1512:
87:
764:. The delegates wished to avoid the pitfalls of the traditional county system, such as overlapping jurisdictions and service districts, and tightly constrained local bodies, so they created an entirely new system. The aim, as stated in Section 1, was "to provide for maximum local self-government with a minimum of local government units, and to prevent duplication of tax-levying jurisdictions." Thus Article X states that the only local government units are
1464:
554:-appointed governor with a variety of special commissions. The delegates desired a strong, streamlined executive, so Article III gives the governor more power than most of his or her counterparts in other states. The governor also has a large amount of patronage; he appoints the heads of all executive departments (most states provide for some to be elected), who are required in general to be people, not multi-member boards.
234:
36:
924:
The people of Alaska have repeatedly and unchangingly manifested their overwhelming opposition to fish traps. But fish trap beneficiaries, residents of the mother country, want to retain their Alaska traps. So the traps are retained. And it is the power and authority of the federal government which
791:
Article XI sets out procedures for the use of initiatives to "propose and enact laws", referendums to "approve and reject acts of the legislature", and elections to recall public officials. It also restricts the initiative and referendum from being used in certain areas, such as appropriations or to
316:
among the delegates. The oldest delegate, Earnest B. Collins, was speaker of the 1st territorial House in 1913. Collins lived in Alaska longer than any delegate except for
Peratrovich, having arrived in 1904. The youngest delegate, Thomas C. Harris, had only lived in Alaska for around five years and
427:
We the people of Alaska, grateful to God and to those who founded our nation and pioneered this great land, in order to secure and transmit to succeeding generations our heritage of political, civil, and religious liberty within the Union of States, do ordain and establish this constitution for the
942:
to the Alaska
Constitution, as well as 12 which were rejected by voters. This is substantially fewer than in most state constitutions (which average 115 amendments), due both to the short period the constitution has been in force and to its generalized construction. Amendments which passed include
340:
The constitutional convention was in session for 75 days. The constitution was adopted by the delegates on
February 5, 1956. The signing of the constitution the following day attracted nearly 1,000 spectators, so the event was moved to the university's gymnasium and library building. This building
224:
As a result, one of the duties the Alaska
Territorial Legislature laid upon the Alaska Statehood Committee, established in 1949, was to "assemble applicable material, make studies and provide recommendations in a timely manner" preparatory to drafting a constitution.
333:" Marston; Steve McCutcheon, a photographer whose collection represents a significant documentation of mid-20th century life in Alaska; Leslie Nerland, who took his father's department store in Fairbanks and turned it into a statewide empire, even extending to
848:
Article XV dealt with eventual Alaska statehood, focusing on legal continuity and establishment of the new state government. Since it is no longer a working part of the constitution, Alaska courts have ruled that it can be modified by
400:. The resulting document is thus only half the average state constitution length of 26,000 words. Much of the language in the new constitution was a reaction against weak territorial institutions (thus the strong legislature and
569:. While in many states judicial authority is fragmented among several levels of jurisdiction with many special courts, the delegates designed the Alaska judiciary to be a single, unified system. The constitution specifies the
828:. Constitutional conventions can be called by the Legislature at any time; additionally, every ten years a referendum must be taken on whether to hold a convention. All four such referendums held to date have failed.
619:
Article VI sets procedures for decennial reapportionment. This is carried out by an appointed board, rather than the legislature as in most states; prior to 1998 amendments, the governor held this authority.
666:
Article VIII is the first article dealing solely and broadly with resources to appear in a state constitution. The delegates wished to curtail what was seen as abuse of Alaska's resources (see
321:
area. Other delegates who were notable outside of law and politics include: Fairbanks bush pilot Frank Barr; mining engineer and
Fairbanks Exploration Company executive John C. Boswell;
925:
retains them. In a clear-cut issue between the few, profiting, non-colonial
Americans and the many, seriously damaged, colonial Alaskans, the state-side interest wins hands down.
527:
are required. The delegates trusted the legislature to act responsibly, so the constitution does not contain the detailed limits on the legislature often found in other states.
824:
Article XIII sets procedures for constitutional amendment. Amendments can originate either with the legislature or at a constitutional convention, and are voted on at the next
911:
and widely blamed for the near-collapse of the salmon fishery, were seen as a symbol of exploitation of Alaska by absentee commercial interests. Former territorial
Governor
1091:
249:. The building, quickly christened Constitution Hall by the Board of Regents, was temporarily handed over to the delegates who assembled to create the new document at a
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57:
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at one point; Barrie M. White, an
Anchorage entrepreneur and real estate developer, and Ada Wien, from a pioneer Alaskan and pioneer aviation family.
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396:. Rather than specify most aspects in minute detail, as did many state constitutions, the delegates chose instead to leave broad authority to
250:
462:, extends protection to "persons to fair and just treatment in the course of legislative and executive investigations", a reaction against
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1077:
297:
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The referendum on constitutional ratification contained three ballot measures to be voted upon, as provided in
Article XV, Section 24.
44:
1671:
886:
573:, the Alaska Superior Court, and leaves other courts to be "established by the legislature" as needed. Article IV provides for
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are elected on a single ticket, and are the only statewide elected officials. Territorial executives were weak, with federal
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438:
The constitution begins by establishing the basic rights of Alaska's citizens. Much of
Article I essentially reiterates the
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873:
Shall the Constitution for the State of Alaska prepared and agreed upon by the Alaska Constitutional Convention be adopted?
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Article XII is a miscellaneous article, containing definitions of terms, setting the state boundaries, and prescribing the
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17:
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should be elected to serve as a "shadow" delegation until statehood. Ordinance No. 2 passed 15,011 – 9,556.
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provided for in Articles II and III). At the same time, a state constitutional reform movement was growing in the
241:
On November 8, 1955, 55 elected delegates from across Alaska (a number chosen to echo the 55 in attendance at the
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The UA gymnasium/library where the constitution was signed on February 6, 1956, currently known as Signers' Hall.
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Article XIV set up the initial apportionment of the legislature, to be used prior to the first post-statehood
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686:... for the maximum benefit of people"; for common access to resources; and for development to be based on
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and provides for judicial review of contested election results. A requirement that voters must be able to "
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Article I's right-to-privacy clause and ban on sexual discrimination (1972), an amendment authorizing the
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was renamed Signers' Hall in the late 1980s, and presently houses the administration of the current-day
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353:. The constitution was ratified by territorial voters on April 24, 1956, and became effective when the
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fishing. This issue had special significance in territorial Alaska. Fish traps, usually operated by
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218:. Many statehood proponents felt that a well-written constitution would help advance the cause in
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system. Local government in the territory was undeveloped, due to its sparse population and the
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One of the aims of the delegates was to produce a short, general document, on the model of the
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349:, was absent, having resigned his position in protest of the finished document and returned to
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exerting weight from above and elected territorial legislatures limiting the authority of the
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and to benefit from the academic setting. The latter consideration was largely influenced by
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has interpreted this to protect, among other things, home possession of small amounts of
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458:". Section 7, which largely mirrors the Due Process protections under Section 1 of the
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legislature; this failed but is reflected in the large number of purposes for which
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27:
Principles, institutions and law of political governance in the U.S. state of Alaska
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or initiative. This has allowed, for instance, the various initiatives to move the
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provided for the adoption of the "Alaska-Tennessee Plan", which provided that two
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open to all children of the State free from sectarian control", establishing the
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In the 1940s, the movement for Alaska statehood was gaining momentum within the
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288:. The other delegates, 49 men and six women, included territorial legislators
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homesteader Yule F. Kilcher; World War II era military officer Marvin R. "
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Article VII is the shortest in the constitution, mandating a "system of
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Hosted on the Alaska Legislature's website. Accessed 30 November 2006.
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base. The chief principle was that resources should be managed as a
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Article V's provisions are mostly standard, setting such things as
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408:, and ideas such as the "broad strokes" approach and the unified
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604:" was removed by amendment in 1970 after the passage of the
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of Article IV incorporated leading constitutional thought.
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of 1787) met at the brand new student union building at the
772:), and only organized boroughs and cities may levy taxes.
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The delegates drew on several sources for inspiration: the
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had been elected by some 150 votes cast in and around the
670:) and ensure reasonable development to broaden Alaska's
611:
1099:
857:, as Juneau's capital status is defined in Section 20.
815:
831:
265:, the territorial capital, to escape the influence of
682:", further defined as "utilization, development, and
951:(1998) (this was later declared unconstitutional in
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who was also a territorial legislator, was the only
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433:
280:The convention was led by then-territorial Senator
181:was ratified on April 4, 1956 and took effect with
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658:
580:
678:, providing "for maximum use consistent with the
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1021:The Alaska State Constitution: A Reference Guide
930:Ordinance No. 3 passed by 21,285 – 4,004.
1601:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
1060:Creating Alaska — The Constitutional Convention
1001:
985:
744:
496:
1438:
1085:
875:Ordinance No. 1 passed 17,447 – 8,180.
844:Article XV: Schedule of Transitional Measures
530:
990:. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
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357:Proclamation was signed on January 3, 1959.
228:
979:
596:and election dates. It guarantees both the
1445:
1431:
1092:
1078:
519:elected for two. Many delegates favored a
702:of state lands for resource development.
542:elected for four years. The governor and
214:commercial interests and some members of
201:
196:
1682:State constitutions of the United States
1065:Minutes of the Constitutional Convention
1050:Alaska’s Constitution: A Citizen’s Guide
493: (Alaska Supreme Court 1975).).
232:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1055:Creating Alaska — Alaska's Constitution
1018:
752:Article X provides for Alaska's unique
538:Article III vests executive power in a
14:
1644:
871:was the ratifying proposition itself:
466:. Section 22 establishes the right to
261:) was selected as the site instead of
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1452:
1426:
1073:
1023:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
737:". Later amendments established the
655:" and "provide for public welfare".
29:
1596:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
1101:State constitutions (United States)
832:Article XIV: Apportionment Schedule
179:Constitution of the State of Alaska
80:Constitution of the State of Alaska
24:
602:read or speak the English language
373:" as well as the recently adopted
308:. Frank Peratrovich, the mayor of
25:
1703:
1038:
947:(1976), and an amendment banning
768:and boroughs (both organized and
690:. Article VIII also provides for
385:, and studies by consultants and
210:, but stymied by opposition from
1510:
1487:Department of Alaska (1867–1884)
1462:
434:Article I: Declaration of Rights
257:(technically, in this instance,
85:
34:
1497:Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)
1045:Text of the Alaska Constitution
800:Article XII: General Provisions
667:
284:, who became the state's first
48:may be too short to adequately
1492:District of Alaska (1884–1912)
938:As of 2006 there have been 28
515:elected for four years and 40
343:University of Alaska Fairbanks
58:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
1672:1956 establishments in Alaska
1502:Recent history (1959–present)
988:"Same-sex marriage in Alaska"
986:Robinson, B.A. (2007-09-10).
972:
933:
860:
760:which banned the creation of
360:
915:alluded to the issue in his
440:United States Bill of Rights
7:
1482:Russian America (1733–1867)
1019:McBeath, Gerald A. (1997).
960:
919:address to the convention:
420:
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367:National Municipal League's
10:
1708:
394:United States Constitution
1574:Aleutian Islands campaign
1519:
1508:
1469:
1460:
1382:
1368:
1107:
1008:Alaska State Constitution
614:Legislative Apportionment
606:Voting Rights Act of 1965
504:Article II establishes a
398:future state legislatures
375:constitutions of Missouri
277:for its 1947 convention.
251:constitutional convention
229:Constitutional convention
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112:
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84:
79:
1527:Russian-American Company
1402:Northern Mariana Islands
371:Model State Constitution
1559:Alaska boundary dispute
840:, and is now obsolete.
565:Article IV creates the
243:Philadelphia Convention
1564:1925 serum run to Nome
928:
812:, among other things.
741:and budget reserves.
717:Article IX deals with
431:
345:campus. One delegate,
238:
202:The statehood movement
197:History and background
140:; 65 years ago
120:; 68 years ago
967:Impeachment in Alaska
945:Alaska Permanent Fund
921:
739:Alaska Permanent Fund
577:selection of judges.
424:
236:
1667:1956 in American law
1657:1955 in American law
1626:History of Fairbanks
1614:History of Anchorage
1586:Alaska Statehood Act
954:Obergefell v. Hodges
895:outlawed the use of
645:University of Alaska
571:Alaska Supreme Court
491:537 P.2d 494
472:Alaska Supreme Court
460:Fourteenth Amendment
247:University of Alaska
193:on January 3, 1959.
185:'s admission to the
138:January 3, 1959
1687:Territory of Alaska
1412:U.S. Virgin Islands
794:special legislation
758:Organic Act of 1912
567:Alaska Court System
544:lieutenant governor
306:lieutenant governor
294:U.S. Representative
134:Date effective
118:April 24, 1956
18:Alaska Constitution
1470:Timeline of Alaska
509:Alaska Legislature
387:constitutional law
275:Rutgers University
239:
1639:
1638:
1520:Topics and events
1454:History of Alaska
1420:
1419:
1030:978-0-313-27778-8
949:same-sex marriage
688:sustainable yield
661:Natural Resources
531:Article III: The
511:, composed of 20
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75:
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16:(Redirected from
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1376:Washington, D.C.
1370:Federal district
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1011:
1005:
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826:general election
776:Article XI: The
747:Local Government
649:state university
558:Article IV: The
497:Article II: The
488:
428:State of Alaska.
355:Alaska Statehood
220:Washington, D.C.
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879:Ordinance No. 2
869:Ordinance No. 1
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696:protected areas
680:public interest
668:Ordinance No. 3
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517:representatives
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456:national origin
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347:R. E. Robertson
298:Alaska at-large
290:Ralph J. Rivers
282:William A. Egan
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43:This article's
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1662:1956 in Alaska
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806:oath of office
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727:tax exemptions
723:appropriations
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698:, and for the
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641:public schools
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548:bureaucracy
499:Legislature
464:McCarthyism
168:Signatories
1677:Alaska law
1646:Categories
1477:Prehistory
1345:Washington
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1260:New Jersey
1135:California
994:2009-04-08
973:References
940:amendments
934:Amendments
897:fish traps
861:Ordinances
782:Referendum
778:Initiative
735:earmarking
594:voting age
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389:scholars.
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361:Principles
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159:Amendments
145:1959-01-03
125:1956-04-24
66:March 2019
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560:Judiciary
533:Executive
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961:See also
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672:economic
540:governor
513:senators
421:Preamble
416:Articles
286:governor
216:Congress
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114:Ratified
94:Overview
1360:Wyoming
1335:Vermont
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1180:Indiana
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917:keynote
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310:Klawock
259:College
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331:Muktuk
319:Valdez
300:, and
263:Juneau
183:Alaska
103:Alaska
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1170:Idaho
454:, or
448:creed
323:Swiss
296:from
189:as a
1547:Nome
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1025:ISBN
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