Halpostemon
2047:Allium sect. Caloscordum
2017:Allium sect. Brevispatha
1903:Second evolutionary line
1633:Second evolutionary line
1533:Third evolutionary line
1500:First evolutionary line
1428:has focussed on section
1032:Toxicoscordion venenosum
798:studies have shown this
774:is placed in the family
695:), and tropical Africa (
4676:"New classification of
4504:: 31–50. Archived from
2743:) in Europe and ramps (
2677:
2472:vary between 7.5 Gb in
2357:, a major one from the
2217:Allium subg. Polyprason
2197:Allium sect. Oreiprason
2087:Allium subsect. Cernuae
1997:Allium sect. Amerallium
1931:Third evolutionary line
1927:, are early branching.
1867:First evolutionary line
1737:Third evolutionary line
1695:(Kamelin) R. M. Fritsch
1574:First evolutionary line
1397:, and for subsections.
1025:Many of the species of
5405:Common / Bulb
4594:10.1006/mpev.2000.0844
3552:"Allium cepa Telomere"
3328:Hirschegger et al 2010
2518:
2424:large yellow underwing
2320:
2286:Allium sect. Unicaulea
1756:(2/4) fragrant garlic
1678:(Ekberg) R. M. Fritsch
1460:List of Allium species
1402:molecular phylogenetic
1341:Foliis caulinis planis
1170:: Subfamily
1049:With over 850 species
861:
834:flavor depends on the
796:Molecular phylogenetic
784:classification systems
637:
6427:Amaryllidaceae genera
5863:List of garlic dishes
5395:Cipolla di Giarratana
4549:10.1007/s001220050686
4464:10.1007/s001220050685
4265:Woodward, P. (1996).
3034:Dilys Davies (1992).
2927:§ External links
2624:Award of Garden Merit
2583:'Mont Blanc'), blue (
2577:Award of Garden Merit
2508:
2371:eastern Mediterranean
2311:
2277:Allium sect. Scorodon
2241:G. Don ex W.D.J. Koch
2181:G. Don ex W.D.J. Koch
2137:Allium sect. Haneltia
2007:Allium sect. Anguinum
1644:(Herb.) R. M. Fritsch
1447:evolutionary lineages
1349:phylogenetic analysis
1010:" or Egyptian onion (
853:
624:
5696:List of onion dishes
5385:Bangalore rose onion
5265:at Wikimedia Commons
5034:10.3732/ajb.93.6.814
4134:Block, Eric (2009).
3869:Edwardsville, Kansas
3379:Koçyiğıt et al. 2016
2749:) in North America.
2565:, which are used as
2484:, both of which are
2464:and resulted in the
2355:centres of diversity
2077:Allium subsect. Cepa
2027:Allium sect. Briseis
1818:(Kamelin) N. Friesen
1748:(Salisb.) N. Friesen
955:and six epipetalous
802:of Liliaceae is not
725:A. ampeloprasum
5206:DutchGrown: Alliums
5107:10.3732/ajb.1200641
5054:, a new species of
4940:2008MolPE..47.1157N
4850:10.3906/bot-1308-46
4770:2010MolPE..54..488H
4748:Allium ampeloprasum
4586:2000MolPE..17..209F
4385:(Amaryllidaceae)".
4358:1996PSyEv.200..253V
4334:10.4081/nhs.2011.85
4229:. CABI Publishing.
4180:Davies, D. (1992).
4165:. CABI Publishing.
4098:2008MolPE..47.1157N
4055:10.3372/wi.46.46109
4001:2003PBios.137..131B
3861:Veterinary Medicine
3805:'Round 'n' Purple'"
3801:"RHS Plantfinder -
3749:"RHS Plantfinder -
3723:"RHS Plantfinder -
3263:von Berg et al 1996
3004:Eric Block (2010).
2908:(paperback). pp 43
2642:'Michael H. Hoog' (
2359:Mediterranean Basin
2329:Northern Hemisphere
2227:Allium sect. Porrum
2177:Allium sect. Molium
1770:Allium cyathophorum
1649:Allium neriniflorum
1602:(Maxim.) N. Friesen
1435:Allium ampeloprasum
1318:Hexandria monogynia
693:A. sellovianum
689:A. juncifolium
685:Northern Hemisphere
5969:(1980 documentary)
5939:Diallyl trisulfide
4977:Feddes Repertorium
4897:10.1093/aob/mcq177
4868:Acta Phytotax. Sin
4366:10.1007/bf00984939
3779:'Michael H. Hoog'"
3391:GRIN Taxonomy 2023
3352:Nguyen et al. 2008
3340:Brullo et al. 2003
3304:Fritsch et al 2010
3223:Friesen et al 2000
3088:Wheeler et al 2013
2651:'Round 'n' Purple'
2519:
2321:
1666:Allium victorialis
1384:) included in the
1045:Taxonomy of Allium
862:
716:A. fistulosum
698:A. spathaceum
681:temperate climates
638:
204:Evolutionary lines
6404:
6403:
6304:Open Tree of Life
6003:Taxon identifiers
5994:
5993:
5934:Diallyl disulfide
5849:
5848:
5682:
5681:
5261:Media related to
5224:"Genus Allium L."
5007:10.1111/boj.12269
4718:Systematic Botany
4399:10.1139/b2012-031
4278:978-1-86447-009-3
4257:978-0-8493-2673-8
4236:978-0-85199-510-6
4193:978-0-88192-241-7
4172:978-1-84593-399-9
4151:978-0-85404-190-9
3661:, p. 45, Viking,
3647:978-1-4053-4176-9
3604:978-0-333-47494-5
3578:978-0-671-73489-3
3530:10.1111/tpj.13115
3518:The Plant Journal
3316:Nguyen et al 2008
3047:978-0-88192-241-7
3015:978-0-85404-190-9
2922:Regnum Vegetabile
2870:978-3-540-64060-8
2553:. These include
2406:as well as other
2335:region, from dry
2291:
2281:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2082:
2072:
2062:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1853:
1836:
1819:
1814:Reticulatobulbosa
1802:
1783:
1766:
1749:
1724:
1696:
1683:Allium oreophilum
1679:
1662:
1645:
1620:
1603:
1586:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1309:Species Plantarum
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
932:. The leaves are
897:odor and flavor.
857:Allium oreophilum
823:ornamental plants
748:for the genus is
679:species occur in
619:
618:
612:
604:
596:
588:
580:
572:
564:
556:
548:
540:
532:
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
388:
380:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
231:
176:
16:(Redirected from
6444:
6397:
6396:
6384:
6383:
6371:
6370:
6361:
6360:
6348:
6347:
6335:
6334:
6322:
6321:
6316:Panartic Flora:
6312:
6311:
6299:
6298:
6289:
6288:
6276:
6275:
6273:NHMSYS0000455755
6263:
6262:
6250:
6249:
6237:
6236:
6224:
6223:
6211:
6210:
6198:
6197:
6185:
6184:
6172:
6171:
6159:
6158:
6146:
6145:
6133:
6132:
6120:
6119:
6107:
6106:
6094:
6093:
6081:
6080:
6068:
6067:
6055:
6054:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6030:
6029:
6028:
5998:
5997:
5984:
5983:
5920:Garlic and onion
5826:…sphaerocephalon
5784:
5783:
5747:Garlic cultivars
5619:…sphaerocephalon
5477:
5476:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5301:
5300:
5260:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5132:
5118:
5079:
5046:
5036:
5011:
5009:
4975:(Alliaceae) II.
4959:
4934:(3): 1157–1172.
4918:
4908:
4885:Annals of Botany
4875:
4854:
4852:
4827:
4789:
4754:; Alliaceae)"".
4742:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4670:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4605:
4560:
4543:(8): 1229–1238.
4519:
4517:
4516:
4510:
4493:
4481:"New species of
4475:
4458:(8): 1223–1228.
4445:
4443:
4412:
4410:
4377:
4352:(3–4): 253–261.
4338:
4336:
4300:
4299:. pp. 5–30.
4282:
4271:. Hyland House.
4261:
4240:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4197:
4186:. Timber Press.
4176:
4155:
4117:
4092:(3): 1157–1172.
4081:
4067:
4057:
4020:
3989:Plant Biosystems
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3921:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3858:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3777:Allium rosenorum
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3675:
3669:
3655:
3649:
3636:
3630:
3616:
3607:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3175:
3172:Deniz et al 2015
3169:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3040:. Timber Press.
3031:
3020:
3019:
3001:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2951:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2915:
2909:
2890:
2884:
2881:Quattrocchi 1999
2878:
2872:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2790:. Archived from
2780:
2774:
2765:
2746:Allium tricoccum
2732:A. schoenoprasum
2513:Gardeners' World
2475:A. schoenoprasum
2350:Allium dregeanum
2323:The majority of
2289:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1851:
1840:Allium moschatum
1834:
1817:
1798:
1787:Allium senescens
1781:
1764:
1747:
1711:
1700:Allium kujukense
1694:
1677:
1660:
1643:
1624:Allium canadense
1618:
1607:Allium monanthum
1601:
1584:
1514:
1513:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1220:
1219:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1164:
1163:
996:Allium paradoxum
647:monocotyledonous
633:Allium carinatum
610:
602:
594:
586:
578:
570:
562:
554:
546:
538:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
247:
239:
229:
172:
69:
68:
46:
32:
31:
21:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6392:
6387:
6379:
6374:
6366:
6364:
6356:
6351:
6343:
6338:
6330:
6325:
6317:
6315:
6307:
6302:
6294:
6292:
6284:
6279:
6271:
6266:
6258:
6253:
6245:
6240:
6232:
6227:
6219:
6214:
6206:
6201:
6193:
6188:
6180:
6175:
6167:
6162:
6154:
6149:
6141:
6136:
6128:
6123:
6115:
6110:
6102:
6097:
6089:
6084:
6076:
6071:
6063:
6058:
6050:
6048:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6005:
5995:
5990:
5972:
5953:
5944:Allyl mercaptan
5921:
5915:
5906:(garlic butter)
5845:
5773:
5742:
5678:
5466:
5377:Onion cultivars
5371:
5335:
5328:
5253:
5248:
5239:
5237:
5196:
5194:
5171:
5169:
5157:
5144:
5142:
5130:
5052:Allium occultum
4988:Allium saxatile
4697:
4695:
4637:
4635:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4491:
4311:
4289:
4279:
4258:
4237:
4213:
4211:
4194:
4173:
4152:
4130:
4124:
4079:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3943:
3939:
3896:
3892:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3637:
3633:
3617:
3610:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3510:
3506:
3477:Molecular Plant
3469:
3465:
3434:10.1139/g05-017
3418:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3178:
3170:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3032:
3023:
3016:
3002:
2981:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2934:
2916:
2912:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2859:
2852:
2837:10.2307/4135449
2821:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2704:A. ampeloprasum
2692:French shallots
2680:
2661:
2535:
2503:
2494:
2478:and 30.9 Gb in
2454:
2379:
2312:Wild Allium in
2306:
2298:
2261:Ownbey ex Traub
2121:Ownbey ex Traub
2061:Ownbey ex Traub
1991:Ownbey ex Traub
1969:
1933:
1905:
1869:
1852:(Mill.) Radic ́
1561:
1552:
1543:
1462:
1456:
1330:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1161:
1133:Allium spicatum
1047:
1041:
848:
800:circumscription
762:difficult, and
615:
233:
232:
198:
193:
171:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6450:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6432:Bulbous plants
6429:
6424:
6419:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6394:wfo-4000001260
6385:
6372:
6362:
6349:
6336:
6323:
6313:
6300:
6290:
6277:
6264:
6251:
6238:
6225:
6212:
6199:
6186:
6173:
6160:
6147:
6134:
6121:
6108:
6095:
6082:
6069:
6056:
6046:
6031:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5900:
5898:Garlic chutney
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5781:
5779:Garlic species
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5639:…tribracteatum
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5427:Figueres onion
5424:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5288:
5283:
5266:
5252:
5251:External links
5249:
5247:
5246:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5208:
5203:
5178:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5119:
5101:(4): 701–711.
5080:
5047:
5027:(6): 814–823.
5012:
4981:
4960:
4919:
4891:(5): 709–733.
4876:
4855:
4828:
4802:(2): 275–286.
4790:
4764:(2): 488–497.
4743:
4713:Melanocrommyum
4704:
4682:Melanocrommyum
4671:
4655:Melanocrommyum
4644:
4606:
4580:(2): 209–218.
4561:
4531:Melanocrommyum
4520:
4487:Melanocrommyum
4476:
4446:
4434:(4): 283–292.
4413:
4393:(6): 491–508.
4378:
4339:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4262:
4256:
4241:
4235:
4220:
4198:
4192:
4177:
4171:
4156:
4150:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4068:
4048:(1): 113–119.
4028:Allium dumanii
4021:
3995:(2): 131–140.
3987:from Greece".
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3937:
3890:
3844:
3818:
3792:
3766:
3753:'Globemaster'"
3740:
3714:
3692:
3670:
3650:
3631:
3608:
3592:Anthony Huxley
3584:
3577:
3557:
3543:
3504:
3483:(6): 899–910.
3463:
3428:(3): 511–520.
3409:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3267:
3255:
3239:
3227:
3215:
3211:Li et al. 2010
3176:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3118:
3092:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3046:
3021:
3014:
2979:
2966:(2): 132–136.
2946:
2932:
2910:
2885:
2873:
2850:
2831:(3): 753–776.
2815:
2804:
2786:Allium sativum
2775:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2740:Allium ursinum
2679:
2676:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2595:) and purple (
2589:), to yellow (
2572:A. hollandicum
2534:
2531:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2453:
2450:
2378:
2375:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1968:
1965:
1945:Allium sativum
1932:
1929:
1917:Porphyroprason
1909:Melanocrommyum
1904:
1901:
1897:Nectaroscordum
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1844:
1827:
1823:Allium lineare
1810:
1806:Allium sativum
1791:
1774:
1757:
1753:Allium ramosum
1739:(7 subgenera)
1734:
1733:
1732:
1708:Melanocrommyum
1704:
1687:
1674:Porphyroprason
1670:
1653:
1635:(5 subgenera)
1630:
1629:
1628:
1611:
1594:
1590:Allium siculum
1581:Nectaroscordum
1576:(3 subgenera)
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1455:
1452:
1422:Melanocrommyum
1382:Nectaroscordum
1329:
1326:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1202:(monogeneric,
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1168:Amaryllidaceae
1162:
1160:
1157:
1137:Milula spicata
1129:Nectaroscordum
1070:Amaryllidaceae
1057:, one of four
1043:Main article:
1040:
1037:
923:A. victorialis
847:
844:
790:was placed in
776:Amaryllidaceae
751:Allium sativum
645:is a genus of
617:
616:
614:
613:
605:
597:
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
549:
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
325:Nectaroscordum
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
216:
215:
207:
206:
200:
199:
194:
190:Allium sativum
185:
184:
178:
177:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
137:Amaryllidaceae
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
53:Allium sativum
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6449:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6395:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5999:
5987:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5811:…neapolitanum
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:Snow Mountain
5762:
5760:
5759:Garlic chives
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5721:Zwiebelkuchen
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5614:…siskiyouense
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:…campanulatum
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5504:…ampeloprasum
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Onion species
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5127:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5000:(1): 67–101.
4999:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:Bromatorrhiza
4971:and subgenus
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4725:(1): 96–104.
4724:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:(Alliacae)".
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4511:on 2016-09-23
4507:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4327:(2): 85–106.
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4140:. Cambridge:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4078:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3957:: HealthifyMe
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3780:
3778:
3770:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3702:
3696:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3667:0-670-82455-0
3664:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3628:0-7513-0303-8
3625:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3292:Sykorova 2006
3288:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3248:
3247:Linnaeus 1753
3243:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3152:
3143:
3129:. Efloras.org
3128:
3122:
3108:. Efloras.org
3107:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2906:9780521685535
2903:
2899:
2898:9780521866453
2895:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2808:
2794:on 2011-02-17
2793:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2768:Linnaeus 1753
2764:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2726:species) and
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:A. oschaninii
2693:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2639:'Globemaster'
2638:
2635:
2633:'Beau Regard'
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:A. triquetrum
2598:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:A. cristophii
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:Schinia rosea
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1765:R. M. Fritsch
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:Allium nigrum
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:Allium nigrum
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:Leucocoryneae
1245:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
930:
925:
924:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
870:
867:
859:
858:
852:
843:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:taxonomically
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
740:
737:in 1753. The
736:
732:
731:Carl Linnaeus
728:
726:
722:
718:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:
635:
634:
630:(yellow) and
629:
628:
627:Allium flavum
623:
609:
606:
601:
598:
593:
590:
585:
582:
577:
574:
569:
566:
561:
558:
553:
550:
545:
542:
537:
534:
529:
526:
521:
518:
513:
510:
505:
502:
497:
494:
489:
486:
481:
478:
473:
470:
465:
462:
457:
454:
449:
446:
441:
438:
433:
430:
425:
422:
417:
414:
409:
406:
401:
398:
393:
390:
385:
382:
374:
371:
366:
363:
358:
355:
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
331:
326:
323:
318:
315:
310:
307:
302:
299:
294:
293:Ophioscorodon
291:
286:
285:Schoenoprasum
283:
278:
275:
270:
267:
262:
259:
254:
251:
246:
243:
238:
235:
234:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
208:
205:
201:
197:
192:
191:
186:
183:
179:
175:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:Tracheophytes
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
58:
55:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
6010:
5964:
5922:constituents
5903:
5893:Garlic bread
5888:Garlic press
5868:Black garlic
5787:
5674:…yosemitense
5669:…victorialis
5654:…tuolumnense
5559:…cratericola
5499:…aflatunense
5480:
5344:
5331:
5330:
5292:
5238:. Retrieved
5226:
5195:. Retrieved
5185:
5170:. Retrieved
5165:
5143:. Retrieved
5141:(3): 487–501
5138:
5134:
5125:
5098:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5067:
5063:
5060:Codonoprasum
5059:
5055:
5051:
5024:
5020:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4888:
4884:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4840:
4836:
4799:
4795:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4696:. Retrieved
4691:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4650:
4636:. Retrieved
4622:
4618:
4612:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4513:. Retrieved
4506:the original
4501:
4495:
4486:
4482:
4455:
4451:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4349:
4343:
4324:
4320:
4295:
4267:
4246:
4225:
4214:27 September
4212:. Retrieved
4206:
4202:Linnaeus, C.
4182:
4161:
4136:
4122:Bibliography
4089:
4083:
4074:
4045:
4041:
4036:Codonoprasum
4035:
4031:
4027:
3992:
3988:
3985:Codonoprasum
3984:
3980:
3959:. Retrieved
3950:
3940:
3931:
3912:(1): 55–57.
3909:
3903:
3893:
3864:
3860:
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3828:
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3802:
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3776:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3750:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3727:'Gladiator'"
3724:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3673:
3658:
3653:
3638:
3634:
3619:
3595:
3587:
3567:
3560:
3546:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3425:
3421:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3258:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3151:
3142:
3131:. Retrieved
3121:
3110:. Retrieved
3083:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3036:
3005:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2900:(hardback),
2888:
2876:
2861:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2807:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:the original
2785:
2778:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2723:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2671:
2662:
2645:A. rosenorum
2644:
2630:'Ambassador'
2617:
2606:
2600:
2597:A. giganteum
2596:
2590:
2586:A. caeruleum
2584:
2580:
2570:
2562:A. giganteum
2560:
2554:
2541:species and
2538:
2536:
2522:
2520:
2510:
2495:
2479:
2473:
2470:Genome sizes
2455:
2445:
2439:
2416:common swift
2412:cabbage moth
2391:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2363:Central Asia
2348:
2344:
2324:
2322:
2299:
2284:
2275:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1971:Names from
1970:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1896:
1893:Microscordum
1892:
1889:sister group
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1855:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1821:
1812:
1804:
1793:
1785:
1776:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1742:
1726:
1706:
1698:
1689:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1655:
1647:
1638:
1622:
1613:
1605:
1598:Microscordum
1596:
1588:
1579:
1532:
1519:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1444:
1433:
1432:, including
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:is strongly
1413:
1409:
1406:monophyletic
1399:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1241:
1225:
1203:
1197:
1152:
1144:
1141:monospecific
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:and the two
1091:monophyletic
1087:homoplasious
1081:
1073:
1050:
1048:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1001:
994:
980:
977:
942:
929:A. tricoccum
927:
921:
918:
899:
868:
863:
855:
839:
831:
817:, or garden
810:
808:
804:monophyletic
787:
778:, subfamily
771:
755:
749:
746:type species
741:
739:generic name
734:
729:
724:
715:
697:
692:
688:
676:
675:
641:
640:
639:
631:
625:
607:
599:
591:
583:
575:
567:
559:
551:
543:
535:
527:
519:
511:
503:
495:
487:
479:
471:
463:
455:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
320:(G.Don) Haw.
316:
309:Codonoprasum
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
210:
188:
182:Type species
167:
166:
110:
97:
84:
51:
35:
29:
6216:iNaturalist
6035:Wikispecies
5911:Garlic soup
5855:Garlic food
5831:…triquetrum
5801:…drummondii
5738:Sogan-dolma
5716:Flammkuchen
5649:…triquetrum
5629:…stipitatum
5589:…platycaule
5574:…fistulosum
5569:…cristophii
5524:…bisceptrum
5519:…atrorubens
5509:…amplectens
5494:…acuminatum
5240:19 November
5135:Pak. J. Bot
4864:Caloscordum
4843:: 203–212.
4625:: 372–395.
4408:11336/68813
4042:Willdenowia
3871:: 562–566.
3837:27 February
3831:'Universe'"
3785:27 February
2636:'Gladiator'
2551:ornamentals
2501:Cultivation
2436:turnip moth
2420:garden dart
2408:Lepidoptera
2290:F.O. Khass.
2141:F.O. Khass.
1961:Rhizirideum
1953:Cyathophora
1939:: subgenus
1921:Caloscordum
1857:Allium cepa
1778:Rhizirideum
1761:Cyathophora
1640:Caloscordum
1438:, although
1400:Subsequent
1386:Gilliesieae
1374:Caloscordum
1328:Subdivision
1244:Gilliesieae
1228:Tulbaghieae
1121:Caloscordum
854:Capsule of
846:Description
691:), Brazil (
608:Validallium
584:Rhizirideum
544:Phyllodolon
456:Caloscordum
392:Loncostemon
277:Ascalonicum
143:Subfamily:
127:Asparagales
104:Angiosperms
6411:Categories
5883:Garlic oil
5873:Persillade
5796:…canadense
5728:Onion ring
5711:Onion cake
5688:Onion food
5659:…unifolium
5644:…tricoccum
5624:…stellatum
5609:…shevockii
5604:…sanbornii
5584:…monanthum
5539:…caeruleum
5529:…bolanderi
5277:References
5172:26 January
5145:28 January
5089:Amerallium
5070:(2): 135.
4969:Amerallium
4874:: 288–295.
4698:13 October
4638:13 October
4515:2016-09-22
3404:"Tropicos"
3133:2012-12-11
3112:2012-12-11
2798:2015-04-07
2753:References
2712:A. sativum
2654:'Universe'
2608:A. ursinum
2547:cultivated
2533:Ornamental
2527:vegetables
2481:A. ursinum
2466:Onion Test
2410:including
2384:A. ursinum
2337:subtropics
2111:N. Friesen
1913:Vvedenskya
1885:Amerallium
1873:Amerallium
1831:Polyprason
1691:Vvedenskya
1615:Amerallium
1458:See also:
1445:The major
1414:Amerallium
1410:Amerallium
1172:Allioideae
1127:Prain and
1066:Allioideae
1016:proliferum
1008:tree onion
881:with true
879:perennials
873:herbaceous
819:vegetables
780:Allioideae
560:Schoenissa
512:Hexonychia
488:Calliprena
440:Praskoinon
432:Stemodoxis
416:Plexistena
147:Allioideae
6138:FloraBase
5579:…koreanum
5554:…chinense
5534:…burlewii
5489:…abramsii
5197:9 January
5087:subgenus
5064:Phytotaxa
4967:subgenus
4711:subgenus
4694:: 145–220
4680:L. subg.
4662:Herbertia
4529:subgenus
4497:Herbertia
4427:Phytotaxa
3961:March 17,
3955:Singapore
3885:8750-7943
3877:1939-1919
3811:5 January
3759:5 January
3733:5 January
3707:5 January
3685:5 January
3442:0831-2796
2722:(various
2720:scallions
2592:A. flavum
2448:species.
2404:onion fly
2400:leek moth
2333:holarctic
2296:Etymology
1957:Butomissa
1949:Butomissa
1744:Butomissa
1418:supported
1364:ribosomal
1353:subgenera
1334:alliances
1159:Phylogeny
1113:species.
1063:subfamily
889:, and an
792:Liliaceae
568:Xylorhiza
520:Hylogeton
496:Camarilla
480:Butomissa
424:Stelmesus
408:Panstenum
376:Tourn. ex
365:Kalabotis
333:Aglitheis
280:P.Renault
74:Kingdom:
6376:VicFlora
6365:VASCAN:
6358:40010164
6353:Tropicos
6099:eFloraSA
6020:Wikidata
5986:Category
5841:…vineale
5836:…ursinum
5754:Elephant
5701:Blooming
5664:…validum
5634:…textile
5599:…punctum
5594:…praecox
5564:…crispum
5549:…cernuum
5442:Scallion
5400:Cocktail
5182:"Allium"
5166:CronkLab
5155:Websites
5115:23535771
5043:21642143
4956:18226928
4915:20966186
4824:15531719
4816:24362461
4786:19733249
4739:85838253
4669:: 26–59.
4602:11083935
4557:21554910
4472:33083704
4374:12751231
4309:Articles
4287:Chapters
4204:(1753).
4114:18226928
4064:88440208
4017:86821437
3538:26716914
3499:25743198
3458:14787301
3450:16121247
2718:such as
2659:Toxicity
2492:Telomere
2462:junk DNA
2452:Genetics
2390:Various
2367:Pakistan
2314:Behbahan
2211:F. Herm.
2201:F. Herm.
1981:Wendelbo
1925:Anguinum
1809:(15/300)
1731:(20/160)
1718:Berthel.
1657:Anguinum
1627:(12/135)
1440:sampling
1357:sections
1149:embedded
1131:Lindl.)
1078:taxonomy
1039:Taxonomy
1014:×
914:tuberous
906:rhizomes
902:tunicate
887:rhizomes
876:geophyte
827:cysteine
809:Various
705:form an
659:scallion
636:(purple)
592:Scorodon
576:Anguinum
552:Raphione
464:Berenice
448:Trigonea
349:Getuonis
301:Geboscon
269:Moenchia
261:Saturnia
230:Synonymy
220:Synonyms
133:Family:
117:Monocots
6247:1381516
6234:23957-1
6195:9624496
5958:Related
5929:Allicin
5821:…roseum
5816:…nigrum
5788:Allium…
5733:Pickled
5514:…anceps
5481:Allium…
5462:Vidalia
5447:Shallot
5347:species
4936:Bibcode
4906:2958792
4766:Bibcode
4582:Bibcode
4354:Bibcode
4094:Bibcode
3997:Bibcode
3973:Sources
3928:9919370
3919:1539652
2930:below).
2845:4135449
2714:), and
2688:A. cepa
2543:hybrids
2486:diploid
2398:of the
2377:Ecology
2339:to the
2271:Dumort.
1361:nuclear
1306:in his
1298:History
1242:Tribes
1200:Allieae
1123:Herb.,
1107:spacers
1055:Allieae
1020:pickled
991:bulbils
973:locules
969:ovaries
961:anthers
957:stamens
938:petiole
934:sessile
910:stolons
836:sulfate
764:species
703:flowers
683:of the
663:shallot
563:Salisb.
555:Salisb.
547:Salisb.
539:Salisb.
531:Salisb.
523:Salisb.
515:Salisb.
507:Salisb.
504:Canidia
499:Salisb.
491:Salisb.
483:Salisb.
475:Salisb.
472:Briseis
400:Maligia
357:Gynodon
341:Endotis
264:Maratti
163:Genus:
157:Allieae
153:Tribe:
123:Order:
78:Plantae
18:Alliums
6422:Onions
6417:Allium
6327:PLANTS
6309:781603
6293:NZOR:
6182:101086
6169:Allium
6156:101086
6104:Allium
6078:124733
6052:187948
6049:APDB:
6041:Allium
6026:Q49391
6011:Allium
5878:Pistou
5437:Potato
5410:Yellow
5390:Calçot
5357:Garlic
5352:Chives
5345:Allium
5332:Allium
5293:Allium
5269:Allium
5263:Allium
5126:Allium
5113:
5085:Allium
5058:sect.
5041:
4965:Allium
4954:
4924:Allium
4913:
4903:
4862:sect.
4860:Allium
4822:
4814:
4784:
4752:Allium
4737:
4709:Allium
4688:Phyton
4678:Allium
4653:subg.
4651:Allium
4613:Allium
4600:
4570:Allium
4566:Milula
4555:
4527:Allium
4485:sect.
4483:Allium
4470:
4420:Allium
4387:Botany
4383:Allium
4372:
4275:
4254:
4233:
4190:
4169:
4148:
4112:
4075:Allium
4062:
4034:sect.
4015:
3983:sect.
3981:Allium
3926:
3916:
3883:
3875:
3829:Allium
3803:Allium
3751:Allium
3725:Allium
3665:
3645:
3626:
3606:(set).
3602:
3575:
3536:
3497:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3422:Genome
3044:
3012:
2942:Allium
2918:Allium
2904:
2896:
2868:
2843:
2728:chives
2724:Allium
2708:garlic
2684:onions
2672:Allium
2581:Allium
2567:border
2539:Allium
2523:Allium
2458:ploidy
2446:Allium
2434:moth,
2430:moth,
2428:nutmeg
2426:moth,
2422:moth,
2396:larvae
2392:Allium
2345:Allium
2341:boreal
2325:Allium
2231:G. Don
2151:Traub.
2131:Boiss.
2101:Ekberg
2081:Stearn
2041:Ekberg
2031:Stearn
2011:G. Don
1941:Allium
1937:Allium
1881:Allium
1877:Allium
1854:Type:
1843:(4/50)
1837:Type:
1826:(5/80)
1820:Type:
1803:Type:
1795:Allium
1790:(5/37)
1784:Type:
1767:Type:
1750:Type:
1725:Type:
1697:Type:
1680:Type:
1669:(1/12)
1663:Type:
1646:Type:
1621:Type:
1604:Type:
1587:Type:
1488:Allium
1476:Allium
1466:et al.
1430:Allium
1426:Allium
1378:Milula
1345:et al.
1322:pistil
1314:Allium
1304:Allium
1226:Tribe
1204:Allium
1198:Tribe
1153:Allium
1145:Milula
1143:genus
1125:Milula
1117:Allium
1111:Allium
1095:clades
1082:Allium
1074:Allium
1059:tribes
1051:Allium
1027:Allium
987:umbels
983:terete
965:pollen
959:; the
949:tepals
945:scapes
895:garlic
869:Allium
840:Allium
832:Allium
811:Allium
788:Allium
772:Allium
756:Allium
742:Allium
735:Allium
677:Allium
671:chives
669:, and
655:garlic
642:Allium
600:Milula
595:Fourr.
587:Fourr.
579:Fourr.
536:Molyza
384:Kromon
328:Lindl.
317:Molium
296:Wallr.
253:Porrum
168:Allium
36:Allium
6332:ALLIU
6260:42634
6242:IRMNG
6221:47357
6164:FoAO2
6143:21219
6130:1ALLG
6117:17858
6091:8VTKZ
6065:81992
5806:…moly
5706:Fried
5452:Sweet
5432:Pearl
5420:White
5367:Onion
5131:(PDF)
4820:S2CID
4735:S2CID
4619:Aliso
4553:S2CID
4509:(PDF)
4492:(PDF)
4468:S2CID
4370:S2CID
4301:, in
4128:Books
4080:(PDF)
4060:S2CID
4013:S2CID
3873:eISSN
3867:(8).
3857:(PDF)
3833:. RHS
3781:. RHS
3454:S2CID
2924:(see
2841:JSTOR
2825:Taxon
2716:herbs
2700:leeks
2613:weeds
2537:Many
2521:Many
2251:Traub
2221:Radic
2171:Traub
2091:Rchb.
2071:Traub
2051:Baker
2021:Vals.
2001:Traub
1887:is a
1835:Radic
1773:(3/5)
1703:(1/1)
1686:(1/1)
1652:(1/3)
1619:Traub
1610:(1/1)
1355:, 56
953:style
891:onion
883:bulbs
866:genus
815:crops
721:leeks
711:bulbs
707:umbel
651:onion
611:Small
603:Prain
528:Iulus
459:Herb.
451:Parl.
312:Rchb.
288:Kunth
256:Mill.
248:Mill.
240:Mill.
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
6340:POWO
6319:2901
6286:4678
6281:NCBI
6255:ITIS
6229:IPNI
6203:GRIN
6190:GBIF
6125:EPPO
6073:BOLD
6060:APNI
5769:Solo
5457:Tree
5362:Leek
5242:2023
5199:2017
5174:2015
5147:2015
5111:PMID
5039:PMID
4952:PMID
4911:PMID
4812:PMID
4782:PMID
4715:)".
4700:2015
4640:2015
4598:PMID
4273:ISBN
4252:ISBN
4231:ISBN
4216:2016
4188:ISBN
4167:ISBN
4146:ISBN
4110:PMID
3963:2023
3924:PMID
3881:ISSN
3839:2020
3813:2018
3787:2020
3761:2018
3735:2018
3709:2018
3687:2018
3663:ISBN
3643:ISBN
3624:ISBN
3600:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3534:PMID
3495:PMID
3446:PMID
3438:ISSN
3042:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2678:Uses
2668:cats
2666:and
2664:Dogs
2605:and
2559:and
2545:are
2517:show
2515:Live
2511:BBC
2438:and
2402:and
2365:and
2318:Iran
1951:and
1923:and
1915:and
1848:Cepa
1722:Rouy
1714:Webb
1390:e.g.
1367:gene
1338:e.g.
1103:rDNA
1004:seed
981:The
963:and
926:and
864:The
719:and
667:leek
443:Raf.
435:Raf.
427:Raf.
419:Raf.
411:Raf.
403:Raf.
395:Raf.
387:Raf.
379:Raf.
373:Kepa
368:Raf.
360:Raf.
352:Raf.
344:Raf.
336:Raf.
304:Raf.
245:Moly
237:Cepa
6389:WFO
6368:800
6268:NBN
6208:403
6177:FoC
6151:FNA
6112:EoL
6086:CoL
5415:Red
5279:At:
5275:At:
5271:At:
5103:doi
5099:100
5072:doi
5068:202
5029:doi
5002:doi
4998:178
4944:doi
4901:PMC
4893:doi
4889:106
4845:doi
4804:doi
4800:127
4774:doi
4727:doi
4627:doi
4590:doi
4545:doi
4460:doi
4436:doi
4432:212
4403:hdl
4395:doi
4362:doi
4350:200
4329:doi
4325:152
4102:doi
4050:doi
4005:doi
3993:137
3914:PMC
3865:100
3526:doi
3485:doi
3430:doi
2968:doi
2964:161
2833:doi
2706:),
2698:),
2690:),
2622:'s
2549:as
2361:to
1899:).
1716:et
1151:in
1080:of
1061:of
893:or
758:is
6413::
6391::
6378::
6355::
6342::
6329::
6306::
6283::
6270::
6257::
6244::
6231::
6218::
6205::
6192::
6179::
6166::
6153::
6140::
6127::
6114::
6101::
6088::
6075::
6062::
6037::
6022::
5233:,
5190:.
5184:.
5164:.
5139:36
5137:.
5133:.
5109:.
5097:.
5066:.
5056:A.
5037:.
5025:93
5023:.
5019:.
4996:.
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4950:.
4942:.
4932:47
4930:.
4909:.
4899:.
4887:.
4883:.
4872:34
4870:.
4841:38
4839:.
4835:.
4818:.
4810:.
4798:.
4780:.
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4762:54
4760:.
4733:.
4723:37
4721:.
4692:49
4690:.
4686:.
4667:60
4665:.
4659:.
4623:22
4621:.
4617:.
4596:.
4588:.
4578:17
4576:.
4551:.
4541:95
4539:.
4535:.
4502:65
4500:.
4494:.
4466:.
4456:95
4454:.
4430:.
4424:.
4401:.
4391:90
4389:.
4368:.
4360:.
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4319:.
4144:.
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4090:47
4088:.
4082:.
4058:.
4046:46
4044:.
4040:.
4032:A.
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3991:.
3953:.
3949:.
3930:.
3922:.
3910:40
3908:.
3902:.
3879:.
3863:.
3859:.
3611:^
3532:.
3522:85
3520:.
3516:.
3493:.
3479:.
3475:.
3452:.
3444:.
3436:.
3426:48
3424:.
3412:^
3359:^
3270:^
3249:,
3179:^
3160:^
3095:^
3024:^
2982:^
2962:.
2958:.
2853:^
2839:.
2829:53
2827:.
2770:,
2760:^
2626::
2615:.
2529:.
2488:.
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2373:.
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1800:L.
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975:.
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786:,
770:,
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
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174:L.
113::
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87::
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