53:
38:
22:
289:
Selectable 4WD has both axles rigidly coupled together, which has some advantages in very poor off-road conditions. To gain the same advantage in a permanent AWD system with a differential, the differential can be locked manually with a differential lock. As this control is frequently misunderstood
238:. This is not required off-road, as the limited grip allows the tires to slip. All-wheel drive vehicles designed for extensive off-road use may not have such a differential, and so they suffer from wind-up when used on-road. Selectable 4WD also avoids this problem and requires only a simple
257:
As vehicles became more sophisticated and tires gave better winter performance in the 1960s, there was an interest in giving the benefits of all-wheel drive to conventional cars: not for off-road use but for winter use in snow or on wet roads. Exotic vehicles such as the high-powered
216:
began manufacturing a line as "all-wheel drive" as early as the late 1930s. This distinction in terminology is not generally used outside North
America.
426:
371:
274:
series were the first to offer all-wheel drive in a high-speed road-based car. These, particularly the
Quattro, would extensively develop this
33:
four-wheel drive vehicle equipped with a low-range gearbox, which provides the driver with a selection between low range or high range gearing
290:
and misused, which can then cause damage due to wind-up, they have tended to be replaced by automatic locking through the viscous couplers.
1321:
1342:
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1314:
419:
1356:
1335:
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1370:
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between the front and rear drive shafts, and active management of torque transfer, especially following the advent of the
1377:
1363:
412:
392:
271:
231:
189:
158:
64:
1477:
1234:
208:(AEC) producing AWD trucks in 1929 in conjunction with the British subsidiary of the pioneering American firm
1130:
606:
225:
1136:
205:
1498:
1394:
1196:
282:
and differentials to provide a safe and drivable car. The first off-road / on-road hybrids such as the
1170:
246:, rather than a differential. For this reason, most early off-road vehicles used that system; e.g.,
1125:
1081:
583:
193:
1206:
1181:
800:
985:
1429:
1201:
1111:
1038:
611:
321:
527:
930:
795:
550:
1503:
1424:
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8:
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815:
560:
300:
283:
1414:
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1264:
1008:
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444:
1439:
1302:
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388:
311:
251:
134:
57:
1244:
1191:
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1018:
895:
725:
373:"By December , GMC had orders for more than 4,400 all-wheel-drive military trucks."
327:
305:
279:
235:
209:
30:
845:
308:
or FWD, one of the first companies, from 1909, to build four-wheel drive vehicles.
1434:
1259:
1249:
1239:
870:
332:
106:
167:
The wheels are driven, but not dependent on a central mechanical power coupling.
151:
One axle is permanently connected to the drive, the other is connected as needed
16:
Powertrain providing power to all its wheels for use primarily on paved surfaces
1185:
975:
950:
935:
840:
787:
469:
213:
286:
also chose the permanent all-wheel-drive system rather than manual selection.
83:
capable of providing power to all its wheels, whether full-time or on-demand.
1492:
1472:
1454:
1166:
1116:
1013:
965:
955:
705:
659:
555:
494:
243:
188:– to apply to vehicles with drive train systems that have permanent drive, a
26:
920:
915:
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820:
664:
639:
489:
267:
60:
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52:
41:
356:
1063:
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631:
542:
504:
479:
275:
239:
131:
Reflects three axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
80:
140:
Reflects four axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
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259:
122:
Reflects two axles with both wheels on each capable of being powered.
37:
358:"1929: AEC started to build AWD trucks in conjunction with FWD (UK)"
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865:
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588:
532:
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459:
176:
Particularly in North
America for several decades, the designation
113:
Reflects two axles with one wheel on each capable of being powered.
99:
21:
1096:
1086:
1053:
1028:
1023:
890:
855:
674:
570:
512:
464:
316:
1106:
144:
Vehicles may be either part-time all-wheel drive or full-time:
125:
116:
45:
980:
835:
404:
247:
103:
Reflects one axle with one wheel capable of being powered.
1140:
710:
598:
435:
157:
All axles are permanently connected, with or without a
226:Four-wheel drive § SAE recommended practices
1490:
230:When tire grip is good during road driving, a
91:The most common forms of all-wheel drive are:
420:
180:has been used and marketed – distinctly from
427:
413:
831:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
51:
36:
20:
1177:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
387:. Warehouse Publications. p. 118.
1491:
369:THE FIRST CENTURY OF GMC TRUCK HISTORY
408:
382:
234:is used between the axles to avoid
13:
219:
196:(ABS). However, the designations
67:(heavy equipment transport system)
14:
1520:
841:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
137:(also, eight-wheel drive or 8WD)
119:(also, four-wheel drive or 4WD)
1478:Template:EC car classification
434:
376:
361:
346:
204:long predated the trend, with
171:
128:(also, six-wheel drive or 6WD)
1:
339:
210:Four Wheel Drive Auto Company
206:Associated Equipment Company
7:
293:
111:Some motorcycles and bikes
10:
1527:
1167:Gasoline / petrol
931:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
223:
1463:
1387:
1307:(engine / drive)
1301:
1273:
1220:
1072:
994:
786:
724:
683:
630:
597:
569:
541:
503:
452:
443:
946:Sedan delivery/Panel van
194:anti-lock braking system
86:
1207:Liquified petroleum gas
1019:Driverless (autonomous)
73:all-wheel drive vehicle
1112:Compressed natural gas
1039:Personal rapid transit
322:Individual wheel drive
154:Full-time or Permanent
148:On-demand or Part-time
68:
49:
34:
1378:Dual motor-four-wheel
976:Town (Coupé de Ville)
224:Further information:
55:
40:
24:
1389:Engine configuration
1395:internal combustion
1197:Internal combustion
1004:All-terrain vehicle
926:Retractable hardtop
385:In National Service
301:All-terrain vehicle
383:Ware, Pat (1994).
354:Automotive History
69:
50:
35:
1499:Off-road vehicles
1486:
1485:
782:
781:
551:Compact executive
367:MEYER, DONALD E.
312:Front-wheel drive
280:viscous couplings
212:. Additionally,
1516:
1398:
1357:Front-four-wheel
1308:
1171:direct injection
1082:Alternative fuel
896:Multi-stop truck
450:
449:
429:
422:
415:
406:
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399:
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380:
374:
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328:Rear-wheel drive
306:Four Wheel Drive
278:with the use of
262:followed by the
236:driveline windup
79:) is one with a
1526:
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1489:
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1430:Single-cylinder
1392:
1391:
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1371:Rear-four-wheel
1322:Front mid-front
1306:
1305:
1297:
1275:Engine position
1269:
1216:
1202:Liquid nitrogen
1068:
996:
990:
778:
720:
679:
626:
612:Crossover (CUV)
593:
565:
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499:
439:
433:
403:
402:
395:
381:
377:
366:
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333:Two-wheel drive
296:
228:
222:
220:Characteristics
202:all-wheel drive
174:
112:
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89:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1364:Mid-four-wheel
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951:Shooting brake
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941:Saloon / Sedan
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445:Classification
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214:General Motors
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1343:Rear mid-rear
1340:
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956:Station wagon
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846:Coupé utility
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660:Sport compact
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571:Minivan / MPV
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394:0-9525563-0-8
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352:Allisons.org
349:
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244:transfer case
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39:
32:
28:
27:Jeep Wrangler
23:
19:
1265:Twelve-wheel
1222:Drive wheels
995:Specialized
916:Pickup truck
821:Cabrio coach
665:Sports sedan
640:Grand tourer
384:
378:
368:
363:
353:
348:
288:
272:Audi Quattro
268:Subaru Leone
256:
232:differential
229:
201:
197:
190:differential
185:
181:
177:
175:
159:differential
143:
90:
76:
72:
70:
61:tractor unit
44:WHDX 70-170
18:
1504:Car layouts
1415:Four-stroke
1315:Front-front
1255:Eight-wheel
1230:Front-wheel
1162:Natural gas
1147:Fossil fuel
1102:Biogasoline
788:Body styles
716:Vintage car
284:Range Rover
172:Terminology
164:Independent
77:AWD vehicle
1509:Drivetrain
1493:Categories
1440:Two-stroke
1336:Front-rear
1329:Rear-front
1245:Four-wheel
1235:Rear-wheel
1074:Propulsion
1064:Voiturette
1049:Flying car
1044:Police car
1009:Amphibious
921:Quad coupé
811:Berlinetta
528:Street rod
470:Subcompact
340:References
276:drivetrain
252:Land Rover
240:dog clutch
81:powertrain
1350:Rear-rear
1260:Ten-wheel
1250:Six-wheel
1240:Two-wheel
1152:Fuel cell
1092:Biodiesel
1059:Tow truck
1034:Pedal car
1014:Connected
986:Vis-à-vis
961:Targa top
906:Panel van
901:Notchback
881:Limousine
871:Landaulet
861:Hatchback
806:Barchetta
774:S-segment
769:M-segment
764:J-segment
759:F-segment
754:E-segment
749:D-segment
744:C-segment
739:B-segment
734:A-segment
645:Hot hatch
622:Coupe SUV
556:Executive
518:Lead sled
495:Full-size
475:Supermini
264:AMC Eagle
260:Jensen FF
100:unicycles
1473:Category
1450:W engine
1435:Straight
1192:Hydrogen
1157:Fuel gas
1122:Electric
997:vehicles
936:Runabout
886:Microvan
876:Liftback
866:Kammback
851:Fastback
826:Cab over
816:Brougham
561:Personal
533:T-bucket
523:Lowrider
490:Mid-size
294:See also
1445:V (Vee)
1420:H-block
1186:plug-in
1184: (
1169: (
1139: (
1137:Ethanol
1126:battery
1124: (
1097:Biofuel
1087:Autogas
1054:Taxicab
1029:Gyrocar
1024:Go-kart
971:Touring
966:Torpedo
911:Phaeton
891:Minibus
856:Hardtop
701:Economy
696:Classic
691:Antique
675:Go-kart
607:Compact
584:Leisure
579:Compact
513:Hot rod
485:Compact
453:By size
317:H-drive
242:in the
63:of the
48:tractor
1468:Portal
1455:Wankel
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1303:Layout
1182:Hybrid
1117:Diesel
1107:Biogas
801:Baquet
650:Muscle
632:Sports
543:Luxury
505:Custom
480:Family
438:design
391:
1405:Boxer
1283:Front
1212:Steam
981:T-top
836:Coupe
684:Other
670:Super
460:Micro
324:(IWD)
87:Types
42:Hayes
29:is a
1410:Flat
1293:Rear
655:Pony
617:Mini
589:Mini
389:ISBN
270:and
248:Jeep
200:and
184:and
98:All
65:HETS
56:The
25:The
1288:Mid
1141:E85
1131:NEV
796:2+2
711:Van
706:Ute
599:SUV
465:Kei
436:Car
198:AWD
186:4WD
182:4X4
178:AWD
135:8×8
126:6×6
117:4×4
107:2x2
95:1x1
71:An
58:8×8
46:6×6
31:4×4
1495::
726:EU
266:,
254:.
250:,
1397:)
1393:(
1188:)
1173:)
1143:)
1133:)
428:e
421:t
414:v
397:.
161:.
75:(
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