744:
1504:
857:
839:, hoping that Alauddin would present the loot to him there. However, Alauddin marched directly to Kara with all the wealth. Jalaluddin's advisors such as Ahmad Chap recommended intercepting Alauddin at Chanderi, but Jalaluddin had faith in his nephew. He returned to Delhi, believing that Alauddin would carry the wealth from Kara to Delhi. After reaching Kara, Alauddin sent a letter of apology to the Sultan and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned Sultan's mind against him during his absence. He requested a letter of pardon signed by the Sultan, which the Sultan immediately despatched through messengers. At Kara, Jalaluddin's messengers learned of Alauddin's military strength and of his plans to dethrone the Sultan. However, Alauddin detained them and prevented them from communicating with the Sultan.
1517:
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1541:
2137:
1901:
53:
2186:
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By this time, Jait Singh may have already lost his life, as tradition holds, and the crown taken up by his son, Mularaj. It was at this stage that the women of
Jaisalmer fort performed jauhar, while the men, led by Rawal Mularaj, and his younger brother Ratan Singh, flung open the gates of the fort and rushed forth to die fighting to the last. Some sources suggest that Mularaj died in an earlier sortie, and that Ratan Singh (or Ratan-Si), succeeded him as Rawal and carried out the defence of Jaisalmer, until the final shaka. In any event, once Jaisalmer was invested, it is known to have remained in Khilji hands for the next few years
1647:
946:). As Alauddin marched to Delhi, the news spread in towns and villages that he was recruiting soldiers while distributing gold. Many people, from both military and non-military backgrounds, joined him. By the time he reached Badaun, he had a 56,000-strong cavalry and a 60,000-strong infantry. At Baran, Alauddin was joined by seven powerful Jalaluddin nobles who had earlier opposed him. These nobles were Tajul Mulk Kuchi, Malik Abaji Akhur-bek, Malik Amir Ali Diwana, Malik Usman Amir-akhur, Malik Amir Khan, Malik Umar Surkha, and Malik Hiranmar. Alauddin gave each of them 30 to 50
764:. Malika-i-Jahan was greatly infuriated by her husband taking a second wife. According to Dabir, this was the main cause of the misunderstanding between Alauddin and his first wife. Once, while Alauddin and Mahru were together in a garden, Jalaluddin's daughter attacked Mahru out of jealousy. In response, Alauddin assaulted her. The incident was reported to Jalaluddin, but the Sultan did not take any action against Alauddin. Alauddin was not on good terms with his mother-in-law either, who wielded great influence over the Sultan. According to the 16th-century historian
2206:
1713:
forced the rural chiefs to pay same taxes as the others, and banned them from imposing illegal taxes on the peasants. To prevent any rebellions, his administration deprived the rural chiefs of their wealth, horses and arms. By suppressing these chiefs, Alauddin projected himself as the protector of the weaker section of the rural society. However, while the cultivators were free from the demands of the landowners, the high taxes imposed by the state meant a cultivator had "barely enough for carrying on his cultivation and his food requirements."
1531:
1308:
2655:
1930:(prime minister), and even executed the minister Sharaf Qa'ini. It appears that Malik Kafur, who considered these officers as his rivals and a threat, convinced Alauddin to carry out this purge. Kafur had Alauddin's eldest sons Khizr Khan and Shadi Khan blinded. He also convinced Alauddin to order the killing of his brother-in-law Alp Khan, an influential noble who could rival Malik Kafur's power. The victims allegedly hatched a conspiracy to overthrow Alauddin, but this might be Kafur's propaganda.
1400:
1659:
nobles and cancelled revenue assignments which were henceforth controlled by the central authorities. Henceforth, "everybody was busy with earning a living so that nobody could even think of rebellion". He also ordered "to supply some rules and regulations for grinding down the Hindus, and for depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion. The Hindu was to be so reduced as to be unable to keep a horse to ride on, wear fine clothes, or to enjoy any luxuries of life."
1300:. The Mongols engaged his forces in some minor conflicts, but neither army achieved a decisive victory. The invaders ransacked Delhi and its neighbourhoods, but ultimately decided to retreat after being unable to breach Siri. The Mongol invasion of 1303 was one of the most serious invasions of India, and prompted Alauddin to take several steps to prevent its repeat. He strengthened the forts and the military presence along the Mongol routes to India. He also implemented a series of
1862:, and excommunicated drunkards and gamblers from Delhi, along with vendors of intoxicants. Alauddin's administration strictly punished the violators, and ensured non-availability of alcohol not only in Delhi, but also in its surrounding areas. Nevertheless, alcohol continued to be illegally produced in and smuggled into Delhi. Sometime later, Alauddin relented, and allowed brewing and drinking in private. However, public distribution and drinking of wine remained prohibited.
2619:
2607:
2631:
1551:
2667:
2115:, and after the Mongols left, he built the Qasr-i-Hazar Situn palace at the site of his camp. The fortified city of Siri existed in the time of Timur, whose memoirs state that it had seven gates. The destruction of the Fort is attributed to the local rulers who removed the fort's stones, bricks and other artifacts for their own buildings. In particular, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), from Eastern India (Bihar), took away material from Siri to build his own city.
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1176:
2122:
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976:, Ruknuddin led an army against him. However, a section of Ruknuddin's army defected to Alauddin at midnight. A dejected Ruknuddin then retreated and escaped to Multan with his mother and the loyal nobles. Alauddin then entered the city, where a number of nobles and officials accepted his authority. On 21 October 1296, Alauddin was formally proclaimed as the Sultan in Delhi.
1788:, his administration prohibited peasants and traders from storing the grains, and established government-run granaries, where government's share of the grain was stored. The government also forced the transport workers to re-settle in villages at specific distances along the Yamuna river to enable rapid transport of grain to Delhi.
1167:, Alauddin personally led the Delhi forces, but his general Zafar Khan attacked the Mongols without waiting for his orders. Although Zafar Khan managed to inflict heavy casualties on the invaders, he and other soldiers in his unit were killed in the battle. Qutlugh Khwaja was also seriously wounded, forcing the Mongols to retreat.
1613:, he implemented several reforms to be able to maintain a large army and to weaken those capable of organizing a revolt against him. Barani also attributes Alauddin's revenue reforms to the Sultan's desire to subjugate the Hindus by "depriving them of that wealth and property which fosters rebellion". According to historian
1296:), and the army had lost several men and its baggage. Neither this army, nor the reinforcements sent by Alauddin's provincial governors could enter the city because of the blockades set up by the Mongols. Under these difficult circumstances, Alauddin took shelter in a heavily guarded camp at the under-construction
1654:
The countryside and agricultural production during
Alauddin's time was controlled by the village headmen, the traditional Hindu authorities. He viewed their haughtiness and their direct and indirect resistance as the main difficulty affecting his reign. He also had to face talk of conspiracies at his
3389:
The attack on
Jaisalmer during Sultan Alauddin Khilji's reign seems to have begun in AD 1299, when its Bhati king Jait Singh I was ruling. The besieged fort withstood the assault and encirclement until, at long last, scarcity of food and provisions played their inevitable part in deciding the issue.
702:
Contemporary chroniclers did not write much about
Alauddin's childhood. According to the 16th/17th-century chronicler Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin was 34 years old when he started his march to Ranthambore (1300–1301). Assuming this is correct, Alauddin's birth can be dated to 1266–1267. His original name
1937:
murdered him. Towards the end of the night, Kafur brought the body of
Alauddin from the Siri Place and had it buried in Alauddin's mausoleum (which had already been built before Alauddin's death). The mausoleum is said to have been located outside a Jama Mosque, but neither of these structures can
1588:
During this campaign, the Mongol general Abachi had conspired to ally with the
Pandyas, and as a result, Alauddin ordered him to be executed in Delhi. This, combined with their general grievances against Alauddin, led to resentment among Mongols who had settled in India after converting to Islam. A
842:
Meanwhile, Alauddin's younger brother Almas Beg (later Ulugh Khan), who was married to a daughter of
Jalaluddin, assured the Sultan of Alauddin's loyalty. He convinced Jalaluddin to visit Kara and meet Alauddin, saying that Alauddin would commit suicide out of guilt if the Sultan did not pardon him
794:
While instigating
Alauddin to revolt against Jalaluddin, Malik Chajju's supporters emphasized that he needed a lot of money to raise a large army and stage a successful coup: Malik Chajju's revolt had failed for want of resources. To finance his plan to dethrone Jalaluddin, Alauddin decided to raid
2394:
Allaudin realized his duties as a king. To him, this kingly office was divine, which carried a lot of responsibilities with itself. For he was very thankful to God
Almighty. Moreover, as a Muslim, he believed in the day of judgment & considered himself answerable for all his deeds on that day.
1820:
Alauddin's government maintained a descriptive roll of every soldier, and occasionally conducted strict reviews of the army to examine the horses and arms of the soldiers. To ensure that no horse could be presented twice or replaced by a poor-quality horse during the review, Alauddin established a
1772:
and the 14th century writer Hamid
Qalandar suggest that Alauddin introduced these changes for public welfare. However, Barani states that Alauddin wanted to reduce the prices so that low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers, and thus, to maintain a large army. In addition, Barani suggests that
1716:
To enforce these land and agrarian reforms, Alauddin set up a strong and efficient revenue administration system. His government recruited many accountants, collectors and agents. These officials were well-paid but were subject to severe punishment if found to be taking bribes. Account books were
1712:
directly from the cultivators. He did not levy any additional taxes on agriculture, and abolished the cut that the intermediaries received for collecting revenue. Alauddin's demand for tax proportional to land area meant that the rich and powerful villages with more land had to pay more taxes. He
1046:), who had deserted Jalaluddin's family to join Alauddin, were arrested, blinded or killed. All their property, including the money earlier given to them by Alauddin, was confiscated. As a result of these confiscations, Nusrat Khan obtained a huge amount of cash for the royal treasury. Only three
1865:
Alauddin also increased his level of control over the nobility. To prevent rebellions by the nobles, he confiscated their wealth and removed them from their bases of power. Even charitable lands administered by nobles were confiscated. Severe punishments were given for disloyalty. Even wives and
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Mughis replied that the Hindu "should pay the taxes with meekness and humility coupled with the utmost respect and free from all reluctance. Should the collector choose to spit in his mouth, he should open the same without hesitation, so that the official may spit into it... The purport of this
1658:
After some initial conspiracies and Hindu revolts in rural areas during the early period of his reign, he struck the root of the problem by introducing reforms that also aimed at ensuring support of his army and food supply to his capital. He took away all landed properties of his courtiers and
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of 1290. The marriage, however, was not a happy one. Having suddenly become a princess after Jalaluddin's rise as a monarch, she was very arrogant and tried to dominate Alauddin. According to Haji-ud-Dabir, Alauddin married a second woman, named Mahru, who was the sister of Malik Sanjar alias
1791:
Chroniclers such as Khusrau and Barani state that the prices were not allowed to increase during Alauddin's lifetime, even when the rainfall was scarce. The shopkeepers who violated the price control regulations or tried to circumvent them (such as, by using false weights) were given severe
2512:
and Wassaf. Barani, while summing up his achievements, mentions that the submission and obedience of the Hindus during the last decade of his reign had become an established fact. He states that such a submission on the part of the Hindus "has neither been seen before nor will be witnessed
2369:. In accordance with this opinion, whatever affair of state came before him, he only looked to the public good, without considering whether his mode of dealing with it was lawful or unlawful. He never asked for legal opinions about political matters, and very few learned men visited him.
1441:
The plunder obtained from Devagiri prompted Alauddin to plan an invasion of the other southern kingdoms, which had accumulated a huge amount of wealth, having been shielded from the foreign armies that had ransacked northern India. In late 1309, he sent Malik Kafur to ransack the
1873:, and ordered all existing prostitutes of Delhi to be married. Firishta states that he classified prostitutes into three grades, and fixed their fees accordingly. However, historian Kishori Saran Lal dismisses this account as inaccurate. Alauddin also took steps to curb
847:
with a smaller body of around 1,000 soldiers. On 20 July 1296, Alauddin had Jalaluddin killed, after pretending to greet the Sultan, and declaring himself the new king. Jalaluddin's companions were also killed, while Ahmad Chap's army retreated to Delhi.
2594:
merchants spread over North India and in 1314, the sons of a Shrimala and others along with their cousins and a huge congregation of pilgrims were able to visit a temple at Phaludi despite Ajmer and its neighbourhood being under siege by Muslim forces.
2493:
extreme meekness and humility on his part... is to show the extreme submissiveness incumbent upon this race. God Almighty Himself (in the Quran) commands their complete degradation in as much as these Hindus are the deadliest foes of the true prophet.
2345:
had not been able to subvert Islam, and people would revolt against Alauddin for founding a new religion. Barani's claim that Alauddin thought of founding a religion has been repeated by several later chroniclers as well as later historians. Historian
2431:, it is said that the citizens were caught by surprise. Wassaf states that "The Muhammadan forces began to kill and slaughter on the right and on the left unmercifully, throughout the impure land, for the sake of Islam, and blood flowed in torrents."
1224:
had granted asylum to the leaders of the mutiny near Jalore. After Nusrat Khan was killed during the siege, Alauddin personally took charge of the siege operations, and conquered the fort in July 1301. During the Ranthambore campaign, Alauddin faced
1608:
Alauddin was the most powerful ruler of his dynasty. Unlike the previous rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, who had largely relied on the pre-existing administrative set-up, Alauddin undertook large-scale reforms. After facing the Mongol invasions and
1617:, Alauddin's reforms were based on his conception of fear and control as the basis of good government as well as his military ambitions: the bulk of the measures were designed to centralise power in his hands and to support a large military.
2395:
Therefore he always tried his best to do the deeds which were acceptable to God. He introduced many reforms only to remove the sufferings of the masses, irrespective of their color and creed so that he could win the pleasure of his creator
1866:
children of soldiers rebelling for greater war spoils were imprisoned. An efficient spy network was set up that reached into the private households of nobles. Marriage alliances made between noble families had to be approved by the king.
2040:) of the Sultanate. A deep emotional bond developed between Alauddin and Kafur. According to Barani, during the last four or five years of his life, Alauddin deeply favoured Kafur, and handed over the administration to him. Scholars
786:(subordinate nobles) at Kara considered Jalaluddin as a weak and ineffective ruler and instigated Alauddin to usurp the throne of Delhi. This, combined with his unhappy domestic life, made Alauddin determined to dethrone Jalaluddin.
2501:
Alauddin believed "that the Hindu will never be submissive and obedient to the Musalman unless he is reduced to abject poverty." He undertook measures to impoverish them and felt it was justified because he knew that the chiefs and
988:, the ones appointed by Jalaluddin and his own appointees. He also increased the strength of the Sultanate's army, and gifted every soldier the salary of a year and a half in cash. Of Alauddin's first year as the Sultan, chronicler
1912:
During the last years of his life, Alauddin had an illness, and became very distrustful of his officers. He started concentrating all the power in the hands of his family and his slaves. He became charmed with his slave-general
1291:
around August 1303. Alauddin managed to reach Delhi before the invaders, but did not have enough time to prepare for a strong defence. Meanwhile, the Warangal campaign was unsuccessful (because of heavy rains according to
1050:
s from Jalaluddin's time were spared: Malik Qutbuddin Alavi, Malik Nasiruddin Rana, and Malik Amir Jamal Khalji. The rest of the older aristocrats were replaced with the new nobles, who were extremely loyal to Alauddin.
2048:
and Nilanjan Sarkar, Thomas Gugler and Historian Judith E. Walsh believe Alauddin and Kafur were lovers in a sexually intimate relationship. Given his relationship with Kafur, historians believe Alauddin may have been
2282:) minorities, after the orthodox Sunnis falsely accused them of permitting incest in their "secret assemblies". Alauddin ordered an inquiry against them sometime before 1311. The inquiry was conducted by the orthodox
2497:
has given orders regarding the slaying, plundering and imprisoning of them, ordaining that they must either follow the true faith, or else be slain or imprisoned, and have all their wealth and property confiscated."
718:
Alauddin was brought up by Jalaluddin after Shihabuddin's death. Both Alauddin and his younger brother Almas Beg married Jalaluddin's daughters. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin was appointed as
2025:
from the custody of her father, Raja Karan. Alauddin sent an order to Raja Karan telling him to send Deval Devi immediately. Deval Devi was eventually brought to Delhi and lived in the royal palace with her mother.
1812:
to ensure that the low salaries were acceptable to his soldiers. Although he was opposed to granting lands to his generals and soldiers, he generously rewarded them after successful campaigns, especially those in
834:
in 1296. He left Devagiri with a huge amount of wealth, including precious metals, jewels, silk products, elephants, horses, and slaves. When the news of Alauddin's success reached Jalaluddin, the Sultan came to
2554:
Mahasena to Delhi. There was no learned Digambracarya in North India during this period and Mahasena was persuaded by Jains to defend the faith. Alauddin was impressed by his profound learning and asceticism. A
1581:. Both Vira and Sundara fled their headquarters, and thus, Kafur was unable to make them Alauddin's tributaries. Nevertheless, the Delhi army looted many treasures, elephants and horses. The Delhi chronicler
768:, she warned Jalaluddin that Alauddin was planning to set up an independent kingdom in a remote part of the country. She closely monitored Alauddin and encouraged her daughter's arrogant behavior toward him.
1843:, drinking was common among the Muslim royals and nobles of the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century, and Alauddin himself was a heavy drinker. As part of his measures to prevent rebellions, Alauddin imposed
1208:
at the time under Jait Singh I. Following a long siege and due to the dearth of food and resources, eventually, the besieged Rajputs under the command of Mularaja performed Saka where the women committed
1280:. According to his courtier Amir Khusrau, he ordered a massacre of 30,000 local Hindus after this conquest. Some later legends state that Alauddin invaded Chittor to capture Ratnasimha's beautiful queen
1688:
Alauddin Khalji's taxation system was probably the one institution from his reign that lasted the longest, surviving indeed into the nineteenth or even the twentieth century. From now on, the land tax (
1465:
Meanwhile, after conquering Siwana, Alauddin had ordered his generals to subjugate other parts of Marwar, before returning to Delhi. The raids of his generals in Marwar led to their confrontations with
843:
personally. A gullible Jalaluddin set out for Kara with his army. After reaching close to Kara, he directed Ahmad Chap to take his main army to Kara by land route, while he himself decided to cross the
819:. Therefore, he shrewdly surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalaluddin to win Sultan's confidence, while withholding the information on the Yadava kingdom. A pleased Jalaluddin gave him the office of
2165:
5428:
969:
heard that Jalaluddin's nobles had joined Alauddin, she apologized to Arkali and offered him the throne, requesting him to march from Multan to Delhi. However, Arkali refused to come to her aid.
2508:
led a luxurious life but never paid a jital in taxes. His vigorous and extensive conquests led to him being viewed as persecutor both at home and abroad, including by Maulana Shamsuddin Turk,
984:
Initially, Alauddin consolidated power by making generous grants and endowments and appointing many people to government positions. He balanced the power between the officers appointed by the
2357:
came to the conclusion that polity and government are one thing, and the rules and decrees of law are another. Royal commands belong to the king, legal decrees rest upon the judgment of the
1054:
Meanwhile, Ala-ul Mulk, who was Alauddin's governor at Kara, came to Delhi with all the officers, elephants, and wealth that Alauddin had left at Kara. Alauddin appointed Ala-ul Mulk as the
2485:
of the Hindu chiefs bowing before Alauddin. This policy of compromise with Hindus was greatly criticized by a small but vocal set of Muslim extremists, as apparent from Barani's writings.
2337:), with whose help he could establish a new religion. Barani's uncle Alaul Mulk convinced him to drop this idea, stating that a new religion could only be found based on a revelation from
1213:
and the men fought until death. Thus, Alauddin successfully penetrated into territories of the Bhattis. After the conquest of Jaisalmer, it remained under the Khalji's for few more years.
2520:, obtaining a membership in the higher bureaucracy was difficult for the Indian Muslims and impossible for Hindus. This however seems to have changed under the Khaljis. Khusrau states in
2036:, caught the fancy of Alauddin. He rose rapidly in Alauddin's service, mainly because of his proven ability as military commander and wise counsellor, and eventually became the viceroy (
3899:...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555).
2386:
disagrees with Barani, mentioning that Alauddin had great faith in his religion and never permitted anything irreligious to be said, the 14th-century Indian historian and court poet,
907:. His objective was to cause a change in the general political opinion, by portraying himself as someone with huge public support. To portray himself as a generous king, he ordered 5
1744:), which were not sanctioned by the Islamic law. In addition, Alauddin demanded four-fifths share of the spoils of war from his soldiers, instead of the traditional one-fifth share (
1496:
kingdoms located further south. After returning to Delhi, he took Alauddin's permission to lead an expedition there. Kafur started his march from Delhi in November 1310, and crossed
5402:
2473:(feudal landlords) kindly, and granted more favours to them than they had expected. In his poetic style, Khusrau states that by this time, all the insolent Hindus in the realm of
2185:
1717:
audited and even small discrepancies were punished. The effect was both large landowners and small-scale cultivators were fearful of missing out on paying their assessed taxes.
743:
1148:) from them. Alauddin's administration meted out brutal punishments to the mutineers' families in Delhi, including killings of children in front of their mothers. According to
961:
appointed her youngest son Qadr Khan as the new king with the title Ruknuddin Ibrahim, without consulting the nobles. This irked Arkali Khan, her elder son and the governor of
517:, and used the acquired loot to stage a successful revolt against Jalaluddin. After killing Jalaluddin, he consolidated his power in Delhi, and subjugated Jalaluddin's sons in
1434:
region unsuccessfully for several years. In August–September 1308, Alauddin personally took charge of the siege operations in Siwana. The Delhi army conquered the fort in the
1600:, after Ramachandra's death, his son tried to overthrow Alauddin's suzerainty. Malik Kafur invaded Devagiri again in 1313, defeated him, and became the governor of Devagiri.
3927:
The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307
2477:
had died on the battlefield, and the other Hindus had bowed their heads before Alauddin. Describing a court held on 19 October 1312, Khusrau writes the ground had become
2306:
was firm like the faith of the illiterate and the ignorant". He further states that Alauddin once thought of establishing a new religion. Just like the Islamic prophet
6279:
1040:(prime minister). Having strengthened his control over Delhi, the Sultan started eliminating the officers that were not his own appointees. In 1297, the aristocrats (
903:
rivers were flooded. But Alauddin made preparations for a march to Delhi, and ordered his officers to recruit as many soldiers as possible, without fitness tests or
5350:
1851:, Alauddin banned alcohol, after a noble condemned him for merrymaking when his subjects were suffering from a famine. However, this account appears to be hearsay.
1450:. Helped by Ramachandra of Devagiri, Kafur entered the Kakatiya territory in January 1310, ransacking towns and villages on his way to Warangal. After a month-long
5454:
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states that Gujarat was only annexed in the second invasion which took place seven years after the first one, implying the first was merely a plundering raid. At
1784:
To ensure that the goods were sold at regulated prices, Alauddin appointed market supervisors and spies, and received independent reports from them. To prevent a
682:
During the last years of his life, Alauddin had an illness and relied on Malik Kafur to handle the administration. After his death in 1316, Malik Kafur appointed
1558:
At this time, the Pandya kingdom was reeling under a war of succession between the two brothers Vira and Sundara, and taking advantage of this, the Hoysala king
1099:, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle, and many more were killed in Delhi after being brought there as prisoners. In 1298–99, another Mongol army (possibly
2469:
He compromised with the Hindu chiefs who were willing to accept his suzerainty. In a 1305 document, Khusrau mentions that Alauddin treated the obedient Hindu
1503:
1423:(later married to Alauddin's son Khizr Khan). At Devagiri, Kafur achieved an easy victory, and Ramachandra agreed to become a lifelong vassal of Alauddin.
1834:
471:
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1138:, who later led Alauddin's southern campaigns. During the army's return journey to Delhi, some of its Mongol soldiers staged an unsuccessful mutiny near
1778:
1383:. Duwa died next year, and after that the Mongols did not launch any further expeditions to India during Alauddin's reign. On the contrary, Alauddin's
2578:, completed in 1336–1337, details atrocities on Jains under his reign including destruction of a religious fair in 1313 while capturing Jabalipura (
1620:
Some of Alauddin's land reforms were continued by his successors, and formed a basis of the agrarian reforms introduced by the later rulers such as
1348:
In December 1305, the Mongols invaded India again. Instead of attacking the heavily guarded city of Delhi, the invaders proceeded south-east to the
1847:, because he believed that the rampant use of alcoholic drinks enabled people to assemble, lose their senses and think of rebellion. According to
1192:
Around the same time, Alauddin turned his attention towards the present-day state of Rajasthan to subdue the Rajput kingdoms for a secure base to
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He had amassed wealth in his treasury through campaigns in Deccan and South India and issued many coins. His coins omitted the mention of the
1134:, where it desecrated the famous Hindu temple. The Delhi army also captured several people, including the Vaghela queen Kamala Devi and slave
2013:
king of Gujarat. She was captured by Khalji forces during an invasion, escorted to Delhi as part of the war booty, and taken into Alauddin's
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Alauddin rarely listened to the advice of the orthodox ulama. When he had asked about the position of Hindus under an Islamic state, the
856:
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2532:). Because of the large presence of non-Muslims in the imperial army, Alaul Mulk advised him not to leave Delhi to repel the Mongol
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section of Mongol leaders plotted to kill Alauddin, but the conspiracy was discovered by Alauddin's agents. Alauddin then ordered a
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in Delhi, established laws to prevent his nobles from networking with each other, and confiscated wealth from the general public.
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1585:
described this seizure of wealth from Dwarasamudra and the Pandya kingdom as the greatest one since the Muslim capture of Delhi.
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was controlled by Jalaluddin's son Arkali, who harbored the fugitives from Delhi. In November 1296, Alauddin sent an army led by
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The Political Theory of the Delhi Sultanate: Including a Translation of Ziauddin Barani's Fatawa-i Jahandari, Circa, 1358-9 A.D
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1419:. Kafur was supported by Alauddin's Gujarat governor Alp Khan, whose forces invaded Baglana, and captured Karna's daughter
6102:
1062:, the governorship of Kara was entrusted to Nusrat Khan, who had become unpopular in Delhi because of the confiscations.
864:
Alauddin, known as Ali Gurshasp until his ascension in July 1296, was formally proclaimed as the new king with the title
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224:
972:
Alauddin resumed his march to Delhi in the second week of October 1296, when the Yamuna river subsided. When he reached
780:
Malik Chajju. Jalaluddin rewarded Alauddin by appointing him as the new governor of Kara in 1291. Malik Chajju's former
6254:
6249:
1641:
1610:
1301:
1226:
957:
Alauddin's march to Delhi was interrupted by the flooding of the Yamuna river. Meanwhile, in Delhi, Jalaluddin's widow
463:
6259:
5885:
5861:
5333:
5306:
5279:
5226:
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4947:
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1998:, probably after the 1296 Devagiri raid, or after his 1308 conquest of Devagiri. Alauddin had a son with Jhatyapali,
1809:
1759:
1092:
533:
467:
2205:
1680:
tax on the agricultural produce in a substantial part of northern India: this was the maximum amount allowed by the
5835:
2818:
1516:
239:
6232:
6220:
402:
17:
2085:, who invaded Delhi in 1398, mention that the reservoir was a source of water for the city throughout the year.
4799:
4736:
2112:
1380:
1288:
1058:
of Delhi and placed all the non-Turkic municipal employees under his charge. Since Ala-ul Mulk had become very
747:
Gold coinage of 'Ala al-Din Muhammad (AH 695-715 / AD 1296–1316). Dar al-Islam mint. Dated AH 709 (AD 1309–10).
553:
545:
2353:
According to Barani, Alauddin was the first sultan to separate religion from the state. Barani wrote that he:
827:. In addition, the Sultan granted Alauddin's request to use the revenue surplus for hiring additional troops.
6388:
6353:
5988:
5515:. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
2813:
1540:
807:, which had been weakened by multiple invasions. At Bhilsa, he learned of the immense wealth of the southern
616:
2350:
doubts the authenticity of this claim, arguing that it is not supported by Alauddin's contemporary writers.
1562:
had invaded the Pandyan territory. When Ballala learned about Kafur's march, he hurried back to his capital
1415:
had discontinued the tribute payments promised in 1296, and had granted asylum to the Vaghela king Karna at
1031:. On his orders, Nusrat Khan arrested, blinded, and/or killed the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.
995:
At this time, Alauddin could not exercise his authority over all of Jalaluddin's former territories. In the
6343:
1662:
Alauddin brought a large tract of fertile land under the directly governed crown territory, by eliminating
1458:
agreed to become a tributary of Alauddin, and surrendered a large amount of wealth (possibly including the
1229:. To suppress any future rebellions, he set up an intelligence and surveillance system, instituted a total
382:
1808:. He managed to raise such a large army by paying relatively low salaries to his soldiers, and introduced
1329:, which resulted in the annexation of the Vaghela kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate. In 1305, he launched an
1152:, the practice of punishing wives and children for the crimes of men started with this incident in Delhi.
6126:
6057:
2666:
2330:
1345:, which ruled the region to the north-east of Malwa, also appears to have fallen to Alauddin's invasion.
1277:
1249:
1112:
1024:
935:
588:
561:
398:
2654:
1544:). Devagiri was ultimately captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1307. The trading ship raises the flag of the
6363:
5895:
5871:
1900:
5948:
5732:
2528:, to repel the Mongols. During Ikat Khan's rebellion, the Sultan's life was saved by Hindu soldiers (
1008:
876:. Over the next two days, Alauddin formed a provisional government at Kara. He promoted the existing
708:
525:
482:
475:
52:
2246:
has also been attributed to Alauddin, because its architecture and design is similar to that of the
1287:
While the imperial armies were busy in Chittor and Warangal campaigns, the Mongols launched another
6368:
6333:
6312:
6208:
6173:
5981:
5528:
1629:
1104:
537:
289:
2172:
6073:
5506:
5254:
5143:
5117:
2006:
1995:
1774:
1451:
1412:
1127:
652:
640:
264:
257:
92:
1698:) became the principal form in which the peasant's surplus was expropriated by the ruling class.
703:
was Ali Gurshasp. He was the eldest son of Shihabuddin Mas'ud, who was the elder brother of the
6032:
5852:
5612:
5477:
4939:
Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India – Vol. III: Medieval Indian Society And Culture
4728:
4721:
3913:
The worlds of the Indian Ocean : a global history : a revised and updated translation
2678:
2618:
2606:
2517:
2417:
2347:
2224:
2054:
1942:, the ruined foundations of these two structures probably lie under one of the mounds at Siri.
1939:
1388:
985:
691:
490:
5786:
5736:
5554:
5216:
5031:
4937:
2298:, writing half a century after his death, mentions that Alauddin did not patronize the Muslim
2253:
In 1311, Alauddin repaired the 100-acre Hauz-i-Shamasi reservoir that had been constructed by
1917:, who became the de facto ruler of the Sultanate after being promoted to the rank of viceroy (
6179:
5920:
5666:
5323:
5296:
5269:
2829:
2785:
2780:
2750:
1933:
Alauddin died on the night of 4 January 1316. Barani claims that according to "some people",
1593:
in his empire, which according to Barani, resulted in the death of 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols.
1567:
644:
5642:
872:. Meanwhile, the head of Jalaluddin was paraded on a spear in his camp before being sent to
6348:
6047:
5198:
5013:
2642:
2630:
2326:
1471:
923:
724:
498:
166:
5621:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House.
5615:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.).
5509:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.).
5298:
Interpreting Medieval India: Early medieval, Delhi Sultanate, and regions (circa 750–1550)
462:. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes in India, related to
8:
6027:
2727:
2698:
2121:
1708:
Alauddin also eliminated the intermediary Hindu rural chiefs, and started collecting the
869:
808:
777:
732:
648:
620:
459:
340:
2559:
Jain Purancandra was very close to him and the Sultan also maintained contacts with the
2524:
that Alauddin had dispatched a 30,000 strong army under a Hindu officer Malik Naik, the
2021:, sometime between 1306 and 1307, Kamala Devi requested Alauddin to secure her daughter
2005:
Alauddin also married Kamala Devi, a Hindu woman, who was originally the chief queen of
501:). After suppressing a revolt against Jalaluddin, Alauddin obtained the governorship of
5810:
5638:
5575:
2404:
At times, he exploited Muslim fanaticism against Hindu chiefs and the treatment of the
2078:
1946:
1892:(called "blood-sucking magicians" by his courtier Amir Khusrau) to be stoned to death.
1889:
1822:
683:
294:
5429:"Did You Know? Deepika Padukone is not the first actress to play Padmavati on-screen?"
4752:
Nilanjan Sarkar (2013). "Forbidden Privileges and History-Writing in Medieval India".
2560:
2232:
2212:
6085:
6037:
5973:
5926:
5905:
5881:
5857:
5792:
5766:
5742:
5720:
5698:
5674:
5648:
5622:
5600:
5581:
5560:
5538:
5516:
5329:
5302:
5275:
5222:
5157:
5131:
5105:
5037:
5012:. Islam and the Modern Age Society; Dr. Zakir Husain Institute of Islamic Societies,
4990:
4943:
4795:
4732:
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3916:
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2903:
2876:
2713:
2550:
2509:
2387:
2228:
2128:
2066:
1848:
1726:
tax on its non-Muslim subjects, and his Muslim subjects were obligated to contribute
1671:
1559:
1530:
1479:
1342:
1307:
756:
668:
628:
560:. The military commanders that successfully led his army against the Mongols include
552:(1305). In 1306, his forces achieved a decisive victory against the Mongols near the
486:
370:
275:
243:
5850:
S. Digby (1978). "Kāfūr, Malik". In E. Van Donzel; B. Lewis; Charles Pellat (eds.).
2341:, not based on human wisdom. Alaul Mulk also argued that even great conquerors like
2151:
1356:. Alauddin's 30,000-strong cavalry, led by Malik Nayak, defeated the Mongols at the
6226:
5822:
5806:
3890:
2836:
2757:
2571:
1999:
1628:. However, his other regulations, including price control, were revoked by his son
1566:. However, he could not put up a strong resistance, and negotiated a truce after a
1357:
1334:
1084:
904:
800:
776:
In 1291, Alauddin played an important role in crushing a revolt by the governor of
608:
549:
529:
430:
102:
5877:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One
4106:
4055:
6138:
6008:
5899:
5875:
5714:
5692:
5616:
5594:
5532:
5510:
3894:
3372:
2897:
2761:
2721:
2478:
2375:
2295:
2243:
2223:, which was completed in 1311, and serves as the southern gateway leading to the
2104:
2010:
1855:
1840:
1646:
1582:
1535:
1500:
in early 1311, supported by Alauddin's tributaries Ramachandra and Prataparudra.
1493:
1482:
1435:
1349:
1318:
1293:
1149:
1123:
989:
860:
Extent of the Delhi Sultanate at the time of Jalaluddin Khalji's ascension (1290)
672:
612:
596:
455:
410:
64:
5271:
A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century
2731:(The right hand of the Caliphate, the helper of the Commander of the Faithful).
908:
6214:
5756:
5710:
5175:
4303:
2801:
2709:) translates to 'The Second Alexander' in recognition of his military success.
2548:
sources, Alauddin held discussions with Jain sages and once specially summoned
2533:
1950:
1621:
1614:
1497:
1353:
1269:
1201:
1179:
1164:
1160:
812:
704:
687:
624:
580:
541:
451:
386:
329:
4043:
1877:
by ordering the male adulterer to be castrated and the female adulterer to be
1488:
During the siege of Warangal, Malik Kafur had learned about the wealth of the
1399:
1368:) of 8,000 Mongols were used to build the Siri Fort commissioned by Alauddin.
1284:, but most modern historians have rejected the authenticity of these legends.
6327:
6294:
5782:
5770:
5702:
5634:
5550:
5542:
4890:
4888:
2825:
2776:
2756:
He is also depicted as a central character of the Medieval Bengali epic poem
2275:
2045:
1924:
Alauddin removed several experienced administrators, abolished the office of
1801:
1765:
1521:
1130:
offered a weak resistance. Alauddin's army plundered several towns including
1108:
996:
502:
129:
5724:
5626:
5585:
5520:
2438:
temples during their military campaigns. These temples included the ones at
1835:
Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji § Measures for preventing rebellions
1391:
regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day Afghanistan.
1200:
and for further expeditions in the South. In 1299 CE, Alauddin besieged the
1034:
Shortly after the conquest of Multan, Alauddin appointed Nusrat Khan as his
992:
wrote that it was the happiest year that the people of Delhi had ever seen.
6289:
6274:
6269:
6079:
5957:
5826:
5604:
5212:
2809:
2591:
2424:
2342:
2318:
2271:
2247:
2220:
2192:
2176:
2157:
2108:
2070:
1965:
1954:
1905:
1870:
1804:, which included 475,000 horsemen according to the 16th-century chronicler
1785:
1769:
1563:
1455:
1338:
1281:
1265:
1241:
1096:
844:
660:
631:. His slave-general Malik Kafur led multiple campaigns to the south of the
5086:
4885:
4264:
6042:
5778:
5662:
4981:
M.B. Deopujari (1973). "The Deccan Policy of the Sultanate (1296–1351)".
4651:
4649:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4502:
4500:
4201:
4157:
3968:
3842:
3782:
3710:
3626:
3539:
3527:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3292:
3046:
2796:
2694:
2583:
2459:
2288:, who found several Ismailis guilty. Alauddin ordered the convicts to be
2041:
2029:
2017:. She eventually reconciled to her new life. According to the chronicler
1934:
1914:
1844:
1475:
1467:
1376:
1360:. Many Mongols were taken captive and killed; the 16th-century historian
1230:
1221:
1135:
931:
569:
557:
351:
308:
5455:"Padmavati row: Who was Rani Padmavati's husband Maharawal Ratan Singh?"
3195:
3193:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3127:
3125:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
1994:'s sister Mahru. He also married Jhatyapali, the daughter of Hindu king
1550:
6052:
5027:
4771:
Gugler TK (2011). "Politics of Pleasure: Setting South Asia Straight".
3806:
3794:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2933:
2931:
2322:
2242:
The construction of the Lal Mahal (Red Palace) sandstone building near
2236:
2022:
1667:
1573:
From Dwarasamudra, Malik Kafur marched to the Pandya kingdom, where he
1570:, agreeing to surrender his wealth and become a tributary of Alauddin.
1459:
1426:
Meanwhile, a section of Alauddin's army had been besieging the fort of
1420:
1372:
1273:
1256:
In the winter of 1302–1303, Alauddin dispatched an army to ransack the
1175:
1020:
1000:
939:
565:
79:
5074:
4873:
4646:
4607:
4573:
4571:
4512:
4497:
4327:
4315:
2848:
Darshan Paandya played roles of Alauddin in the historical drama film
2069:) water reservoir, which covered an area of 70 acres, and had a stone-
1375:, ransacking the territories along the way. Alauddin's forces, led by
5688:
5618:
A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)
4861:
4837:
4534:
4532:
4405:
4363:
4213:
4094:
3944:
3932:
3830:
3734:
3650:
3563:
3551:
3491:
3479:
3443:
3431:
3328:
3316:
3217:
3190:
3154:
3137:
3122:
3103:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3034:
2841:
2833:
2747:
2574:
2556:
2474:
2383:
2254:
2143:
2089:
1885:
1545:
1297:
1245:
1070:
973:
712:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4636:
4634:
4395:
4393:
4380:
4378:
4242:
4240:
3878:
3770:
3722:
3662:
3587:
3515:
3455:
3340:
2943:
2928:
1984:
Alauddin's wives included Jalaluddin's daughter, who held the title
1953:. However, Kafur was killed shortly after, and Alauddin's elder son
1304:
to ensure sufficient revenue inflows for maintaining a strong army.
6022:
4568:
3575:
2850:
2742:
2504:
2494:
2470:
2443:
2428:
2334:
2311:
2307:
2196:
2050:
2018:
1991:
1969:
1874:
1859:
1805:
1663:
1597:
1512:
1447:
1443:
1384:
1361:
1261:
1257:
1236:
1100:
916:
816:
765:
761:
656:
632:
250:
5956:), a book describing Alauddin's military career by his court poet
5922:
The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times
5765:. Vol. VI (Second ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
5062:
4690:
4688:
4529:
4487:
4485:
4174:
4172:
3280:
3234:
3232:
1438:, and the defending ruler Sitaladeva was killed in November 1308.
5762:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate
5174:
4849:
4825:
4808:
4700:
4661:
4631:
4562:
4544:
4453:
4441:
4417:
4390:
4375:
4351:
4339:
4237:
3010:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2916:
2792:
2545:
2463:
2451:
2447:
2100:
1878:
1768:
measures for a wide variety of market goods. Alauddin's courtier
1737:
1578:
1489:
1416:
1193:
1131:
1076:
1059:
1012:
943:
836:
664:
324:
5671:
The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750
4912:
4900:
4619:
4595:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4429:
4293:
4291:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4084:
4082:
4031:
3980:
3956:
3818:
3758:
3746:
3698:
3674:
3638:
3352:
3256:
1854:
Subsequently, Alauddin also banned other intoxicants, including
1333:
in central India, which resulted in the defeat and death of the
1142:, after the generals forcibly tried to extract a share of loot (
5633:
5004:
M. Yaseen Mazhar Siddiqi. "Chronology of the Delhi Sultanate".
4685:
4482:
4309:
4169:
4115:
4067:
4061:
4049:
3604:
3602:
3304:
3229:
3178:
3166:
3022:
2765:
2702:
2482:
2439:
2409:
2365:
2314:
2097:
2093:
1926:
1814:
1690:
1681:
1676:
1507:
Western coast of India, with the traditional Yadava capital of
1431:
1427:
1313:
1210:
1139:
1055:
1036:
1016:
1004:
962:
927:
900:
830:
After years of planning and preparation, Alauddin successfully
604:
41:
5050:
4276:
2998:
2977:
2960:
524:
Over the next few years, Alauddin successfully fended off the
4583:
4465:
4288:
4252:
4225:
4184:
4121:
4079:
3503:
3268:
2769:
2579:
2455:
2435:
2413:
2338:
2303:
2284:
2082:
2014:
1973:
1746:
1728:
1722:
1625:
1371:
In 1306, another Mongol army sent by Duwa advanced up to the
1312:
Sultan Alau'd Din put to Flight; Women of Ranthambhor commit
1205:
1197:
1144:
1088:
1080:
1042:
896:
884:
873:
824:
815:
region, as well as about the routes leading to their capital
804:
506:
212:
110:
5245:
Pushpa Prasad. "The Jain Community in the Delhi Sultanate".
4133:
4014:
Essays in Indian history : towards a Marxist perception
3992:
3686:
3614:
3599:
3467:
3244:
2875:(1st ed.). New Delhi: India Research Press. p. 8.
2317:
helped spread Islam, Alauddin believed that he too had four
2057:
believes that the closeness between the two was not sexual.
556:, and later ransacked the Mongol territories in present-day
5195:
The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1526
3205:
2359:
2279:
2088:
In the early years of the 14th century, Alauddin built the
2074:
1777:, and Alauddin's market reforms resulted from the Sultan's
1684:
school of Islam, which was dominant in Delhi at that time.
1394:
1156:
1118:
In early 1299, Alauddin sent Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to
878:
782:
5856:. Vol. 4, Iran–Kha (2 ed.). Brill. p. 419.
5134:. "Political conditions of the Hindus under the Khaljis".
5108:. "Political conditions of the Hindus under the Khaljis".
4962:
K. S. Lal , History of the Khaljis: A.D. 1290-1320, p. 308
481:
Alauddin was a nephew and a son-in-law of his predecessor
4145:
2873:
The French & Delhi : Agra, Aligarh, and Sardhana
2289:
5351:"Padmavati isn't history, so what's all the fuss about?"
5192:
4673:
2239:, but the project was abandoned, probably when he died.
1703:
The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750,
1534:), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the
1403:
Khalji territory at its maximum extent including vassals
1216:
In 1301, Alauddin ordered Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to
679:(1311), obtaining much treasure, elephants, and horses.
4794:. Vol. 1: To 1500. Cengage Learning. p. 366.
2412:
states that he sent an expedition against Gujarat as a
6003:
5667:"Northern India under the Sultanate: Agrarian Economy"
5611:
5573:
5092:
5080:
4894:
4879:
4792:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History
4655:
4613:
4523:
4506:
4333:
4321:
4270:
4219:
4207:
4163:
4100:
3974:
3950:
3938:
3848:
3836:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3740:
3716:
3656:
3632:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3497:
3485:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3334:
3322:
3298:
3223:
3199:
3160:
3148:
3131:
3116:
3097:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
2954:
2937:
686:, son of Alauddin and his Hindu wife Jhatyapali, as a
5970:, by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. Page:67-92.
5788:
Same-Sex Love in India: Readings in Indian Literature
5738:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
5716:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period
2582:). The conditions seem to have changed a year later.
2065:
In 1296, Alauddin constructed the Hauz-i-Alai (later
1938:
be identified with certainty. According to historian
999:, his authority was limited to the areas east of the
823:(Minister of War), and also made him the governor of
5759:(1967) . "Social Life: Hindu and Muslim Relations".
5592:
5321:
5267:
5003:
3581:
2416:
and it was not motivated by "lust of conquest". The
1264:. Meanwhile, he himself led another army to conquer
738:
5966:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
5505:
5403:"Actor's actor Om Puri redefined idea of male lead"
5033:
Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
3016:
1945:The next day, Kafur appointed Alauddin's young son
5777:
5556:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate
5218:The Age of Wrath: A History of The Delhi Sultanate
4720:
4538:
1071:Mongol invasions and northern conquests, 1297–1306
5821:(3). Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies: 283–319.
5687:
4918:
4906:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4667:
4640:
4625:
4601:
4577:
4459:
4447:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4384:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4246:
4037:
3986:
3962:
3915:. Cambridge University Press. p. Chapter 8.
3824:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3728:
3704:
3680:
3668:
3593:
3521:
3461:
3346:
3310:
3286:
3238:
3184:
3172:
3028:
3004:
2992:
2971:
2922:
2235:, which was intended to be double to size of the
950:s of gold, and each of their soldiers 300 silver
715:(later Ulugh Khan), Qutlugh Tigin, and Muhammad.
635:, obtaining a considerable amount of wealth from
6325:
5918:
5833:
5805:
5527:
5274:. Pearson India Education Services. p. 13.
5068:
4694:
2073:. Gradually, it became filled with mud, and was
789:
27:Turco-Afghan emperor of Khalji dynasty 1296–1316
5836:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim states: II"
5446:
4751:
4718:
2899:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
2092:. The fort walls were mainly constructed using
1115:defeated the invaders and recaptured the fort.
851:
5894:
5870:
5755:
5709:
5056:
4980:
4589:
4435:
4282:
4231:
4195:
4178:
4127:
4088:
4073:
3883:Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie
3509:
3473:
3274:
2257:in 1229, and also built a dome at its centre.
2002:, who succeeded him as the next Khalji ruler.
895:At that time, there were heavy rains, and the
5989:
5731:
5669:. In Tapan Raychaudhuri; Irfan Habib (eds.).
5549:
5156:
5130:
5104:
4789:
4706:
4550:
4491:
4476:
4297:
4258:
4139:
3998:
3692:
3644:
3620:
3608:
3358:
3262:
3250:
3211:
2902:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 141.
2828:portrayed a fictional version of Alauddin in
2716:, replacing it with the self-laudatory title
2081:around 1354. The autobiographical memoirs of
1170:
888:, and appointed his close friends as the new
485:. When Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi
5211:
5162:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India
2434:Alauddin and his generals destroyed several
2096:(in mud), although there are some traces of
1325:In 1304, Alauddin appears to have ordered a
922:One section of his army, led by himself and
795:the neighboring Hindu kingdoms. In 1293, he
5811:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim states"
5661:
5294:
4971:Abdul Malik Isami, Fatuh Us Salatin, p. 306
4310:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
4151:
4116:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
4062:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
4050:Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004
2539:
2399:
1182:was captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1299 CE.
5996:
5982:
5247:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
5240:
5238:
5136:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
5110:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
5026:
3370:
2567:Ramachandra Suri was also honored by him.
2231:. He also started the construction of the
1407:Around 1308, Alauddin sent Malik Kafur to
866:Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan
474:. He also successfully fended off several
435:
315:Alauddunya wad Din Muhammad Shah-us Sultan
57:A 17th century portrait of Alauddin Khalji
51:
5476:Chauhan, Chetansingh (17 February 2024).
5349:Sharma, Manimugdha S. (29 January 2017).
5244:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4770:
1603:
1485:after defeating and killing Kanhadadeva.
1188:Alauddin Khalji's Conquest of North India
979:
727:), while Almas Beg was given the post of
607:and other Hindu dynasties, including the
395:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore
5849:
4679:
3910:
2871:Lafont, Jean-Marie & Rehana (2010).
2697:for 'Alexander', a title popularized by
1899:
1645:
1502:
1398:
1395:Marwar and southern campaigns, 1307–1313
1306:
1235:
1174:
1091:. Alauddin's forces, led by Ulugh Khan,
855:
751:Alauddin married Jalaluddin's daughter,
742:
5537:(Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala.
5475:
5235:
4935:
4563:Qutb Complex: Ala al Din Khalji Madrasa
3863:Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore
2689:Khalji minted coins using the title of
2199:, which also has his tomb to the south.
14:
6326:
5963:English translation, as it appears in
5453:Palat, Lakshana N (21 November 2017).
5348:
4924:
2870:
2270:Like his predecessors, Alauddin was a
2111:). Alauddin camped in Siri during the
1964:dedicated to him exist at the back of
1732:. He also levied taxes on residences (
694:seized power shortly after his death.
603:(1311). These victories ended several
579:(raided in 1299 and annexed in 1304),
45:Sikander-e-Sani (Alexander the Second)
5977:
5534:The Sultanate of Delhi, 711–1526 A.D.
5478:"Review of Gujarati Movie "Kasoombo""
5452:
5400:
4983:Nagpur University Journal: Humanities
4010:
3876:
2895:
2740:Alauddin Khalji is the antagonist of
2734:
1276:. Alauddin captured Chittor after an
1065:
493:, Alauddin was given the position of
391:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat
5426:
4942:. Sterling Publishers. p. 102.
4017:. London: Anthem Press. p. 81.
2274:. His administration persecuted the
2265:
415:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore
5901:History of Medieval India: 800-1700
5834:Richard M. Eaton (5 January 2001).
5469:
5427:Shah, Shravan (21 September 2017).
5374:
3377:. Rupa & Company. p. 368.
2260:
1795:
1087:raided Punjab, advancing as far as
771:
647:(1311). These victories forced the
575:Alauddin conquered the kingdoms of
434:
407:Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa
225:Madrasa and tomb of Alauddin Khalji
24:
6285:Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha
5694:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
5401:Ghosh, Avijit (27 February 2017).
2718:Sikander-us-sani Yamin-ul-Khilafat
1720:Alauddin's government imposed the
1642:Revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji
1635:
379:Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri
25:
6400:
5941:
5193:Kanhaiya Lall Srivastava (1980).
5036:. Psychology Press. p. 168.
1828:
1760:Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji
1753:
1163:to conquer Delhi. In the ensuing
1095:on 6 February 1298. According to
911:of gold pieces to be shot from a
739:Marriage to Jalaluddin's daughter
505:in 1291, and the governorship of
6308:
6307:
5512:A Comprehensive History of India
5420:
5394:
5368:
5342:
5315:
5288:
5261:
5205:
5186:
5168:
5164:. Aditya Prakashan. p. 128.
5150:
5124:
5098:
5020:
4997:
4974:
4965:
4956:
4783:
4764:
4745:
4712:
4556:
2819:Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2204:
2184:
2164:
2150:
2135:
2120:
1979:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1515:
1111:. This time, Alauddin's general
375:Alauddin Khalji's raid on Bhilsa
6374:Indian people of Afghan descent
5697:. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
5574:Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1979).
5498:
5328:. Adam Publishers. p. 88.
4727:. Infobase Publishing. p.
4004:
3904:
3870:
3854:
3364:
2705:for 'Second'. The coin legend (
2060:
568:, and Alauddin's slave-general
441:
403:Mongol invasion of India (1303)
339:Shihabuddin Mas'ud (brother of
6359:People from Kaushambi district
5741:. Cambridge University Press.
5559:. Penguin Books. p. 178.
4539:R. Vanita & S. Kidwai 2000
2889:
2864:
2672:Silver Tanka Dar al-Islam Mint
2053:or even homosexual. Historian
2032:, a slave captured during the
1773:the Hindu traders indulged in
1650:Copper coin of Alauddin Khalji
1632:a few months after his death.
1524:(1375). On top of the city of
1478:. In 1311, Alauddin's general
1240:Alauddin Khalji conquered the
13:
1:
6339:Sultans of the Khalji dynasty
5719:. People's Publishing House.
5593:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956).
5377:"Chitoor Rani Padmini (1963)"
5322:Thomas Walker Arnold (2010).
5268:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011).
2858:
2814:Sony Entertainment Television
2795:portrayed Alauddin Khalji in
2684:Silver Tanka Qila Deogir Mint
1227:three unsuccessful rebellions
934:). The other section, led by
790:Conspiracy against Jalaluddin
697:
617:Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura
195:
178:
139:
120:
6384:14th-century Indian monarchs
6379:13th-century Indian monarchs
5580:. Sahitya Sansar Prakashan.
5375:Guy, Randor (13 June 2015).
4754:The Medieval History Journal
1895:
1800:Alauddin maintained a large
1155:In 1299, the Chagatai ruler
852:Ascension and march to Delhi
509:in 1296, after a profitable
383:Khilji invasion of Jaisalmer
7:
6250:Rebellions against Alauddin
5182:. Kitab Mahal. p. 150.
5093:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
5081:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4895:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4880:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4656:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4614:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4524:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4507:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4334:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4322:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4271:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4220:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4208:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4164:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
4101:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3975:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3951:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3939:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3911:Beaujard, Philippe (2019).
3849:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3837:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3813:Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1979
3801:Ashok Kumar Srivastava 1979
3789:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3741:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3717:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3657:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3633:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3570:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3558:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3546:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3534:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3498:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3486:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3450:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3438:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3426:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3414:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3402:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3374:A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)
3335:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3323:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3299:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3224:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3200:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3161:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3149:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3132:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3117:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3098:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3077:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3065:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3053:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
3041:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2955:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2938:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
2896:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979).
2179:added by Khalji in 1300 CE.
1250:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)
1159:sent a Mongol force led by
1107:, and occupied the fort of
1075:In the winter of 1297, the
399:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)
74:19 July 1296–4 January 1316
10:
6405:
5880:. Har-Anand Publications.
5815:Journal of Islamic Studies
5599:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
3895:10.29091/9783954909537/009
2746:, an epic poem written by
2219:Alauddin commissioned the
1832:
1757:
1639:
1462:diamond) to the invaders.
1327:second invasion of Gujarat
1185:
1171:Conquest of northern India
623:, the Rawal branch of the
6303:
6242:
6195:
6154:
6095:
6066:
6015:
5919:Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996).
5301:. Macmillan. p. 17.
5178:, Afsar Umar Salim Khan.
3866:. 1936. pp. 264–265.
3582:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956
2374:Tarikh i Firoze Shahi by
2302:, and that "his faith in
1904:Tomb of Alauddin Khalji,
1674:region. He imposed a 50%
711:. He had three brothers:
677:raided the Pandya kingdom
476:Mongol invasions of India
420:
366:
361:
357:
347:
335:
323:
314:
307:
303:
274:
232:
219:
202:
189:
185:
174:
162:
154:
146:
135:
127:
116:
108:
98:
88:
78:
70:
62:
50:
39:
34:
5006:Islam and the Modern Age
4723:A Brief History of India
4719:Judith E. Walsh (2006).
3017:A. B. M. Habibullah 1992
2808:Khalji was portrayed by
2775:Khalji was portrayed by
2726:Yamin-ul-Khilafat Nāsir
2724:'s name, instead adding
2598:
2540:Relationships with Jains
2400:Relationship with Hindus
1960:Alauddin's tomb and the
1591:mass massacre of Mongols
1528:floats a peculiar flag (
1520:) at the center, in the
1483:captured the Jalore fort
799:, a wealthy town in the
290:Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah
263:Jhatyapali (daughter of
5968:: The Muhammadan Period
5577:The Chahamanas of Jalor
5255:Indian History Congress
5144:Indian History Congress
5118:Indian History Congress
2536:who had surrounded it.
1996:Ramachandra of Devagiri
1364:claims that the heads (
938:, marched to Delhi via
926:, marched to Delhi via
690:. Alauddin's elder son
450:, was a ruler from the
93:Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji
6196:Conflicts with Mongols
6033:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
5853:Encyclopaedia of Islam
5613:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
4919:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4907:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4868:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4856:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4844:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4832:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4820:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4790:Craig Lockard (2006).
4668:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4641:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4626:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4602:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4578:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4460:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4448:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4424:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4412:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4400:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4385:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4370:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4358:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4346:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4247:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
4038:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3987:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3963:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3825:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3777:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3765:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3753:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3729:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3705:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3681:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3669:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3594:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3522:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3462:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3347:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3311:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3287:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3239:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3185:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3173:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3029:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
3005:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2993:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2972:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2923:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
2397:
2380:
2348:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
2225:Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque
2173:Quwwat ul-Islam mosque
2171:Courts to the east of
2055:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
1940:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
1909:
1706:
1651:
1630:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
1604:Administrative changes
1555:
1404:
1322:
1278:eight-month long siege
1253:
1183:
980:Consolidation of power
919:) at a crowd in Kara.
861:
748:
692:Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
6016:Generals and officers
5596:Chaulukyas of Gujarat
5069:Richard M. Eaton 2001
4695:Shanti Sadiq Ali 1996
4011:Habib, Irfan (2002).
3879:"On the Timurid flag"
2830:Sanjay Leela Bhansali
2786:Chittoor Rani Padmini
2781:Chitrapu Narayana Rao
2768:poet of medieval era
2751:Malik Muhammad Jayasi
2563:sages. The Jain poet
2421:Deval Devi—Khizr Khan
2392:
2355:
1903:
1810:market price controls
1764:Alauddin implemented
1686:
1649:
1506:
1480:Malik Kamaluddin Gurg
1402:
1310:
1268:, the capital of the
1239:
1202:fortress of Jaisalmer
1178:
859:
746:
671:to become Alauddin's
256:Kamala Devi (wife of
6389:Afghan Sunni Muslims
6354:Indian Sunni Muslims
6280:Chanderi inscription
6176:(1302-1303 and 1310)
5925:. Orient Blackswan.
5827:10.1093/jis/11.3.283
5647:. Psychology Press.
5295:Vipul Singh (2009).
5199:Munshiram Manoharlal
5014:Jamia Millia Islamia
4773:South Asia Chronicle
3877:Kadoi, Yuka (2010).
2816:'s historical drama
2799:'s historical drama
2408:. Persian historian
2255:Shamsuddin Iltutmish
2191:Alauddin's Madrasa,
2113:1303 Mongol invasion
1839:Although Islam bans
1575:raided several towns
1454:, the Kakatiya king
1381:defeated the Mongols
1093:defeated the Mongols
1003:. The region beyond
954:s (hammered coins).
725:Master of ceremonies
513:. In 1296, Alauddin
499:master of ceremonies
167:Master of ceremonies
6344:13th-century births
6265:Massacre of Mongols
6028:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
5507:A. B. M. Habibullah
5095:, pp. 355–356.
5057:R. C. Majumdar 1967
4897:, pp. 336–337.
4870:, pp. 376–377.
4846:, pp. 377–378.
4590:Satish Chandra 2004
4553:, pp. 178–179.
4436:Satish Chandra 2004
4414:, pp. 262–263.
4372:, pp. 256–257.
4283:Satish Chandra 2007
4273:, pp. 374–376.
4232:Satish Chandra 2004
4210:, pp. 358–359.
4196:Satish Chandra 2007
4179:Satish Chandra 2004
4166:, pp. 357–358.
4128:Satish Chandra 2007
4089:Satish Chandra 2007
4074:Satish Chandra 2004
4064:, pp. 172–173.
3851:, pp. 411–412.
3779:, pp. 195–197.
3731:, pp. 192–193.
3719:, pp. 400–402.
3671:, pp. 171–172.
3647:, pp. 227–228.
3635:, pp. 392–393.
3596:, pp. 133–134.
3548:, pp. 369–370.
3510:Mohammad Habib 1981
3474:Satish Chandra 2004
3464:, pp. 119–120.
3428:, pp. 350–352.
3416:, pp. 343–346.
3404:, pp. 342–347.
3371:Rima Hooja (2006).
3361:, pp. 221–222.
3349:, pp. 159–161.
3301:, pp. 334–335.
3275:Mohammad Habib 1981
3265:, pp. 219–220.
3055:, pp. 322–323.
2720:. He ceased adding
2699:Alexander the Great
2481:-coloured from the
1670:and vassals in the
1577:reaching as far as
1354:Himalayan foothills
733:Master of the Horse
627:, and possibly the
460:Indian subcontinent
215:(present-day India)
6155:Southern campaigns
6096:Northern campaigns
5904:. Orient Longman.
5809:(September 2000).
5644:A History of India
5639:Dietmar Rothermund
5407:The Times of India
5355:The Times of India
4760:(1): 33–4, 48, 55.
4709:, p. 177-178.
4707:Abraham Eraly 2015
4551:Abraham Eraly 2015
4492:Abraham Eraly 2015
4477:Peter Jackson 2003
4298:Abraham Eraly 2015
4259:Peter Jackson 2003
4140:Peter Jackson 2003
4118:, p. 171-173.
3999:Peter Jackson 2003
3977:, p. 415-417.
3791:, p. 409-410.
3693:Peter Jackson 2003
3645:Peter Jackson 2003
3621:Peter Jackson 2003
3609:Peter Jackson 2003
3536:, p. 366-369.
3524:, p. 164-165.
3359:Peter Jackson 2003
3263:Peter Jackson 2003
3251:Peter Jackson 2003
3212:Peter Jackson 2003
2735:In popular culture
2526:Akhur-bek Maisarah
2079:Firuz Shah Tughlaq
1957:seized the power.
1910:
1652:
1611:several rebellions
1556:
1405:
1323:
1254:
1218:invade Ranthambore
1184:
1066:Military campaigns
930:and Baran (modern
862:
755:, long before the
749:
707:'s founder Sultan
295:Shihab-ud-din Omar
6364:Deaths from edema
6321:
6320:
6038:Kamal al-Din Gurg
5932:978-81-250-0485-1
5911:978-81-250-3226-7
5798:978-1-137-05480-7
5748:978-0-521-54329-3
5689:Kishori Saran Lal
5680:978-0-521-22692-9
5654:978-0-415-32919-4
5566:978-93-5118-658-8
5158:Kishori Saran Lal
5132:Kishori Saran Lal
5106:Kishori Saran Lal
5071:, pp. 72–73.
4991:Nagpur University
4580:, pp. 56–57.
3922:978-1-108-42456-1
3803:, pp. 48–50.
3384:978-81-291-1501-0
3289:, pp. 84–86.
2925:, pp. 40–41.
2909:978-81-207-0617-0
2728:Amīri 'l-Mu'minīn
2510:Abdul Malik Isami
2388:Abdul Malik Isami
2266:Views on religion
2229:Qutb al-Din Aibak
1858:. He also banned
1672:Ganga-Yamuna Doab
1452:siege of Warangal
1343:Yajvapala dynasty
1331:invasion of Malwa
1289:invasion of Delhi
1272:kingdom ruled by
905:background checks
757:Khalji revolution
424:
423:
371:Khalji Revolution
341:Jalaluddin Khalji
319:
318:
249:Mahru (sister of
210:(aged 49–50)
123:1296–19 July 1296
16:(Redirected from
6396:
6311:
6310:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5975:
5974:
5949:Khazáínu-l Futúh
5936:
5915:
5891:
5867:
5846:
5840:
5830:
5807:Richard M. Eaton
5802:
5774:
5752:
5728:
5706:
5684:
5658:
5630:
5608:
5589:
5570:
5546:
5529:A. L. Srivastava
5524:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5424:
5418:
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5415:
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5313:
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5232:
5209:
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5202:
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5128:
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5096:
5090:
5084:
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5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
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5018:
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5001:
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4994:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4933:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4806:
4805:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4726:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4644:
4638:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4527:
4521:
4510:
4504:
4495:
4494:, p. 177-8.
4489:
4480:
4474:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4438:, p. 76-77.
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4388:
4382:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4182:
4181:, p. 78-80.
4176:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4152:Irfan Habib 1982
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4077:
4076:, p. 76-79.
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3815:, p. 52-53.
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3120:
3114:
3101:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2975:
2969:
2958:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2868:
2758:Padmavati (poem)
2707:Sikander-e -Sani
2701:, while sani is
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2624:Copper half Gani
2621:
2612:Copper half Gani
2609:
2378:
2261:Religious policy
2208:
2188:
2168:
2154:
2139:
2124:
2034:Gujarat campaign
2000:Shihabuddin Omar
1884:Alauddin banned
1869:Alauddin banned
1841:alcoholic drinks
1796:Military reforms
1779:desire to punish
1704:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1519:
1358:Battle of Amroha
1302:economic reforms
1085:Chagatai Khanate
772:Governor of Kara
530:Chagatai Khanate
526:Mongol invasions
445:
444: 1296–1316
443:
438:
437:
305:
304:
209:
197:
180:
141:
122:
103:Shihabuddin Omar
55:
32:
31:
21:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6369:Indian warriors
6334:Alauddin Khalji
6324:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6299:
6255:Revenue reforms
6238:
6191:
6150:
6117:(1299 and 1304)
6091:
6080:Prataparudra II
6062:
6011:
6009:Delhi Sultanate
6005:Alauddin Khalji
6002:
5952:(also known as
5944:
5939:
5933:
5912:
5888:
5864:
5838:
5799:
5749:
5681:
5673:. CUP Archive.
5655:
5567:
5501:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5458:
5451:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5409:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5373:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5320:
5316:
5309:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5266:
5262:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5210:
5206:
5191:
5187:
5173:
5169:
5155:
5151:
5129:
5125:
5103:
5099:
5091:
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5079:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5025:
5021:
5002:
4998:
4979:
4975:
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4957:
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4934:
4925:
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4901:
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4608:
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4446:
4442:
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4422:
4418:
4410:
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4398:
4391:
4383:
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4368:
4364:
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4344:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4257:
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4230:
4226:
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4214:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4185:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4158:
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4134:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4107:
4099:
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4072:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3909:
3905:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3385:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3104:
3096:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2978:
2970:
2961:
2953:
2944:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2737:
2685:
2682:
2673:
2670:
2661:
2658:
2649:
2646:
2637:
2634:
2625:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2601:
2572:Kharataragaccha
2542:
2522:Khazainul Futuh
2402:
2390:confirms this:
2379:
2376:Ziauddin Barani
2373:
2296:Ziauddin Barani
2268:
2263:
2244:Chausath Khamba
2215:
2211:The unfinished
2209:
2200:
2189:
2180:
2169:
2160:
2155:
2146:
2142:Ruined wall of
2140:
2131:
2125:
2063:
1982:
1898:
1879:stoned to death
1837:
1831:
1798:
1762:
1756:
1705:
1702:
1644:
1638:
1636:Revenue reforms
1606:
1583:Ziauddin Barani
1536:Delhi Sultanate
1511:("Deogiri", or
1436:Siege of Siwana
1409:invade Devagiri
1397:
1350:Gangetic plains
1319:Rajput painting
1294:Ziauddin Barani
1190:
1173:
1150:Ziauddin Barani
1073:
1068:
990:Ziauddin Barani
982:
882:to the rank of
854:
832:raided Devagiri
792:
774:
741:
731:(equivalent to
723:(equivalent to
700:
515:raided Devagiri
497:(equivalent to
456:Delhi Sultanate
454:that ruled the
440:
436:علاء الدین خلجی
427:Alauddin Khalji
413:
411:Siege of Siwana
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
362:Military career
299:
270:
228:
211:
207:
194:
170:
165:(equivalent to
84:21 October 1296
65:Sultan of Delhi
58:
44:
35:Alauddin Khalji
28:
23:
22:
18:Alauddin Khilji
15:
12:
11:
5:
6402:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6260:Market reforms
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6233:Ravi riverbank
6230:
6224:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6186:Pandya kingdom
6183:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6142:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6106:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6001:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5961:
5954:Táríkh-i 'Aláí
5943:
5942:External links
5940:
5938:
5937:
5931:
5916:
5910:
5896:Satish Chandra
5892:
5886:
5872:Satish Chandra
5868:
5862:
5847:
5831:
5803:
5797:
5775:
5757:R. C. Majumdar
5753:
5747:
5729:
5711:Mohammad Habib
5707:
5685:
5679:
5659:
5653:
5631:
5609:
5590:
5571:
5565:
5547:
5525:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5468:
5445:
5433:www.zoomtv.com
5419:
5393:
5367:
5341:
5334:
5314:
5307:
5287:
5280:
5260:
5234:
5227:
5221:. Penguin UK.
5215:(April 2015).
5204:
5201:. p. 142.
5185:
5176:Mohammad Habib
5167:
5149:
5123:
5097:
5085:
5083:, p. 354.
5073:
5061:
5059:, p. 625.
5049:
5042:
5019:
4996:
4973:
4964:
4955:
4948:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4884:
4882:, p. 399.
4872:
4860:
4858:, p. 380.
4848:
4836:
4834:, p. 376.
4824:
4822:, p. 375.
4807:
4800:
4782:
4763:
4744:
4737:
4711:
4699:
4684:
4682:, p. 419.
4672:
4670:, p. 297.
4660:
4658:, p. 402.
4645:
4643:, p. 190.
4630:
4618:
4616:, p. 334.
4606:
4594:
4582:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4541:, p. 132.
4528:
4526:, p. 425.
4511:
4509:, p. 421.
4496:
4481:
4479:, p. 176.
4464:
4462:, p. 265.
4452:
4450:, p. 264.
4440:
4428:
4426:, p. 263.
4416:
4404:
4402:, p. 262.
4389:
4387:, p. 261.
4374:
4362:
4360:, p. 260.
4350:
4348:, p. 257.
4338:
4336:, p. 387.
4326:
4324:, p. 379.
4314:
4312:, p. 173.
4302:
4300:, p. 166.
4287:
4285:, p. 103.
4275:
4263:
4261:, p. 243.
4251:
4249:, p. 250.
4236:
4224:
4222:, p. 361.
4212:
4200:
4198:, p. 104.
4183:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4142:, p. 242.
4132:
4130:, p. 102.
4120:
4105:
4103:, p. 429.
4093:
4091:, p. 105.
4078:
4066:
4054:
4052:, p. 172.
4042:
4040:, p. 241.
4030:
4023:
4003:
4001:, p. 174.
3991:
3989:, p. 213.
3979:
3967:
3965:, p. 203.
3955:
3953:, p. 413.
3943:
3941:, p. 412.
3931:
3921:
3903:
3869:
3853:
3841:
3839:, p. 411.
3829:
3827:, p. 201.
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3767:, p. 186.
3757:
3755:, p. 135.
3745:
3743:, p. 396.
3733:
3721:
3709:
3707:, p. 189.
3697:
3695:, p. 229.
3685:
3683:, p. 175.
3673:
3661:
3659:, p. 393.
3649:
3637:
3625:
3623:, p. 145.
3613:
3611:, p. 198.
3598:
3586:
3584:, p. 191.
3574:
3572:, p. 373.
3562:
3560:, p. 372.
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3512:, p. 267.
3502:
3500:, p. 369.
3490:
3488:, p. 368.
3478:
3466:
3454:
3452:, p. 367.
3442:
3440:, p. 366.
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3383:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3337:, p. 338.
3327:
3325:, p. 335.
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3277:, p. 266.
3267:
3255:
3253:, p. 221.
3243:
3228:
3226:, p. 333.
3216:
3204:
3202:, p. 332.
3189:
3177:
3165:
3163:, p. 331.
3153:
3151:, p. 330.
3136:
3134:, p. 329.
3121:
3119:, p. 328.
3102:
3100:, p. 327.
3081:
3079:, p. 324.
3069:
3067:, p. 323.
3057:
3045:
3043:, p. 322.
3033:
3021:
3019:, p. 322.
3009:
2997:
2976:
2959:
2957:, p. 321.
2942:
2940:, p. 326.
2927:
2915:
2908:
2888:
2881:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2823:
2806:
2802:Bharat Ek Khoj
2790:
2773:
2754:
2736:
2733:
2693:. Sikander is
2687:
2686:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2660:Bilingual coin
2659:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2590:mentions that
2588:Ardhakathanaka
2541:
2538:
2534:Qutlugh Khwaja
2518:Mamluk dynasty
2401:
2398:
2371:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2062:
2059:
1987:Malika-i-Jahan
1981:
1978:
1951:puppet monarch
1897:
1894:
1888:, and ordered
1833:Main article:
1830:
1829:Social reforms
1827:
1797:
1794:
1758:Main article:
1755:
1754:Market reforms
1752:
1700:
1640:Main article:
1637:
1634:
1622:Sher Shah Suri
1615:Satish Chandra
1605:
1602:
1596:Meanwhile, in
1396:
1393:
1180:Jaisalmer Fort
1172:
1169:
1165:Battle of Kili
1161:Qutlugh Khwaja
1120:invade Gujarat
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1029:conquer Multan
1007:suffered from
981:
978:
967:Malika-i-Jahan
853:
850:
821:Ariz-i Mamalik
809:Yadava kingdom
791:
788:
773:
770:
753:Malika-i-Jahan
740:
737:
705:Khalji dynasty
699:
696:
688:puppet monarch
554:Ravi riverbank
511:raid on Bhilsa
487:after deposing
468:price controls
452:Khalji dynasty
422:
421:
418:
417:
387:Battle of Kili
368:
364:
363:
359:
358:
355:
354:
349:
345:
344:
337:
333:
332:
330:Khalji dynasty
327:
321:
320:
317:
316:
312:
311:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
287:
284:
280:
278:
272:
271:
269:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:Malika-i-Jahan
236:
234:
230:
229:
223:
221:
217:
216:
206:4 January 1316
204:
200:
199:
191:
187:
186:
183:
182:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
137:
133:
132:
125:
124:
118:
114:
113:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6401:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6314:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6296:
6295:Thakkar Pheru
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:Miscellaneous
6241:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5992:
5987:
5985:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5969:
5967:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5887:9788124110645
5883:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5863:90-04-05745-5
5859:
5855:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5733:Peter Jackson
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5635:Hermann Kulke
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5551:Abraham Eraly
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5457:. India Today
5456:
5449:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5408:
5404:
5397:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5356:
5352:
5345:
5337:
5335:9788174350336
5331:
5327:
5326:
5325:The Caliphate
5318:
5310:
5308:9780230637610
5304:
5300:
5299:
5291:
5283:
5281:9788131732021
5277:
5273:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5239:
5230:
5228:9789351186588
5224:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5082:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5058:
5053:
5045:
5043:9780415239028
5039:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4968:
4959:
4951:
4949:9788120704329
4945:
4941:
4940:
4936:J. L. Mehta.
4932:
4930:
4928:
4921:, p. 91.
4920:
4915:
4909:, p. 90.
4908:
4903:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4881:
4876:
4869:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4828:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4697:, p. 35.
4696:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4680:S. Digby 1978
4676:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4642:
4637:
4635:
4628:, p. 86.
4627:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4604:, p. 84.
4603:
4598:
4592:, p. 92.
4591:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4461:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4437:
4432:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4335:
4330:
4323:
4318:
4311:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4234:, p. 80.
4233:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4154:, p. 62.
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4026:
4024:9781843310617
4020:
4016:
4015:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3845:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3476:, p. 89.
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3313:, p. 88.
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3241:, p. 81.
3240:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3214:, p. 85.
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3187:, p. 80.
3186:
3181:
3175:, p. 79.
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3031:, p. 45.
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3007:, p. 43.
3006:
3001:
2995:, p. 42.
2994:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2974:, p. 41.
2973:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2882:9788183860918
2878:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:Ranveer Singh
2824:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2777:M. N. Nambiar
2774:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:Sikander Sani
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2592:Jain Shrimala
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:(1298–1310),
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2046:Saleem Kidwai
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1980:Personal life
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:standing army
1793:
1792:punishments.
1789:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1766:price control
1761:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1522:Catalan Atlas
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:, whose king
1410:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1389:Malik Tughluq
1386:
1382:
1379:, decisively
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:, whose king
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:invaded Sindh
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Punjab region
993:
991:
987:
977:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
959:Malka-i-Jahan
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
886:
881:
880:
875:
871:
867:
858:
849:
846:
840:
838:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:raided Bhilsa
787:
785:
784:
779:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
745:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
695:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
675:. Kafur also
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:(1297–1298),
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
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453:
449:
432:
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412:
408:
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396:
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388:
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380:
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369:
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331:
328:
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322:
313:
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306:
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296:
293:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
279:
277:
273:
266:
262:
259:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:(daughter of
241:
238:
237:
235:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
201:
192:
188:
184:
177:
173:
168:
163:Amir-i-Tuzuk
161:
158:ʿAlāʾ ul-Mulk
157:
153:
149:
145:
138:
134:
131:
126:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
61:
54:
49:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6290:Amir Khusrow
6275:Alai Darwaza
6270:Rani Padmini
6203:Jaran-Manjur
6180:Dwarasamudra
6004:
5964:
5958:Amir Khusrau
5953:
5947:
5921:
5900:
5876:
5851:
5842:
5818:
5814:
5791:. Springer.
5787:
5760:
5737:
5715:
5693:
5670:
5643:
5617:
5595:
5576:
5555:
5533:
5511:
5499:Bibliography
5485:. Retrieved
5481:
5471:
5459:. Retrieved
5448:
5436:. Retrieved
5432:
5422:
5410:. Retrieved
5406:
5396:
5384:. Retrieved
5380:
5370:
5358:. Retrieved
5354:
5344:
5324:
5317:
5297:
5290:
5270:
5263:
5250:
5246:
5217:
5213:Burjor Avari
5207:
5194:
5188:
5179:
5170:
5161:
5152:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5113:
5109:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5032:
5022:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4938:
4914:
4902:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4791:
4785:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4722:
4714:
4702:
4675:
4663:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4585:
4558:
4546:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4278:
4266:
4254:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4096:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4033:
4013:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3926:
3912:
3906:
3898:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3616:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3388:
3373:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3219:
3207:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2918:
2898:
2891:
2872:
2866:
2849:
2840:
2837:period drama
2817:
2810:Mukesh Rishi
2800:
2784:
2741:
2725:
2722:Al-Musta'sim
2717:
2711:
2706:
2690:
2688:
2648:Silver Tanka
2636:Billion Gani
2587:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2513:hereafter".
2503:
2500:
2489:
2487:
2468:
2433:
2425:Amir Khusrau
2420:
2405:
2403:
2393:
2381:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2343:Genghis Khan
2299:
2294:
2283:
2272:Sunni Muslim
2269:
2252:
2248:Alai Darwaza
2241:
2221:Alai Darwaza
2218:
2193:Qutb complex
2177:Qutb complex
2158:Alai Darwaza
2109:lime plaster
2087:
2071:masonry wall
2064:
2061:Architecture
2037:
2028:
2004:
1985:
1983:
1966:Qutb complex
1961:
1959:
1955:Mubarak Khan
1944:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:Qutb complex
1883:
1871:prostitution
1868:
1864:
1853:
1838:
1825:the horses.
1819:
1799:
1790:
1786:black market
1783:
1781:the Hindus.
1775:profiteering
1770:Amir Khusrau
1763:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1675:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1587:
1572:
1564:Dwarasamudra
1557:
1525:
1508:
1487:
1464:
1456:Prataparudra
1440:
1425:
1406:
1370:
1365:
1347:
1339:Mahalakadeva
1324:
1311:
1286:
1255:
1242:Chittor Fort
1215:
1191:
1154:
1143:
1122:, where the
1117:
1097:Amir Khusrow
1074:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1015:rebellions.
1009:Mongol raids
994:
983:
971:
966:
958:
956:
951:
947:
921:
912:
894:
889:
883:
877:
865:
863:
845:Ganges river
841:
829:
820:
793:
781:
775:
750:
728:
721:Amir-i-Tuzuk
720:
717:
701:
681:
661:Prataparudra
645:Dwarasamudra
599:(1308), and
574:
548:(1303), and
534:Jaran-Manjur
523:
495:Amir-i-Tuzuk
494:
480:
448:Ali Gurshasp
447:
426:
425:
367:Battles/wars
208:(1316-01-04)
193:Ali Gurshasp
150:Malik Chajju
128:Governor of
109:Governor of
40:
29:
6349:1316 deaths
6121:Ranthambore
6086:Ballala III
6074:Ramachandra
6067:Tributaries
6048:Nusrat Khan
6043:Malik Kafur
5663:Irfan Habib
5487:18 February
5438:13 November
5412:13 November
5386:23 November
5360:13 November
5257:: 224, 225.
2797:Doordarshan
2760:in 1648 by
2695:Old Persian
2584:Banarasidas
2561:Shwetambara
2462:(1311) and
2460:Chidambaram
2129:Hauz-i-Khas
2067:Hauz-i-Khas
2042:Ruth Vanita
2030:Malik Kafur
1947:Shihabuddin
1915:Malik Kafur
1845:prohibition
1668:land grants
1568:short siege
1468:Kanhadadeva
1413:Ramachandra
1377:Malik Kafur
1231:prohibition
1222:Hammiradeva
1136:Malik Kafur
1103:fugitives)
932:Bulandshahr
924:Nusrat Khan
803:kingdom of
684:Shihabuddin
673:tributaries
669:Ballala III
653:Ramachandra
643:(1310) and
585:Ranthambore
570:Malik Kafur
558:Afghanistan
352:Sunni Islam
309:Regnal name
265:Ramachandra
147:Predecessor
89:Predecessor
6328:Categories
6082:(Kakatiya)
6058:Zafar Khan
6053:Ulugh Khan
5482:Newz Daddy
5461:24 January
5146:: 234–235.
5028:Mary Boyce
4801:0618386114
4779:: 355–392.
4738:1438108257
2859:References
2770:Syed Alaol
2516:Under the
2382:Historian
2292:into two.
2237:Qutb Minar
2233:Alai Minar
2213:Alai Minar
2023:Deval Devi
1886:charlatans
1821:system of
1460:Koh-i-Noor
1421:Devaladevi
1373:Ravi River
1352:along the
1274:Ratnasimha
1186:See also:
1113:Zafar Khan
1025:Zafar Khan
1021:Ulugh Khan
1001:Ravi river
936:Zafar Khan
709:Jalaluddin
698:Early life
663:, and the
629:Yajvapalas
566:Ulugh Khan
562:Zafar Khan
483:Jalaluddin
286:Shadi Khan
283:Khizr Khan
244:Jalaluddin
80:Coronation
6088:(Hoysala)
5843:Frontline
5783:S. Kidwai
5779:R. Vanita
5771:634843951
5703:685167335
5543:607636383
5381:The Hindu
4565:, ArchNet
2842:Padmaavat
2748:Sufi poet
2575:Pattavali
2557:Digambara
2505:muqaddams
2471:zamindars
2384:K. S. Lal
2227:built by
2090:Siri Fort
1896:Last days
1890:sorcerers
1546:Ilkhanate
1474:ruler of
1472:Chahamana
1387:governor
1321:from 1825
1298:Siri Fort
1248:, in the
1246:Rajasthan
1204:ruled by
1079:led by a
729:Akhur-beg
713:Almas Beg
609:Paramaras
581:Jaisalmer
528:from the
181:1290–1291
155:Successor
142:1266–1316
99:Successor
6313:Category
6209:Sivistan
6174:Warangal
6168:Devagiri
6162:Devagiri
6076:(Yadava)
6023:Alp Khan
5898:(2007).
5874:(2004).
5845:: 70–77.
5785:(2000).
5735:(2003).
5725:32230117
5713:(1981).
5691:(1950).
5665:(1982).
5641:(2004).
5627:31870180
5586:12737199
5553:(2015).
5531:(1966).
5521:31870180
5030:(2001).
2851:Kasoombo
2783:'s film
2753:in 1540.
2743:Padmavat
2466:(1311).
2458:(1301),
2454:(1299),
2446:(1295),
2444:Devagiri
2442:(1292),
2429:Khambhat
2414:holy war
2372:—
2312:Rashidun
2310:'s four
2308:Muhammad
2197:Mehrauli
2075:desilted
2051:bisexual
2019:Firishta
1992:Alp Khan
1970:Mehrauli
1875:adultery
1860:gambling
1856:cannabis
1823:branding
1806:Firishta
1701:—
1598:Devagiri
1513:Devagiri
1448:Warangal
1446:capital
1444:Kakatiya
1385:Dipalpur
1362:Firishta
1335:Paramara
1262:Warangal
1260:capital
1258:Kakatiya
1109:Sivistan
1101:Neguderi
942:(modern
917:catapult
913:manjaniq
899:and the
817:Devagiri
801:Paramara
766:Firishta
762:Alp Khan
657:Kakatiya
641:Warangal
639:(1308),
637:Devagiri
633:Vindhyas
613:Vaghelas
595:(1305),
591:(1303),
587:(1301),
583:(1299),
544:(1299),
540:(1298),
538:Sivistan
464:revenues
446:), born
348:Religion
251:Alp Khan
6127:Chittor
6115:Gujarat
5605:4413150
3889:: 148.
2854:(2024).
2845:(2018).
2793:Om Puri
2789:(1963).
2766:Arakani
2762:Bengali
2714:Khalifa
2565:Acharya
2551:Acharya
2495:Mustafa
2479:saffron
2464:Madurai
2452:Somnath
2448:Vijapur
2418:masnavi
2315:caliphs
2276:Ismaili
2101:masonry
2011:Vaghela
1962:madrasa
1908:, Delhi
1742:chara'i
1738:grazing
1655:court.
1579:Madurai
1560:Ballala
1490:Hoysala
1417:Baglana
1282:Padmini
1266:Chittor
1194:Gujarat
1132:Somnath
1124:Vaghela
1083:of the
1077:Mongols
1013:Khokhar
986:Mamluks
965:. When
944:Aligarh
837:Gwalior
811:in the
665:Hoysala
625:Guhilas
589:Chittor
577:Gujarat
491:Mamluks
472:society
458:in the
431:Persian
227:, Delhi
6235:(1306)
6229:(1305)
6227:Amroha
6223:(1303)
6217:(1299)
6211:(1298)
6205:(1298)
6188:(1311)
6182:(1311)
6170:(1308)
6164:(1296)
6147:(1311)
6145:Jalore
6141:(1308)
6139:Siwana
6135:(1305)
6129:(1303)
6123:(1301)
6111:(1296)
6109:Multan
6105:(1293)
6103:Bhilsa
5929:
5908:
5884:
5860:
5795:
5769:
5745:
5723:
5701:
5677:
5651:
5625:
5603:
5584:
5563:
5541:
5519:
5332:
5305:
5278:
5225:
5120:: 234.
5040:
5016:: 184.
4946:
4798:
4735:
4021:
3919:
3381:
2906:
2879:
2703:Arabic
2483:tilaks
2440:Bhilsa
2410:Wassaf
2406:zimmis
2366:muftis
2327:Nusrat
2098:ashlar
2094:rubble
2009:, the
1990:, and
1815:Deccan
1736:) and
1710:kharaj
1691:kharaj
1682:Hanafi
1677:kharaj
1664:iqta's
1526:Diogil
1509:Diogil
1498:Deccan
1494:Pandya
1476:Jalore
1470:, the
1432:Marwar
1428:Siwana
1341:. The
1314:Jauhar
1270:Guhila
1211:Jauhar
1206:Bhatis
1140:Jalore
1056:kotwal
1043:maliks
1017:Multan
1005:Lahore
963:Multan
928:Badaun
901:Yamuna
885:Maliks
813:Deccan
655:, the
649:Yadava
621:Jalore
615:, the
611:, the
605:Rajput
601:Jalore
597:Siwana
550:Amroha
519:Multan
470:, and
336:Father
233:Spouse
220:Burial
175:Tenure
136:Tenure
117:Tenure
42:Sultan
6221:Delhi
6133:Malwa
5839:(PDF)
4993:: 39.
2839:film
2599:Coins
2580:Jalor
2530:paiks
2456:Jhain
2436:Hindu
2360:qazis
2331:Zafar
2323:Ulugh
2319:Khans
2304:Islam
2300:ulama
2285:ulama
2175:, in
2083:Timur
2038:Na'ib
2015:harem
2007:Karna
1974:Delhi
1972:, in
1949:as a
1935:Kafur
1927:wazir
1919:Na'ib
1849:Isami
1747:khums
1734:ghari
1729:zakat
1723:jizya
1626:Akbar
1337:king
1198:Malwa
1145:khums
1128:Karna
1126:king
1089:Kasur
1081:noyan
1060:obese
1048:malik
1037:wazir
952:tanka
909:manns
897:Ganga
890:Amirs
879:Amirs
874:Awadh
825:Awadh
805:Malwa
783:Amirs
667:king
659:king
651:king
593:Malwa
546:Delhi
532:, at
507:Awadh
325:House
276:Issue
258:Karna
213:Delhi
111:Awadh
71:Reign
63:13th
6215:Kili
5927:ISBN
5906:ISBN
5882:ISBN
5858:ISBN
5793:ISBN
5767:OCLC
5743:ISBN
5721:OCLC
5699:OCLC
5675:ISBN
5649:ISBN
5623:OCLC
5601:OCLC
5582:OCLC
5561:ISBN
5539:OCLC
5517:OCLC
5489:2024
5463:2018
5440:2017
5414:2017
5388:2017
5362:2017
5330:ISBN
5303:ISBN
5276:ISBN
5223:ISBN
5038:ISBN
4944:ISBN
4796:ISBN
4733:ISBN
4019:ISBN
3917:ISBN
3379:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2877:ISBN
2834:epic
2812:in
2546:Jain
2544:Per
2490:qazi
2475:Hind
2363:and
2333:and
2290:sawn
2280:Shia
2144:Siri
2127:The
2107:and
2105:lime
2103:(in
1624:and
1492:and
1317:, a
1196:and
1157:Duwa
1023:and
1011:and
974:Siri
948:mann
940:Koil
870:Kara
778:Kara
619:and
542:Kili
503:Kara
489:the
203:Died
198:1266
190:Born
130:Kara
6007:of
5823:doi
3891:doi
2832:'s
2779:in
2586:in
2423:by
2339:God
2335:Alp
2077:by
1921:).
1750:).
1696:mal
1694:or
1430:in
1366:sir
1244:in
1027:to
868:at
735:).
6330::
5841:.
5819:11
5817:.
5813:.
5781:;
5637:;
5480:.
5431:.
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5008:.
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4758:16
4756:.
4731:.
4729:71
4687:^
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4531:^
4514:^
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4484:^
4467:^
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4377:^
4290:^
4239:^
4186:^
4171:^
4108:^
4081:^
3925:.
3897:.
3885:.
3881:.
3601:^
3387:.
3231:^
3192:^
3139:^
3124:^
3105:^
3084:^
2979:^
2962:^
2945:^
2930:^
2329:,
2325:,
2250:.
2195:,
2044:,
1976:.
1968:,
1881:.
1817:.
1666:,
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892:.
572:.
564:,
521:.
478:.
466:,
442:r.
439:;
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196:c.
179:c.
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140:c.
121:c.
5997:e
5990:t
5983:v
5960:.
5935:.
5914:.
5890:.
5866:.
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5801:.
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5751:.
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