347:
933:
the Syrian Army in the preceding three days. By 4 March the FSA had managed to repel the Syrian Army, although many of their fighters retreated "for tactical reasons" according to their local commander. Army shelling reportedly killed three people that day. On 14 May, opposition sources claimed that nine people were killed as a result of Syrian Army shelling, while 23 soldiers were killed after the FSA attacked Syrian Army armored carriers approaching the city. An FSA member stated that ar-Rastan "has been destroyed." In
September 2015, the
63:
47:
4607:
4613:
2405:
3586:
2308:
132:
70:
305:) and still contains some of its ancient ruins. It continued to exist as a relatively small, but strategic town throughout the early Islamic and Ottoman eras. Ar-Rastan is situated adjacently south of the large bridge linking Homs and Hama. The total land area of the town is 350 hectares. It is the site of the
932:
between them and the security forces which started late that month. On 31 January ten activists and their relatives were killed in ar-Rastan after their building collapsed from Syrian Army fire. On 6 February a local FSA unit commander Ala'a al-Sheikh reported that at least 42 people were killed by
777:. It occupied the northernmost part of Arethusa's ruins. Like Homs during this period, its houses were built of black trapp. They were described as small, ramshackle dwellings with mud roofs supported by wooden beams. A few buildings dating from the Mamluk era contained arches with the
332:
and rebels of various factions. The Syrian government retook control of the city on 15 May 2018 as part of an agreement which allowed rebels and their families safe passage to rebel-held parts of northern Syria in exchange for surrendering the territory along with their heavy weapons.
487:(361–363), he was ordered to rebuild the temple. To avoid doing so he fled from the city, but returned to save the Christian people from paying the penalty in his stead, and in 362 underwent very cruel treatment at the hands of the pagan mob, as recounted by
733:
noted that in ar-Rastan, "Each of the houses is so large as to be almost like a village, with ruins everywhere round of buildings and walls." He further noted that a few arches, gates, parts of the city wall and its water channel were still present.
1764:
515:
commemorates him on 29 March, with the description: "Saint Mark, Bishop of
Arethusa in Syria, who in the time of the Arian controversy held firm to the orthodox faith and was severely maltreated under Julian the Apostate. Saint
941:
jihadists murdered seven men in the town, accusing them of "being homosexual". In the northside of the city, the al-Bassel
National Hospital is a major army base for government troops and is often the target of rebel shelling.
917:, "Many defectors from the army come from Rastan." The unit based in the city called themselves the Khalid ibn al-Walid Battalion. That month saw the FSA target local government figures and sympathizers, and pro-government
900:, on the city which lasted through most of the first week of June. By 2 June local activists claimed at least 52 civilians were killed, while the government stated four of its soldiers were killed in the offensive.
1742:
892:
officials resigned from the organization in protest of the government and opposition activists claimed 17 demonstrators were killed by security forces. On 29 May, the Syrian Army launched an
1761:
1829:
921:
militiamen attack opposition-held neighborhoods. In late
September the Syrian Army, reportedly backed by tanks and helicopters, launched an operation to retake the city resulting in
1136:
Byzantine historian
Stephanos and French historian agree that Arethusa was named after the Arethusa of Greek Macedonia while Michael Avi-Yonah claims it was named after the
1368:
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46:
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1024:
985:
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see, of which two bishops are known, mentioned respectively in 1100 and 1135. Since
Arethusa is no longer a residential bishopric, it is today listed by the
1213:
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5539:
4685:
4143:
3822:
5789:
5043:
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3817:
3672:
1064:
5614:
5360:
5260:
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3957:
3742:
3722:
3687:
698:
visited ar-Rastan and wrote that it was "a small and ancient town ... It is now a ruin, but the remains still show what was its former splendor."
663:. According to one account, about 4,000 Ikshidid soldiers were taken captive in addition to hundreds killed in action or drowned in the Orontes River.
5664:
5659:
5634:
5285:
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4800:
5754:
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4508:
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3712:
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5559:
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5320:
5275:
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5133:
5103:
4870:
4850:
4770:
4665:
4318:
4113:
4032:
3772:
1837:
317:
that has a retaining capacity of 225 million m. The dam is principally used for irrigation. The city also contains one of Syria's principal
5794:
5594:
5549:
5437:
5365:
5355:
5270:
5220:
5123:
5073:
5068:
5008:
4875:
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4740:
4730:
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4443:
4403:
4163:
3992:
3912:
3842:
3767:
3762:
3662:
1676:
1725:
623:
According to early Muslim geographers, ar-Rastan, despite its strong fortifications and large garrison was swiftly captured then destroyed by
5679:
5482:
5340:
5128:
5088:
4815:
4735:
4700:
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3907:
798:
agricultural clans, the Firzat and the Hamdan, dominated ar-Rastan in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The former claimed descent from the
5779:
5734:
5604:
5569:
5148:
4968:
4880:
4715:
4675:
4518:
4078:
4057:
3837:
3642:
562:; Severianus at the start of the 6th century; and Abraamius, who ordained the priest Constantinus of Apamea, accused of Monothelism at the
5804:
5769:
5764:
5719:
5644:
5098:
5048:
5003:
4835:
4795:
4418:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4108:
4067:
3887:
3697:
2274:
5739:
5689:
5290:
5118:
5023:
5018:
4943:
4825:
3787:
3574:
588:, who died in 410, was buried in Arethusa. Most Maronite sources also believe the Monastery of Maron was located in the city as well.
94:
5729:
5669:
4963:
4548:
4083:
3892:
3857:
3677:
3652:
2296:
945:
On 16 May 2018, the Syrian government established control over city after the last rebels were transported to the Idlib
Governorate.
1604:
5629:
5564:
5544:
5245:
5225:
4998:
4860:
4588:
4573:
4523:
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761:) in 1678, writing "over his grave there is splendor and awe, asserting his presence there." Khan al-Rastan was visited in 1745 by
722:
1082:
5724:
4891:
4563:
4093:
3947:
3827:
2234:. Office of International Health, Division of Planning and Evaluation; For Sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Office.
3552:
6058:
1365:
3236:
1652:
1400:
1321:
389:
in 325 AD. To a lesser extent, the name "Arastan" continued to be used by the indigenous inhabitants, alongside "Arethusa".
1786:
1005:
989:
954:
889:
934:
1953:
Travels of Ali Bey : in
Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, Between the Years 1803 and 1807
1009:
2130:
2109:
2014:
1899:
713:. Ar-Rastan became the southernmost town of Mamlakat Hama ("Kingdom of Hama") near the border with Mamlakat Hims. In a
441:
in 31 BC, but returned to
Emesani control eleven years later. Thereafter, its status declined with the rise of nearby
346:
2264:
2067:
2227:
773:
At the beginning of the 19th-century, ar-Rastan was an impoverished village whose population engaged primarily in
1974:
Unexplored Syria: Visits to the
Libanus, the Tulúl el Safá, the Anti-Libanus, the Northern Libanus, and the 'Aláh
1252:
563:
422:
2162:
3567:
2204:
2172:
2151:
2088:
2046:
1993:
1941:
1920:
953:
In 1970 ar-Rastan's population was 7,509. It had a population of 39,834 in 2004 according to the census by the
62:
3051:
2289:
687:
328:
until 2018, Ar-Rastan served as a major opposition stronghold and had been the site of much fighting between
4606:
893:
884:. In mid-April 2011 large anti-government demonstrations began taking place in ar-Rastan as well as nearby
859:
2304:
2059:
Architecture of the Islamic world: its history and social meaning, with a complete survey of key monuments
1706:
1438:
1420:
842:
On 23 March 1961, the Bulgarian Techno-Impex company completed the Rastan Dam while Syria was part of the
554:
in 451; Eusebius, one of the signatories of the letter that the bishops of Syria Secunda wrote to Emperor
520:
lauds him as an outstanding and saintly old man." The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates him on 20 March.
5823:
2242:
The Ansayrii, (or Assassins,): With Travels in the Further East, in 1850–51. Including a Visit to Ninevah
1380:
1376:
351:
1624:
3707:
2221:
1961:
2194:
2120:
2025:
1983:
876:
Ar-Rastan was one of the first cities to participate in the Syrian uprising against the government of
5714:
5554:
4745:
3560:
1910:
871:
2183:
2101:
The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from Al-Kāmil Fīʼl-taʼrīkh: The years 541–589
2099:
2036:
2004:
1931:
1889:
6063:
6048:
4973:
2282:
1972:
913:
710:
690:
withdrew from their siege of Homs which was then captured by Saladin, bringing most of Syria under
628:
573:
1867:
4710:
3582:
3441:
2312:
2141:
1858:
United States. Office of International Health. Division of Planning and Evaluation, 1977, p. 131.
1815:
961:
news agency put the city's population in 2011–2012 as roughly 60,000. The inhabitants are mostly
929:
922:
867:
863:
831:
in 1972. The Hamdan had greater influence in the city and politically identified itself with the
817:
746:
604:
559:
466:
386:
37:
4612:
2078:
4583:
4037:
3101:
2592:
612:
528:
298:
2254:
2229:
2057:
1298:
51:
Ar-Rastan (on hill in background) and waterwheel (forefront) separated by Orontes River, 1930s
4626:
2320:
714:
437:. Nonetheless, Arethusa became an independent city-state following Octavian's victory in the
418:
393:
208:
144:
445:(modern-day Homs) as a religious and political center. In the 3rd century AD, Roman Emperor
4993:
4988:
4655:
3431:
2228:
United States. Office of International Health. Division of Planning and Evaluation (1977).
2217:
Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500
1137:
843:
551:
517:
218:
350:
Roman sarcophagus of Arethuse, 3rd century BC, found in the Rastan area, preserved in the
8:
5574:
5033:
4042:
3276:
2215:
1747:
803:
550:
Other bishops of Arethusa whose names are known are: a second Mark, who took part in the
484:
370:
329:
2404:
2240:
1585:
928:
Opposition militants regained control of the city by January 2012 reigniting continuous
5505:
5181:
5143:
4914:
4680:
3151:
3111:
2413:
1711:
1670:
1244:
1236:
555:
362:
161:
156:
5928:
5456:
5240:
5158:
3647:
3451:
3371:
3311:
3216:
2891:
2260:
2200:
2168:
2147:
2126:
2105:
2084:
2063:
2042:
2010:
1989:
1937:
1916:
1895:
1658:
1648:
1396:
1317:
1248:
806:'s army in the mid-7th century. A member, Sheikh Abd al-Qader, served as ar-Rastan's
787:
656:
652:
512:
382:
1715:. Quote by Al Jazeera correspondent Rula Amin. 14 May 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
5427:
4936:
4027:
3917:
3737:
3590:
3396:
3096:
2926:
2582:
2517:
2512:
1933:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
1644:
Assad or we burn the country : how one family's lust for power destroyed Syria
1228:
1094:
904:
881:
544:
496:
438:
366:
325:
243:
149:
1297:
Their accounts are given in both the original texts and in English translation in
1274:
357:
Ar-Rastan was built on the site of ancient Arethusa. According to Roman historian
290:
village cluster to the west. Ar-Rastan had a population of nearly 40,000 in 2004.
5472:
5393:
5370:
5053:
4820:
4503:
4488:
4368:
4133:
4098:
4073:
3986:
3882:
3401:
3391:
3241:
3086:
2931:
2881:
2647:
2637:
2632:
1768:
1372:
877:
754:
695:
691:
600:
585:
536:
410:
263:
235:
765:
who described it as a "huge fortified caravanserai" that was decaying rapidly.
5579:
5467:
5265:
5013:
4789:
4553:
4212:
4148:
3637:
3166:
3026:
3021:
3006:
2876:
2821:
1833:
897:
828:
813:
762:
738:
679:
476:
279:
271:
1798:
1662:
369:
in the 3rd century BC. Most sources agree Seleucus named it after the city of
6042:
5974:
5954:
5889:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5799:
5624:
5534:
5255:
4393:
4153:
4022:
3952:
3942:
3902:
3777:
3603:
3531:
3521:
3481:
3411:
3356:
3281:
3211:
3196:
3131:
3071:
3041:
2836:
2806:
2741:
2691:
1743:"Russia, Iran and Hezbollah are already intervening in Syria. Why aren't we?"
1416:
1016:
824:
730:
706:
702:
648:
540:
532:
473:
426:
314:
306:
109:
96:
675:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5909:
5904:
5839:
5834:
5784:
5774:
5083:
4948:
4648:
4498:
4458:
4413:
4362:
4293:
4262:
4233:
4228:
4182:
4138:
4123:
4062:
3847:
3806:
3682:
3526:
3426:
3366:
3361:
3321:
3251:
3246:
3201:
3136:
3001:
2981:
2961:
2906:
2796:
2781:
2776:
2751:
2711:
2547:
2522:
2492:
2472:
2427:
1642:
962:
799:
795:
791:
742:
682:
ruler of Homs, attacked his camp and briefly had him imprisoned. Following
608:
596:
581:
397:
267:
1830:"Syrian Army raises flag over long-time rebel stronghold in northern Homs"
5999:
5994:
5979:
5899:
5589:
5422:
5210:
5063:
4433:
4387:
3897:
3752:
3496:
3491:
3406:
3291:
3266:
3221:
3176:
3011:
2991:
2936:
2871:
2841:
2766:
2756:
2622:
2587:
2442:
2384:
2344:
2038:
The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, And North Africa
908:
794:
and his local allies and was shelled by French forces in early 1920. Two
524:
508:
430:
246:, located 25 kilometers (16 mi) north of its administrative capital
2196:
Sufi Visionary of Ottoman Damascus: ʻAbd Al-Ghanī Al-Nābulusī, 1641–1731
1052:
479:(337–361), Bishop Marcus (Mark) of Arethusa was authorized to replace a
417:
captured it. Emesani control was restored by 46 BC when it was ruled by
5879:
5674:
5599:
5058:
4720:
4695:
4578:
4243:
4238:
4103:
3757:
3727:
3541:
3501:
3486:
3471:
3316:
3256:
3146:
3141:
3066:
3031:
2921:
2826:
2736:
2721:
2686:
2657:
2652:
2482:
2467:
2389:
2354:
1240:
836:
624:
469:
in 325 counted among its participants a Bishop Eustathius of Arethusa.
1004:
The first two largest cities in the Homs Governorate according to the
6004:
5989:
5969:
5964:
5874:
5584:
5527:
5477:
5325:
5235:
5153:
4978:
4830:
4750:
4690:
4538:
4313:
4308:
4287:
4017:
3657:
3536:
3516:
3286:
3231:
3181:
3106:
3056:
3046:
3036:
2956:
2911:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2786:
2716:
2642:
2612:
2602:
2507:
2487:
2477:
2422:
1065:
Report: Assad's air force pounds population centers in Syria's Rastan
832:
774:
726:
500:
488:
462:
259:
199:
2003:
Britannica Educational Publishing (2011). Laura S. Etheredge (ed.).
1232:
903:
By August 2011, ar-Rastan was mostly in the hands of the opposition
6019:
6014:
6009:
5884:
5684:
5639:
5619:
5315:
5309:
5250:
5215:
5138:
4543:
4428:
4193:
4128:
4047:
4002:
3997:
3732:
3702:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3436:
3416:
3331:
3306:
3261:
3206:
3186:
3171:
3156:
3126:
3116:
3091:
3016:
2986:
2976:
2951:
2896:
2846:
2816:
2811:
2761:
2696:
2667:
2562:
2374:
2334:
1590:
1412:
885:
660:
644:
595:
period, Arethusa (which was called Artasia) was for a short time a
592:
504:
446:
434:
406:
283:
255:
1963:
A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest
5959:
5949:
5708:
5654:
5609:
5078:
5038:
4705:
4568:
4533:
4453:
4438:
4423:
4408:
4343:
4118:
4052:
3967:
3876:
3852:
3421:
3386:
3381:
3341:
3326:
3296:
3191:
3161:
3076:
2946:
2916:
2886:
2856:
2831:
2791:
2771:
2726:
2677:
2662:
2617:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2462:
2457:
2369:
2002:
1871:
1729:
1628:
1608:
1069:
1020:
958:
918:
808:
718:
683:
671:
667:
569:
492:
450:
374:
168:
2027:
Encyclopaedia Metropolitana or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge
5894:
5844:
5415:
5280:
5093:
4953:
4513:
4493:
4482:
4398:
4088:
3936:
3782:
3747:
3511:
3466:
3376:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3301:
3271:
3121:
3081:
3061:
2971:
2941:
2706:
2627:
2607:
2572:
2532:
2527:
2502:
2452:
2437:
2432:
2394:
2329:
2098:
Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din (2007). Donald Sidney Richards (ed.).
1811:
1040:
758:
640:
636:
414:
401:
378:
358:
204:
686:'s arrival at ar-Rastan in February 1175, the Crusaders under
5984:
5869:
5849:
4958:
4268:
4223:
4218:
3585:
3506:
3476:
2996:
2966:
2901:
2801:
2731:
2701:
2379:
2364:
2339:
2307:
1762:
More blood shed as rockets fall on Rastan, fears grow in Homs
847:
779:
577:
480:
442:
287:
275:
137:
1787:
IS executes 10 people accused of being gay in Syria: monitor
5829:
4448:
4298:
3632:
3625:
3226:
2497:
2447:
2359:
2349:
938:
750:
632:
318:
251:
247:
705:
gained control over Syria in the 1260s, and organized the
527:
after c. 415, Arethusa became part of the new province of
2746:
1773:
850:. The dam is currently the third largest in the country.
310:
717:
at a place between the town and Homs, the Mamluks under
1912:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260–1281
1586:
Syria protests: Homs city sit-in 'dispersed by gunfire'
737:
In the late 16th-century or early 17th-century, during
1799:الجيش الحر يستهدف قوات النظام في المشفى الوطني بالرستن
753:
sheikh, visited the false tomb of Persian Sufi mystic
694:
rule. In 1226, during Ayyubid rule, Syrian geographer
1955:. Vol. 2. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
1276:
Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus
385:
was called Arastan, also mentioned in the Christian
293:
It occupies the site of the Hellenistic-era city of
1812:"National flag hoisted over al-Rastan and Talbeisa"
1625:
Syria forces kill 11 civilians in Rastan: activists
1039:Map depicting surrounding localities of ar-Rastan.
925:. The Syrian Army succeeded and the FSA withdrew.
659:at ar-Rastan from which they proceeded to conquer
483:temple in the city with a Christian church. Under
377:, but others claim it was named after a spring in
6040:
4925:
1433:
1431:
1429:
745:Khan ar-Rastan was built just outside the town.
2231:Syncrisis: The Dynamics of Health, Issues 21–24
957:(CBS). There were a total of 6,066 households.
449:stayed in the city during his campaign against
1605:Syrian tanks deploy in town; hundreds detained
907:(FSA) which was made up of defectors from the
3568:
2290:
1908:
1542:
1540:
1426:
1211:
986:General Census of Population and Housing 2004
674:was resting at ar-Rastan on his way north to
400:, in the mid-1st-century BC. Roman historian
2097:
1563:
1561:
1301:The Law of Christ Respecting Civil Obedience
1198:
1196:
495:. He is said to have been the author of the
26:
2256:Urban Life in Syria Under the Early Mamluks
1619:
1617:
1186:
1184:
1182:
790:, ar-Rastan served as one of the bases for
729:in 1281. Later, in the early 14th century,
543:of Arethusa thus became a suffragan of the
511:restored his reputation for orthodoxy. The
404:stated that it was well governed under the
3575:
3561:
2297:
2283:
2213:
1751:. 6 February 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
1732:. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
1675:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1537:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1114:
1112:
523:By a subdivision of the Roman province of
2080:E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam
2023:
1692:Ajami, 2012, ch. Sarajevo on the Orontes.
1558:
1530:
1528:
1193:
465:by the beginning of the 4th century. The
2192:
1959:
1707:Syrian troops 'killed' in Rastan clashes
1688:
1686:
1614:
1594:. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
1179:
1053:Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §A116.5
827:who would become Defense Minister under
345:
2238:
2076:
1981:
1874:. 10 June 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
1777:. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
1702:
1700:
1698:
1287:
1285:
1262:
1109:
1073:. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
802:tribe that arrived in Syria as part of
381:with the same name. Arethusa in native
6054:Populated places in al-Rastan District
6041:
5504:
4625:
2252:
2188:. Vol. 2. The Moshe Dayan Center.
2118:
1970:
1929:
1640:
1631:. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
1525:
911:and civilian volunteers. According to
835:trend which gained mass appeal in the
413:from 64 to 63, when the Roman general
392:It served as the first capital of the
5503:
5391:
5179:
4912:
4624:
3601:
3556:
2278:
2160:
2139:
2055:
2034:
1887:
1683:
1611:. 4 May 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
981:
979:
977:
955:Central Bureau of Statistics of Syria
2181:
1971:Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1872).
1695:
1282:
1279:, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 915-916
576:and Bishop Yusef al-Dibs claim that
531:or Syria Salutaris, with capital at
429:, the city's inhabitants sided with
250:and 22 kilometers (14 mi) from
5392:
5180:
4913:
2143:Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects
1950:
1726:Syrian forces kill 10 in rebel town
1316:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001,
935:Syrian Observatory for Human Rights
853:
757:at ar-Rastan (the actual one is in
242:) is the third largest city in the
239:
27:
13:
2041:. University of California Press.
1419:, quoted by le Strange, 1890, pp.
1083:الرستن جمال الطبيعة وأصالة التاريخ
990:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics
974:
547:of Apamea rather than of Antioch.
396:in central Syria, a vassal of the
14:
6075:
3602:
2024:Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1845).
1801:, SMART News Agency, 23 déc. 2015
1395:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
721:decisively defeated the invading
709:into kingdoms subordinate to the
69:
4611:
4605:
3584:
2403:
2306:
1977:. Vol. 1. Tinsley Brothers.
1214:"Aurelian and the third century"
1097:. Talis. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
456:
341:
130:
68:
61:
45:
1880:
1868:Assad Forces Renew Homs Assault
1861:
1852:
1822:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1754:
1735:
1718:
1634:
1597:
1579:
1570:
1549:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1406:
1386:
1362:Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1307:
1291:
1205:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1140:in Sicily. Cohen, 2006, p. 102.
1130:
1121:
948:
880:that would lead to the ongoing
823:Abd al-Qader was the father of
564:Third Council of Constantinople
558:after the killing of Patriarch
2009:. The Rosen Publishing Group.
1960:Breasted, James Henry (1927).
1936:. Princeton University Press.
1915:. Cambridge University Press.
1909:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (2005).
1100:
1088:
1076:
1057:
1046:
1033:
998:
618:
361:, Arethusa was established by
1:
6059:Catholic titular sees in Asia
2146:. Syracuse University Press.
1985:Roman Syria and the Near East
1836:. 15 May 2018. Archived from
968:
888:. On 28 April about 50 local
768:
2193:Sirriyeh, Elizabeth (2005).
1504:Amitai-Preiss, 2005, p. 195.
1006:Central Bureau of Statistics
860:Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
678:, Khir Khan ibn Qaraja, the
254:. Nearby localities include
7:
2239:Walpole, Frederick (1851).
2122:Julia Domna, Syrian Empress
2104:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
1303:(London, 1839), pp. 351–356
1085:. E-Syria. 21 October 2009.
425:that followed the death of
352:National Museum of Damascus
10:
6080:
2253:Ziadeh, Nicole A. (1953).
2222:Palestine Exploration Fund
2006:Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan
857:
336:
302:
181:430 m (1,410 ft)
5918:
5813:
5750:al-Mashrafah al-Sharqiyah
5715:Ayn al-Tineh al-Sharqiyah
5698:
5555:Ayn al-Tineh al-Gharbiyah
5516:
5512:
5499:
5446:
5404:
5400:
5387:
5299:
5192:
5188:
5175:
4921:
4908:
4779:
4637:
4633:
4620:
4603:
4472:
4377:
4352:
4277:
4252:
4202:
4172:
3976:
3926:
3866:
3796:
3614:
3610:
3597:
2676:
2412:
2401:
2319:
2313:Cities and towns of Syria
2035:Cohen, Getzel M. (2006).
1227:(3). Routledge: 284–286.
992:(CBS). Homs Governorate.
872:May 2012 battle of Rastan
499:(351) and was counted by
461:Arethusa was a Christian
215:
198:
190:
185:
177:
167:
155:
143:
125:
90:
56:
44:
35:
21:
4974:al-Buwaydah al-Sharqiyah
2214:le Strange, Guy (1890),
2185:Middle East Record, 1961
2164:The Maronites in History
2125:. Taylor & Francis.
2119:Levick, Barbara (2007).
2056:Grube, Ernst J. (1978).
1393:Annuario Pontificio 2013
1008:' 2004 census are Homs (
651:decisively defeated the
647:under the leadership of
629:Muslim conquest of Syria
574:Giuseppe Simone Assemani
4887:Umm Tuwaynah al-Shamali
4846:Mushayrifah al-Qibliyah
4711:al-Mukharram al-Tahtani
4649:Al-Mukharram al-Fawqani
2077:Houtsma, M. H. (1987).
1982:Butcher, Kevin (2003).
1816:Syrian Arab News Agency
868:Battle of Rastan (2012)
864:Battle of Rastan (2011)
747:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
560:Proterius of Alexandria
467:First Council of Nicaea
387:First Council of Nicaea
5114:Samaqiyat al-Sharqiyah
5109:Samaqiyat al-Gharbiyah
4761:Umm al-Sarj al-Shamali
4584:al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah
4008:al-Dahiyah al-Umaliyah
3102:Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud
2548:al-Mukharram al-Foqani
2182:Oron, Yitzhak (1962).
1988:. Getty Publications.
1930:Batatu, Hanna (1999).
1724:Oweis, Khalid Yacoub.
1623:Oweis, Khalid Yacoub.
1603:Oweis, Khalid Yacoub.
1212:Alaric Watson (1999).
613:Syriac Catholic Church
354:
324:From the start of the
5029:Hawsh Murshid Sama'an
4661:Abu Hakfah al-Shamali
3693:Judaydat al-Sharqiyah
2167:. Gorgias Press LLC.
2161:Moosa, Matti (2005).
2140:Moosa, Matti (1987).
1888:Ajami, Fouad (2012).
1437:le Strange, 1890, p.
1314:Martyrologium Romanum
923:four days of fighting
783:architectural style.
627:'s forces during the
533:Apamea on the Orontes
349:
282:to the northwest and
217: • Summer (
4994:Daminah al-Gharbiyah
4989:Daminah al-Sharqiyah
4756:Umm al-Sarj al-Qibli
4656:Abu Hakfah al-Janubi
3432:al-Surah al-Saghirah
2199:. Psychology Press.
1891:The Syrian Rebellion
1641:Dagher, Sam (2019).
1555:Moosa, 1987, p. 282.
1513:Grube, 1978, p. 103.
1495:Ziadeh, 1953, p. 14.
1486:Ibn al-Athir, p. 34.
1149:Cohen, 2006, p. 202.
1138:Fountain of Arethusa
1118:Cohen, 2006, p. 101.
1095:Water for the Fields
844:United Arab Republic
755:Abu Yazid al-Bistami
552:Council of Chalcedon
518:Gregory of Nazianzus
5760:Khirbet al-Manqalah
5034:Hawsh al-Sayyid Ali
4811:Duwayr al-Sharqiyah
4806:Duwayr al-Gharbiyah
4043:Khirbet Tin Mahmoud
3277:Rasm Harmil al-Imam
2259:. Greenwood Press.
2220:, Committee of the
1748:The Daily Telegraph
1351:Moosa, 2005, p. 27.
1342:Moosa, 2005, p. 23.
1221:The Classical World
804:Khalid ibn al-Walid
749:, the 17th-century
639:. In early 945 the
633:Umar ibn al-Khattab
485:Julian the Apostate
330:Syrian Armed Forces
106: /
16:City in Homs, Syria
5506:Talkalakh District
5144:Tell al-Nabi Mando
4686:Buwaydat Salamiyah
4681:Buwaydat Rihaniyah
4627:Mukharram District
3823:Ayn Husayn Shamali
1789:AFP September 2015
1767:2012-05-12 at the
1712:Al Jazeera English
1371:2019-03-21 at the
1333:Moosa, 2005, p. 7.
1106:Britannica, p. 19.
839:in the 1950s–60s.
711:sultanate in Cairo
688:Raymond of Tripoli
556:Leo I the Thracian
507:. Research by the
363:Seleucus I Nicator
355:
274:to the northeast,
270:to the southeast,
191: • Total
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6027:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5159:Zita al-Gharbiyah
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4464:Zaafarinah Gharbi
3818:Ayn Husayn Gharbi
3648:al-Dar al-Kabirah
3550:
3549:
2892:al-Hajar al-Aswad
1951:Bey, Ali (1816).
1654:978-0-316-51830-7
1522:Sirriyeh, p. 128.
1468:Richards, p. 167.
1401:978-88-209-9070-1
1322:978-88-209-7210-3
788:Franco-Syrian War
657:Abu al-Misk Kafur
513:Roman Martyrology
365:, founder of the
229:
228:
110:34.917°N 36.733°E
82:Location in Syria
6071:
5615:Khirbet al-Jabab
5514:
5513:
5501:
5500:
5402:
5401:
5389:
5388:
5190:
5189:
5177:
5176:
4923:
4922:
4910:
4909:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4038:Khirbet al-Sawda
4028:Khirbet al-Hamam
3688:Judaydat al-Assi
3612:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3591:Homs Governorate
3589:
3588:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3397:al-Shaykh Maskin
3097:Khirbet Ghazaleh
2927:Harran al-Awamid
2518:Maarat al-Numaan
2513:Jisr ash-Shughur
2407:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2249:
2247:Telbisse Rastan.
2235:
2224:
2210:
2189:
2178:
2157:
2136:
2115:
2094:
2073:
2052:
2031:
2020:
1999:
1978:
1967:
1956:
1947:
1926:
1905:
1894:. Hoover Press.
1875:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1758:
1752:
1739:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1704:
1693:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1666:
1638:
1632:
1621:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:Walpole, p. 180.
1544:
1535:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1477:Houtsma, p. 466.
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1459:Breasted, p. 84.
1457:
1451:
1450:Houtsma, p. 676.
1448:
1442:
1435:
1424:
1410:
1404:
1390:
1384:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1311:
1305:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1273:Michel Lequien,
1271:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1251:. Archived from
1218:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1002:
996:
995:
983:
905:Free Syrian Army
882:Syrian Civil War
854:Syrian Civil War
572:sources such as
545:metropolitan see
497:Creed of Sirmium
439:Battle of Actium
367:Seleucid dynasty
326:Syrian Civil War
304:
244:Homs Governorate
241:
222:
136:
134:
133:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
72:
71:
65:
49:
30:
29:
19:
18:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6064:Emesene dynasty
6049:Cities in Syria
6039:
6038:
6037:
6024:
5920:
5914:
5815:
5809:
5700:
5694:
5518:
5508:
5487:
5448:
5442:
5406:
5396:
5394:Tadmur District
5375:
5371:al-Zaafaraniyah
5301:
5295:
5194:
5184:
5182:Rastan District
5163:
5054:Jusiyah al-Amar
4984:Dahiyat al-Majd
4927:
4917:
4915:Qusayr District
4896:
4821:Maksar al-Hisan
4801:Aliyat al-Alyan
4781:
4775:
4639:
4629:
4616:
4610:
4593:
4504:Ghawr Gharbiyah
4489:Karad Dayasinah
4474:
4468:
4379:
4373:
4354:
4348:
4279:
4273:
4254:
4248:
4204:
4198:
4174:
4168:
4070:(Khirbet Sawda)
3987:Khirbet Tin Nur
3978:
3977:Khirbet Tin Nur
3972:
3928:
3922:
3883:Fatim al-Arnouk
3868:
3862:
3798:
3792:
3616:
3606:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3551:
3546:
3402:Shayukh Tahtani
3392:Shaykh al-Hadid
3242:Qalaat al-Madiq
3112:Ma'arrat Misrin
3087:Kuwayris Sharqi
2672:
2638:al-Suqaylabiyah
2633:ash-Shaykh Badr
2408:
2399:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2273:
2267:
2207:
2175:
2154:
2133:
2112:
2091:
2070:
2049:
2017:
1996:
1966:. Ardent Media.
1944:
1923:
1902:
1883:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1769:Wayback Machine
1760:Abedine, Saad.
1759:
1755:
1741:Weiss, Michael.
1740:
1736:
1723:
1719:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1639:
1635:
1622:
1615:
1602:
1598:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:Batatu, p. 152.
1566:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1375:, p. 116;
1373:Wayback Machine
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1312:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1272:
1263:
1255:
1233:10.2307/4352566
1216:
1210:
1206:
1202:Butcher, p. 92.
1201:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:Butcher, p. 91.
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1003:
999:
993:
984:
975:
971:
951:
878:Bashar al-Assad
874:
858:Main articles:
856:
771:
696:Yaqut al-Hamawi
621:
601:Catholic Church
586:Maronite Church
537:Qalaat al-Madiq
472:In the time of
459:
423:Roman civil war
411:Sampsiceramus I
394:Emesani kingdom
344:
339:
264:al-Zaafaraniyah
216:
131:
129:
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
86:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
73:
52:
40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6077:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5704:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5650:al-Shabruniyah
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5580:Burj al-Maksur
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5510:
5509:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5398:
5397:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5305:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5266:Murayj al-Durr
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5186:
5185:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5014:al-Ghassaniyah
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4931:
4929:
4919:
4918:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4841:Muntar al-Abal
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4790:Jubb al-Jarrah
4785:
4783:
4780:Jubb al-Jarrah
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4631:
4630:
4618:
4617:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4159:Zayti al-Bahra
4156:
4151:
4149:Wujuh al-Hajar
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:Ayn al-Dananir
3810:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:al-Mukhtariyah
3715:
3713:al-Mubarakiyah
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3608:
3607:
3595:
3594:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:al-Sabe' Biyar
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:Mashta al-Helu
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Jubb al-Jarrah
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:al-Ghizlaniyah
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2250:
2245:. R. Bentley.
2236:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2137:
2132:978-0415331432
2131:
2116:
2111:978-0754640783
2110:
2095:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2030:. B. Fellowes.
2021:
2016:978-1615304141
2015:
2000:
1994:
1979:
1968:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1927:
1921:
1906:
1901:978-0817915063
1900:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1860:
1851:
1840:on 15 May 2018
1834:Al Masdar News
1821:
1818:. 16 May 2018.
1803:
1791:
1779:
1753:
1734:
1717:
1694:
1682:
1653:
1633:
1613:
1596:
1578:
1569:
1557:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1425:
1405:
1385:
1379:, p. 97;
1360:Konrad Eubel,
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1306:
1290:
1281:
1261:
1258:on 2020-02-18.
1204:
1192:
1190:Burton, p. 64.
1178:
1169:
1167:Levick, p. 12.
1160:
1151:
1142:
1129:
1120:
1108:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1056:
1045:
1032:
1015:2012-07-31 at
997:
972:
970:
967:
950:
947:
937:reported that
898:Hafez Makhlouf
855:
852:
829:Hafez al-Assad
818:French Mandate
770:
767:
763:Edward Pococke
666:In 1115 while
631:in 634, while
620:
617:
477:Constantius II
458:
455:
343:
340:
338:
335:
280:Deir al-Fardis
278:to the north,
272:Murayj al-Durr
262:to the south,
227:
226:
223:
213:
212:
202:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
127:
123:
122:
115:34.917; 36.733
88:
87:
81:
75:
74:
67:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
36:
33:
32:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6076:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:Jiwar al-Afas
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:Baydar Rafiah
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:al-Muqaabarat
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:Ish al-Shuhah
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5855:Duwair al-Lin
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5800:Umm al-Dawali
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:al-Bahluniyah
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5346:Saan al-Aswad
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:al-Makramiyah
5334:
5332:
5331:al-Hashimiyah
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:al-Farhaniyah
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:al-Ghasibiyah
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:al-Shumariyah
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5104:al-Sallumiyah
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:Rasm Humaydah
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4771:al-Uthmaniyah
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:Abu Khashabah
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Ayn Al-Fawwar
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:Jabab al-Zayt
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:al-Zurzuriyah
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
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4036:
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4033:Khirbet Hayek
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4026:
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4023:Khirbet Ghazi
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3903:Jubb al-Shami
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3778:al-Thabitiyah
3776:
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3773:Tell Zubaydah
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3532:al-Yaarubiyah
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3237:al-Qahtaniyah
3235:
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3212:al-Nashabiyah
3210:
3208:
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3197:al-Musayfirah
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2837:al-Darbasiyah
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2742:Assal al-Ward
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2692:Abu al-Thuhur
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2012:
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1576:Oron, p. 511.
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1199:
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1187:
1185:
1183:
1176:Levick, p. 8.
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1127:Levick, p. 7.
1124:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1063:Bar'el, Zvi.
1060:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:archive.today
1014:
1011:
1007:
1001:
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987:
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973:
966:
964:
963:Sunni Muslims
960:
956:
946:
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879:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Mustafa Tlass
821:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
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781:
776:
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669:
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658:
654:
650:
649:Sayf al-Dawla
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
616:
614:
610:
607:for both the
606:
605:a titular see
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
541:episcopal see
538:
534:
530:
529:Syria Secunda
526:
521:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:
474:Roman emperor
470:
468:
464:
457:Byzantine era
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Julius Caesar
424:
421:. During the
420:
416:
412:
409:
408:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
353:
348:
342:Classical era
334:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
315:Orontes River
312:
308:
307:al-Rastan Dam
300:
299:Ancient Greek
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
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224:
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197:
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146:
142:
139:
128:
124:
119:
91:Coordinates:
89:
64:
55:
48:
43:
39:
34:
20:
5945:Ain al-Raheb
5940:Ain al-Barda
5935:Amar al-Husn
5927:
5905:al-Shuwayhid
5840:Ain al-Ghara
5835:Ain al-Ajouz
5822:
5795:Tell al-Safa
5785:Qaz al-Khass
5745:al-Malikiyah
5707:
5575:Burj al-Arab
5550:Ayn al-Sawda
5526:
5525:
5455:
5438:Rasm al-Abid
5414:
5413:
5366:Umm Sharshuh
5356:Tell Jayurin
5308:
5286:al-Waza'iyah
5271:al-Qunaytrat
5203:
5202:
5201:
5124:al-Sawadiyah
5084:al-Nizariyah
5074:al-Nahariyah
5009:al-Fadeliyah
4949:al-Aqrabiyah
4935:
4934:
4866:Tall al-Qata
4788:
4766:Umm Tuwaynah
4741:Tell al-Ward
4731:Tell al-Ghar
4726:Shawkatliyah
4647:
4646:
4481:
4459:Uyun al-Wadi
4404:al-Diyabiyah
4386:
4361:
4286:
4263:Al-Qaryatayn
4261:
4229:al-Qanaqiyah
4211:
4181:
4164:Zawr Baqraya
4144:Umm Haratayn
4139:Umm al-Qasab
4134:Umm al-'Adam
4063:Marj al-Qata
3985:
3935:
3913:al-Sabuniyah
3875:
3848:al-Mushrifah
3843:al-Jabiriyah
3807:Ayn al-Niser
3805:
3797:Ayn al-Niser
3768:Tell al-Shur
3763:Tell al-Naqa
3663:Hubub al-Rih
3624:
3623:
3527:Wadi al-Oyun
3367:al-Shaddadah
3252:al-Qaryatayn
3202:al-Mushannaf
3002:al-Jawadiyah
2982:al-Janudiyah
2962:Ibbin Samaan
2907:al-Hamidiyah
2797:Bir al-Helou
2782:Barri Sharqi
2752:Ayn al-Fijah
2678:Sub-district
2597:
2593:Ra's al-'Ayn
2523:al-Malikiyah
2255:
2246:
2241:
2230:
2216:
2195:
2184:
2163:
2142:
2121:
2100:
2079:
2058:
2037:
2026:
2005:
1984:
1973:
1962:
1952:
1932:
1911:
1890:
1881:Bibliography
1863:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:the original
1824:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1772:
1756:
1746:
1737:
1720:
1710:
1647:. New York.
1643:
1636:
1599:
1589:
1581:
1572:
1551:
1534:Bey, p. 290.
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1408:
1392:
1388:
1383:, p. 98
1361:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1299:John Brown,
1293:
1275:
1253:the original
1224:
1220:
1207:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1132:
1123:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1068:
1059:
1048:
1035:
1000:
952:
949:Demographics
944:
927:
912:
902:
890:Ba'ath Party
875:
841:
822:
812:in the late
807:
796:Sunni Muslim
792:Saleh al-Ali
785:
778:
772:
743:caravanserai
736:
715:major battle
700:
665:
655:army led by
622:
609:Latin Church
590:
582:patron saint
568:
549:
535:(modern-day
522:
471:
460:
419:Iamblichus I
405:
398:Roman Empire
391:
356:
323:
294:
292:
268:al-Mashrafah
231:
230:
6000:al-Mishtaya
5995:Mashta Azar
5921:Subdistrict
5900:Qal al-Saqa
5816:Subdistrict
5701:Subdistrict
5680:Tell Sarrin
5590:Hajar Abyad
5540:al-Amariyah
5519:Subdistrict
5483:al-Tuwaynat
5449:Subdistrict
5407:Subdistrict
5341:al-Qanniyah
5302:Subdistrict
5211:Abu Hamamah
5195:Subdistrict
5129:al-Shayahat
5089:al-Qurniyah
5064:al-Masriyah
4928:Subdistrict
4816:Ghuzayliyah
4782:Subdistrict
4746:Umm al-Amad
4736:Tell Shinan
4701:al-Junaynat
4671:Bab al-Hawa
4640:Subdistrict
4529:al-Humaymah
4475:Subdistrict
4434:al-Mahfurah
4380:Subdistrict
4355:Subdistrict
4304:al-Aziziyah
4280:Subdistrict
4255:Subdistrict
4205:Subdistrict
4189:al-Ghunthir
4175:Subdistrict
4013:al-Faysiyah
3979:Subdistrict
3963:al-Ma'murah
3929:Subdistrict
3908:al-Nasriyah
3898:Jabab Hamad
3869:Subdistrict
3799:Subdistrict
3753:Teir Maalah
3673:al-Hurriyah
3617:Subdistrict
3497:Tell Salhab
3492:Tell Rifaat
3292:al-Ruhaybah
3177:al-Masmiyah
3152:al-Mansurah
3012:Jubb Ramlah
2992:al-Jarniyah
2872:al-Ghariyah
2842:Deir Atiyah
2767:Ayn al-Nasr
2757:Ayn Halaqim
2623:al-Sanamayn
2588:al-Qutayfah
2443:Ayn al-Arab
2385:Rif Dimashq
2345:Deir ez-Zor
2321:Governorate
1043:. Mapcarta.
1029:(in Arabic)
994:(in Arabic)
909:Syrian Army
786:During the
723:Mongol army
619:Islamic era
566:(680–681).
525:Coele-Syria
509:Bollandists
431:Mark Antony
169:Subdistrict
145:Governorate
113: /
6043:Categories
5929:Al-Nasirah
5880:al-Mazraah
5735:Dardariyah
5675:Tell Hawsh
5605:Jaafariyat
5600:Hasrajiyah
5570:Bayt Qarin
5457:Al-Sukhnah
5433:al-Bi'arat
5361:al-Thawrah
5241:Izz al-Din
5149:Wadi Hanna
5059:Kafr Mousa
5044:Husseiniya
4969:Burhaniyah
4881:Umm al-Rif
4721:al-Sankari
4696:Jubb Abbas
4676:al-Batamah
4579:Tell Dahab
4519:al-Hashmah
4244:al-Shinyah
4239:Sharqliyya
4104:Ram al-Anz
4058:Marj Bulad
3838:Humaydiyah
3758:Tell Ahmar
3728:al-Naqirah
3643:Ashrafiyah
3542:az-Ziyarah
3502:Tell Tamer
3487:Tell Hamis
3472:al-Tamanah
3452:al-Sukhnah
3372:al-Shajara
3317:al-Sabkhah
3257:al-Qurayya
3217:al-Nasirah
3147:al-Malihah
3067:al-Khafsah
3052:al-Karamah
3032:Kafr Batna
2922:Harbnafsah
2827:Darat Izza
2737:al-Asharah
2722:al-Arishah
2687:Abu Qilqil
2658:al-Thawrah
2653:Tell Abyad
2468:Dayr Hafir
2390:as-Suwayda
2355:al-Hasakah
2206:0415341655
2174:1593331827
2153:0815624115
2090:9004082654
2062:. Morrow.
2048:0520241487
1995:0892367156
1943:0691002541
1922:0521522900
1663:1041615345
1417:Abu'l Fida
1041:Rastan Map
969:References
914:Al Jazeera
837:Arab world
769:Modern era
741:rule, the
731:Abu'l-Fida
676:Diyarbakır
625:Abu Ubaida
597:Latin Rite
321:quarries.
309:, a major
186:Population
6005:Qalatiyah
5990:Marmarita
5970:Jankamrah
5965:Habnamrah
5875:Juwaniyat
5824:Al-Hawash
5805:Umm Jamah
5790:Rihaniyah
5775:Na'isiyah
5770:Marasiyah
5765:Lawaybdah
5720:Barudiyah
5665:Sindiyana
5660:Shamsiyah
5645:al-Shabaq
5585:Dabousieh
5528:Talkalakh
5517:Talkalakh
5478:al-Taybah
5326:al-Ghantu
5261:al-Manara
5236:Gharnatah
5204:Al-Rastan
5099:al-Sakher
5049:Jubaniyah
5004:Diyabiyah
4979:al-Dabaah
4937:Al-Qusayr
4883:(al-Rish)
4836:Mughayzil
4831:Masudiyah
4796:Abu Qatur
4751:Umm Jabab
4691:al-Haraki
4638:Mukharram
4539:Kafr Laha
4499:Burj Qa'i
4444:Muta'arid
4419:al-Jabbat
4339:al-Rawdah
4334:al-Nuzhah
4329:al-Manzul
4324:al-Madaba
4314:al-Hamrat
4309:Dardaghan
4288:Al-Riqama
4253:Qaryatayn
4109:Ram Jabal
4099:al-Rabwah
4074:al-Mazraa
4068:Mashahdah
4018:Ghuzaylah
3958:al-Kashaf
3918:al-Sayyid
3888:al-Hazzah
3743:al-Riyadh
3738:al-Rayyan
3723:al-Najmah
3698:Kafr Abed
3658:Fairouzeh
3537:al-Zirbah
3517:Uqayribat
3287:al-Riqama
3232:al-Qadmus
3182:al-Mazraa
3107:al-Kiswah
3057:al-Kasrah
3047:Kafr Zita
3037:Kafr Nabl
2957:al-Huwash
2912:al-Hamraa
2867:Ghandoura
2862:Ghabaghib
2852:al-Dumayr
2787:Beit Jinn
2717:al-Ariqah
2643:Talkalakh
2613:Salamiyah
2603:as-Safira
2598:al-Rastan
2583:al-Qusayr
2508:Jarabulus
2488:al-Haffah
2478:Duraykish
2423:Abu Kamal
2083:. BRILL.
1671:cite book
1403:), p. 838
1324:), p. 198
1249:153920517
896:, led by
833:Nasserist
820:periods.
800:Banu 'Abs
775:husbandry
727:Ilkhanate
653:Ikhshidid
645:Hamdanids
501:Tillemont
489:Theodoret
463:bishopric
375:Macedonia
319:marlstone
260:al-Ghantu
232:Al-Rastan
200:Time zone
178:Elevation
173:Al-Rastan
162:Al-Rastan
76:Al-Rastan
23:Al-Rastan
6020:Zweitina
6015:Tannurin
6010:Qurb Ali
5885:Mizyeneh
5740:Haratayn
5690:Zanbiyah
5685:al-Zarah
5640:Qumayrah
5635:Qurayyat
5620:Masyadah
5473:al-Kadir
5428:al-Bayda
5351:al-Sabil
5316:Deir Ful
5310:Talbiseh
5300:Talbiseh
5291:Zamaymer
5251:Kafr Nan
5216:Asiliyah
5139:Shinshar
5119:Saqrajah
5024:al-Hawik
5019:al-Hamam
4944:Abu Juri
4826:Masaadah
4559:Mujaydil
4554:Maryamin
4544:Kafr Ram
4429:Juwaykat
4369:al-Hafar
4194:Huwwarin
4129:Tannunah
4048:Kunaysah
4003:Bataysah
3998:Balqasah
3788:Zhuriyah
3733:Qattinah
3708:Maskanah
3703:Kafr Aya
3638:Abu Dali
3462:Talbiseh
3457:al-Tabni
3447:al-Susah
3437:al-Suwar
3417:Sirghaya
3332:Saidnaya
3307:Sabburah
3262:Qurqania
3207:Muzayrib
3187:Muhambal
3172:Maskanah
3127:Maaloula
3117:Maabatli
3092:Khanaser
3017:Jindires
2987:Jaramana
2977:al-Jalaa
2952:Huraytan
2932:al-Hirak
2897:al-Hajib
2882:al-Hader
2847:al-Dimas
2812:Busayrah
2762:Ayn Issa
2697:Akhtarin
2668:Zabadani
2563:Qamishli
2414:District
2375:Quneitra
2335:Damascus
1765:Archived
1591:BBC News
1413:Istakhri
1369:Archived
1013:Archived
886:Talbiseh
661:Damascus
611:and the
593:Crusades
570:Lebanese
447:Aurelian
435:Octavian
433:against
407:phylarch
371:Arethusa
303:Ἀρέθουσα
295:Arethusa
286:and the
284:Kafr Nan
256:Talbiseh
157:District
5960:Daghlah
5950:Bahzina
5919:Nasirah
5860:al-Husn
5780:Na'urah
5755:Khansaa
5730:Baznaya
5709:Hadidah
5699:Hadidah
5670:Samikah
5655:Shalluh
5610:Kafrish
5468:al-Kawm
5447:Sukhnah
5079:al-Naim
5039:al-Houz
4964:Baluzah
4871:Tarfawi
4706:Khilfah
4569:Samalil
4549:Mahnaya
4534:Jurnaya
4509:Hadatha
4454:Suwayri
4439:Muranah
4424:Jablaya
4409:Hadiyah
4344:Shayrat
4213:Al-Qabu
4119:Shalluh
4084:Nuwayha
4053:Liftaya
3968:Shamsin
3893:Hulayah
3877:Furqlus
3867:Furqlus
3858:Waridah
3853:Talamri
3678:Jawalik
3653:Fahilah
3422:Slinfah
3387:Shathah
3382:Sharran
3342:Saraqib
3327:Sahnaya
3297:al-Saan
3192:Muhasan
3162:Markada
3077:Khasham
3027:al-Qabu
3022:al-Jiza
2947:al-Hawl
2917:Harasta
2887:Hadidah
2857:Furqlus
2832:Darkush
2822:al-Dana
2792:Binnish
2772:Babbila
2727:Armanaz
2680:centres
2663:Yabroud
2648:al-Tall
2618:Salkhad
2578:Qudsaya
2568:Qardaha
2558:Palmyra
2553:an-Nabk
2543:Mhardeh
2538:Mayadin
2463:Darayya
2458:Baniyas
2416:centres
2370:Latakia
2323:centres
1872:Reuters
1730:Reuters
1629:Reuters
1609:Reuters
1241:4352566
1070:Haaretz
1010:652,609
959:Reuters
930:clashes
919:Shabiha
894:assault
814:Ottoman
809:mukhtar
739:Ottoman
725:of the
719:Qalawun
703:Mamluks
692:Ayyubid
684:Saladin
672:Ilghazi
668:Artukid
643:-based
591:In the
584:of the
539:). The
493:Sozomen
451:Zenobia
337:History
313:on the
126:Country
101:36°44′E
98:34°55′N
5910:Tallah
5895:Muqlus
5845:Ballat
5814:Hawash
5630:Qanuta
5625:Naarah
5565:Baruha
5545:Aridah
5535:Akkari
5416:Tadmur
5405:Tadmur
5281:Tasnin
5276:Sulaym
5256:Kissin
5246:Hameis
5226:Dalfin
5221:Ballan
5193:Rastan
5154:Zira'a
5094:Rablah
4999:Dibbin
4954:Arjoun
4926:Qusayr
4861:Taladi
4589:Zaybaq
4574:Sinsil
4524:Haysah
4514:Harqal
4494:Arqaya
4483:Taldou
4473:Taldou
4399:Bahhur
4278:Riqama
4114:Sannun
4089:Qazhal
3953:Jandar
3943:Bureij
3937:Hisyah
3927:Hisyah
3833:Burzah
3783:Zaidal
3748:Sakrah
3683:Jawbar
3668:Halmuz
3512:Thiban
3467:Taldou
3412:Sinjar
3377:Shaqqa
3357:Sawran
3352:Sarrin
3347:Sarmin
3337:Salqin
3302:Saasaa
3282:al-Rai
3272:Rankus
3132:Madaya
3122:Maadan
3082:Kirnaz
3062:Kessab
2972:Jayrud
2942:Hisyah
2807:Bulbul
2707:Arbeen
2628:Shahba
2608:Safita
2573:Qatana
2533:Masyaf
2528:Manbij
2503:Jableh
2453:al-Bab
2438:Atarib
2433:Arihah
2395:Tartus
2330:Aleppo
2263:
2203:
2171:
2150:
2129:
2108:
2087:
2066:
2045:
2013:
1992:
1940:
1919:
1898:
1844:15 May
1661:
1651:
1399:
1381:vol. 6
1377:vol. 5
1366:vol. 3
1320:
1247:
1239:
1025:51,323
1021:Tadmur
1019:) and
870:, and
759:Bistam
707:region
680:Seljuk
670:ruler
641:Aleppo
637:caliph
580:, the
503:as an
415:Pompey
402:Strabo
383:Syriac
379:Sicily
359:Appian
240:الرستن
236:Arabic
194:39,834
135:
28:الرستن
5985:Kimah
5980:Kafra
5870:Inata
5850:Bisas
5725:Bayun
5595:Halat
5463:Karim
5069:Mudan
4959:Akkum
4892:Usmud
4876:Tawil
4856:Shiha
4564:Rafin
4414:Hasur
4363:Sadad
4353:Sadad
4294:Alyat
4269:Tiyas
4234:Rabah
4224:Fahil
4219:Autan
4183:Mahin
4173:Mahin
4124:Tarin
4094:Qebbi
3993:Aysun
3948:Dibeh
3828:Baddu
3507:Tedef
3477:Tasil
3442:Suran
3427:Suluk
3362:Sebei
3322:Sadad
3247:Qarah
3157:Mare'
3142:Malah
3137:Mahin
2997:Jasim
2967:Ihsim
2902:Hajin
2817:Da'el
2802:Bosra
2777:Banan
2732:Arwad
2712:Arima
2702:Amuda
2498:Izra'
2493:Harem
2473:Douma
2428:Afrin
2380:Raqqa
2365:Idlib
2340:Daraa
1423:–520.
1256:(PDF)
1245:S2CID
1237:JSTOR
1217:(PDF)
848:Egypt
846:with
780:ablaq
578:Maron
505:Arian
481:pagan
443:Emesa
288:Houla
276:Tumin
205:UTC+2
138:Syria
5830:Anaz
5423:Arak
4716:Nawa
4449:Sufr
4388:Shin
4378:Shin
4299:Awar
4203:Qabu
3633:Abil
3626:Homs
3615:Homs
3407:Shin
3267:Rajo
3227:Nubl
3222:Nawa
2937:Hish
2448:Azaz
2360:Homs
2350:Hama
2261:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1846:2018
1677:link
1659:OCLC
1649:ISBN
1415:and
1397:ISBN
1318:ISBN
939:ISIS
816:and
751:Sufi
701:The
635:was
491:and
266:and
258:and
252:Hama
248:Homs
150:Homs
38:City
4079:Nur
2747:Awj
2483:Fiq
1774:CNN
1439:520
1421:519
1229:doi
1027:).
603:as
373:in
311:dam
219:DST
209:EET
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