570:
the arrival of Khalil's troops, the size of the
Egyptian army reached 10,000 soldiers. Initially, the Egyptian campaign began with a disaster - the Nusayris captured five hundred Druzes who had been sent to the region and killed all of them near al-Murayqib. In October 1834, an spy report from the region that is held in the Ottoman archives in Istanbul suggested that the Ottomans could reconquer the entire region with the Alawis' help. However, with the help of the new troops, Salim Beg subjugated the region within a week, and forced the Nusayris of the northern part of the mountain to accept his authority after disarming them and destroying several of their villages.
137:
107:
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mountains, Salim Beg discovered the hiding place of the
Nusayri rebels the help of his agents, and attacked them. This attack led to the defeat of the Nusayri rebels and at the end of the raid, many weapons and flocks of sheep were captured, the Nusayri leaders were executed, several Nusayri rebels were captured and later conscripted, and the villages of the Nusayris burnt to punish the entire people and discourage other Nusayris from resisting.
583:
their villages and wells, cut down fruit trees and pillaged. Talhamy states that during the uprising, the
Egyptian soldiers enslaved some Nusayri women although enslavement is prohibited by Islam. They adopted the fatwa of al-Mugrabi that was issued in 1820s that allowed the enslavement of the Nusayris. However, the Egyptian commanders themselves prohibited this practice and punished the soldiers who engaged in it.
549:
Nusayris in
Latakia and the Nusayri Mountains in September 1834; and among the Druzes in Mount Lebanon in 1835. There was also a revolt among the Kurdish population of the Antioch region, which may have been collaborating with the Alawis. According to Talhamy, the Alawites were still loyal to the central Ottoman rule, and refrained from the Egyptian rule.
558:
attacked
Latakia and destroyed government buildings, laid siege to the house of the Mutasallim Antepli Said Agha, captured the land tax money, the houses of the Mutasallim and some belongings of the soldiers, while freeing Nusayri prisoners. The Alawis were in particular able to defeat an Egyptian column at Bahluliye in the mountains.
591:
This emboldened the
Kalbiyya fighters, who proceeded to launch more raids against Ottoman positions, which the authorities responded to harshly. In the later nineteenth century, however, the Ottoman state built numerous schools in the region and allowed Alawis to serve on the municipal council (Meclis-i Idare) in Latakia.
573:
The
Nusayri uprising lasted until mid-April 1835, as the Ottomans neither came to help nor sent sufficient material to strengthen the Nusayri resistance against the Egyptian rule. After eight months of continuous conflict, the Nusayris were disarmed and conscripted. Some local resistance continued in
565:
When
Ibrahim Pasha was informed about the Nusayri attacks on his troops in Latakia, he ordered Salim Beg to move from Tripoli to the region. As soon as the rebels heard of the arrival of Salim Beg’s forces, they fled Latakia towards the Nusayri Mountains. Many of them were killed by the Egyptians and
561:
In the meanwhile, the conscription and disarmanent policies of the
Egyptian viceroy were applied to the area of Tripoli by the governor of Homs and commander of the Egyptian artillery corps Salim Beg. Having a partial success in policy implementation due to withdrawal of many armed Alawite men to the
515:
oppressed the
Alawites, attempting to convert them to Sunni Islam. The Alawis rose up against the Ottomans on several occasions, and maintained their autonomy in their mountains. On the other hand, the Ottomans also recognized the Alawis as a distinct tax-paying group and tried to develop the Syrian
539:
are continued to Mahomet Ali. And in reference to his special claim, I have granted him the provinces of Damascus, Tripoli-in-Syria, Sidon, Saphet, Aleppo, the districts of Jerusalem and Nablous, with the conduct of pilgrims and the commandment of the Tcherde (the yearly offering to the tomb of the
569:
Then, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt asked his allies in the region to provide him with more soldiers that were skilled in fighting in the rocky mountains. Significant forces were sent to the Nusayri mountains under the leadership Amir Khalil, son of Emir Bashir Shihab II, Mehmed Ali’s ally in Syria. With
590:
era, between 1840 and 1880, tensions between the authorities and the Alawite tribes of the coastal mountains increased sharply. In 1854 the Ottoman governor of the Latakia Sanjak ("Latakia District") was killed in armed confrontation between the authorities and members of the Qardaha-based tribe.
582:
After subduing the rebellion, Ibrahim Pasha ordered the arrest of every Nusayri rebel in order to control their suitability for the army, and to collect their weapons - around 4,000 Nusayris were conscripted and many of them were forced to leave the mountains. In addition, the Egyptians destroyed
557:
The first offensive attack of the Nusayris upon the Egyptians took place in 1834, when 4,000 Alawite militants attacked Egyptian soldiers who were marching from Aleppo to Latakia. The attack caused the loss of half of the Egyptian soldiers and forced them to retreat to Latakia. The Nusayris then
548:
The policy of disarmament and the call for mass conscription by Muhammad Ali of Egypt caused many revolts in different part of Syria, such as Aleppo, Damascus, Tripoli, Beirut, Antioch, and Kilis. The main revolts occurred in three places; Jerusalem, mainly in Jabal Nablus in May 1834; among the
566:
five leaders of the community were taken to prison. Salim Beg attacked al-Mreqib and the contiguous villages, including al-Khawabi, Qadmus, and Sultan Ibrahim where many weapons were obtained. However the Egyptians did not gain total control of the mountains.
544:, has again the title of Sheikh and Harem of Mekka, and the district of Jedda; and farther, I have acquiesced in his request to have the district of Adana ruled by the Treasury of Taurus, with the title of Mohassil."
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coastal region economically in the sixteenth century. In the eighteenth century the Ottomans recognized numerous local Alawi notable families as tax farmers.
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Talhamy, Yvette. "The Nusayri and Druze Minorities in Syria in the Nineteenth Century: The Revolt against the Egyptian Occupation as a Case Study.
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The Asian Mystery: Illustrated in the History, Religion, and Present State of the Ansaireeh or Nusairis of Syria
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La révolte alaouite de 1834 contre l'occupation égyptienne: Perceptions alaouites et lecture ottomane
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687:. With the assistance of Maureen McConville. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989, c1988.
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475:(Nusayris) rose up against Egyptian rule of the region, while pro-Egyptian governor of Homs
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487:, commanded by Khalil and his relatives, participated in the suppression of revolts in
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Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression
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A History of the 'Alawis: From Medieval Syria to the Turkish Republic
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Thesis: The History of Nusayris ('Alawis) in Ottoman Syria, 1831-1876
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63:
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499:and an Alawite revolt in the mountainous region of
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685:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East
734:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.
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795:. (McMillan: St. Martin Press, 1969), p. 74.
519:In 1833, the Syrian provinces were ceded to
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806:The fatwas and the Nusayri/Alawi of Syria
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837:La région alaouite et le pouvoir syrien
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769:. Oriente Moderno 79 (1999), 60-71.
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469:Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–1835)
403:Galilee, Mount Lebanon and Hauran
355:Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–1835)
16:Part of the Syrian Peasant Revolt
843:(in French). Karthala Editions.
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906:Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)
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657:. University of Arkansas. 2013.
467:, was one of the arenas of the
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117:Emir Bashir's Christian forces
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471:. Between 1834 and 1835, the
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7:
901:Rebellions in Ottoman Syria
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574:the mountains until 1838.
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10:
922:
527:. The firman stated that
793:A Modern History of Syria
426:Palestine and Transjordan
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34:
26:
21:
780:" Middle Eastern Studies
311:2nd Egyptian-Ottoman War
274:1st Egyptian-Ottoman War
479:and the forces of Emir
606:Alawite revolt of 1919
130:Commanders and leaders
88:Egyptian rule restored
29:Syrian Peasant Revolts
881:1835 in Ottoman Syria
876:1834 in Ottoman Syria
670:. Globalsecurity.org.
525:Convention of Kutahya
521:Muhammed Ali of Egypt
485:Mount Lebanon Emirate
284:Syrian Peasant Revolt
229:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
186:captured and executed
177:Casualties and losses
531:"The governments of
463:, also known as the
871:19th-century sieges
744:The Syrian Question
702:. McFarland, 2002.
540:Prophet). His son,
497:Krak des Chevaliers
383:Krak des Chevaliers
60:Krak des Chevaliers
896:Rebellions in Asia
696:Nisan, Mordechai.
84:Revolt suppressed
891:Conflicts in 1835
886:Conflicts in 1834
832:Balanche, Fabrice
782:48, no.6, p. 983.
708:978-0-7864-1375-1
601:1838 Druze revolt
465:Nusayri rebellion
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247:Anglo-Turkish War
242:Egypt (1803–1807)
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111:Egypt Eyalet
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99:Belligerents
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395:Al-Murayqib
390:2nd Latakia
373:1st Latakia
259:Wahhabi War
156:Amir Khalil
865:Categories
850:2845868189
653:Capar, A.
612:References
507:Background
804:Talhamy.
578:Aftermath
477:Salim Beg
433:Jerusalem
289:Palestine
141:Salim Beg
42:1834–1835
834:(2006).
821:. p. 196
595:See also
553:Timeline
473:Alawites
448:Al-Karak
409:Tiberias
279:Ethiopia
161:Strength
47:Location
27:Part of
588:Ottoman
523:in the
501:Latakia
483:of the
189:unknown
123:Alawite
64:Latakia
847:
746:, 1841
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533:Candia
495:, the
493:Safita
443:Hebron
269:Greece
171:(1834)
169:4,000
166:10,000
153:Bashir
80:Result
56:Safita
841:(PDF)
808:, 183
537:Egypt
489:Akkar
414:Safed
264:Sudan
184:Druze
151:Emir
125:clans
52:Akkar
845:ISBN
704:ISBN
535:and
511:The
459:The
301:Najd
182:500
146:Homs
39:Date
66:in
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