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705:, which included the Governor, the Mayor, the City comptroller, and countless of other corrupted officials. His thinking was that once the public will see the completed subway, the politicians would not dare to stop him. With a franchise from the state he began construction of a tunnel for small pneumatic tubes in 1869, but diverted it into a demonstration of a passenger railway that opened on February 26, 1870. It is most interesting to note that Beach's tunnel design was likely the first cylindrical tunnel design ever used in the Americas and built using a design inspired by
33:
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549:, prosecuted about one third of all the patents issued by the US Patent Office. By 1924, they had filled more than 200,000 patents, gaining a virtual monopoly in the patent business, representing about 15% of all the patents filled in the United States, and was partly responsible for the rapid growth of the US patent system. After opening an office in Washington, they opened new offices across the globe and became recognized as the most successful patent law firm in the world.
996:
827:, which was a similar idea for an overhead railway for the purpose of easing congestion on the ground in England. The wealthy property owners did not object to the New York City railway well away from Broadway, and by the mid-1870s it appeared that elevated railways were practical and underground railways were not, setting the pattern for rapid transit development in New York City for the remainder of the 19th century.
620:
during this time. "The city was ruled by the notoriously corrupt
William "Boss" Tweed, who among many illegal doings was getting kickbacks from the city's steampowered train and horse-pulled bus lines." Beach was one of a few visionaries who proposed building an underground railway under Broadway to
853:
It ran for a total of about 300 feet, first around a curve to the center of
Broadway and then straight under the center of Broadway to the south side of Murray Street. Beach spent $ 70,000 of his own savings to make the station luxurious and comfortable, with chandeliers, mirrors, a towering
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The profits made by Beach from the subway were given to charities, promising to donate all the money raised to the United Home for the
Orphans of Soldiers and Sailors. He later also developed a pneumatic tube systems for New York's mail, building the first mail tube in the country.
542:
His patent agency eventually brought him fame and fortune, and his magazine helped stimulate 19th-century technological innovations and became one of the most prestigious scientific magazines of its time. During its peak years, Munn & Co., as the patent agency of
779:
political machine was in disgrace and from then on Beach, in an effort to gain support from reformers, claimed that Tweed had opposed his subway. The real opposition to the subway was from politically connected property owners along
Broadway, led by
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In 1912 workers for Degnon
Contracting excavated the tunnel proper during the construction of a subway line running under Broadway, discovering the old tunnel and the old station that was buried underground. They also discovered Beach's old
717:
who was the engineer. Since Beach was a patents lawyer, it is likely he discovered the 1869 Greathead patent and the patent application by Barlow from 1864, using an imitated Barlow's patent design for engineering the PTS tunnel design.
729:
To build a passenger railway he needed a different franchise, something he lobbied for over four legislative sessions, 1870 to 1873. Construction of the tunnel was obvious from materials being delivered to Warren Street near
854:
grandfather clock, a fountain with fish, paintings and a piano. The former Devlin's building was destroyed by fire in 1898. When the subway tunnel closed down, Beach rented out the space as a wine cellar, and later as a
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named Munn & Co., in synergy with the scientists featured in the magazine who wanted to patent their inventions. They provided the service for the patent applications and tracked the progress once it reached the
611:
technology, naming it the Beach
Pneumatic Transit Company, and made himself its President. This idea came about during the late 1860s, when traffic in New York was a nightmare, especially along its central artery
696:
to have his proposal approved. He set out a way to bypass the corrupt politicians by building his tunnel in secret during the night, carting away the dirt under the cover of darkness, with the city officials at
913:
747:
When it was finished, after 58 successive nights, it became New York City's first underground subway. Beach hosted a gala on
February 26, 1870, to which he invited city and state officials, enraging "
925:
648:'s rectangular shield, which may represent the shift in design from rectangular to cylindrical. It was unclear when or who transitioned tunneling shield design from rectangular to circular until
721:
557:
901:
2442:
1282:"Yale genealogy and history of Wales : the British kings and princes, life of Owen Glyndwr, biographies of Governor Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University was named, Linus Yale, Sr"
2432:
Jackson, Paul (2013). Jackson, Paul (ed.). "Executive
Overview: Justice delayed is justice denied". Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2013. Washington, DC: Macdonald and Jane's: 8–10.
788:, who feared that tunnelling would damage buildings and interfere with surface traffic. Bills for Beach's subway passed the legislature in 1871 and 1872 but were vetoed by Governor
531:, and his invention served as the prototype for typewriters over the next century. He invented a cable traction railway system, and designed and built one of the world's first
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used to walk a few miles every week to get his copy of the magazine, and later on in his career, he walked in Beach's office one day and showed him a device he called the
937:
430:, being the first to see his invention. Beach tested the device with Edison, liked it, and helped him filed the patent. Edison would become a frequent visitor of Beach.
1993:
2541:
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820:
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would be built next door, with an underground entrance connecting to the subway station, but it was later closed down because of fear of criminal activities.
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The funeral of Alfred Ely Beach, the
Inventor, who died on New Year's morning of pneumonia, after a brief Illness, was held yesterday morning at 9 West ...
2096:"The Pneumatic Mail Tubes: New York's Hidden Highway And Its Development An Historical Perspective It was not a Pipe Dream! By Robert A. Cohen, 1999, p. 3"
1483:
1397:
1256:
2493:
1259:, Scientific American, v 112, p 533, June 5, 1915, The Patent Office and Invention Since 1845, How the Government Has Kept Pace With the Inventor Wyman
1400:, Scientific American, v 112, p 533, June 5, 1915, The Patent Office and Invention Since 1845, How the Government Has Kept Pace With the Inventor Wyman
1062:. This tunnel opened in 1890. His hydraulic shield system was also used in the excavating of the underground railway tunnels in London and Glasgow, the
2402:
1770:
1486:, Scientific American, v 112, p 533, June 5, 1915, The Patent Office and Invention Since 1845, How the Government Has Kept Pace With the Inventor Wyman
744:, grew suspicious and sent an aide over to the construction site with a written order to inspect Beach's work, but his workers blocked the inspectors.
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just across the street. He put up $ 350,000 of his own money to bankroll the project, allowing him to bypass the corruption and extortion schemes of
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397:
2014:
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for fifty years, and they ran the magazine until their deaths decades later, and it was carried on by their sons and grandsons for decades more.
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2035:
1822:
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during his ownership. Alfred's brother was also later a trustee and shareholder in his
Broadway Underground Railway Company, along with his son
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1281:
886:. The British pneumatic tube also failed to attract much attention and eventually fell into disrepair and disrepute in spite of the fact that
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192:
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520:
528:
1418:
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1632:
1359:
1335:
1964:
For example see "New York Herald", March 21, 1871, and "New York Tribune", March 29, 1871, and "New York Times", March 30, 1872.
369:
is now the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States, and has featured prominent scientists over time such as
1568:"Yale genealogy and history of Wales. The British kings and princes. Life of Owen Glyndwr. Biographies of Governor Elihu Yale"
1538:"Yale genealogy and history of Wales. The British kings and princes. Life of Owen Glyndwr. Biographies of Governor Elihu Yale"
1371:
890:
had contracted to use the tunnels. Ultimately the English experiment failed due to technical issues as well as lack of funds.
469:
a year, forcing Beach to split his time between New York and Washington, defending the patents of the inventors in court.>
2297:
Pneumatic Tubes: A Brief History Elon Musk is not the first inventor to dream of humans being speedily sucked through vacuums
1512:
1648:. New York American and Journal, Hearst's Chicago American and San Francisco Examiner. May 2, 1903 – via Google Books.
830:
2017:, One of America's First Attempts at Underground Transportation was Powered Pneumatically, Built covertly—and Illegal, 2014
1976:
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introduced a bill to fund the full construction of Beach's subway but the bill did not pass. By the end of 1871 Tweed's
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signed a similar bill into law, but Beach was not able to raise funds to build over the next six months, and then the
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755:. In less than a year, Beach's underground system was used by 400,000 people, and he requested his line to extend to
689:
661:
350:
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1122:. It was the first school in Savannah erected specifically for the education of African Americans, and was built by
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because he said that they gave away too much authority without compensation to the city or state. In 1873 Governor
1696:
2259:
1309:
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Beach operated his demonstration railway from February 1870 to April 1873. It had one station in the basement of
815:, which operated successfully with a small steam engine starting in 1870. This elevated railway gave an idea to
2362:
1771:"THE BROADWAY TUNNEL.; Opening the Bore to Public Inspection—Success of the Undertaking Great Crowd of Visitors"
953:
2248:, MIT team places first among U.S. universities at 2019 SpaceX Hyperloop Pod Competition, School of Engineering
465:, and thousand of other inventors, and the magazine's patent department eventually filed about three thousand
2127:, and "Scientific American", February 24, 1912 and September 7, 1912, and "New York Times", February 9, 1912.
879:
497:
345:, a relatively new publication, becoming the early founders of that company. He also brought in the venture
94:
2245:
1244:
Swift as Aeolus" American contribution in developing pneumatic railways as compared to European achievements
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713:
project. Greathead invented and built his own design of a shield as the contractor for that project, under
2278:
1859:, American Studies Biographical Stories, Business Environmental History, Political History, April 17, 2018
629:
but in contrast to that and others' proposals for New York, Beach proposed the use of trains propelled by
249:
of New York, he also invented a typewriter for the blind and a system for heating water with solar power.
2137:
1224:
402:
312:
Charles Yale's brothers-in-law were Commodore Holland Newton Stevenson, and John McAllister Stevenson, a
1360:
Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Berkshire County, Massachusetts
1336:
Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Berkshire County, Massachusetts
519:
designed for use by the blind, an engineering first for the Americas. He received the gold medal by the
2095:
1921:
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graduate and board director of the Pittsfield Electric Street Railway Company in 1892, which operated
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1829:
1208:, who worked for the magazine as well but also became an aviation pioneer, and an early financier of
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2490:
Klaatu's detailed background article, explaining the technical and political details of the project.
2345:
1612:
The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the incredible rivalry that built America's first subway
2163:
1191:
812:
781:
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mailing system with pneumatic cars used to deliver packages through an underground railroad network
266:
in 1845, a magazine that was a major force for the diffusion of innovations during the 19th century
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2177:
1926:
StMU Research Scholars – Featuring Scholarly Research, Writing, and Media at St. Mary's University
1095:
In January 1887, Beach allowed his son and six other men to start a yacht club on his property in
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2138:
Men of progress : American inventors presented to the subscribers of the Scientific American
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875:
673:
592:
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279:
224:
128:
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Patent History Materials Index – Patent Materials from Scientific American, vol 112 (June 1915)
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Patent History Materials Index – Patent Materials from Scientific American, vol 112 (June 1915)
1257:
Patent History Materials Index – Patent Materials from Scientific American, vol 112 (June 1915)
1096:
1018:
481:
462:
446:
2036:
Banvard's Folly: Thirteen Tales of Renowned Obscurity, Famous Anonymity, and ..., Paul Collins
1809:"Speaking III of the Dead: Jerks in New York History", Kara Hughes, November 8, 2011, page 18.
2536:
1076:
in America, a concept that would be proposed once again about 150 years later by billionaire
816:
706:
604:
536:
434:
238:
1975:
1955:
Alfred E Beach, "The Broadway Underground Railway". New York: Beach Pneumatic Transit, 1872.
1635:, Historic American Engineering Record, Interborough Rapid Transit Subway, N-Y-122, p. 22-23
2581:
2526:
2521:
2200:
1310:
America's successful men of affairs. An encyclopedia of contemporaneous biography, p. 66-67
1271:"The Union League Club of New York", The Club-house, University of Michigan, 1905, page 89.
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859:
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Illustration of the Broadway underground railway (1872) by New York Parcel Dispatch Company
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242:
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1384:
1362:, John McAllister Stevenson, Lewis Publishing Co., Vol I. New York and Chicago, p. 252-256
1338:, John McAllister Stevenson, Lewis Publishing Co., Vol I. New York and Chicago, p. 252-256
8:
1200:
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published a possibly planted article a few weeks before opening. The Mayor of New York,
32:
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2026:"New York Times", "New York Herald", "The World", "New York Tribune", December 5, 1898.
1205:
1107:
847:
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734:, and was documented in newspaper reports, but Beach kept all details secret until the
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and Munn & Co., the country's leading patent agency, and helped secure patents for
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759:, with an injection of 5 million dollars in capital, hoping to get financiers such as
505:
2181:
1985:
1797:
Alfred E Beach, "The Pneumatic Dispatch". New York: The American News Company, 1868.
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1111:
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246:
2403:"Funeral of Alfred Ely Beach. His Wife Arrives from Europe Just Before the Services"
1749:
2279:"Hyperloop wants to change the world. Not everyone's convinced | CNN Business"
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also used Beach's pneumatic concept and made the pneumatic vehicle more efficient.
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772:
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501:
485:
346:
275:
227:, which became the first subway in America. He was an early owner and cofounder of
148:
1872:
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in Connecticut, and the land purchased for the club came from his estate in 1954.
2506:
1594:"Alfred Ely Beach | 19th Century Publisher & Inventor | Britannica"
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for the transport of letters and packages, another idea recently put into use in
668:
386:
370:
329:
298:
751:" for not having profited from the venture, and for challenging his monopoly on
2482:
Alfred Beach's Pneumatic Subway and the beginnings of rapid transit in New York
1459:"Scientific American's Owner Built the First New York Subway [Excerpt]"
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793:
681:
617:
608:
509:
477:
294:
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184:
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595:. He received his first charter by the legislature in 1868, four years before
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Munn & Co. in 1859, patent office headquarters in Washington, next to the
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1989:
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450:
423:
382:
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114:
81:
1161:, and less than a decade after Beach's death, New York City built its first
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374:
2052:. New York : Clarkson Potter/Publishers – via Internet Archive.
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wrote an article describing the original Beach tunneling shield in 1870.
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help relieve the traffic congestion. The inspiration was the underground
378:
1348:
1902 – Periodicals – STREET RAILWAY JOURNAL (SEPTEMBER 13, 1902), p. 345
1661:"The First Subway in New York City Was a Cylindrical Car Pushed by Air"
1633:
The New York Rapid Transit Decision of 1900: Economy, Society, Politics
1100:
972:
887:
630:
516:
442:
427:
2487:
1922:"The Secret Pneumatic Subway: Beach vs Tweed – StMU Research Scholars"
1212:, the contested first maker of a powered controlled flight before the
389:
relating to his device that intended to help boats navigate shallows.
2384:
1184:
1081:
1077:
931:
The Alfred Ely Beach Plan of Dispatching Letters for a Branch Station
878:. The new tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day
824:
599:'s attempt of building a subway in New York, which would have linked
408:
In 1846, Munn and Beach established a prominent patent agency within
208:
1145:
of New York, an abolitionist society that supported the policies of
2064:"Reconstructing America, A Villain, a Dreamer, a Cartoonist, p. 99"
1823:"Reconstructing America, A Villain, a Dreamer, a Cartoonist, p. 98"
1505:
The Patent Office pony : a history of the early Patent Offices
1267:
1265:
1043:
752:
489:
321:
204:
2348:, Arts & Culture, Education, Community, www.beachinstitute.org
1419:"Alfred Ely Beach And His Wonderful Pneumatic Underground Railway"
995:
1126:, at the initiation of President Lincoln, and was managed by the
1059:
907:
US Pneumatic Dispatch Company, proposed by Alfred Ely Beach, 1868
335:
Alfred worked for his father at the "Sun" until he and a friend,
1688:
Tunnel shields and the use of compressed air in subaqueous works
1262:
219:. He is known for his design of the earliest predecessor to the
2461:"Collection: Stanley Yale Beach papers | Archives at Yale"
1246:, Society for the History of Technology, Sławomir Łotysz, 2003.
1089:
1055:
1003:, founded by Alfred Ely Beach for newly freed African Americans
709:'s successful shield patents in London for construction of the
685:
626:
493:
466:
297:, took over the family newspaper and supported the policies of
196:
Childhood home of Alfred Ely Beach, built by his father in 1846
1852:
1850:
893:
2113:
Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919
1007:
Much of the Beach subway story was recalled as precedent by
834:
General design, station – Broadway Underground Railway, 1872
515:
Beach patented some of his own inventions, notably an early
2443:"(AVIATION) Archive of Stanley Yale Beach aviation pioneer"
2015:
Scientific American's Owner Built the First New York Subway
1847:
1805:
1803:
1574:
1220:
313:
16:
American inventor, publisher, and patent lawyer (1826–1896)
2246:
MIT News, Overcoming obstacles with an electric hovercraft
1946:"New York Herald" and "New York Tribune", March 11, 1870.
1817:
1815:
1507:. Boston, Massachusetts: Docent Press. pp. 129–131.
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1154:
919:
The Pneumatic Dispatch, taking letters from the lamp-post
2207:
Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2003; pg. 17.
1800:
1646:"The American Almanac, Year-book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas"
1553:"The Ogden Family in America and Their English Ancestry"
1187:
on January 1, 1896, in New York City at the age of 69.
963:
and Munn & Co. in 1862, showing American inventors
1812:
1403:
203:(September 1, 1826 – January 1, 1896) was an American
1691:(1 ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Co. p. 20.
1555:. J. B. Lippincott Company Philadelphia. p. 444.
1550:
419:, having their headquarters next door in Washington.
2050:"Subways : the tracks that built New York City"
803:
During this same time, other investors had built an
641:
of his invention to minimize disturbing the street.
324:. His three nephews and his great-grandnephew, Rev.
2557:
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
2260:"From Beach to Musk – A lot of hype over Hyperloop"
1099:. The Housatonic boat club is the oldest operating
2488:Alfred Ely Beach – Beach's Bizarre Broadway Subway
1565:
1535:
1305:
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1949:
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2205:Metropolitan Railways: Rapid Transit in America.
2143:
1895:
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1011:in his lead article of the August 1965 issue of
2240:
2238:
2230:When the New York City Subway Ran Without Rails
1791:
1678:
1659:Courage, Katherine Harmon (September 1, 2020).
1296:
2542:Businesspeople from Springfield, Massachusetts
2158:
1540:. Milburn and Scott company. pp. 348–349.
1489:
1437:
1110:, Beach founded a school for freed slaves in
616:, as people were mostly traveling by foot and
564:underground railway (1872), New York, next to
2500:"Pneumatic Transit" Animation by Abby Digital
2140:. Munn & Co. (New York, N.Y.), publisher.
1890:
1862:
1684:
1580:
1570:. Milburn and Scott company. p. 348-349.
1165:system in 1904, and have him featured in the
1034:, similar to the 1864 English patent idea of
607:. Beach created his own enterprise using the
2235:
1916:
1914:
1750:"www.nycsubway.org: Beach Pneumatic Transit"
385:. They reported the invention and patent of
274:, and was the son of a prominent publisher,
2219:, Bloomberg, Stephen Mihm, August 14, 2013.
2115:, Oxford University Press, New York, p. 239
1857:The Secret Pneumatic Subway: Beach vs Tweed
1385:Archives at Yale, Stanley Yale Beach papers
943:Proposed Postal Tube Lines in New York City
2169:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
1024:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
894:Beach's designs for US Postal Mail Service
476:and George Sickles, father of Congressman
2299:, The Atlantic Magazine, August 13, 2013.
2276:
2217:New York Had a Hyperloop First, Elon Musk
1911:
1717:
1715:
1713:
2336:"Scientific American", January 11, 1896.
1223:graduates, having graduated from Yale's
1172:Beach later was the subject of the 1976
1038:'s, was used in the construction of the
994:
952:
842:, a building at the southwest corner of
829:
720:
667:
656:
644:Beach used a circular design based upon
570:
556:
552:
396:
357:. Beach was the editor and publisher of
256:
245:, and other innovators. A member of the
191:
2332:
2330:
1977:"Coping with Crime in Office Buildings"
1958:
1902:
1725:Fifty Years of Rapid Transit, 1864–1917
1685:Copperthwaite, William Charles (1906).
1658:
1324:. May 2, 1880 – via Google Books.
2514:
2124:
2118:
1721:
1710:
1614:(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2014),
1502:
1153:are still used today by banks and the
504:, and became the great-grandfather of
293:was a banker while his other brother,
2552:American magazine publishers (people)
2277:McFarland, Matt (November 20, 2020).
2257:
2232:, The New York Times, August 14, 2013
2047:
1973:
1940:
1908:"New York Tribune", January 11, 1870.
1899:"Scientific American", March 5, 1870.
1416:
664:, inspiration for Beach's mail system
472:Notable competitors in New York were
2327:
2020:
1456:
1021:. Beach's story is also featured in
2385:"Beach Institute Historical Marker"
2258:Stacy, Mungo (September 29, 2016).
2149:"Scientific American", August 1965.
1167:history of the New York City Subway
1017:, which described his invention of
948:
535:in the same year as famed engineer
13:
2048:Diehl, Lorraine B. (May 2, 2004).
1996:from the original on March 3, 2020
1374:, September 25, 1979, Tue ·Page 16
583:Beach's most famous invention was
14:
2593:
2572:19th-century American journalists
2475:
874:and remains of Gotham's original
690:London Pneumatic Despatch Company
662:London Pneumatic Despatch Company
392:
351:New York City Department of Docks
2136:Scientific American, Inc. (1862)
1974:Buder, Leonard (June 26, 1983).
1457:Most, Doug (February 21, 2014).
1387:, Number: GEN MSS 802, 1911–1948
1284:. Archived.org. pp. 237–238
957:"Men of Progress", published by
936:
924:
912:
900:
800:dried up the financial markets.
31:
2532:19th-century American inventors
2453:
2435:
2426:
2395:
2377:
2351:
2346:King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation
2339:
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2289:
2270:
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2222:
2210:
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2152:
2130:
2105:
2088:
2056:
2041:
2029:
2008:
1967:
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1638:
1625:
1604:
1586:
1559:
1544:
1529:
1476:
1390:
1377:
1365:
1141:Beach was also a member of the
1128:American Missionary Association
1120:King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation
1118:, which is now the home of the
1084:. The team Hyperloop II of the
771:In 1870 New York state Senator
1551:William Ogden Wheeler (1907).
1352:
1341:
1328:
1314:
1274:
1249:
1237:
1066:and other construction works.
252:
95:Wilbraham & Monson Academy
1:
1722:Walker, James Blaine (1918).
1697:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2r49hs0g
1358:Rollin Hillyer Cooke (1906).
1334:Rollin Hillyer Cooke (1906).
1230:
680:Beach was also interested in
38:
2447:catalogue.swanngalleries.com
7:
1566:Rodney Horace Yale (1908).
1536:Rodney Horace Yale (1908).
1503:Dobyns, Kenneth W. (2016).
1417:Daley, Robert (June 1961).
1225:Sheffield Scientific School
766:
637:, and construction using a
403:United States Patent Office
10:
2598:
2567:American railroad pioneers
2562:Scientific American people
1425:. Vol. 12, no. 4
692:. He refused to blackmail
575:Socialites waiting in the
508:'s husband, member of the
355:Metropolitan Museum of Art
272:Springfield, Massachusetts
217:Springfield, Massachusetts
63:Springfield, Massachusetts
2577:American male journalists
2547:American patent attorneys
1086:Hyperloop pod competition
882:under Broadway, near the
180:
154:
144:
134:
123:
101:
89:
70:
48:
30:
23:
2494:NEW YORK'S SECRET SUBWAY
2359:"A.E. Beach High School"
1728:. Law Printing Company.
1631:Wallace B. Katz (1979).
1192:Frederick Converse Beach
1070:Beach's pneumatic system
782:Alexander Turney Stewart
633:instead of conventional
529:Great Exhibition of 1853
461:, who later died on the
139:Frederick Converse Beach
2174:Oxford University Press
1204:, and a grandson named
1130:. Alumni include Mayor
846:and Warren Street. The
840:Devlin's clothing store
674:Beach Pneumatic Transit
593:Beach Pneumatic Transit
577:Beach Pneumatic Transit
525:New York Crystal Palace
488:. Lorenzo, a friend of
225:Beach Pneumatic Transit
129:Beach Pneumatic Transit
2505:April 2, 2012, at the
2111:Wallace, Mike (2017).
1097:Stratford, Connecticut
1019:Gravity-Vacuum Transit
1004:
992:
835:
726:
677:
672:Plan of the patent of
665:
580:
579:station under Broadway
568:
405:
353:and co-founder of the
267:
197:
2295:Megan Garber (2013).
2244:Sarah Jensen (2019).
2228:Marc Santora (2013).
1322:"N. Y. Supreme Court"
998:
956:
884:old City Hall station
833:
817:James Henry Greathead
724:
707:James Henry Greathead
671:
660:
605:Grand Central Station
574:
560:
553:Invention of a subway
537:James Henry Greathead
496:and Habsburg Emperor
435:Alexander Graham Bell
400:
318:electric trolley cars
260:
239:Alexander Graham Bell
195:
2314:Housatonic Boat Club
2201:William D. Middleton
1052:Port Huron, Michigan
786:John Jacob Astor III
761:John Jacob Astor III
646:Marc Isambard Brunel
623:Metropolitan Railway
597:Commodore Vanderbilt
474:Seth Perkins Staples
455:Cornelius Vanderbilt
243:Cornelius Vanderbilt
221:New York City Subway
93:Monson Academy (now
2496:– American Heritage
1777:. February 27, 1870
1665:Scientific American
1482:William I. (1915).
1463:Scientific American
1396:William I. (1915).
1255:William I. (1915).
1201:Scientific American
1190:He had a son named
1080:, rebranded as the
1064:North River Tunnels
1042:, headquartered in
1040:Grand Trunk Railway
1014:Scientific American
960:Scientific American
546:Scientific American
484:of Venetian artist
459:John Jacob Astor IV
411:Scientific American
366:Scientific American
359:Scientific American
349:, President of the
342:Scientific American
326:Brewster Yale Beach
263:Scientific American
230:Scientific American
2408:The New York Times
1982:The New York Times
1775:The New York Times
1756:. February 4, 1912
1598:www.britannica.com
1581:Copperthwaite 1906
1206:Stanley Yale Beach
1005:
993:
848:Woolworth Building
836:
742:Abraham Oakey Hall
727:
678:
666:
651:The New York Times
601:New York City Hall
581:
569:
533:tunnelling shields
521:American Institute
480:, who married the
439:Samuel F. B. Morse
417:U.S. Patent Office
406:
307:Charles Yale Beach
303:Frederick C. Beach
291:William Yale Beach
285:and member of the
270:Beach was born in
268:
198:
174:Stanley Yale Beach
169:Charles Yale Beach
164:William Yale Beach
2484:by Joseph Brennan
2465:archives.yale.edu
2411:. January 7, 1896
2160:Burrows, Edwin G.
2076:on August 1, 2023
1835:on August 1, 2023
1754:www.nycsubway.org
1514:978-1-942795-91-9
1423:American Heritage
1210:Gustave Whitehead
1196:photolithographic
1194:, who invented a
1143:Union League Club
1124:Freedmen's Bureau
1112:Savannah, Georgia
1074:air-powered train
1046:, Canada's first
1032:Tunnelling shield
880:City Hall station
872:tunnelling shield
821:Docker's Umbrella
639:tunnelling shield
492:, was partner of
339:, decided to buy
337:Orson Desaix Munn
305:, and his nephew
190:
189:
59:September 1, 1826
2589:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2361:. Archived from
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2249:
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2233:
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2220:
2214:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2156:
2150:
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2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2069:. Archived from
2068:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1928:. April 17, 2018
1918:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1828:. Archived from
1827:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1500:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1414:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1383:Beach, Stanley,
1381:
1375:
1372:The Courier-News
1369:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1198:process and ran
1048:St. Clair Tunnel
1009:Lawrence Edwards
985:Charles Goodyear
949:Death and legacy
940:
928:
916:
904:
809:Greenwich Street
805:elevated railway
773:William M. Tweed
763:in the venture.
737:New York Tribune
502:Marie Antoinette
486:Lorenzo Da Ponte
347:Salem Howe Wales
276:Moses Yale Beach
207:, entrepreneur,
201:Alfred Ely Beach
149:Moses Yale Beach
77:
58:
56:
43:
40:
35:
25:Alfred Ely Beach
21:
20:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2512:
2511:
2507:Wayback Machine
2478:
2473:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2412:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2365:on May 25, 2008
2357:
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2340:
2335:
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2256:
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2215:
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2157:
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2148:
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2110:
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2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1891:
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1863:
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1848:
1838:
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1319:
1315:
1308:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1214:Wright brothers
1178:Sub-Rosa Subway
1151:Pneumatic tubes
1147:Abraham Lincoln
1116:Beach Institute
1001:Beach Institute
981:Cyrus McCormick
951:
944:
941:
932:
929:
920:
917:
908:
905:
896:
790:John T. Hoffman
769:
715:Peter W. Barlow
682:pneumatic tubes
618:horse carriages
555:
506:Mary Yale Ogden
433:He also helped
395:
387:Abraham Lincoln
371:Albert Einstein
330:Yale University
328:, all attended
299:Abraham Lincoln
278:, owner of the
255:
172:
167:
162:
119:
85:
79:
75:
74:January 1, 1896
66:
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52:
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2477:
2476:External links
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1873:"Alfred Beach"
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856:shooting range
794:John Adams Dix
768:
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609:pneumatic tube
554:
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478:Daniel Sickles
394:
393:Munn & Co.
391:
295:Moses S. Beach
289:. His brother
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159:Moses S. Beach
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124:Known for
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2197:
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2187:0-195-11634-8
2183:
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1735:0-405-02480-0
1731:
1727:
1726:
1718:
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1595:
1589:
1583:, p. 20.
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1133:
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1088:sponsored by
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34:
29:
22:
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2537:Beach family
2464:
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2420:
2413:. Retrieved
2406:
2397:
2389:www.hmdb.org
2388:
2379:
2369:September 5,
2367:. Retrieved
2363:the original
2353:
2341:
2319:December 30,
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
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2172:. New York:
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2071:the original
2058:
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2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1981:
1969:
1960:
1951:
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1930:. Retrieved
1925:
1904:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:
1837:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1793:
1779:. Retrieved
1774:
1758:. Retrieved
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