Alauddin Khalji - Knowledge

744: 1504: 857: 839:, hoping that Alauddin would present the loot to him there. However, Alauddin marched directly to Kara with all the wealth. Jalaluddin's advisors such as Ahmad Chap recommended intercepting Alauddin at Chanderi, but Jalaluddin had faith in his nephew. He returned to Delhi, believing that Alauddin would carry the wealth from Kara to Delhi. After reaching Kara, Alauddin sent a letter of apology to the Sultan and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned Sultan's mind against him during his absence. He requested a letter of pardon signed by the Sultan, which the Sultan immediately despatched through messengers. At Kara, Jalaluddin's messengers learned of Alauddin's military strength and of his plans to dethrone the Sultan. However, Alauddin detained them and prevented them from communicating with the Sultan. 1517: 2166: 1541: 2137: 1901: 53: 2186: 3390:

By this time, Jait Singh may have already lost his life, as tradition holds, and the crown taken up by his son, Mularaj. It was at this stage that the women of Jaisalmer fort performed jauhar, while the men, led by Rawal Mularaj, and his younger brother Ratan Singh, flung open the gates of the fort and rushed forth to die fighting to the last. Some sources suggest that Mularaj died in an earlier sortie, and that Ratan Singh (or Ratan-Si), succeeded him as Rawal and carried out the defence of Jaisalmer, until the final shaka. In any event, once Jaisalmer was invested, it is known to have remained in Khilji hands for the next few years

1647: 946:). As Alauddin marched to Delhi, the news spread in towns and villages that he was recruiting soldiers while distributing gold. Many people, from both military and non-military backgrounds, joined him. By the time he reached Badaun, he had a 56,000-strong cavalry and a 60,000-strong infantry. At Baran, Alauddin was joined by seven powerful Jalaluddin nobles who had earlier opposed him. These nobles were Tajul Mulk Kuchi, Malik Abaji Akhur-bek, Malik Amir Ali Diwana, Malik Usman Amir-akhur, Malik Amir Khan, Malik Umar Surkha, and Malik Hiranmar. Alauddin gave each of them 30 to 50 764:. Malika-i-Jahan was greatly infuriated by her husband taking a second wife. According to Dabir, this was the main cause of the misunderstanding between Alauddin and his first wife. Once, while Alauddin and Mahru were together in a garden, Jalaluddin's daughter attacked Mahru out of jealousy. In response, Alauddin assaulted her. The incident was reported to Jalaluddin, but the Sultan did not take any action against Alauddin. Alauddin was not on good terms with his mother-in-law either, who wielded great influence over the Sultan. According to the 16th-century historian 2206: 1713:

forced the rural chiefs to pay same taxes as the others, and banned them from imposing illegal taxes on the peasants. To prevent any rebellions, his administration deprived the rural chiefs of their wealth, horses and arms. By suppressing these chiefs, Alauddin projected himself as the protector of the weaker section of the rural society. However, while the cultivators were free from the demands of the landowners, the high taxes imposed by the state meant a cultivator had "barely enough for carrying on his cultivation and his food requirements."

1531: 1308: 2655: 1930:(prime minister), and even executed the minister Sharaf Qa'ini. It appears that Malik Kafur, who considered these officers as his rivals and a threat, convinced Alauddin to carry out this purge. Kafur had Alauddin's eldest sons Khizr Khan and Shadi Khan blinded. He also convinced Alauddin to order the killing of his brother-in-law Alp Khan, an influential noble who could rival Malik Kafur's power. The victims allegedly hatched a conspiracy to overthrow Alauddin, but this might be Kafur's propaganda. 1400: 1659:

nobles and cancelled revenue assignments which were henceforth controlled by the central authorities. Henceforth, "everybody was busy with earning a living so that nobody could even think of rebellion". He also ordered "to supply some rules and regulations for grinding down the Hindus, and for depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion. The Hindu was to be so reduced as to be unable to keep a horse to ride on, wear fine clothes, or to enjoy any luxuries of life."

1300:. The Mongols engaged his forces in some minor conflicts, but neither army achieved a decisive victory. The invaders ransacked Delhi and its neighbourhoods, but ultimately decided to retreat after being unable to breach Siri. The Mongol invasion of 1303 was one of the most serious invasions of India, and prompted Alauddin to take several steps to prevent its repeat. He strengthened the forts and the military presence along the Mongol routes to India. He also implemented a series of 1862:, and excommunicated drunkards and gamblers from Delhi, along with vendors of intoxicants. Alauddin's administration strictly punished the violators, and ensured non-availability of alcohol not only in Delhi, but also in its surrounding areas. Nevertheless, alcohol continued to be illegally produced in and smuggled into Delhi. Sometime later, Alauddin relented, and allowed brewing and drinking in private. However, public distribution and drinking of wine remained prohibited. 2619: 2607: 2631: 1551: 2667: 2115:, and after the Mongols left, he built the Qasr-i-Hazar Situn palace at the site of his camp. The fortified city of Siri existed in the time of Timur, whose memoirs state that it had seven gates. The destruction of the Fort is attributed to the local rulers who removed the fort's stones, bricks and other artifacts for their own buildings. In particular, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), from Eastern India (Bihar), took away material from Siri to build his own city. 6309: 1176: 2122: 1237: 2643: 2152: 2679: 976:, Ruknuddin led an army against him. However, a section of Ruknuddin's army defected to Alauddin at midnight. A dejected Ruknuddin then retreated and escaped to Multan with his mother and the loyal nobles. Alauddin then entered the city, where a number of nobles and officials accepted his authority. On 21 October 1296, Alauddin was formally proclaimed as the Sultan in Delhi. 1788:, his administration prohibited peasants and traders from storing the grains, and established government-run granaries, where government's share of the grain was stored. The government also forced the transport workers to re-settle in villages at specific distances along the Yamuna river to enable rapid transport of grain to Delhi. 1167:, Alauddin personally led the Delhi forces, but his general Zafar Khan attacked the Mongols without waiting for his orders. Although Zafar Khan managed to inflict heavy casualties on the invaders, he and other soldiers in his unit were killed in the battle. Qutlugh Khwaja was also seriously wounded, forcing the Mongols to retreat. 1613:, he implemented several reforms to be able to maintain a large army and to weaken those capable of organizing a revolt against him. Barani also attributes Alauddin's revenue reforms to the Sultan's desire to subjugate the Hindus by "depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion". According to historian 1296:), and the army had lost several men and its baggage. Neither this army, nor the reinforcements sent by Alauddin's provincial governors could enter the city because of the blockades set up by the Mongols. Under these difficult circumstances, Alauddin took shelter in a heavily guarded camp at the under-construction 1654:

The countryside and agricultural production during Alauddin's time was controlled by the village headmen, the traditional Hindu authorities. He viewed their haughtiness and their direct and indirect resistance as the main difficulty affecting his reign. He also had to face talk of conspiracies at his

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The attack on Jaisalmer during Sultan Alauddin Khilji's reign seems to have begun in AD 1299, when its Bhati king Jait Singh I was ruling. The besieged fort withstood the assault and encirclement until, at long last, scarcity of food and provisions played their inevitable part in deciding the issue.

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Contemporary chroniclers did not write much about Alauddin's childhood. According to the 16th/17th-century chronicler Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin was 34 years old when he started his march to Ranthambore (1300–1301). Assuming this is correct, Alauddin's birth can be dated to 1266–1267. His original name

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murdered him. Towards the end of the night, Kafur brought the body of Alauddin from the Siri Place and had it buried in Alauddin's mausoleum (which had already been built before Alauddin's death). The mausoleum is said to have been located outside a Jama Mosque, but neither of these structures can

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During this campaign, the Mongol general Abachi had conspired to ally with the Pandyas, and as a result, Alauddin ordered him to be executed in Delhi. This, combined with their general grievances against Alauddin, led to resentment among Mongols who had settled in India after converting to Islam. A

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Meanwhile, Alauddin's younger brother Almas Beg (later Ulugh Khan), who was married to a daughter of Jalaluddin, assured the Sultan of Alauddin's loyalty. He convinced Jalaluddin to visit Kara and meet Alauddin, saying that Alauddin would commit suicide out of guilt if the Sultan did not pardon him

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While instigating Alauddin to revolt against Jalaluddin, Malik Chajju's supporters emphasized that he needed a lot of money to raise a large army and stage a successful coup: Malik Chajju's revolt had failed for want of resources. To finance his plan to dethrone Jalaluddin, Alauddin decided to raid

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Allaudin realized his duties as a king. To him, this kingly office was divine, which carried a lot of responsibilities with itself. For he was very thankful to God Almighty. Moreover, as a Muslim, he believed in the day of judgment & considered himself answerable for all his deeds on that day.

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Alauddin's government maintained a descriptive roll of every soldier, and occasionally conducted strict reviews of the army to examine the horses and arms of the soldiers. To ensure that no horse could be presented twice or replaced by a poor-quality horse during the review, Alauddin established a

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and the 14th century writer Hamid Qalandar suggest that Alauddin introduced these changes for public welfare. However, Barani states that Alauddin wanted to reduce the prices so that low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers, and thus, to maintain a large army. In addition, Barani suggests that

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To enforce these land and agrarian reforms, Alauddin set up a strong and efficient revenue administration system. His government recruited many accountants, collectors and agents. These officials were well-paid but were subject to severe punishment if found to be taking bribes. Account books were

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directly from the cultivators. He did not levy any additional taxes on agriculture, and abolished the cut that the intermediaries received for collecting revenue. Alauddin's demand for tax proportional to land area meant that the rich and powerful villages with more land had to pay more taxes. He

1046:), who had deserted Jalaluddin's family to join Alauddin, were arrested, blinded or killed. All their property, including the money earlier given to them by Alauddin, was confiscated. As a result of these confiscations, Nusrat Khan obtained a huge amount of cash for the royal treasury. Only three 1865:

Alauddin also increased his level of control over the nobility. To prevent rebellions by the nobles, he confiscated their wealth and removed them from their bases of power. Even charitable lands administered by nobles were confiscated. Severe punishments were given for disloyalty. Even wives and

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Mughis replied that the Hindu "should pay the taxes with meekness and humility coupled with the utmost respect and free from all reluctance. Should the collector choose to spit in his mouth, he should open the same without hesitation, so that the official may spit into it... The purport of this

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After some initial conspiracies and Hindu revolts in rural areas during the early period of his reign, he struck the root of the problem by introducing reforms that also aimed at ensuring support of his army and food supply to his capital. He took away all landed properties of his courtiers and

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of 1290. The marriage, however, was not a happy one. Having suddenly become a princess after Jalaluddin's rise as a monarch, she was very arrogant and tried to dominate Alauddin. According to Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin married a second woman, named Mahru, who was the sister of Malik Sanjar alias

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Chroniclers such as Khusrau and Barani state that the prices were not allowed to increase during Alauddin's lifetime, even when the rainfall was scarce. The shopkeepers who violated the price control regulations or tried to circumvent them (such as, by using false weights) were given severe

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and Wassaf. Barani, while summing up his achievements, mentions that the submission and obedience of the Hindus during the last decade of his reign had become an established fact. He states that such a submission on the part of the Hindus "has neither been seen before nor will be witnessed

2369:. In accordance with this opinion, whatever affair of state came before him, he only looked to the public good, without considering whether his mode of dealing with it was lawful or unlawful. He never asked for legal opinions about political matters, and very few learned men visited him. 1441:

The plunder obtained from Devagiri prompted Alauddin to plan an invasion of the other southern kingdoms, which had accumulated a huge amount of wealth, having been shielded from the foreign armies that had ransacked northern India. In late 1309, he sent Malik Kafur to ransack the

1873:, and ordered all existing prostitutes of Delhi to be married. Firishta states that he classified prostitutes into three grades, and fixed their fees accordingly. However, historian Kishori Saran Lal dismisses this account as inaccurate. Alauddin also took steps to curb 847:

with a smaller body of around 1,000 soldiers. On 20 July 1296, Alauddin had Jalaluddin killed, after pretending to greet the Sultan, and declaring himself the new king. Jalaluddin's companions were also killed, while Ahmad Chap's army retreated to Delhi.

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merchants spread over North India and in 1314, the sons of a Shrimala and others along with their cousins and a huge congregation of pilgrims were able to visit a temple at Phaludi despite Ajmer and its neighbourhood being under siege by Muslim forces.

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extreme meekness and humility on his part... is to show the extreme submissiveness incumbent upon this race. God Almighty Himself (in the Quran) commands their complete degradation in as much as these Hindus are the deadliest foes of the true prophet.

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had not been able to subvert Islam, and people would revolt against Alauddin for founding a new religion. Barani's claim that Alauddin thought of founding a religion has been repeated by several later chroniclers as well as later historians. Historian

2431:, it is said that the citizens were caught by surprise. Wassaf states that "The Muhammadan forces began to kill and slaughter on the right and on the left unmercifully, throughout the impure land, for the sake of Islam, and blood flowed in torrents." 1224:

had granted asylum to the leaders of the mutiny near Jalore. After Nusrat Khan was killed during the siege, Alauddin personally took charge of the siege operations, and conquered the fort in July 1301. During the Ranthambore campaign, Alauddin faced

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Alauddin was the most powerful ruler of his dynasty. Unlike the previous rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, who had largely relied on the pre-existing administrative set-up, Alauddin undertook large-scale reforms. After facing the Mongol invasions and

1617:, Alauddin's reforms were based on his conception of fear and control as the basis of good government as well as his military ambitions: the bulk of the measures were designed to centralise power in his hands and to support a large military. 2395:

Therefore he always tried his best to do the deeds which were acceptable to God. He introduced many reforms only to remove the sufferings of the masses, irrespective of their color and creed so that he could win the pleasure of his creator

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children of soldiers rebelling for greater war spoils were imprisoned. An efficient spy network was set up that reached into the private households of nobles. Marriage alliances made between noble families had to be approved by the king.

2040:) of the Sultanate. A deep emotional bond developed between Alauddin and Kafur. According to Barani, during the last four or five years of his life, Alauddin deeply favoured Kafur, and handed over the administration to him. Scholars 786:(subordinate nobles) at Kara considered Jalaluddin as a weak and ineffective ruler and instigated Alauddin to usurp the throne of Delhi. This, combined with his unhappy domestic life, made Alauddin determined to dethrone Jalaluddin. 2501:

Alauddin believed "that the Hindu will never be submissive and obedient to the Musalman unless he is reduced to abject poverty." He undertook measures to impoverish them and felt it was justified because he knew that the chiefs and

988:, the ones appointed by Jalaluddin and his own appointees. He also increased the strength of the Sultanate's army, and gifted every soldier the salary of a year and a half in cash. Of Alauddin's first year as the Sultan, chronicler 1912:

During the last years of his life, Alauddin had an illness, and became very distrustful of his officers. He started concentrating all the power in the hands of his family and his slaves. He became charmed with his slave-general

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around August 1303. Alauddin managed to reach Delhi before the invaders, but did not have enough time to prepare for a strong defence. Meanwhile, the Warangal campaign was unsuccessful (because of heavy rains according to

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s from Jalaluddin's time were spared: Malik Qutbuddin Alavi, Malik Nasiruddin Rana, and Malik Amir Jamal Khalji. The rest of the older aristocrats were replaced with the new nobles, who were extremely loyal to Alauddin.

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and Nilanjan Sarkar, Thomas Gugler and Historian Judith E. Walsh believe Alauddin and Kafur were lovers in a sexually intimate relationship. Given his relationship with Kafur, historians believe Alauddin may have been

2282:) minorities, after the orthodox Sunnis falsely accused them of permitting incest in their "secret assemblies". Alauddin ordered an inquiry against them sometime before 1311. The inquiry was conducted by the orthodox 2497:

has given orders regarding the slaying, plundering and imprisoning of them, ordaining that they must either follow the true faith, or else be slain or imprisoned, and have all their wealth and property confiscated."

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Alauddin was brought up by Jalaluddin after Shihabuddin's death. Both Alauddin and his younger brother Almas Beg married Jalaluddin's daughters. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin was appointed as

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from the custody of her father, Raja Karan. Alauddin sent an order to Raja Karan telling him to send Deval Devi immediately. Deval Devi was eventually brought to Delhi and lived in the royal palace with her mother.

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to ensure that the low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers. Although he was opposed to granting lands to his generals and soldiers, he generously rewarded them after successful campaigns, especially those in

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in 1296. He left Devagiri with a huge amount of wealth, including precious metals, jewels, silk products, elephants, horses, and slaves. When the news of Alauddin's success reached Jalaluddin, the Sultan came to

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Mahasena to Delhi. There was no learned Digambracarya in North India during this period and Mahasena was persuaded by Jains to defend the faith. Alauddin was impressed by his profound learning and asceticism. A

1581:. Both Vira and Sundara fled their headquarters, and thus, Kafur was unable to make them Alauddin's tributaries. Nevertheless, the Delhi army looted many treasures, elephants and horses. The Delhi chronicler 768:, she warned Jalaluddin that Alauddin was planning to set up an independent kingdom in a remote part of the country. She closely monitored Alauddin and encouraged her daughter's arrogant behavior toward him. 1843:, drinking was common among the Muslim royals and nobles of the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century, and Alauddin himself was a heavy drinker. As part of his measures to prevent rebellions, Alauddin imposed 1208:

at the time under Jait Singh I. Following a long siege and due to the dearth of food and resources, eventually, the besieged Rajputs under the command of Mularaja performed Saka where the women committed

1280:. According to his courtier Amir Khusrau, he ordered a massacre of 30,000 local Hindus after this conquest. Some later legends state that Alauddin invaded Chittor to capture Ratnasimha's beautiful queen 1688:

Alauddin Khalji's taxation system was probably the one institution from his reign that lasted the longest, surviving indeed into the nineteenth or even the twentieth century. From now on, the land tax (

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Meanwhile, after conquering Siwana, Alauddin had ordered his generals to subjugate other parts of Marwar, before returning to Delhi. The raids of his generals in Marwar led to their confrontations with

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personally. A gullible Jalaluddin set out for Kara with his army. After reaching close to Kara, he directed Ahmad Chap to take his main army to Kara by land route, while he himself decided to cross the

819:. Therefore, he shrewdly surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalaluddin to win Sultan's confidence, while withholding the information on the Yadava kingdom. A pleased Jalaluddin gave him the office of 2165: 5428: 969:

heard that Jalaluddin's nobles had joined Alauddin, she apologized to Arkali and offered him the throne, requesting him to march from Multan to Delhi. However, Arkali refused to come to her aid.

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led a luxurious life but never paid a jital in taxes. His vigorous and extensive conquests led to him being viewed as persecutor both at home and abroad, including by Maulana Shamsuddin Turk,

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Initially, Alauddin consolidated power by making generous grants and endowments and appointing many people to government positions. He balanced the power between the officers appointed by the

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came to the conclusion that polity and government are one thing, and the rules and decrees of law are another. Royal commands belong to the king, legal decrees rest upon the judgment of the

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Meanwhile, Ala-ul Mulk, who was Alauddin's governor at Kara, came to Delhi with all the officers, elephants, and wealth that Alauddin had left at Kara. Alauddin appointed Ala-ul Mulk as the

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of the Hindu chiefs bowing before Alauddin. This policy of compromise with Hindus was greatly criticized by a small but vocal set of Muslim extremists, as apparent from Barani's writings.

2337:), with whose help he could establish a new religion. Barani's uncle Alaul Mulk convinced him to drop this idea, stating that a new religion could only be found based on a revelation from 1213:

and the men fought until death. Thus, Alauddin successfully penetrated into territories of the Bhattis. After the conquest of Jaisalmer, it remained under the Khalji's for few more years.

2520:, obtaining a membership in the higher bureaucracy was difficult for the Indian Muslims and impossible for Hindus. This however seems to have changed under the Khaljis. Khusrau states in 2036:, caught the fancy of Alauddin. He rose rapidly in Alauddin's service, mainly because of his proven ability as military commander and wise counsellor, and eventually became the viceroy ( 3899:...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555). 2386:

disagrees with Barani, mentioning that Alauddin had great faith in his religion and never permitted anything irreligious to be said, the 14th-century Indian historian and court poet,

907:. His objective was to cause a change in the general political opinion, by portraying himself as someone with huge public support. To portray himself as a generous king, he ordered 5 1744:), which were not sanctioned by the Islamic law. In addition, Alauddin demanded four-fifths share of the spoils of war from his soldiers, instead of the traditional one-fifth share ( 1496:

kingdoms located further south. After returning to Delhi, he took Alauddin's permission to lead an expedition there. Kafur started his march from Delhi in November 1310, and crossed

5402: 2473:(feudal landlords) kindly, and granted more favours to them than they had expected. In his poetic style, Khusrau states that by this time, all the insolent Hindus in the realm of 2185: 1717:

audited and even small discrepancies were punished. The effect was both large landowners and small-scale cultivators were fearful of missing out on paying their assessed taxes.

743: 1148:) from them. Alauddin's administration meted out brutal punishments to the mutineers' families in Delhi, including killings of children in front of their mothers. According to 961:

appointed her youngest son Qadr Khan as the new king with the title Ruknuddin Ibrahim, without consulting the nobles. This irked Arkali Khan, her elder son and the governor of

517:, and used the acquired loot to stage a successful revolt against Jalaluddin. After killing Jalaluddin, he consolidated his power in Delhi, and subjugated Jalaluddin's sons in 1434:

region unsuccessfully for several years. In August–September 1308, Alauddin personally took charge of the siege operations in Siwana. The Delhi army conquered the fort in the

1600:, after Ramachandra's death, his son tried to overthrow Alauddin's suzerainty. Malik Kafur invaded Devagiri again in 1313, defeated him, and became the governor of Devagiri. 3927:

The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307

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had died on the battlefield, and the other Hindus had bowed their heads before Alauddin. Describing a court held on 19 October 1312, Khusrau writes the ground had become

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was firm like the faith of the illiterate and the ignorant". He further states that Alauddin once thought of establishing a new religion. Just like the Islamic prophet

6279: 1040:(prime minister). Having strengthened his control over Delhi, the Sultan started eliminating the officers that were not his own appointees. In 1297, the aristocrats ( 903:

rivers were flooded. But Alauddin made preparations for a march to Delhi, and ordered his officers to recruit as many soldiers as possible, without fitness tests or

5350: 1851:, Alauddin banned alcohol, after a noble condemned him for merrymaking when his subjects were suffering from a famine. However, this account appears to be hearsay. 1450:. Helped by Ramachandra of Devagiri, Kafur entered the Kakatiya territory in January 1310, ransacking towns and villages on his way to Warangal. After a month-long 5454: 6284: 2427:

states that Gujarat was only annexed in the second invasion which took place seven years after the first one, implying the first was merely a plundering raid. At

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To ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices, Alauddin appointed market supervisors and spies, and received independent reports from them. To prevent a

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During the last years of his life, Alauddin had an illness and relied on Malik Kafur to handle the administration. After his death in 1316, Malik Kafur appointed

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At this time, the Pandya kingdom was reeling under a war of succession between the two brothers Vira and Sundara, and taking advantage of this, the Hoysala king

1099:, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle, and many more were killed in Delhi after being brought there as prisoners. In 1298–99, another Mongol army (possibly 2469:

He compromised with the Hindu chiefs who were willing to accept his suzerainty. In a 1305 document, Khusrau mentions that Alauddin treated the obedient Hindu

1503: 1423:(later married to Alauddin's son Khizr Khan). At Devagiri, Kafur achieved an easy victory, and Ramachandra agreed to become a lifelong vassal of Alauddin. 1834: 471: 5965: 1138:, who later led Alauddin's southern campaigns. During the army's return journey to Delhi, some of its Mongol soldiers staged an unsuccessful mutiny near 1778: 1383:. Duwa died next year, and after that the Mongols did not launch any further expeditions to India during Alauddin's reign. On the contrary, Alauddin's 2578:, completed in 1336–1337, details atrocities on Jains under his reign including destruction of a religious fair in 1313 while capturing Jabalipura ( 1620:

Some of Alauddin's land reforms were continued by his successors, and formed a basis of the agrarian reforms introduced by the later rulers such as

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In December 1305, the Mongols invaded India again. Instead of attacking the heavily guarded city of Delhi, the invaders proceeded south-east to the

1847:, because he believed that the rampant use of alcoholic drinks enabled people to assemble, lose their senses and think of rebellion. According to 1192:

Around the same time, Alauddin turned his attention towards the present-day state of Rajasthan to subdue the Rajput kingdoms for a secure base to

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He had amassed wealth in his treasury through campaigns in Deccan and South India and issued many coins. His coins omitted the mention of the

1134:, where it desecrated the famous Hindu temple. The Delhi army also captured several people, including the Vaghela queen Kamala Devi and slave 2013:

king of Gujarat. She was captured by Khalji forces during an invasion, escorted to Delhi as part of the war booty, and taken into Alauddin's

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Alauddin rarely listened to the advice of the orthodox ulama. When he had asked about the position of Hindus under an Islamic state, the

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section of Mongol leaders plotted to kill Alauddin, but the conspiracy was discovered by Alauddin's agents. Alauddin then ordered a

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in Delhi, established laws to prevent his nobles from networking with each other, and confiscated wealth from the general public.

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described this seizure of wealth from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom as the greatest one since the Muslim capture of Delhi.

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was controlled by Jalaluddin's son Arkali, who harbored the fugitives from Delhi. In November 1296, Alauddin sent an army led by

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The Political Theory of the Delhi Sultanate: Including a Translation of Ziauddin Barani's Fatawa-i Jahandari, Circa, 1358-9 A.D

1330: 592: 406: 6383: 6378: 6161: 5930: 5909: 5796: 5746: 5678: 5652: 5564: 3920: 3382: 2907: 831: 514: 378: 1419:. Kafur was supported by Alauddin's Gujarat governor Alp Khan, whose forces invaded Baglana, and captured Karna's daughter 6102: 1062:, the governorship of Kara was entrusted to Nusrat Khan, who had become unpopular in Delhi because of the confiscations. 864:

Alauddin, known as Ali Gurshasp until his ascension in July 1296, was formally proclaimed as the new king with the title

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Alauddin resumed his march to Delhi in the second week of October 1296, when the Yamuna river subsided. When he reached

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Malik Chajju. Jalaluddin rewarded Alauddin by appointing him as the new governor of Kara in 1291. Malik Chajju's former

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Alauddin's march to Delhi was interrupted by the flooding of the Yamuna river. Meanwhile, in Delhi, Jalaluddin's widow

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tax on the agricultural produce in a substantial part of northern India: this was the maximum amount allowed by the

5835: 2818: 1516: 239: 17: 6232: 6220: 402: 2085:, who invaded Delhi in 1398, mention that the reservoir was a source of water for the city throughout the year. 4799: 4736: 2112: 1380: 1288: 1058:

of Delhi and placed all the non-Turkic municipal employees under his charge. Since Ala-ul Mulk had become very

747:

Gold coinage of 'Ala al-Din Muhammad (AH 695-715 / AD 1296–1316). Dar al-Islam mint. Dated AH 709 (AD 1309–10).

553: 545: 2353:

According to Barani, Alauddin was the first sultan to separate religion from the state. Barani wrote that he:

827:. In addition, the Sultan granted Alauddin's request to use the revenue surplus for hiring additional troops. 6388: 6353: 5988: 5515:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 2813: 1540: 807:, which had been weakened by multiple invasions. At Bhilsa, he learned of the immense wealth of the southern 616: 2350:

doubts the authenticity of this claim, arguing that it is not supported by Alauddin's contemporary writers.

1562:

had invaded the Pandyan territory. When Ballala learned about Kafur's march, he hurried back to his capital

1415:

had discontinued the tribute payments promised in 1296, and had granted asylum to the Vaghela king Karna at

1031:. On his orders, Nusrat Khan arrested, blinded, and/or killed the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family. 995:

At this time, Alauddin could not exercise his authority over all of Jalaluddin's former territories. In the

6343: 1662:

Alauddin brought a large tract of fertile land under the directly governed crown territory, by eliminating

1458:

agreed to become a tributary of Alauddin, and surrendered a large amount of wealth (possibly including the

1229:. To suppress any future rebellions, he set up an intelligence and surveillance system, instituted a total 382: 1808:. He managed to raise such a large army by paying relatively low salaries to his soldiers, and introduced 1329:, which resulted in the annexation of the Vaghela kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate. In 1305, he launched an 1152:, the practice of punishing wives and children for the crimes of men started with this incident in Delhi. 6126: 6057: 2666: 2330: 1345:, which ruled the region to the north-east of Malwa, also appears to have fallen to Alauddin's invasion. 1277: 1249: 1112: 1024: 935: 588: 561: 398: 2654: 1544:). Devagiri was ultimately captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1307. The trading ship raises the flag of the 6363: 5895: 5871: 1900: 5948: 5732: 2528:, to repel the Mongols. During Ikat Khan's rebellion, the Sultan's life was saved by Hindu soldiers ( 1008: 876:. Over the next two days, Alauddin formed a provisional government at Kara. He promoted the existing 708: 525: 482: 475: 52: 2246:

has also been attributed to Alauddin, because its architecture and design is similar to that of the

1287:

While the imperial armies were busy in Chittor and Warangal campaigns, the Mongols launched another

6368: 6333: 6312: 6208: 6173: 5981: 5528: 1629: 1104: 537: 289: 2172: 6073: 5506: 5254: 5143: 5117: 2006: 1995: 1774: 1451: 1412: 1127: 652: 640: 264: 257: 92: 1698:) became the principal form in which the peasant's surplus was expropriated by the ruling class. 703:

was Ali Gurshasp. He was the eldest son of Shihabuddin Mas'ud, who was the elder brother of the

6032: 5852: 5612: 5477: 4939:

Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India – Vol. III: Medieval Indian Society And Culture

4728: 4721: 3913:

The worlds of the Indian Ocean : a global history : a revised and updated translation

2678: 2618: 2606: 2517: 2417: 2347: 2224: 2054: 1942:, the ruined foundations of these two structures probably lie under one of the mounds at Siri. 1939: 1388: 985: 691: 490: 5786: 5736: 5554: 5216: 5031: 4937: 2298:, writing half a century after his death, mentions that Alauddin did not patronize the Muslim 2253:

In 1311, Alauddin repaired the 100-acre Hauz-i-Shamasi reservoir that had been constructed by

1917:, who became the de facto ruler of the Sultanate after being promoted to the rank of viceroy ( 6179: 5920: 5666: 5323: 5296: 5269: 2829: 2785: 2780: 2750: 1933:

Alauddin died on the night of 4 January 1316. Barani claims that according to "some people",

1593:

in his empire, which according to Barani, resulted in the death of 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols.

1567: 644: 5642: 872:. Meanwhile, the head of Jalaluddin was paraded on a spear in his camp before being sent to 6348: 6047: 5198: 5013: 2642: 2630: 2326: 1471: 923: 724: 498: 166: 5621:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 5615:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). 5509:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 5298:

Interpreting Medieval India: Early medieval, Delhi Sultanate, and regions (circa 750–1550)

462:. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes in India, related to 8: 6027: 2727: 2698: 2121: 1708:

Alauddin also eliminated the intermediary Hindu rural chiefs, and started collecting the

869: 808: 777: 732: 648: 620: 459: 340: 2559:

Jain Purancandra was very close to him and the Sultan also maintained contacts with the

2524:

that Alauddin had dispatched a 30,000 strong army under a Hindu officer Malik Naik, the

2021:, sometime between 1306 and 1307, Kamala Devi requested Alauddin to secure her daughter 2005:

Alauddin also married Kamala Devi, a Hindu woman, who was originally the chief queen of

501:). After suppressing a revolt against Jalaluddin, Alauddin obtained the governorship of 5810: 5638: 5575: 2404:

At times, he exploited Muslim fanaticism against Hindu chiefs and the treatment of the

2078: 1946: 1892:(called "blood-sucking magicians" by his courtier Amir Khusrau) to be stoned to death. 1889: 1822: 683: 294: 5429:"Did You Know? Deepika Padukone is not the first actress to play Padmavati on-screen?" 4752:

Nilanjan Sarkar (2013). "Forbidden Privileges and History-Writing in Medieval India".

2560: 2232: 2212: 6085: 6037: 5973: 5926: 5905: 5881: 5857: 5792: 5766: 5742: 5720: 5698: 5674: 5648: 5622: 5600: 5581: 5560: 5538: 5516: 5329: 5302: 5275: 5222: 5157: 5131: 5105: 5037: 5012:. Islam and the Modern Age Society; Dr. Zakir Husain Institute of Islamic Societies, 4990: 4943: 4795: 4732: 4111: 4109: 4018: 3916: 3378: 2903: 2876: 2713: 2550: 2509: 2387: 2228: 2128: 2066: 1848: 1726:

tax on its non-Muslim subjects, and his Muslim subjects were obligated to contribute

1671: 1559: 1530: 1479: 1342: 1307: 756: 668: 628: 560:. The military commanders that successfully led his army against the Mongols include 552:(1305). In 1306, his forces achieved a decisive victory against the Mongols near the 486: 370: 275: 243: 5850:

S. Digby (1978). "Kāfūr, Malik". In E. Van Donzel; B. Lewis; Charles Pellat (eds.).

2341:, not based on human wisdom. Alaul Mulk also argued that even great conquerors like 2151: 1356:. Alauddin's 30,000-strong cavalry, led by Malik Nayak, defeated the Mongols at the 6226: 5822: 5806: 3890: 2836: 2757: 2571: 1999: 1628:. However, his other regulations, including price control, were revoked by his son 1566:. However, he could not put up a strong resistance, and negotiated a truce after a 1357: 1334: 1084: 904: 800: 776:

In 1291, Alauddin played an important role in crushing a revolt by the governor of

608: 549: 529: 430: 102: 5877:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One

4106: 4055: 6138: 6008: 5899: 5875: 5714: 5692: 5616: 5594: 5532: 5510: 3894: 3372: 2897: 2761: 2721: 2478: 2375: 2295: 2243: 2223:, which was completed in 1311, and serves as the southern gateway leading to the 2104: 2010: 1855: 1840: 1646: 1582: 1535: 1500:

in early 1311, supported by Alauddin's tributaries Ramachandra and Prataparudra.

1493: 1482: 1435: 1349: 1318: 1293: 1149: 1123: 989: 860:

Extent of the Delhi Sultanate at the time of Jalaluddin Khalji's ascension (1290)

672: 612: 596: 455: 410: 64: 5271:

A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century

2731:(The right hand of the Caliphate, the helper of the Commander of the Faithful). 908: 6214: 5756: 5710: 5175: 4303: 2801: 2709:) translates to 'The Second Alexander' in recognition of his military success. 2548:

sources, Alauddin held discussions with Jain sages and once specially summoned

2533: 1950: 1621: 1614: 1497: 1353: 1269: 1201: 1179: 1164: 1160: 812: 704: 687: 624: 580: 541: 451: 386: 329: 4043: 1877:

by ordering the male adulterer to be castrated and the female adulterer to be

1488:

During the siege of Warangal, Malik Kafur had learned about the wealth of the

1399: 1368:) of 8,000 Mongols were used to build the Siri Fort commissioned by Alauddin. 1284:, but most modern historians have rejected the authenticity of these legends. 6327: 6294: 5782: 5770: 5702: 5634: 5550: 5542: 4890: 4888: 2825: 2776: 2756:

He is also depicted as a central character of the Medieval Bengali epic poem

2275: 2045: 1924:

Alauddin removed several experienced administrators, abolished the office of

1801: 1765: 1521: 1130:

offered a weak resistance. Alauddin's army plundered several towns including

1108: 996: 502: 129: 5724: 5626: 5585: 5520: 2438:

temples during their military campaigns. These temples included the ones at

1835:

Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji § Measures for preventing rebellions

1391:

regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day Afghanistan.

1200:

and for further expeditions in the South. In 1299 CE, Alauddin besieged the

1034:

Shortly after the conquest of Multan, Alauddin appointed Nusrat Khan as his

992:

wrote that it was the happiest year that the people of Delhi had ever seen.

6289: 6274: 6269: 6079: 5957: 5826: 5604: 5212: 2809: 2591: 2424: 2342: 2318: 2271: 2247: 2220: 2192: 2176: 2157: 2108: 2070: 1965: 1954: 1905: 1870: 1804:, which included 475,000 horsemen according to the 16th-century chronicler 1785: 1769: 1563: 1455: 1338: 1281: 1265: 1241: 1096: 844: 660: 631:. His slave-general Malik Kafur led multiple campaigns to the south of the 5086: 4885: 4264: 6042: 5778: 5662: 4981:

M.B. Deopujari (1973). "The Deccan Policy of the Sultanate (1296–1351)".

4651: 4649: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4502: 4500: 4201: 4157: 3968: 3842: 3782: 3710: 3626: 3539: 3527: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3292: 3046: 2796: 2694: 2583: 2459: 2288:, who found several Ismailis guilty. Alauddin ordered the convicts to be 2041: 2029: 2017:. She eventually reconciled to her new life. According to the chronicler 1934: 1914: 1844: 1475: 1467: 1376: 1360:. Many Mongols were taken captive and killed; the 16th-century historian 1230: 1221: 1135: 931: 569: 557: 351: 308: 5455:"Padmavati row: Who was Rani Padmavati's husband Maharawal Ratan Singh?" 3195: 3193: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3127: 3125: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 1994:'s sister Mahru. He also married Jhatyapali, the daughter of Hindu king 1550: 6052: 5027: 4771:

Gugler TK (2011). "Politics of Pleasure: Setting South Asia Straight".

3806: 3794: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2933: 2931: 2322: 2242:

The construction of the Lal Mahal (Red Palace) sandstone building near

2236: 2022: 1667: 1573:

From Dwarasamudra, Malik Kafur marched to the Pandya kingdom, where he

1570:, agreeing to surrender his wealth and become a tributary of Alauddin. 1459: 1426:

Meanwhile, a section of Alauddin's army had been besieging the fort of

1420: 1372: 1273: 1256:

In the winter of 1302–1303, Alauddin dispatched an army to ransack the

1175: 1020: 1000: 939: 565: 79: 5074: 4873: 4646: 4607: 4573: 4571: 4512: 4497: 4327: 4315: 2848:

Darshan Paandya played roles of Alauddin in the historical drama film

2069:) water reservoir, which covered an area of 70 acres, and had a stone- 1375:, ransacking the territories along the way. Alauddin's forces, led by 5688: 5618:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

4861: 4837: 4534: 4532: 4405: 4363: 4213: 4094: 3944: 3932: 3830: 3734: 3650: 3563: 3551: 3491: 3479: 3443: 3431: 3328: 3316: 3217: 3190: 3154: 3137: 3122: 3103: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3034: 2841: 2833: 2747: 2574: 2556: 2474: 2383: 2254: 2143: 2089: 1885: 1545: 1297: 1245: 1070: 973: 712: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4636: 4634: 4395: 4393: 4380: 4378: 4242: 4240: 3878: 3770: 3722: 3662: 3587: 3515: 3455: 3340: 2943: 2928: 1984:

Alauddin's wives included Jalaluddin's daughter, who held the title

1953:. However, Kafur was killed shortly after, and Alauddin's elder son 1304:

to ensure sufficient revenue inflows for maintaining a strong army.

6022: 4568: 3575: 2850: 2742: 2504: 2494: 2470: 2443: 2428: 2334: 2311: 2307: 2196: 2050: 2018: 1991: 1969: 1874: 1859: 1805: 1663: 1597: 1512: 1447: 1443: 1384: 1361: 1261: 1257: 1236: 1100: 916: 816: 765: 761: 656: 632: 250: 5956:), a book describing Alauddin's military career by his court poet 5922:

The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times

5765:. Vol. VI (Second ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 5062: 4690: 4688: 4529: 4487: 4485: 4174: 4172: 3280: 3234: 3232: 1438:, and the defending ruler Sitaladeva was killed in November 1308. 5762:

The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate

5174: 4849: 4825: 4808: 4700: 4661: 4631: 4562: 4544: 4453: 4441: 4417: 4390: 4375: 4351: 4339: 4237: 3010: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2916: 2792: 2545: 2463: 2451: 2447: 2100: 1878: 1768:

measures for a wide variety of market goods. Alauddin's courtier

1737: 1578: 1489: 1416: 1193: 1131: 1076: 1059: 1012: 943: 836: 664: 324: 5671:

The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750

4912: 4900: 4619: 4595: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4429: 4293: 4291: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4084: 4082: 4031: 3980: 3956: 3818: 3758: 3746: 3698: 3674: 3638: 3352: 3256: 1854:

Subsequently, Alauddin also banned other intoxicants, including

1333:

in central India, which resulted in the defeat and death of the

1142:, after the generals forcibly tried to extract a share of loot ( 5633: 5004:

M. Yaseen Mazhar Siddiqi. "Chronology of the Delhi Sultanate".

4685: 4482: 4309: 4169: 4115: 4067: 4061: 4049: 3604: 3602: 3304: 3229: 3178: 3166: 3022: 2765: 2702: 2482: 2439: 2409: 2365: 2314: 2097: 2093: 1926: 1814: 1690: 1681: 1676: 1507:

Western coast of India, with the traditional Yadava capital of

1431: 1427: 1313: 1210: 1139: 1055: 1036: 1016: 1004: 962: 927: 900: 830:

After years of planning and preparation, Alauddin successfully

604: 41: 5050: 4276: 2998: 2977: 2960: 524:

Over the next few years, Alauddin successfully fended off the

4583: 4465: 4288: 4252: 4225: 4184: 4121: 4079: 3503: 3268: 2769: 2579: 2455: 2435: 2413: 2338: 2303: 2284: 2082: 2014: 1973: 1746: 1728: 1722: 1625: 1371:

In 1306, another Mongol army sent by Duwa advanced up to the

1312:

Sultan Alau'd Din put to Flight; Women of Ranthambhor commit

1205: 1197: 1144: 1088: 1080: 1042: 896: 884: 873: 824: 815:

region, as well as about the routes leading to their capital

804: 506: 212: 110: 5245:

Pushpa Prasad. "The Jain Community in the Delhi Sultanate".

4133: 4014:

Essays in Indian history : towards a Marxist perception

3992: 3686: 3614: 3599: 3467: 3244: 2875:(1st ed.). New Delhi: India Research Press. p. 8. 2317:

helped spread Islam, Alauddin believed that he too had four

2057:

believes that the closeness between the two was not sexual.

556:, and later ransacked the Mongol territories in present-day 5195:

The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526

3205: 2359: 2279: 2088:

In the early years of the 14th century, Alauddin built the

2074: 1777:, and Alauddin's market reforms resulted from the Sultan's 1684:

school of Islam, which was dominant in Delhi at that time.

1394: 1156: 1118:

In early 1299, Alauddin sent Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to

878: 782: 5856:. Vol. 4, Iran–Kha (2 ed.). Brill. p. 419. 5134:. "Political conditions of the Hindus under the Khaljis". 5108:. "Political conditions of the Hindus under the Khaljis". 4962:

K. S. Lal , History of the Khaljis: A.D. 1290-1320, p. 308

481:

Alauddin was a nephew and a son-in-law of his predecessor

4145: 2873:

The French & Delhi : Agra, Aligarh, and Sardhana

2289: 5351:"Padmavati isn't history, so what's all the fuss about?" 5192: 4673: 2239:, but the project was abandoned, probably when he died. 1703:

The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750,

1534:), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the 1403:

Khalji territory at its maximum extent including vassals

1216:

In 1301, Alauddin ordered Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to

679:(1311), obtaining much treasure, elephants, and horses. 4794:. Vol. 1: To 1500. Cengage Learning. p. 366. 2412:

states that he sent an expedition against Gujarat as a

6003: 5667:"Northern India under the Sultanate: Agrarian Economy" 5611: 5573: 5092: 5080: 4894: 4879: 4792:

Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History

4655: 4613: 4523: 4506: 4333: 4321: 4270: 4219: 4207: 4163: 4100: 3974: 3950: 3938: 3848: 3836: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3740: 3716: 3656: 3632: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3497: 3485: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3334: 3322: 3298: 3223: 3199: 3160: 3148: 3131: 3116: 3097: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 2954: 2937: 686:, son of Alauddin and his Hindu wife Jhatyapali, as a 5970:, by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. Page:67-92. 5788:

Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature

5738:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

5716:

Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period

2582:). The conditions seem to have changed a year later. 2065:

In 1296, Alauddin constructed the Hauz-i-Alai (later

1938:

be identified with certainty. According to historian

999:, his authority was limited to the areas east of the 823:(Minister of War), and also made him the governor of 5759:(1967) . "Social Life: Hindu and Muslim Relations". 5592: 5321: 5267: 5003: 3581: 2416:

and it was not motivated by "lust of conquest". The

1264:. Meanwhile, he himself led another army to conquer 738: 5966:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

5505: 5403:"Actor's actor Om Puri redefined idea of male lead" 5033:

Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

3016: 1945:The next day, Kafur appointed Alauddin's young son 5777: 5556:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate 5218:The Age of Wrath: A History of The Delhi Sultanate 4720: 4538: 1071:Mongol invasions and northern conquests, 1297–1306 5821:(3). Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies: 283–319. 5687: 4918: 4906: 4867: 4855: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4667: 4640: 4625: 4601: 4577: 4459: 4447: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4384: 4369: 4357: 4345: 4246: 4037: 3986: 3962: 3915:. Cambridge University Press. p. Chapter 8. 3824: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3728: 3704: 3680: 3668: 3593: 3521: 3461: 3346: 3310: 3286: 3238: 3184: 3172: 3028: 3004: 2992: 2971: 2922: 2235:, which was intended to be double to size of the 950:s of gold, and each of their soldiers 300 silver 715:(later Ulugh Khan), Qutlugh Tigin, and Muhammad. 635:, obtaining a considerable amount of wealth from 6325: 5918: 5833: 5805: 5527: 5274:. Pearson India Education Services. p. 13. 5068: 4694: 2073:. Gradually, it became filled with mud, and was 789: 27:Turco-Afghan emperor of Khalji dynasty 1296–1316 5836:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim states: II" 5446: 4751: 4718: 2899:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India 2092:. The fort walls were mainly constructed using 1115:defeated the invaders and recaptured the fort. 851: 5894: 5870: 5755: 5709: 5056: 4980: 4589: 4435: 4282: 4231: 4195: 4178: 4127: 4088: 4073: 3883:Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 3509: 3473: 3274: 2257:in 1229, and also built a dome at its centre. 2002:, who succeeded him as the next Khalji ruler. 895:At that time, there were heavy rains, and the 5989: 5731: 5669:. In Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (eds.). 5549: 5156: 5130: 5104: 4789: 4706: 4550: 4491: 4476: 4297: 4258: 4139: 3998: 3692: 3644: 3620: 3608: 3358: 3262: 3250: 3211: 2902:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 141. 2828:portrayed a fictional version of Alauddin in 2716:, replacing it with the self-laudatory title 2081:around 1354. The autobiographical memoirs of 1170: 888:, and appointed his close friends as the new 485:. When Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi 5211: 5162:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India 2434:Alauddin and his generals destroyed several 2096:(in mud), although there are some traces of 1325:In 1304, Alauddin appears to have ordered a 922:One section of his army, led by himself and 795:the neighboring Hindu kingdoms. In 1293, he 5811:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim states" 5661: 5294: 4971:Abdul Malik Isami, Fatuh Us Salatin, p. 306 4310:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 4151: 4116:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 4062:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 4050:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004 2539: 2399: 1182:was captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1299 CE. 5996: 5982: 5247:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5240: 5238: 5136:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5110:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5026: 3370: 2567:Ramachandra Suri was also honored by him. 2231:. He also started the construction of the 1407:Around 1308, Alauddin sent Malik Kafur to 866:Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan 474:. He also successfully fended off several 435: 315:Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan 57:A 17th century portrait of Alauddin Khalji 51: 5476:Chauhan, Chetansingh (17 February 2024). 5349:Sharma, Manimugdha S. (29 January 2017). 5244: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4770: 1603: 1485:after defeating and killing Kanhadadeva. 1188:Alauddin Khalji's Conquest of North India 979: 727:), while Almas Beg was given the post of 607:and other Hindu dynasties, including the 395:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore 5849: 4679: 3910: 2871:Lafont, Jean-Marie & Rehana (2010). 2697:for 'Alexander', a title popularized by 1899: 1645: 1502: 1398: 1395:Marwar and southern campaigns, 1307–1313 1306: 1235: 1174: 1091:. Alauddin's forces, led by Ulugh Khan, 855: 751:Alauddin married Jalaluddin's daughter, 742: 5537:(Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. 5475: 5235: 4935: 4563:Qutb Complex: Ala al Din Khalji Madrasa 3863:Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore 2689:Khalji minted coins using the title of 2199:, which also has his tomb to the south. 14: 6326: 5963:English translation, as it appears in 5453:Palat, Lakshana N (21 November 2017). 5348: 4924: 2870: 2270:Like his predecessors, Alauddin was a 2111:). Alauddin camped in Siri during the 1964:dedicated to him exist at the back of 1732:. He also levied taxes on residences ( 694:seized power shortly after his death. 603:(1311). These victories ended several 579:(raided in 1299 and annexed in 1304), 45:Sikander-e-Sani (Alexander the Second) 5977: 5534:The Sultanate of Delhi, 711–1526 A.D. 5478:"Review of Gujarati Movie "Kasoombo"" 5452: 5400: 4983:Nagpur University Journal: Humanities 4010: 3876: 2895: 2740:Alauddin Khalji is the antagonist of 2734: 1276:. Alauddin captured Chittor after an 1065: 493:, Alauddin was given the position of 391:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat 5426: 4942:. Sterling Publishers. p. 102. 4017:. London: Anthem Press. p. 81. 2274:. His administration persecuted the 2265: 415:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore 5901:History of Medieval India: 800-1700 5834:Richard M. Eaton (5 January 2001). 5469: 5427:Shah, Shravan (21 September 2017). 5374: 3377:. Rupa & Company. p. 368. 2260: 1795: 1087:raided Punjab, advancing as far as 771: 647:(1311). These victories forced the 575:Alauddin conquered the kingdoms of 434: 407:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa 225:Madrasa and tomb of Alauddin Khalji 24: 6285:Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha 5694:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) 5401:Ghosh, Avijit (27 February 2017). 2718:Sikander-us-sani Yamin-ul-Khilafat 1720:Alauddin's government imposed the 1642:Revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji 1635: 379:Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri 25: 6400: 5941: 5193:Kanhaiya Lall Srivastava (1980). 5036:. Psychology Press. p. 168. 1828: 1760:Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji 1753: 1163:to conquer Delhi. In the ensuing 1095:on 6 February 1298. According to 911:of gold pieces to be shot from a 739:Marriage to Jalaluddin's daughter 505:in 1291, and the governorship of 6308: 6307: 5512:A Comprehensive History of India 5420: 5394: 5368: 5342: 5315: 5288: 5261: 5205: 5186: 5168: 5164:. Aditya Prakashan. p. 128. 5150: 5124: 5098: 5020: 4997: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4783: 4764: 4745: 4712: 4556: 2819:Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur 2677: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2204: 2184: 2164: 2150: 2135: 2120: 1979: 1549: 1539: 1529: 1515: 1111:. This time, Alauddin's general 375:Alauddin Khalji's raid on Bhilsa 6374:Indian people of Afghan descent 5697:. Allahabad: The Indian Press. 5574:Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1979). 5498: 5328:. Adam Publishers. p. 88. 4727:. Infobase Publishing. p. 4004: 3904: 3870: 3854: 3364: 2705:for 'Second'. The coin legend ( 2060: 568:, and Alauddin's slave-general 441: 403:Mongol invasion of India (1303) 339:Shihabuddin Mas'ud (brother of 6359:People from Kaushambi district 5741:. Cambridge University Press. 5559:. Penguin Books. p. 178. 4539:R. Vanita & S. Kidwai 2000 2889: 2864: 2672:Silver Tanka Dar al-Islam Mint 2053:or even homosexual. Historian 2032:, a slave captured during the 1773:the Hindu traders indulged in 1650:Copper coin of Alauddin Khalji 1632:a few months after his death. 1524:(1375). On top of the city of 1478:. In 1311, Alauddin's general 1240:Alauddin Khalji conquered the 13: 1: 6339:Sultans of the Khalji dynasty 5719:. People's Publishing House. 5593:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). 5377:"Chitoor Rani Padmini (1963)" 5322:Thomas Walker Arnold (2010). 5268:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011). 2858: 2814:Sony Entertainment Television 2795:portrayed Alauddin Khalji in 2684:Silver Tanka Qila Deogir Mint 1227:three unsuccessful rebellions 934:). The other section, led by 790:Conspiracy against Jalaluddin 697: 617:Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura 195: 178: 139: 120: 6384:14th-century Indian monarchs 6379:13th-century Indian monarchs 5580:. Sahitya Sansar Prakashan. 5375:Guy, Randor (13 June 2015). 4754:The Medieval History Journal 1895: 1800:Alauddin maintained a large 1155:In 1299, the Chagatai ruler 852:Ascension and march to Delhi 509:in 1296, after a profitable 383:Khilji invasion of Jaisalmer 7: 6250:Rebellions against Alauddin 5182:. Kitab Mahal. p. 150. 5093:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 5081:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4895:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4880:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4656:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4614:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4524:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4507:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4334:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4322:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4271:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4220:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4208:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4164:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 4101:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3975:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3951:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3939:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3911:Beaujard, Philippe (2019). 3849:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3837:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3813:Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1979 3801:Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1979 3789:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3741:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3717:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3657:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3633:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3570:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3558:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3546:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3534:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3498:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3486:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3450:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3438:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3426:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3414:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3402:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3374:A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) 3335:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3323:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3299:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3224:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3200:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3161:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3149:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3132:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3117:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3098:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3077:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3065:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3053:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 3041:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 2955:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 2938:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992 2896:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). 2179:added by Khalji in 1300 CE. 1250:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) 1159:sent a Mongol force led by 1107:, and occupied the fort of 1075:In the winter of 1297, the 399:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) 74:19 July 1296–4 January 1316 10: 6405: 5880:. Har-Anand Publications. 5815:Journal of Islamic Studies 5599:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 3895:10.29091/9783954909537/009 2746:, an epic poem written by 2219:Alauddin commissioned the 1832: 1757: 1639: 1462:diamond) to the invaders. 1327:second invasion of Gujarat 1185: 1171:Conquest of northern India 623:, the Rawal branch of the 6303: 6242: 6195: 6154: 6095: 6066: 6015: 5919:Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996). 5301:. Macmillan. p. 17. 5178:, Afsar Umar Salim Khan. 3866:. 1936. pp. 264–265. 3582:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 2374:Tarikh i Firoze Shahi by 2302:, and that "his faith in 1904:Tomb of Alauddin Khalji, 1674:region. He imposed a 50% 711:. He had three brothers: 677:raided the Pandya kingdom 476:Mongol invasions of India 420: 366: 361: 357: 347: 335: 323: 314: 307: 303: 274: 232: 219: 202: 189: 185: 174: 162: 154: 146: 135: 127: 116: 108: 98: 88: 78: 70: 62: 50: 39: 34: 5006:Islam and the Modern Age 4723:A Brief History of India 4719:Judith E. Walsh (2006). 3017:A. B. M. Habibullah 1992 2808:Khalji was portrayed by 2775:Khalji was portrayed by 2726:Yamin-ul-Khilafat Nāsir 2724:'s name, instead adding 2598: 2540:Relationships with Jains 2400:Relationship with Hindus 1960:Alauddin's tomb and the 1591:mass massacre of Mongols 1528:floats a peculiar flag ( 1520:) at the center, in the 1483:captured the Jalore fort 799:, a wealthy town in the 290:Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah 263:Jhatyapali (daughter of 5968:: The Muhammadan Period 5577:The Chahamanas of Jalor 5255:Indian History Congress 5144:Indian History Congress 5118:Indian History Congress 2536:who had surrounded it. 1996:Ramachandra of Devagiri 1364:claims that the heads ( 938:, marched to Delhi via 926:, marched to Delhi via 690:. Alauddin's elder son 450:, was a ruler from the 93:Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji 6196:Conflicts with Mongols 6033:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 5853:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5613:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 4919:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4907:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4868:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4856:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4844:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4832:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4820:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4790:Craig Lockard (2006). 4668:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4641:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4626:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4602:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4578:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4460:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4448:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4424:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4412:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4400:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4385:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4370:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4358:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4346:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4247:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 4038:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3987:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3963:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3825:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3777:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3765:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3753:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3729:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3705:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3681:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3669:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3594:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3522:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3462:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3347:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3311:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3287:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3239:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3185:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3173:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3029:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 3005:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 2993:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 2972:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 2923:Kishori Saran Lal 1950 2397: 2380: 2348:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 2225:Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque 2173:Quwwat ul-Islam mosque 2171:Courts to the east of 2055:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1940:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1909: 1706: 1651: 1630:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 1604:Administrative changes 1555: 1404: 1322: 1278:eight-month long siege 1253: 1183: 980:Consolidation of power 919:) at a crowd in Kara. 861: 748: 692:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 6016:Generals and officers 5596:Chaulukyas of Gujarat 5069:Richard M. Eaton 2001 4695:Shanti Sadiq Ali 1996 4011:Habib, Irfan (2002). 3879:"On the Timurid flag" 2830:Sanjay Leela Bhansali 2786:Chittoor Rani Padmini 2781:Chitrapu Narayana Rao 2768:poet of medieval era 2751:Malik Muhammad Jayasi 2563:sages. The Jain poet 2421:Deval Devi—Khizr Khan 2392: 2355: 1903: 1810:market price controls 1764:Alauddin implemented 1686: 1649: 1506: 1480:Malik Kamaluddin Gurg 1402: 1310: 1268:, the capital of the 1239: 1202:fortress of Jaisalmer 1178: 859: 746: 671:to become Alauddin's 256:Kamala Devi (wife of 6389:Afghan Sunni Muslims 6354:Indian Sunni Muslims 6280:Chanderi inscription 6176:(1302-1303 and 1310) 5925:. Orient Blackswan. 5827:10.1093/jis/11.3.283 5647:. Psychology Press. 5295:Vipul Singh (2009). 5199:Munshiram Manoharlal 5014:Jamia Millia Islamia 4773:South Asia Chronicle 3877:Kadoi, Yuka (2010). 2816:'s historical drama 2799:'s historical drama 2408:. Persian historian 2255:Shamsuddin Iltutmish 2191:Alauddin's Madrasa, 2113:1303 Mongol invasion 1839:Although Islam bans 1575:raided several towns 1454:, the Kakatiya king 1381:defeated the Mongols 1093:defeated the Mongols 1003:. The region beyond 954:s (hammered coins). 725:Master of ceremonies 513:. In 1296, Alauddin 499:master of ceremonies 167:Master of ceremonies 6344:13th-century births 6265:Massacre of Mongols 6028:Ayn al-Mulk Multani 5507:A. B. M. Habibullah 5095:, pp. 355–356. 5057:R. C. Majumdar 1967 4897:, pp. 336–337. 4870:, pp. 376–377. 4846:, pp. 377–378. 4590:Satish Chandra 2004 4553:, pp. 178–179. 4436:Satish Chandra 2004 4414:, pp. 262–263. 4372:, pp. 256–257. 4283:Satish Chandra 2007 4273:, pp. 374–376. 4232:Satish Chandra 2004 4210:, pp. 358–359. 4196:Satish Chandra 2007 4179:Satish Chandra 2004 4166:, pp. 357–358. 4128:Satish Chandra 2007 4089:Satish Chandra 2007 4074:Satish Chandra 2004 4064:, pp. 172–173. 3851:, pp. 411–412. 3779:, pp. 195–197. 3731:, pp. 192–193. 3719:, pp. 400–402. 3671:, pp. 171–172. 3647:, pp. 227–228. 3635:, pp. 392–393. 3596:, pp. 133–134. 3548:, pp. 369–370. 3510:Mohammad Habib 1981 3474:Satish Chandra 2004 3464:, pp. 119–120. 3428:, pp. 350–352. 3416:, pp. 343–346. 3404:, pp. 342–347. 3371:Rima Hooja (2006). 3361:, pp. 221–222. 3349:, pp. 159–161. 3301:, pp. 334–335. 3275:Mohammad Habib 1981 3265:, pp. 219–220. 3055:, pp. 322–323. 2720:. He ceased adding 2699:Alexander the Great 2481:-coloured from the 1670:and vassals in the 1577:reaching as far as 1354:Himalayan foothills 733:Master of the Horse 627:, and possibly the 460:Indian subcontinent 215:(present-day India) 6155:Southern campaigns 6096:Northern campaigns 5904:. Orient Longman. 5809:(September 2000). 5644:A History of India 5639:Dietmar Rothermund 5407:The Times of India 5355:The Times of India 4760:(1): 33–4, 48, 55. 4709:, p. 177-178. 4707:Abraham Eraly 2015 4551:Abraham Eraly 2015 4492:Abraham Eraly 2015 4477:Peter Jackson 2003 4298:Abraham Eraly 2015 4259:Peter Jackson 2003 4140:Peter Jackson 2003 4118:, p. 171-173. 3999:Peter Jackson 2003 3977:, p. 415-417. 3791:, p. 409-410. 3693:Peter Jackson 2003 3645:Peter Jackson 2003 3621:Peter Jackson 2003 3609:Peter Jackson 2003 3536:, p. 366-369. 3524:, p. 164-165. 3359:Peter Jackson 2003 3263:Peter Jackson 2003 3251:Peter Jackson 2003 3212:Peter Jackson 2003 2735:In popular culture 2526:Akhur-bek Maisarah 2079:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1957:seized the power. 1910: 1652: 1611:several rebellions 1556: 1405: 1323: 1254: 1218:invade Ranthambore 1184: 1066:Military campaigns 930:and Baran (modern 862: 755:, long before the 749: 707:'s founder Sultan 295:Shihab-ud-din Omar 6364:Deaths from edema 6321: 6320: 6038:Kamal al-Din Gurg 5932:978-81-250-0485-1 5911:978-81-250-3226-7 5798:978-1-137-05480-7 5748:978-0-521-54329-3 5689:Kishori Saran Lal 5680:978-0-521-22692-9 5654:978-0-415-32919-4 5566:978-93-5118-658-8 5158:Kishori Saran Lal 5132:Kishori Saran Lal 5106:Kishori Saran Lal 5071:, pp. 72–73. 4991:Nagpur University 4580:, pp. 56–57. 3922:978-1-108-42456-1 3803:, pp. 48–50. 3384:978-81-291-1501-0 3289:, pp. 84–86. 2925:, pp. 40–41. 2909:978-81-207-0617-0 2728:Amīri 'l-Mu'minīn 2510:Abdul Malik Isami 2388:Abdul Malik Isami 2266:Views on religion 2229:Qutb al-Din Aibak 1858:. He also banned 1672:Ganga-Yamuna Doab 1452:siege of Warangal 1343:Yajvapala dynasty 1331:invasion of Malwa 1289:invasion of Delhi 1272:kingdom ruled by 905:background checks 757:Khalji revolution 424: 423: 371:Khalji Revolution 341:Jalaluddin Khalji 319: 318: 249:Mahru (sister of 210:(aged 49–50) 123:1296–19 July 1296 16:(Redirected from 6396: 6311: 6310: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5975: 5974: 5949:Khazáínu-l Futúh 5936: 5915: 5891: 5867: 5846: 5840: 5830: 5807:Richard M. Eaton 5802: 5774: 5752: 5728: 5706: 5684: 5658: 5630: 5608: 5589: 5570: 5546: 5529:A. L. Srivastava 5524: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4806: 4805: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4726: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4644: 4638: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4527: 4521: 4510: 4504: 4495: 4494:, p. 177-8. 4489: 4480: 4474: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4438:, p. 76-77. 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4182: 4181:, p. 78-80. 4176: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4152:Irfan Habib 1982 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4077: 4076:, p. 76-79. 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3815:, p. 52-53. 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3101: 3095: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2958: 2952: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2868: 2758:Padmavati (poem) 2707:Sikander-e -Sani 2701:, while sani is 2681: 2669: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2624:Copper half Gani 2621: 2612:Copper half Gani 2609: 2378: 2261:Religious policy 2208: 2188: 2168: 2154: 2139: 2124: 2034:Gujarat campaign 2000:Shihabuddin Omar 1884:Alauddin banned 1869:Alauddin banned 1841:alcoholic drinks 1796:Military reforms 1779:desire to punish 1704: 1553: 1543: 1533: 1519: 1358:Battle of Amroha 1302:economic reforms 1085:Chagatai Khanate 772:Governor of Kara 530:Chagatai Khanate 526:Mongol invasions 445: 444: 1296–1316 443: 438: 437: 305: 304: 209: 197: 180: 141: 122: 103:Shihabuddin Omar 55: 32: 31: 21: 18:Allauddin Khilji 6404: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6369:Indian warriors 6334:Alauddin Khalji 6324: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6299: 6255:Revenue reforms 6238: 6191: 6150: 6117:(1299 and 1304) 6091: 6080:Prataparudra II 6062: 6011: 6009:Delhi Sultanate 6005:Alauddin Khalji 6002: 5952:(also known as 5944: 5939: 5933: 5912: 5888: 5864: 5838: 5799: 5749: 5681: 5673:. CUP Archive. 5655: 5567: 5501: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5210: 5206: 5191: 5187: 5173: 5169: 5155: 5151: 5129: 5125: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5025: 5021: 5002: 4998: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4934: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4809: 4802: 4788: 4784: 4769: 4765: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4513: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4185: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3909: 3905: 3875: 3871: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3138: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3104: 3096: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2978: 2970: 2961: 2953: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2737: 2685: 2682: 2673: 2670: 2661: 2658: 2649: 2646: 2637: 2634: 2625: 2622: 2613: 2610: 2601: 2572:Kharataragaccha 2542: 2522:Khazainul Futuh 2402: 2390:confirms this: 2379: 2376:Ziauddin Barani 2373: 2296:Ziauddin Barani 2268: 2263: 2244:Chausath Khamba 2215: 2211:The unfinished 2209: 2200: 2189: 2180: 2169: 2160: 2155: 2146: 2142:Ruined wall of 2140: 2131: 2125: 2063: 1982: 1898: 1879:stoned to death 1837: 1831: 1798: 1762: 1756: 1705: 1702: 1644: 1638: 1636:Revenue reforms 1606: 1583:Ziauddin Barani 1536:Delhi Sultanate 1511:("Deogiri", or 1436:Siege of Siwana 1409:invade Devagiri 1397: 1350:Gangetic plains 1319:Rajput painting 1294:Ziauddin Barani 1190: 1173: 1150:Ziauddin Barani 1073: 1068: 990:Ziauddin Barani 982: 882:to the rank of 854: 832:raided Devagiri 792: 774: 741: 731:(equivalent to 723:(equivalent to 700: 515:raided Devagiri 497:(equivalent to 456:Delhi Sultanate 454:that ruled the 440: 436:علاء الدین خلجی 427:Alauddin Khalji 413: 411:Siege of Siwana 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 362:Military career 299: 270: 228: 211: 207: 194: 170: 165:(equivalent to 84:21 October 1296 65:Sultan of Delhi 58: 44: 35:Alauddin Khalji 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6402: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6260:Market reforms 6257: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6233:Ravi riverbank 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6186:Pandya kingdom 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6001: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5961: 5954:Táríkh-i 'Aláí 5943: 5942:External links 5940: 5938: 5937: 5931: 5916: 5910: 5896:Satish Chandra 5892: 5886: 5872:Satish Chandra 5868: 5862: 5847: 5831: 5803: 5797: 5775: 5757:R. C. Majumdar 5753: 5747: 5729: 5711:Mohammad Habib 5707: 5685: 5679: 5659: 5653: 5631: 5609: 5590: 5571: 5565: 5547: 5525: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5468: 5445: 5433:www.zoomtv.com 5419: 5393: 5367: 5341: 5334: 5314: 5307: 5287: 5280: 5260: 5234: 5227: 5221:. Penguin UK. 5215:(April 2015). 5204: 5201:. p. 142. 5185: 5176:Mohammad Habib 5167: 5149: 5123: 5097: 5085: 5083:, p. 354. 5073: 5061: 5059:, p. 625. 5049: 5042: 5019: 4996: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4948: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4884: 4882:, p. 399. 4872: 4860: 4858:, p. 380. 4848: 4836: 4834:, p. 376. 4824: 4822:, p. 375. 4807: 4800: 4782: 4763: 4744: 4737: 4711: 4699: 4684: 4682:, p. 419. 4672: 4670:, p. 297. 4660: 4658:, p. 402. 4645: 4643:, p. 190. 4630: 4618: 4616:, p. 334. 4606: 4594: 4582: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4541:, p. 132. 4528: 4526:, p. 425. 4511: 4509:, p. 421. 4496: 4481: 4479:, p. 176. 4464: 4462:, p. 265. 4452: 4450:, p. 264. 4440: 4428: 4426:, p. 263. 4416: 4404: 4402:, p. 262. 4389: 4387:, p. 261. 4374: 4362: 4360:, p. 260. 4350: 4348:, p. 257. 4338: 4336:, p. 387. 4326: 4324:, p. 379. 4314: 4312:, p. 173. 4302: 4300:, p. 166. 4287: 4285:, p. 103. 4275: 4263: 4261:, p. 243. 4251: 4249:, p. 250. 4236: 4224: 4222:, p. 361. 4212: 4200: 4198:, p. 104. 4183: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4142:, p. 242. 4132: 4130:, p. 102. 4120: 4105: 4103:, p. 429. 4093: 4091:, p. 105. 4078: 4066: 4054: 4052:, p. 172. 4042: 4040:, p. 241. 4030: 4023: 4003: 4001:, p. 174. 3991: 3989:, p. 213. 3979: 3967: 3965:, p. 203. 3955: 3953:, p. 413. 3943: 3941:, p. 412. 3931: 3921: 3903: 3869: 3853: 3841: 3839:, p. 411. 3829: 3827:, p. 201. 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3767:, p. 186. 3757: 3755:, p. 135. 3745: 3743:, p. 396. 3733: 3721: 3709: 3707:, p. 189. 3697: 3695:, p. 229. 3685: 3683:, p. 175. 3673: 3661: 3659:, p. 393. 3649: 3637: 3625: 3623:, p. 145. 3613: 3611:, p. 198. 3598: 3586: 3584:, p. 191. 3574: 3572:, p. 373. 3562: 3560:, p. 372. 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3512:, p. 267. 3502: 3500:, p. 369. 3490: 3488:, p. 368. 3478: 3466: 3454: 3452:, p. 367. 3442: 3440:, p. 366. 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3383: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3337:, p. 338. 3327: 3325:, p. 335. 3315: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3277:, p. 266. 3267: 3255: 3253:, p. 221. 3243: 3228: 3226:, p. 333. 3216: 3204: 3202:, p. 332. 3189: 3177: 3165: 3163:, p. 331. 3153: 3151:, p. 330. 3136: 3134:, p. 329. 3121: 3119:, p. 328. 3102: 3100:, p. 327. 3081: 3079:, p. 324. 3069: 3067:, p. 323. 3057: 3045: 3043:, p. 322. 3033: 3021: 3019:, p. 322. 3009: 2997: 2976: 2959: 2957:, p. 321. 2942: 2940:, p. 326. 2927: 2915: 2908: 2888: 2881: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2846: 2823: 2806: 2802:Bharat Ek Khoj 2790: 2773: 2754: 2736: 2733: 2693:. Sikander is 2687: 2686: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2664: 2662: 2660:Bilingual coin 2659: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2590:mentions that 2588:Ardhakathanaka 2541: 2538: 2534:Qutlugh Khwaja 2518:Mamluk dynasty 2401: 2398: 2371: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2190: 2183: 2181: 2170: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2062: 2059: 1987:Malika-i-Jahan 1981: 1978: 1951:puppet monarch 1897: 1894: 1888:, and ordered 1833:Main article: 1830: 1829:Social reforms 1827: 1797: 1794: 1758:Main article: 1755: 1754:Market reforms 1752: 1700: 1640:Main article: 1637: 1634: 1622:Sher Shah Suri 1615:Satish Chandra 1605: 1602: 1596:Meanwhile, in 1396: 1393: 1180:Jaisalmer Fort 1172: 1169: 1165:Battle of Kili 1161:Qutlugh Khwaja 1120:invade Gujarat 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1029:conquer Multan 1007:suffered from 981: 978: 967:Malika-i-Jahan 853: 850: 821:Ariz-i Mamalik 809:Yadava kingdom 791: 788: 773: 770: 753:Malika-i-Jahan 740: 737: 705:Khalji dynasty 699: 696: 688:puppet monarch 554:Ravi riverbank 511:raid on Bhilsa 487:after deposing 468:price controls 452:Khalji dynasty 422: 421: 418: 417: 387:Battle of Kili 368: 364: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 345: 344: 337: 333: 332: 330:Khalji dynasty 327: 321: 320: 317: 316: 312: 311: 301: 300: 298: 297: 292: 287: 284: 280: 278: 272: 271: 269: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240:Malika-i-Jahan 236: 234: 230: 229: 223: 221: 217: 216: 206:4 January 1316 204: 200: 199: 191: 187: 186: 183: 182: 176: 172: 171: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 137: 133: 132: 125: 124: 118: 114: 113: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 82: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6401: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6314: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6296: 6295:Thakkar Pheru 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243:Miscellaneous 6241: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5992: 5987: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5887:9788124110645 5883: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5863:90-04-05745-5 5859: 5855: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5733:Peter Jackson 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5635:Hermann Kulke 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5551:Abraham Eraly 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5457:. India Today 5456: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5335:9788174350336 5331: 5327: 5326: 5325:The Caliphate 5318: 5310: 5308:9780230637610 5304: 5300: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5281:9788131732021 5277: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5228:9789351186588 5224: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5094: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5045: 5043:9780415239028 5039: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4951: 4949:9788120704329 4945: 4941: 4940: 4936:J. L. Mehta. 4932: 4930: 4928: 4921:, p. 91. 4920: 4915: 4909:, p. 90. 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4697:, p. 35. 4696: 4691: 4689: 4681: 4680:S. Digby 1978 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4628:, p. 86. 4627: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4604:, p. 84. 4603: 4598: 4592:, p. 92. 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4234:, p. 80. 4233: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4154:, p. 62. 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4026: 4024:9781843310617 4020: 4016: 4015: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3476:, p. 89. 3475: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3313:, p. 88. 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3241:, p. 81. 3240: 3235: 3233: 3225: 3220: 3214:, p. 85. 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3187:, p. 80. 3186: 3181: 3175:, p. 79. 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3031:, p. 45. 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3007:, p. 43. 3006: 3001: 2995:, p. 42. 2994: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2974:, p. 41. 2973: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2919: 2911: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2884: 2882:9788183860918 2878: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826:Ranveer Singh 2824: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2777:M. N. Nambiar 2774: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691:Sikander Sani 2680: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2592:Jain Shrimala 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2450:(1298–1310), 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2046:Saleem Kidwai 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1980:Personal life 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1902: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:standing army 1793: 1792:punishments. 1789: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1766:price control 1761: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1522:Catalan Atlas 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1411:, whose king 1410: 1401: 1392: 1390: 1389:Malik Tughluq 1386: 1382: 1379:, decisively 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1220:, whose king 1219: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105:invaded Sindh 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997:Punjab region 993: 991: 987: 977: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 959:Malka-i-Jahan 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 886: 881: 880: 875: 871: 867: 858: 849: 846: 840: 838: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:raided Bhilsa 787: 785: 784: 779: 769: 767: 763: 758: 754: 745: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 716: 714: 710: 706: 695: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 675:. Kafur also 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 536:(1297–1298), 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 432: 428: 419: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 369: 365: 360: 356: 353: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 331: 328: 326: 322: 313: 310: 306: 302: 296: 293: 291: 288: 285: 282: 281: 279: 277: 273: 266: 262: 259: 255: 252: 248: 245: 242:(daughter of 241: 238: 237: 235: 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 205: 201: 192: 188: 184: 177: 173: 168: 163:Amir-i-Tuzuk 161: 158:ʿAlāʾ ul-Mulk 157: 153: 149: 145: 138: 134: 131: 126: 119: 115: 112: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 61: 54: 49: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6290:Amir Khusrow 6275:Alai Darwaza 6270:Rani Padmini 6203:Jaran-Manjur 6180:Dwarasamudra 6004: 5964: 5958:Amir Khusrau 5953: 5947: 5921: 5900: 5876: 5851: 5842: 5818: 5814: 5791:. Springer. 5787: 5760: 5737: 5715: 5693: 5670: 5643: 5617: 5595: 5576: 5555: 5533: 5511: 5499:Bibliography 5485:. Retrieved 5481: 5471: 5459:. Retrieved 5448: 5436:. Retrieved 5432: 5422: 5410:. Retrieved 5406: 5396: 5384:. Retrieved 5380: 5370: 5358:. Retrieved 5354: 5344: 5324: 5317: 5297: 5290: 5270: 5263: 5250: 5246: 5217: 5213:Burjor Avari 5207: 5194: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5113: 5109: 5100: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5052: 5032: 5022: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4938: 4914: 4902: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4791: 4785: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4722: 4714: 4702: 4675: 4663: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4558: 4546: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4419: 4407: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4096: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4033: 4013: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3926: 3912: 3906: 3898: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3862: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3388: 3373: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3219: 3207: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2918: 2898: 2891: 2872: 2866: 2849: 2840: 2837:period drama 2817: 2810:Mukesh Rishi 2800: 2784: 2741: 2725: 2722:Al-Musta'sim 2717: 2711: 2706: 2690: 2688: 2648:Silver Tanka 2636:Billion Gani 2587: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2549: 2543: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2513:hereafter". 2503: 2500: 2489: 2487: 2468: 2433: 2425:Amir Khusrau 2420: 2405: 2403: 2393: 2381: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2343:Genghis Khan 2299: 2294: 2283: 2272:Sunni Muslim 2269: 2252: 2248:Alai Darwaza 2241: 2221:Alai Darwaza 2218: 2193:Qutb complex 2177:Qutb complex 2158:Alai Darwaza 2109:lime plaster 2087: 2071:masonry wall 2064: 2061:Architecture 2037: 2028: 2004: 1985: 1983: 1966:Qutb complex 1961: 1959: 1955:Mubarak Khan 1944: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906:Qutb complex 1883: 1871:prostitution 1868: 1864: 1853: 1838: 1825:the horses. 1819: 1799: 1790: 1786:black market 1783: 1781:the Hindus. 1775:profiteering 1770:Amir Khusrau 1763: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1695: 1689: 1687: 1675: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1587: 1572: 1564:Dwarasamudra 1557: 1525: 1508: 1487: 1464: 1456:Prataparudra 1440: 1425: 1406: 1370: 1365: 1347: 1339:Mahalakadeva 1324: 1311: 1286: 1255: 1242:Chittor Fort 1215: 1191: 1154: 1143: 1122:, where the 1117: 1097:Amir Khusrow 1074: 1053: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1033: 1015:rebellions. 1009:Mongol raids 994: 983: 971: 966: 958: 956: 951: 947: 921: 912: 894: 889: 883: 877: 865: 863: 845:Ganges river 841: 829: 820: 793: 781: 775: 750: 728: 721:Amir-i-Tuzuk 720: 717: 701: 681: 661:Prataparudra 645:Dwarasamudra 599:(1308), and 574: 548:(1303), and 534:Jaran-Manjur 523: 495:Amir-i-Tuzuk 494: 480: 448:Ali Gurshasp 447: 426: 425: 367:Battles/wars 208:(1316-01-04) 193:Ali Gurshasp 150:Malik Chajju 128:Governor of 109:Governor of 40: 29: 6349:1316 deaths 6121:Ranthambore 6086:Ballala III 6074:Ramachandra 6067:Tributaries 6048:Nusrat Khan 6043:Malik Kafur 5663:Irfan Habib 5487:18 February 5438:13 November 5412:13 November 5386:23 November 5360:13 November 5257:: 224, 225. 2797:Doordarshan 2760:in 1648 by 2695:Old Persian 2584:Banarasidas 2561:Shwetambara 2462:(1311) and 2460:Chidambaram 2129:Hauz-i-Khas 2067:Hauz-i-Khas 2042:Ruth Vanita 2030:Malik Kafur 1947:Shihabuddin 1915:Malik Kafur 1845:prohibition 1668:land grants 1568:short siege 1468:Kanhadadeva 1413:Ramachandra 1377:Malik Kafur 1231:prohibition 1222:Hammiradeva 1136:Malik Kafur 1103:fugitives) 932:Bulandshahr 924:Nusrat Khan 803:kingdom of 684:Shihabuddin 673:tributaries 669:Ballala III 653:Ramachandra 643:(1310) and 585:Ranthambore 570:Malik Kafur 558:Afghanistan 352:Sunni Islam 309:Regnal name 265:Ramachandra 147:Predecessor 89:Predecessor 6328:Categories 6082:(Kakatiya) 6058:Zafar Khan 6053:Ulugh Khan 5482:Newz Daddy 5461:24 January 5146:: 234–235. 5028:Mary Boyce 4801:0618386114 4779:: 355–392. 4738:1438108257 2859:References 2770:Syed Alaol 2516:Under the 2382:Historian 2292:into two. 2237:Qutb Minar 2233:Alai Minar 2213:Alai Minar 2023:Deval Devi 1886:charlatans 1821:system of 1460:Koh-i-Noor 1421:Devaladevi 1373:Ravi River 1352:along the 1274:Ratnasimha 1186:See also: 1113:Zafar Khan 1025:Zafar Khan 1021:Ulugh Khan 1001:Ravi river 936:Zafar Khan 709:Jalaluddin 698:Early life 663:, and the 629:Yajvapalas 566:Ulugh Khan 562:Zafar Khan 483:Jalaluddin 286:Shadi Khan 283:Khizr Khan 244:Jalaluddin 80:Coronation 6088:(Hoysala) 5843:Frontline 5783:S. Kidwai 5779:R. Vanita 5771:634843951 5703:685167335 5543:607636383 5381:The Hindu 4565:, ArchNet 2842:Padmaavat 2748:Sufi poet 2575:Pattavali 2557:Digambara 2505:muqaddams 2471:zamindars 2384:K. S. Lal 2227:built by 2090:Siri Fort 1896:Last days 1890:sorcerers 1546:Ilkhanate 1474:ruler of 1472:Chahamana 1387:governor 1321:from 1825 1298:Siri Fort 1248:, in the 1246:Rajasthan 1204:ruled by 1079:led by a 729:Akhur-beg 713:Almas Beg 609:Paramaras 581:Jaisalmer 528:from the 181:1290–1291 155:Successor 142:1266–1316 99:Successor 6313:Category 6209:Sivistan 6174:Warangal 6168:Devagiri 6162:Devagiri 6076:(Yadava) 6023:Alp Khan 5898:(2007). 5874:(2004). 5845:: 70–77. 5785:(2000). 5735:(2003). 5725:32230117 5713:(1981). 5691:(1950). 5665:(1982). 5641:(2004). 5627:31870180 5586:12737199 5553:(2015). 5531:(1966). 5521:31870180 5030:(2001). 2851:Kasoombo 2783:'s film 2753:in 1540. 2743:Padmavat 2466:(1311). 2458:(1301), 2454:(1299), 2446:(1295), 2444:Devagiri 2442:(1292), 2429:Khambhat 2414:holy war 2372:— 2312:Rashidun 2310:'s four 2308:Muhammad 2197:Mehrauli 2075:desilted 2051:bisexual 2019:Firishta 1992:Alp Khan 1970:Mehrauli 1875:adultery 1860:gambling 1856:cannabis 1823:branding 1806:Firishta 1701:— 1598:Devagiri 1513:Devagiri 1448:Warangal 1446:capital 1444:Kakatiya 1385:Dipalpur 1362:Firishta 1335:Paramara 1262:Warangal 1260:capital 1258:Kakatiya 1109:Sivistan 1101:Neguderi 942:(modern 917:catapult 913:manjaniq 899:and the 817:Devagiri 801:Paramara 766:Firishta 762:Alp Khan 657:Kakatiya 641:Warangal 639:(1308), 637:Devagiri 633:Vindhyas 613:Vaghelas 595:(1305), 591:(1303), 587:(1301), 583:(1299), 544:(1299), 540:(1298), 538:Sivistan 464:revenues 446:), born 348:Religion 251:Alp Khan 6127:Chittor 6115:Gujarat 5605:4413150 3889:: 148. 2854:(2024). 2845:(2018). 2793:Om Puri 2789:(1963). 2766:Arakani 2762:Bengali 2714:Khalifa 2565:Acharya 2551:Acharya 2495:Mustafa 2479:saffron 2464:Madurai 2452:Somnath 2448:Vijapur 2418:masnavi 2315:caliphs 2276:Ismaili 2101:masonry 2011:Vaghela 1962:madrasa 1908:, Delhi 1742:chara'i 1738:grazing 1655:court. 1579:Madurai 1560:Ballala 1490:Hoysala 1417:Baglana 1282:Padmini 1266:Chittor 1194:Gujarat 1132:Somnath 1124:Vaghela 1083:of the 1077:Mongols 1013:Khokhar 986:Mamluks 965:. When 944:Aligarh 837:Gwalior 811:in the 665:Hoysala 625:Guhilas 589:Chittor 577:Gujarat 491:Mamluks 472:society 458:in the 431:Persian 227:, Delhi 6235:(1306) 6229:(1305) 6227:Amroha 6223:(1303) 6217:(1299) 6211:(1298) 6205:(1298) 6188:(1311) 6182:(1311) 6170:(1308) 6164:(1296) 6147:(1311) 6145:Jalore 6141:(1308) 6139:Siwana 6135:(1305) 6129:(1303) 6123:(1301) 6111:(1296) 6109:Multan 6105:(1293) 6103:Bhilsa 5929: 5908: 5884: 5860: 5795: 5769: 5745: 5723: 5701: 5677: 5651: 5625: 5603: 5584: 5563: 5541: 5519: 5332: 5305: 5278: 5225: 5120:: 234. 5040: 5016:: 184. 4946: 4798: 4735: 4021: 3919: 3381: 2906: 2879: 2703:Arabic 2483:tilaks 2440:Bhilsa 2410:Wassaf 2406:zimmis 2366:muftis 2327:Nusrat 2098:ashlar 2094:rubble 2009:, the 1990:, and 1815:Deccan 1736:) and 1710:kharaj 1691:kharaj 1682:Hanafi 1677:kharaj 1664:iqta's 1526:Diogil 1509:Diogil 1498:Deccan 1494:Pandya 1476:Jalore 1470:, the 1432:Marwar 1428:Siwana 1341:. 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