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half survive more than a week or two. Most kingfishers die of cold or lack of food, and a severe winter can kill a high percentage of the birds. Summer floods can destroy nests or make fishing difficult, resulting in starvation of the brood. Only a quarter of the young survive to breed the following year, but this is enough to maintain the population. Likewise, only a quarter of adult birds survive from one breeding season to the next. Very few birds live longer than one breeding season. The oldest bird on record was 21 years.
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1069:. One study found that food provisioning rate increased with brood size, from 1498 g (505 fishes for four nestlings) to 2968 g (894 fishes for eight nestlings). During the fledging period each chick consumed on average 334 g of fish, which resulted in an estimated daily food intake of 37% of the chick's body mass (average over the entire nestling period). The average daily energy intake was 73.5 kJ per chick (i.e., 1837 kJ per 25 days of the fledging period).
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quality of water, so the presence of this bird confirms the standard of the water. Measures to improve water flow can disrupt this habitat, and in particular, the replacement of natural banks by artificial confinement greatly reduces the populations of fish, amphibians and aquatic reptiles, and waterside birds are lost. It can tolerate a certain degree of urbanisation, provided the water remains clean.
832:. In temperate regions, this kingfisher inhabits clear, slow-flowing streams and rivers, and lakes with well-vegetated banks. It frequents scrubs and bushes with overhanging branches close to shallow open water in which it hunts. In winter it is more coastal, often feeding in estuaries or harbours and along rocky seashores. Tropical populations are found by slow-flowing rivers, in
1021:. The bird rises beak-first from the surface and flies back to its perch. At the perch the fish is adjusted until it is held near its tail and beaten against the perch several times. Once dead, the fish is positioned lengthways and swallowed head-first. A few times each day, a small greyish pellet of fish bones and other indigestible remains is regurgitated.
964: oz), of which 5% is shell. Both sexes incubate by day, but only the female incubates at night. An incubating bird sits trance-like, facing the tunnel; it invariably casts a pellet, breaking it up with the bill. The eggs hatch in 19–20 days, one or two eggs in most clutches fail to do so because the parent cannot cover them prior. The
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pigments. These droplets enhance color vision and reduce glare. Aquatic kingfishers have high numbers of red pigments in their oil droplets; the reason red droplets predominate is not understood, but the droplets may help with the glare or the dispersion of light from particulate matter in the water.
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also reported the country practice of killing a kingfisher and hanging it from a thread in the belief that it would swing to predict the direction in which the wind would blow. Persecution by anglers and to provide feathers for fishing flies were common in earlier decades, but are now largely a thing
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This species has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km (3,900,000 sq mi). It has a large population, including an estimated 160,000–320,000 individuals in Europe alone. Global population trends have not been quantified, but populations appear to
895:
Like all kingfishers, the common kingfisher is highly territorial; since it must eat around 60% of its body weight each day, it is essential to have control of a suitable stretch of river. It is solitary for most of the year, roosting alone in heavy cover. If another kingfisher enters its territory,
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has green-blue upperparts with pale azure-blue back and rump, a rufous patch by the bill base, and a rufous ear-patch. It has a green-blue neck stripe, white neck blaze and throat, rufous underparts, and a black bill with some red at the base. The legs and feet are bright red. It is about 16 cm
346:
bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish, caught by diving, and has special visual adaptations to enable it to see prey under water. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a
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The early days for fledged juveniles are more hazardous; during its first dives into the water, about four days after leaving the nest, a fledgling may become waterlogged and drown. Many young will not have learned to fish by the time they are driven out of their parents' territory, and only about
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is orange-red with a black tip. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but with duller and greener upperparts and paler underparts. Its bill is black, and the legs are also initially black. Feathers are moulted gradually between July and
November with the main flight feathers taking 90–100 days to
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The common kingfisher hunts from a perch 1–2 m (3–7 ft) above the water, on a branch, post or riverbank, bill pointing down as it searches for prey. It bobs its head when food is detected to gauge the distance and plunges steeply down to seize its prey usually no deeper than 25 cm
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Other causes of death are cats, rats, collisions with vehicles and windows, and human disturbance of nesting birds, including riverbank works with heavy machinery. Since kingfishers are high up in the food chain, they are vulnerable to build-up of chemicals, and river pollution by industrial and
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The nest is in a burrow excavated by both birds of the pair in a low vertical riverbank, or sometimes a quarry or other cutting. The straight, gently inclining burrow is normally 60–90 cm (25–35 in) long and ends in an enlarged chamber. The nest cavity is unlined but soon accumulates a
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Common kingfishers are important members of ecosystems and good indicators of freshwater community health. The highest densities of breeding birds are found in habitats with clear water, which permits optimal prey visibility, and trees or shrubs on the banks. These habitats have also the highest
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with the greatest density of light receptors), and a kingfisher can switch from the main central fovea to the auxiliary fovea when it enters water; a retinal streak of high receptor density which connects the two foveae allows the image to swing temporally as the bird drops onto the prey. The
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The common kingfisher is widely distributed over Europe, Asia, and North Africa, mainly south of 60°N. It is a common breeding species over much of its vast
Eurasian range, but in North Africa it is mainly a winter visitor, although it is a scarce breeding resident in coastal
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1065:) may also constitute part of the diet of this species. In Central Europe, however, fish represented 99.9% of the diet (data from rivers, streams, and reservoirs from years 1999 to 2013). Common kingfishers have also been observed to catch
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both birds display from perches, and fights may occur, in which a bird will grab the other's beak and try to hold it underwater. Pairs form in the autumn but each bird retains a separate territory, generally at least 1 km (
1034: in). In Central Europe, 97% of the diet was found to be composed of fish ranging in size from 2 to 10 cm with an average of 6.5 cm (body mass range from <0.1 g to >10 g, average 3 g).
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There are seven subspecies differing in the hue of the upperparts and the intensity of the rufous colour of the underparts; size varies across the subspecies by up to 10%. The races resident south of the
508:, this is the only small blue kingfisher. In south and southeast Asia, it can be confused with six other small blue-and-rufous kingfishers, but the rufous ear patches distinguish it from all but juvenile
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young are in the nest for a further 24–25 days, often more. Once large enough, young birds will come to the burrow entrance to be fed. Two broods, sometimes three, may be reared in a season.
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into
Southeast Asia. Kingfishers migrate mainly at night, and some Siberian breeders must travel at least 3,000 km (1,900 mi) between the breeding sites and the wintering areas.
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The flight of the kingfisher is fast, direct and usually low over water. The short, rounded wings whirr rapidly, and a bird flying away shows an electric-blue "flash" down its back.
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after breeding from regions with prolonged freezing conditions in winter. Most birds winter within the southern parts of the breeding range, but smaller numbers cross the
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
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1413:
Moyle, R.G.; Fuchs, J.; Pasquet, E.; Marks, B.D. (2007). "Feeding behavior, toe count, and the phylogenetic relationships among alcedinine kingfishers (Alcedininae)".
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in water. The underwater vision is not as a sharp as in air, but the ability to judge the distance of moving prey is more important than the sharpness of the image.
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The courtship is initiated by the male chasing the female while calling continually, and later by ritual feeding, with copulation usually following.
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This species has the typical short-tailed, dumpy-bodied, large-headed, and long-billed kingfisher shape. The adult male of the western
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This species was killed in
Victorian times for stuffing and display in glass cases and use in hat making. English naturalist
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comprises seven small kingfishers that all eat fish as part of their diet. The common kingfisher's closest relative is the
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1775:Čech, M. & Čech, P. (2013). "The role of floods in the lives of fish-eating birds: predator loss or benefit?".
1126:(i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as "
1017:(10 in) below the surface. The wings are opened underwater and the open eyes are protected by the transparent
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agricultural products excludes the birds from many stretches of otherwise suitable rivers that would be habitats.
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be stable so the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the
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are typical prey. About 60% of food items are fish, but this kingfisher also catches aquatic insects such as
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Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the
Western Palearctic
1878:Čech, M. & Čech, P. (2017). "Effect of brood size on food provisioning rate in Common Kingfisher
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121:
1598:"Effect of ditch living thing by process of original structure replacement by RC irrigation ditch"
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Peris, S. J.; Rodriguez, R. (1996). "Some factors related to distribution by breeding
Kingfisher (
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The food is mainly fish up to 12.5 cm (5 in) long, but the average size is 2.3 cm (
512:; details of the head pattern may be necessary to differentiate the two species where both occur.
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810:. The largest southeast Asian subspecies, it has a blue ear-patch and is more purple-tinged than
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of
Belgium create a vertical bank in which common kingfishers have subsequently nested annually
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The common kingfisher typically lays two to ten glossy white eggs, which average 1.9 cm (
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and southern India. Its upperparts are bright blue, not green-blue; it is the same size as
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moult and regrow. Some that moult late may suspend their moult during cold winter weather.
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461: in) long with a wingspan of 25 cm (10 in), and weighs 34–46 g (
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489: oz). The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower
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This species is resident in areas where the climate is mild year-round, but must
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1364:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 171.
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of the eye points towards the auxiliary fovea, enabling the bird to maintain
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The common kingfisher has no song. The flight call is a short, sharp whistle
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as more than just occasional items in the diet of the
Eurasian kingfisher
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underwater. Because of the positions of the foveae, the kingfisher has
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with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across
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1327:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 109.
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682:, it has a greener crown, paler underparts and is slightly larger.
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that has white underparts and is found in parts of
Indonesia.
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of a bird's retina contains an oil droplet that may contain
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The Birds of the
British Isles and Their Eggs (two volumes)
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920: mi) and territories are not merged until the spring.
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repeated two or three times. Anxious birds emit a harsh,
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have the bluest upperparts and partly blue ear-patches.
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Lin, Wen-Loung; Tsai, Hsien-Hsiu; Wu, Hsuan-Ju (2007).
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between air and water. The eyes of many birds have two
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Male passing fish to female in spring courtship ritual
2058:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 711–723.
1509:(concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
722:. It is smaller and brighter than the European races.
1701:
1563:(1962), Shalit Publishers Ltd., Haifa, Israel. p. 12
1503:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
523:and nestlings call for food with a churring noise.
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1469:Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1999).
2100:by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
2026:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en
1297:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en
1072:A challenge for any diving bird is the change in
954: in) in length, and weigh about 4.3 g (
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1949:
1631:. Vol. 1 (Third ed.). Frederick Warne.
638:. Breeds from northwestern Africa and southern
1605:Journal of Chinese Soil and Water Conservation
1473:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 219–221.
1725:
1723:
355:The common kingfisher was first described by
2088:Photos, audio and video of common kingfisher
1810:Davies, Nigel; Allain, Steven J. R. (2023).
1809:
1706:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 300.
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851:into Africa or travel over the mountains of
754:. Resident breeder from Bali to Timor. Like
373:. The modern binomial name derives from the
1922:How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World
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1535:"Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers"
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818:
694:. Breeds in southern and eastern Asia from
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335:. It is resident in much of its range, but
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1677:"Longevity list of birds ringed in Europe"
339:from areas where rivers freeze in winter.
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1656:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
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577:Learn how and when to remove this message
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274: Resident all year round
1855:sp.) in the diet of common kingfisher (
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1231:Common kingfisher female with fish, in
906: mi) long, but up to 3.5 km (
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1950:Schwab, I. R.; Hart N. S. (May 2004).
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1702:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
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1541:. International Ornithologists' Union
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782:. Plumage colours are deeper than in
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2325:c358c90f-ebfe-4a64-a5de-218775fe9cb0
1994:
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559:adding citations to reliable sources
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2571:IUCN Red List least concern species
2012:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1506:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
1471:Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers
1283:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
944: in) in breadth, 2.2 cm (
24:
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1523:
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658:; it is a winter visitor south to
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1337:Note: What is now the subspecies
1957:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1730:Čech, M. & Čech, P. (2015).
1427:10.1111/J.2007.0908-8857.03921.x
1361:Check-list of Birds of the World
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927:litter of fish remains and cast
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2098:Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.3 MB)
2001:BirdLife International (2016).
1924:. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm.
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1851:Čech, Martin (2017). "Lamprey (
1844:
1803:
1768:
1553:
1533:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017).
1341:is described on p. 115 as
1272:BirdLife International (2016).
778:and the islands of the western
546:needs additional citations for
1627:Coward, Thomas Alfred (1930).
1348:
1331:
1080:(the fovea is the area of the
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13:
1:
1753:10.1080/00063657.2015.1073679
1393:British Trust for Ornithology
1259:
1150:female with dragonfly larva,
409:, a beautiful young woman of
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814:, with which it interbreeds.
500:In North Africa, Europe and
7:
2601:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1539:World Bird List Version 7.2
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2092:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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802:. Resident breeder in the
269: Breeding range
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1920:Sinclair, Sandra (1985).
1789:10.1007/s10750-013-1625-3
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2019:: e.T22683027A89575948.
1415:Journal of Avian Biology
1290:: e.T22683027A89575948.
1009:Male fishing in Italy's
819:Habitat and distribution
770:. Resident breeder from
279: Non-breeding range
2596:Birds described in 1758
1970:10.1136/bjo.2004.045492
1824:Herpetological Bulletin
347:burrow in a riverbank.
1896:10.5253/arde.v105i1.a3
1648:"Survival and threats"
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1002:
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836:creeks and in swamps.
734:. Resident breeder in
527:Geographical variation
510:blue-eared kingfishers
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2450:Paleobiology Database
1249:Chitwan National Park
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624:and winters south to
386:, 'kingfisher' (from
315:), also known as the
2320:Fauna Europaea (new)
2056:Terns to Woodpeckers
1814:Lissotriton vulgaris
1063:Lissotriton vulgaris
555:improve this article
2094:'s Macaulay Library
1205:Eating a small fish
428:cerulean kingfisher
413:, and favourite of
317:Eurasian kingfisher
297:Linnaeus, 1758
87:Conservation status
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893:
878:
872:Volunteers in the
790:A. a. solomonensis
35:Common kingfisher
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2437:Open Tree of Life
2110:Taxon identifiers
1931:978-0-7099-3336-6
1861:Bulletin Lampetra
1837:10.33256/hb164.43
1713:978-0-7011-6907-7
1516:978-0-19-854099-1
1480:978-0-7136-5206-2
1385:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1356:Peters, James Lee
1200:
1178:A. a. bengalensis
812:A. a. hispidoides
801:
769:
762:A. a. hispidoides
753:
740:A. a. bengalensis
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693:
686:A. a. bengalensis
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16:(Redirected from
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1377:
1366:
1365:
1352:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1269:
1244:
1228:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1174:
1165:Two birds mating
1162:
1144:
1099:binocular vision
1095:monocular vision
1033:
1032:
1028:
963:
962:
958:
953:
952:
948:
943:
942:
938:
919:
918:
914:
911:
905:
904:
900:
792:
784:A. a. floresiana
764:
748:
746:A. a. floresiana
728:
688:
601:
582:
575:
571:
568:
562:
539:
531:
488:
487:
483:
480:
474:
473:
469:
466:
460:
459:
455:
452:
403:
396:
395:
384:
321:river kingfisher
298:
278:
273:
268:
260:
238:
125:
124:
104:
99:
98:
62:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2424:Observation.org
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2112:
2084:
2066:
2046:, ed. (1985). "
2039:
2037:Further reading
2034:
1999:
1995:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1918:
1911:
1876:
1872:
1849:
1845:
1808:
1804:
1773:
1769:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1625:
1616:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1579:Ekologia Polska
1571:
1567:
1559:Arnold, Paula:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1501:
1488:
1481:
1467:
1434:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1332:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1193:
1188:
1180:with a fish in
1175:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1119:
1030:
1026:
1025:
995:
986:William Yarrell
974:
960:
956:
955:
950:
946:
945:
940:
936:
935:
916:
912:
909:
907:
902:
898:
897:
866:
861:
821:
804:Solomon Islands
756:A. a. taprobana
726:A. a. taprobana
662:, northeastern
583:
572:
566:
563:
552:
540:
529:
485:
481:
478:
476:
471:
467:
464:
462:
457:
453:
450:
448:
436:
366:Systema Naturae
353:
296:
280:
276:
275:
271:
270:
266:
251:
240:
234:
221:
119:
111:
100:
96:
89:
76:
68:
50:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Birds of Japan
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2539:
2526:
2510:
2508:
2506:Gracula atthis
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2307:Fauna Europaea
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2138:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2083:
2082:External links
2080:
2079:
2078:
2064:
2044:Cramp, Stanley
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:
1993:
1952:"Halcyon days"
1937:
1930:
1909:
1870:
1843:
1812:"Smooth newts
1802:
1767:
1746:(4): 457–465.
1719:
1712:
1694:
1668:
1634:
1614:
1607:(in Chinese).
1588:
1565:
1552:
1522:
1515:
1486:
1479:
1432:
1421:(3): 317–326.
1405:
1367:
1358:, ed. (1945).
1347:
1330:
1310:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1191:
1189:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1118:
1115:
994:
991:
973:
970:
874:Flemish Region
865:
862:
860:
857:
820:
817:
816:
815:
787:
759:
743:
723:
683:
678:. Compared to
648:Kashmir region
633:
604:. Breeds from
602:Linnaeus, 1758
585:
584:
543:
541:
534:
528:
525:
435:
432:
371:Gracula atthis
352:
349:
301:
300:
294:Gracula atthis
289:
288:
282:
281:
265:
262:
261:
253:
252:
241:
230:
229:
223:
222:
218:A. atthis
215:
213:
209:
208:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
113:
112:
94:
91:
90:
85:
82:
81:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2613:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2494:Alcedo-atthis
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:Alcedo_atthis
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:Alcedo atthis
2143:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2118:Alcedo atthis
2115:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:0-19-857507-6
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:Kingfisher".
2049:
2048:Alcedo atthis
2045:
2041:
2040:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2005:Alcedo atthis
1997:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:Alcedo atthis
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:Alcedo atthis
1854:
1847:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:Alcedo atthis
1815:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:Hydrobiologia
1771:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1734:Alcedo atthis
1726:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:(1–2): 31–38.
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:Alcedo atthis
1569:
1562:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:Alcedo atthis
1376:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1343:Alcedo ispida
1340:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1276:Alcedo atthis
1268:
1264:
1254:
1250:
1247:In flight at
1243:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1218:Window victim
1213:
1208:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:Uttar Pradesh
1179:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1128:least concern
1125:
1124:IUCN Red List
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:visual acuity
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:water beetles
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1007:
999:
990:
989:of the past.
987:
982:
978:
969:
967:
932:
930:
924:
921:
891:
887:
886:Alcedo atthis
882:
875:
870:
856:
854:
850:
849:Mediterranean
846:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
813:
809:
808:San Cristobal
805:
799:
795:
791:
788:
785:
781:
780:Pacific Ocean
777:
773:
767:
763:
760:
757:
751:
747:
744:
741:
737:
731:
727:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
691:
687:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:and southern
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:and southern
611:
607:
600:
597:
596:
595:
593:
581:
578:
570:
560:
556:
550:
549:
544:This section
542:
538:
533:
532:
524:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
504:north of the
503:
498:
495:
492:
445:
441:
431:
429:
425:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
402:
394:
389:
385:
383:
382:
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
357:Carl Linnaeus
348:
345:
344:sparrow-sized
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:, is a small
322:
318:
314:
313:
312:Alcedo atthis
308:
299:
295:
290:
287:
283:
263:
259:
254:
249:
245:
239:
237:
236:Alcedo atthis
231:
228:
227:Binomial name
224:
220:
219:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:Coraciiformes
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
123:
118:
114:
108:
103:
102:Least Concern
92:
88:
83:
80:
75:
71:
65:
61:
56:
53:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Alcedo atthis
2505:
2117:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1961:
1955:
1921:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1703:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1651:
1628:
1608:
1604:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1538:
1525:
1504:
1470:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1388:
1382:
1381:"Kingfisher
1360:
1350:
1342:
1339:A. a. ispida
1338:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1287:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1235:, Bangladesh
1177:
1148:A. a. ispida
1147:
1120:
1103:
1097:in air, and
1071:
1062:
1040:sticklebacks
1023:
1019:third eyelid
1015:
983:
979:
975:
933:
925:
922:
894:
885:
842:
838:
822:
811:
789:
783:
761:
755:
745:
739:
730:Kleinschmidt
725:
714:and eastern
685:
680:A. a. ispida
679:
636:A. a. atthis
635:
620:and western
599:A. a. ispida
598:
592:Wallace Line
588:
573:
567:January 2021
564:
553:Please help
548:verification
545:
520:
516:
514:
499:
496:
444:A. a. ispida
443:
442:subspecies,
437:
421:
419:
406:
398:
377:
370:
364:
361:10th edition
354:
341:
333:North Africa
320:
316:
311:
310:
306:
304:
293:
292:
235:
233:
217:
216:
204:
79:A. a. ispida
78:
29:
2581:Kingfishers
2346:iNaturalist
2142:Wikispecies
1890:(1): 5–17.
1783:: 203–211.
1611:(1): 31–42.
1531:Gill, Frank
1319:Linnaeus, C
1303:19 November
1085:egg-shaped
720:Philippines
650:, northern
644:Afghanistan
521:shrit-it-it
434:Description
369:in 1758 as
194:Alcedininae
190:Subfamily:
184:Alcedinidae
2565:Categories
2521:Q125298466
2489:Xeno-canto
1964:(5): 613.
1740:Bird Study
1681:Kingfisher
1652:Kingfisher
1389:Bird facts
1260:References
1233:Chattogram
1110:carotenoid
1074:refraction
794:Rothschild
776:New Guinea
420:The genus
325:kingfisher
1687:23 August
1661:23 August
1398:21 August
1106:cone cell
1052:dragonfly
966:altricial
859:Behaviour
736:Sri Lanka
700:Indonesia
506:Himalayas
212:Species:
140:Kingdom:
134:Eukaryota
70:Kecskemét
2515:Wikidata
2390:22683027
2364:11125585
2198:22683027
2193:BirdLife
2182:BioLib:
2127:Wikidata
2074:13791970
1988:15129670
1904:90362897
1867:: 44–47.
1853:Lampetra
1797:16257345
1762:85632259
1683:. EURING
1321:(1758).
1042:, small
1011:Po River
972:Survival
884:Eggs of
864:Breeding
853:Malaysia
834:mangrove
806:east to
772:Sulawesi
716:Mongolia
676:Pakistan
652:Xinjiang
642:east to
630:Portugal
491:mandible
440:European
351:Taxonomy
337:migrates
286:Synonyms
244:Linnaeus
180:Family:
154:Chordata
150:Phylum:
144:Animalia
130:Domain:
107:IUCN 3.1
2543:ZooBank
2535:4408365
2481:1037300
2338:2475532
2260:comkin1
2234:bob8310
2221:comkin1
2170:Avibase
1979:1772125
1152:Hungary
1134:Gallery
1067:lamprey
1036:Minnows
1029:⁄
993:Feeding
959:⁄
949:⁄
939:⁄
929:pellets
915:⁄
901:⁄
845:migrate
830:Tunisia
826:Morocco
798:Hartert
656:Siberia
618:Romania
606:Ireland
484:⁄
470:⁄
456:⁄
405:), and
401:halcyon
363:of his
359:in the
329:Eurasia
200:Genus:
170:Order:
160:Class:
105: (
74:Hungary
52:England
2576:Alcedo
2455:372853
2442:549519
2377:554549
2294:EURING
2273:ALCEAT
2133:Q79915
2072:
2062:
1986:
1976:
1928:
1902:
1830:: 43.
1795:
1760:
1710:
1577:L.)".
1545:17 May
1513:
1477:
1117:Status
1082:retina
1078:foveae
1055:larvae
800:, 1905
768:, 1837
766:Lesson
752:, 1892
750:Sharpe
732:, 1894
692:, 1788
690:Gmelin
660:Israel
654:, and
622:Russia
614:Norway
423:Alcedo
415:Sappho
411:Lesbos
407:Atthis
393:ἀλκυών
381:alcedo
277:
272:
267:
205:Alcedo
67:Female
2476:WoRMS
2416:36245
2359:IRMNG
2312:97082
2281:EUNIS
2255:eBird
2247:667V7
2218:BOW:
2211:52569
2090:from
1900:S2CID
1884:Ardea
1793:S2CID
1758:S2CID
1601:(PDF)
1253:Nepal
1186:India
1104:Each
1048:trout
1044:roach
712:Japan
708:Korea
704:China
696:India
668:Yemen
664:Sudan
640:Italy
610:Spain
388:Greek
375:Latin
342:This
77:Both
2530:GBIF
2468:1408
2411:NCBI
2385:IUCN
2372:ITIS
2351:2599
2333:GBIF
2299:8310
2268:EPPO
2206:BOLD
2185:8804
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