357:
334:
686:
662:-dependent sarpagan bridge enzymes (SBE); to make polyneuridine aldehyde. Of the sarpagan-type alkaloids, polyneuridine is a key entry into the ajmalan-type alkaloids. Polyneuridine Aldehyde is methylated by polyneuridine aldehydeesterase (PNAE), to synthesize 16-epi-vellosimine, which is acetylated to vinorine by vinorine synthase (VS). Vinorine is oxidized by vinorine hydroxylase (VH) to make vomilenine. Vomilenine reductase (VR) conducts a reduction of vomilenine to 1,2-dihydrovomilenine, using the cofactor
38:
731:
29:
673:
666:. 1,2-dihydrovomilenine, is reduced by 1,2-dihydrovomilenine reductase (DHVR) to 17-O-acetylnorajmaline, with the same cofactor as VR: NADPH. 17-O-acetylnorajmaline is deacetylated by acetylajmalan esterase (AAE), to form norajmaline. Finally, norajmaline methyl transferase (NAMT) methylates norajmaline resulting in our desired compound: ajmaline.
1198:"Systematic Review for the 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society"
721:
to become longer. Slower depolarization or repolarization results in a lengthened QT interval (the refractory period), and therefore makes it take more time for the membrane potential to get below the threshold level so the action potential can be re-fired. Even if another stimulus is present,
761:
may be seen regularly, often the abnormal pattern is only seen spontaneously due to unknown triggers or after challenged by particular drugs. Ajmaline is used intravenously to test for
Brugada syndrome since they both affect the sodium ion channel. In an afflicted person who was induced with
712:
occurs more slowly because it is harder for potassium to get out due to less unblocked channels, therefore making the RS interval longer. Ajmaline also prolongs the QR interval since it can also act as sodium channel blocker, therefore making it take longer for the membrane to
868:
Hinse C, Stƶckigt J (July 2000). "The structure of the ring-opened N beta-propyl-ajmaline (Neo-Gilurytmal) at physiological pH is obviously responsible for its better absorption and bioavailability when compared with ajmaline (Gilurytmal)".
722:
action potential cannot occur again until after complete repolarization. Ajmaline causes action potentials to be prolonged, therefore slowing down firing of the conducting myocytes which ultimately slows the beating of the heart.
426:
766:
above the baseline. Due to complications that could arise with the ajmaline challenge, a specialized doctor should perform the administration in a specialized center capable of extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support.
1278:
Ciconte G, Monasky MM, Vicedomini G, Borrelli V, Giannelli L, Pappone C (October 2019). "Unusual response to ajmaline test in
Brugada syndrome patient leads to extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support".
1112:
Kiesecker C, Zitron E, LĆ¼ck S, Bloehs R, Scholz EP, Kathƶfer S, et al. (December 2004). "Class Ia anti-arrhythmic drug ajmaline blocks HERG potassium channels: mode of action".
468:
InChI=1S/C20H26N2O2/c1-3-10-11-8-14-17-20(12-6-4-5-7-13(12)21(17)2)9-15(16(11)18(20)23)22(14)19(10)24/h4-7,10-11,14-19,23-24H,3,8-9H2,1-2H3/t10-,11+,14-,15-,16?,17-,18+,19+,20+/m0/s1
5016:
4967:
3732:
3577:
2528:
78:
2399:
4849:
4844:
4834:
734:(A) Normal electrocardiogram pattern in the precordial leads, (B) changes in Brugada syndrome. The arrow indicates the characteristic elevated ST segment.
4784:
4073:
2457:
2452:
704:(human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene) potassium ion channel. In both cases, Ajmaline causes the action potential to become longer and ultimately leads to
484:
2523:
2409:
2119:
2059:
1964:
1052:
Wu F, KerÄmar P, Zhang C, Stƶckigt J (2015). "Sarpagan-Ajmalan-Type
Indoles: Biosynthesis, Structural Biology, and Chemo-Enzymatic Significance".
1017:
Wu F, KerÄmar P, Zhang C, Stƶckigt J (2015). "Sarpagan-Ajmalan-Type
Indoles: Biosynthesis, Structural Biology, and Chemo-Enzymatic Significance".
947:
Wu F, KerÄmar P, Zhang C, Stƶckigt J (2015). "Sarpagan-Ajmalan-Type
Indoles: Biosynthesis, Structural Biology, and Chemo-Enzymatic Significance".
1332:
528:. Individuals suffering from Brugada syndrome will be more susceptible to the arrhythmogenic effects of the drug, and this can be observed on an
4918:
3539:
2284:
2229:
2224:
2189:
4400:
4163:
4093:
3022:
2879:
2754:
2498:
2346:
2309:
2209:
2204:
2104:
2089:
2084:
2049:
581:
species have also been found in tropical regions of India, Africa, South
America, and some oceanic islands. Other indole alkaloids found in
60:
820:
3719:
3142:
3117:
3032:
2679:
2669:
2259:
2249:
2219:
2214:
2179:
2134:
2079:
2069:
2064:
440:
622:(trade name Neo-gilurythmal) was developed that induces similar effects to its predecessor but has better bioavailability and absorption.
4602:
3724:
3704:
3689:
3659:
3077:
2987:
2419:
2324:
2314:
2294:
2274:
2254:
663:
4638:
4395:
4390:
4375:
3679:
2593:
2376:
3127:
3107:
2503:
2483:
4420:
3742:
3391:
2488:
4658:
2611:
650:. Secologanin is introduced from the triose phosphate/pyruvate pathway. Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) remodels tryptophan into
2508:
2434:
5036:
4953:
3443:
1908:
3883:
3861:
1957:
1783:
3756:
1325:
762:
ajmaline, the electrocardiogram would show the characteristic pattern of the syndrome where the ST segment is abnormally
4685:
1990:
1087:
913:
460:
700:
of the heart by blocking sodium ion channels, but it has also been noted that it is also able to interfere with the
491:
5066:
5056:
2955:
1925:
854:
754:
1155:
Hedley PL, JĆørgensen P, Schlamowitz S, Moolman-Smook J, Kanters JK, Corfield VA, Christiansen M (September 2009).
3646:
3466:
1950:
111:
5046:
5041:
1318:
697:
5071:
4213:
3943:
1544:
5012:
1686:
1681:
1632:
1627:
1549:
1491:
1438:
1383:
1379:
655:
352:
253:
1826:
1363:
302:
5061:
4992:
313:
4978:
4552:
3875:
3773:
3457:
2969:
1553:
4880:
4798:
4699:
4616:
4485:
3908:
3805:
3637:
3406:
750:
329:
5076:
4826:
4762:
4098:
2004:
1913:
1664:
1636:
1239:"The ajmaline challenge in Brugada syndrome: diagnostic impact, safety, and recommended protocol"
1196:
Kusumoto FM, Bailey KR, Chaouki AS, Deshmukh AJ, Gautam S, Kim RJ, et al. (September 2018).
830:
757:
in young, otherwise healthy people. While the characteristic patterns of
Brugada syndrome on an
50:
982:
Turpin V, et al. (2020). "Biosynthetically
Relevant Reactivity of Polyneuridine Aldehyde".
4630:
4566:
3957:
2923:
2914:
2478:
2465:
2447:
2389:
2013:
1368:
630:
Ajmaline is widely dispersed among 25 plant genera, but is of significant concentration in the
242:
5051:
4594:
4495:
1794:
1751:
797:
594:
540:
4188:
2719:
2654:
2634:
1341:
545:
521:
262:
689:
Schematic diagram of normal sinus rhythm for a human heart as seen on an electrocardiogram
177:
8:
4839:
2977:
2381:
1672:
1448:
800:, Siddiqui RH (1931). "Chemical examination of the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth".
776:
607:
573:
168:
356:
333:
3249:
3244:
3147:
2854:
2624:
1812:
1237:
Rolf S, Bruns HJ, Wichter T, Kirchhof P, Ribbing M, Wasmer K, et al. (June 2003).
1137:
999:
924:
1255:
1238:
4898:
4509:
4183:
3827:
3699:
2946:
2839:
1973:
1296:
1260:
1219:
1178:
1129:
1069:
1034:
1003:
964:
929:
909:
878:
758:
529:
1141:
658:
to form strictosidine from tryptamine and secologanin. Strictosidine is oxidized by
524:. It is often used to induce arrhythmic contraction in patients suspected of having
70:
4676:
4173:
4088:
3888:
3607:
3396:
2734:
1402:
1288:
1250:
1209:
1168:
1121:
1061:
1026:
991:
956:
919:
901:
825:
738:
718:
554:
525:
369:
91:
741:
is a genetic disease that can result in mutations in the sodium ion channel (gene
202:
159:)- 13-ethyl- 8-methyl- 8,15-diazahexacyclo nonadeca- 2(7),3,5-triene- 14,18-diol
4928:
4923:
4893:
4722:
4717:
4320:
4285:
4275:
4240:
3847:
3822:
3289:
2982:
2864:
2019:
1981:
1872:
1863:
1354:
1214:
1197:
1065:
1030:
960:
905:
659:
615:
1345:
4903:
4859:
4450:
4350:
4260:
3934:
3790:
3733:
3578:
3534:
3489:
3234:
3224:
2844:
2764:
2361:
2264:
1919:
1768:
1310:
714:
709:
2394:
1989:
1292:
1125:
37:
5030:
4913:
4806:
4752:
4737:
4523:
4460:
4193:
4138:
4133:
4123:
4078:
3898:
3832:
3684:
3494:
3479:
3324:
3017:
2899:
2739:
2619:
2598:
2573:
2493:
2114:
2109:
635:
533:
345:
4785:
4533:
4445:
4435:
4345:
4280:
4178:
4108:
4043:
4033:
3988:
3612:
3597:
3544:
3499:
3354:
3309:
3294:
3284:
3269:
3209:
2849:
2829:
2769:
2319:
2174:
2034:
1803:
1690:
1417:
1397:
1300:
1264:
1223:
1182:
1133:
1073:
1038:
995:
968:
933:
882:
763:
598:
86:
4584:
4538:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4330:
4315:
4310:
4265:
4244:
4236:
4148:
4143:
4128:
4113:
4048:
3993:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3529:
3514:
3504:
3484:
3386:
3369:
3359:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3304:
3279:
3274:
3254:
3239:
3204:
3189:
3152:
3087:
3047:
3037:
2894:
2889:
2874:
2859:
2799:
2664:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2424:
2371:
2366:
2351:
2194:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2044:
2039:
2029:
1942:
1773:
1709:
1617:
1587:
1530:
1515:
705:
647:
631:
611:, ajmaline is mainly isolated from the stem bark and roots of the plant.
20:
222:
4888:
4816:
4811:
4747:
4742:
4732:
4727:
4707:
4528:
4517:
4513:
4480:
4365:
4360:
4335:
4325:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4231:
4221:
4203:
4198:
4168:
4158:
4118:
4083:
4038:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4003:
3968:
3893:
3837:
3814:
3782:
3709:
3669:
3627:
3617:
3592:
3564:
3524:
3509:
3429:
3424:
3364:
3344:
3329:
3319:
3184:
3174:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3042:
2997:
2992:
2904:
2884:
2824:
2814:
2744:
2724:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2674:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2553:
2533:
2513:
2439:
2429:
2414:
2404:
2356:
2304:
2239:
2164:
2154:
2144:
2124:
2099:
2094:
2074:
2054:
2024:
1834:
1739:
1719:
1602:
1582:
1577:
1562:
1525:
1520:
1510:
1505:
1473:
1412:
1173:
1156:
1154:
651:
643:
619:
590:
562:
402:
233:
4908:
4854:
4770:
4653:
4643:
4574:
4503:
4465:
4440:
4430:
4355:
4305:
4250:
4226:
4153:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4013:
4008:
3998:
3983:
3842:
3714:
3694:
3674:
3664:
3622:
3602:
3519:
3314:
3229:
3219:
3199:
3137:
3122:
3112:
3072:
3057:
3027:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2928:
2869:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2789:
2779:
2759:
2749:
2729:
2704:
2334:
2299:
2279:
2244:
2234:
2199:
2184:
1880:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1808:
1763:
1734:
1650:
1645:
1612:
1597:
1572:
1567:
1500:
1478:
1468:
1454:
1427:
1422:
1407:
730:
602:
586:
567:
188:
64:
685:
4579:
4385:
4380:
4340:
4255:
4103:
3916:
3299:
3264:
2784:
2714:
2684:
2644:
2538:
2329:
2289:
2269:
1798:
1724:
1704:
821:"Salimuzzaman Siddiqui: pioneer of scientific research in Pakistan"
746:
639:
517:
282:
213:
425:
4648:
4470:
4270:
3795:
3194:
3132:
2794:
2774:
2470:
2341:
1890:
1885:
1816:
1729:
1699:
1667:
1607:
1462:
1088:"Ajmaleen 54 | Unani Medicine for High blood Pressure | Ajmal.pk"
1277:
896:
Namjoshi OA, Cook JM (2016). "Sarpagine and
Related Alkaloids".
4474:
3738:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3587:
3583:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3259:
3179:
3062:
3052:
2834:
2603:
1592:
293:
4954:
3444:
3214:
3067:
1195:
742:
558:
416:
3862:
1362:
318:
4790:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
4712:
3757:
3415:
3377:
3160:
701:
672:
273:
28:
4686:
1991:
1157:"The genetic basis of Brugada syndrome: a mutation update"
851:
Alkaloids: Biochemistry, Ecology, and
Medical applications
1111:
2956:
1236:
3647:
3467:
717:
in the first case. In both cases, ajmaline causes the
1051:
1016:
946:
618:
of ajmaline, a semisynthetic propyl derivative called
605:. While 86 alkaloids have been discovered throughout
3944:
565:. Ajmaline can be found in most species of the genus
4979:
4553:
5028:
4617:
1340:
1148:
796:
725:
201:
5017:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
753:and potentially death. It is a major cause of
696:Ajmaline was first discovered to lengthen the
557:, one of the most illustrious practitioners of
176:
1114:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
861:
749:in the heart. Brugada syndrome can result in
4959:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
3449:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
1958:
1871:
1326:
867:
3867:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
895:
3765:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
848:
844:
842:
840:
4691:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
2983:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
1996:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
1972:
1965:
1951:
1333:
1319:
355:
332:
241:
36:
27:
1254:
1230:
1213:
1172:
923:
708:. When ajmaline reversibly blocks hERG,
261:
2961:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
837:
818:
729:
684:
671:
3655:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
3475:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
812:
654:. Strictosidine synthase (STR), uses a
646:and a terpenoid from iridoid glucoside
328:
221:
5029:
981:
680:
346:
3949:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
1946:
1314:
984:European Journal of Organic Chemistry
301:
69:
3884:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1105:
1054:The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Biology
1019:The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Biology
949:The Alkaloids. Chemistry and Biology
898:The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology
448:CC15C4N(1O)6C3(c2ccccc2N(C)34)(O)C56
90:
2978:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
539:The compound was first isolated by
281:
192:
13:
577:. In addition to Southeast Asia,
14:
5088:
4984:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
4558:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
900:. Vol. 76. pp. 63ā169.
779:(1920ā2001) German medical doctor
4622:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
1045:
1010:
975:
940:
889:
386:
380:
1271:
1189:
1080:
755:sudden unexpected cardiac death
625:
473:Key:CJDRUOGAGYHKKD-SXKXKDIKSA-N
2440:Ziconotide (Ļ-conotoxin MVIIA)
790:
392:
374:
1:
5013:Receptor/signaling modulators
2415:Leconotide (Ļ-conotoxin CVID)
1256:10.1016/s0195-668x(03)00195-7
819:Sandilvi AN (12 April 2003).
783:
726:Diagnosis of Brugada syndrome
642:, composed of an indole from
5037:Alkaloids found in Rauvolfia
1215:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000550
1066:10.1016/bs.alkal.2015.10.001
1031:10.1016/bs.alkal.2015.10.001
961:10.1016/bs.alkal.2015.10.001
906:10.1016/bs.alkal.2015.08.002
520:that is classified as a 1-A
55:Gilurytmal, Ritmos, Aritmina
7:
849:Roberts MF, Wink M (1998).
770:
543:in 1931 from the roots of
504:(also known by trade names
10:
5093:
3976:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
1092:Dawakhana Hakim Ajmal Khan
364:Chemical and physical data
5006:
4977:
4952:
4945:
4879:
4872:
4825:
4797:
4783:
4761:
4698:
4684:
4675:
4629:
4615:
4593:
4565:
4551:
4494:
4486:Tricyclic antidepressants
3956:
3942:
3933:
3907:
3874:
3860:
3804:
3772:
3755:
3636:
3495:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
3456:
3442:
3405:
2968:
2954:
2945:
2913:
2003:
1980:
1903:
1862:
1825:
1782:
1750:
1680:
1663:
1626:
1543:
1489:
1436:
1377:
1353:
1126:10.1007/s00210-004-0976-8
481:
456:
436:
414:
401:
368:
363:
344:
312:
292:
272:
252:
232:
212:
187:
167:
107:
102:
77:
59:
49:
44:
35:
26:
751:ventricular fibrillation
656:PictetāSpengler reaction
71:International Drug Names
5067:Sodium channel blockers
5057:Quinolizidine alkaloids
4099:Eslicarbazepine acetate
1293:10.1093/europace/euz139
634:family. Ajmaline is a
3843:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
1974:Ion channel modulators
1243:European Heart Journal
996:10.1002/ejoc.202000963
735:
693:
677:
5047:Diagnostic cardiology
5042:Antiarrhythmic agents
2200:Ryodipine (riodipine)
1795:muscarinic antagonist
1342:Antiarrhythmic agents
733:
688:
676:Ajmaline Biosynthesis
675:
541:Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
5072:Tryptamine alkaloids
4189:Valproate semisodium
2720:Carboxyamidotriazole
2655:Gabapentin enacarbil
2635:Arbaclofen placarbil
546:Rauvolfia serpentina
522:antiarrhythmic agent
127:)-ajmalan-17,21-diol
4840:1,10-Phenanthroline
3397:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
2382:Tetrahydropalmatine
1637:Ca channel blockers
1369:Na channel blockers
802:J. Indian Chem. Soc
777:Hellmuth Kleinsorge
681:Mechanism of action
608:Rauvolfia vomitoria
574:Catharanthus roseus
23:
5062:Secondary alcohols
4850:7,8-Benzoquinoline
4845:4,7-Phenanthroline
4835:1,7-Phenanthroline
4211:Local anesthetics:
3743:ML-297 (VU0456810)
3250:Diallyl trisulfide
3245:Dextropropoxyphene
3148:Tetraethylammonium
2855:Pinaverium bromide
2625:4-Methylpregabalin
1930:Never to phase III
1813:muscarinic agonist
1554:K channel blockers
1174:10.1002/humu.21066
736:
694:
678:
19:
5024:
5023:
5002:
5001:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4899:Meclofenamic acid
4868:
4867:
4779:
4778:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4611:
4610:
4547:
4546:
4421:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
4184:Valproate pivoxil
4074:Acetylpheneturide
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3856:
3855:
3828:Meclofenamic acid
3791:Ethanol (alcohol)
3751:
3750:
3700:Minoxidil sulfate
3438:
3437:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2840:Otilonium bromide
2765:Ethanol (alcohol)
2529:Ļ-Conotoxin MVIIC
2265:Phenylalkylamines
1940:
1939:
1899:
1898:
1858:
1857:
1659:
1658:
1539:
1538:
1249:(12): 1104ā1112.
1208:(13): e392āe414.
990:(45): 6989ā6991.
759:electrocardiogram
698:refractory period
530:electrocardiogram
499:
498:
427:Interactive image
314:CompTox Dashboard
16:Chemical compound
5084:
4985:
4981:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4877:
4876:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4174:Sodium valproate
4089:Chlorphenacemide
4071:Anticonvulsants:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3889:Arachidonic acid
3872:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3739:
3735:
3656:
3652:
3608:Dextromethorphan
3584:
3580:
3476:
3472:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3446:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2924:L-type-selective
2735:Dimeditiapramine
2697:Others/unsorted:
2479:T-type-selective
2466:R-type-selective
2448:P-type-selective
2400:Ļ-Conotoxin GVIA
2390:N-type-selective
2020:Dihydropyridines
2014:L-type-selective
2001:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1869:
1868:
1864:Ion transporters
1678:
1677:
1375:
1374:
1360:
1359:
1355:Channel blockers
1335:
1328:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1167:(9): 1256ā1266.
1152:
1146:
1145:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1014:
1008:
1007:
979:
973:
972:
944:
938:
937:
927:
893:
887:
886:
865:
859:
858:
846:
835:
834:
829:. Archived from
816:
810:
809:
794:
739:Brugada syndrome
719:action potential
555:Hakim Ajmal Khan
526:Brugada syndrome
495:
494:
487:
429:
409:
394:
388:
382:
376:
359:
348:
337:
336:
322:
320:
305:
285:
265:
245:
225:
205:
195:
194:
180:
94:
73:
40:
31:
24:
22:
18:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
4998:
4983:
4973:
4958:
4933:
4929:Trifluoperazine
4924:Tolfenamic acid
4894:Flufenamic acid
4864:
4821:
4789:
4775:
4757:
4723:Flufenamic acid
4718:Ethacrynic acid
4690:
4663:
4621:
4607:
4589:
4557:
4543:
4490:
4321:Metabutoxycaine
4286:Diphenhydramine
4276:Cyclomethycaine
4241:Levobupivacaine
3948:
3921:
3903:
3866:
3852:
3848:Tolfenamic acid
3823:Flufenamic acid
3818:
3800:
3786:
3764:
3761:
3747:
3737:
3654:
3651:
3632:
3582:
3474:
3471:
3448:
3434:
3419:
3401:
3381:
3290:Norpropoxyphene
3167:11.1)-specific:
3166:
2960:
2933:
2909:
2865:Rhynchophylline
2615:
1995:
1976:
1971:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1920:Clinical trials
1895:
1854:
1821:
1811:
1787:
1778:
1769:Benzodiazepines
1755:
1746:
1715:cardioselective
1684:
1670:
1655:
1630:
1622:
1547:
1535:
1485:
1432:
1366:
1349:
1339:
1309:
1308:
1276:
1272:
1235:
1231:
1194:
1190:
1153:
1149:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1050:
1046:
1015:
1011:
980:
976:
945:
941:
916:
894:
890:
866:
862:
847:
838:
817:
813:
795:
791:
786:
773:
728:
683:
669:
628:
616:bioavailability
614:Due to the low
490:
488:
485:(what is this?)
482:
477:
474:
469:
464:
463:
452:
449:
444:
443:
432:
407:
397:
391:
385:
379:
340:
316:
308:
288:
268:
248:
228:
208:
191:
183:
163:
160:
130:
128:
115:
114:
98:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5090:
5080:
5079:
5077:Unani medicine
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5022:
5021:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4986:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4963:
4961:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Mefenamic acid
4901:
4896:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4860:Phenanthridine
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4792:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4693:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4624:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4560:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4508:Atracotoxins (
4506:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4468:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4451:Zetekitoxin AB
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4351:Proxymetacaine
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:Chloroprocaine
4258:
4253:
4248:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3951:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3649:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Glyclopyramide
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:Chlorpropamide
3487:
3482:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Clarithromycin
3232:
3227:
3225:Chlorpromazine
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:Paramethadione
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2620:gabapentinoids
2613:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:Non-selective:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2458:Ļ-Agatoxin IVB
2455:
2453:Ļ-Agatoxin IVA
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Huwentoxin XVI
2407:
2402:
2397:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Cyproheptadine
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Levniguldipine
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Dexniguldipine
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1675:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1403:Hydroquinidine
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1270:
1229:
1188:
1161:Human Mutation
1147:
1120:(6): 423ā435.
1104:
1094:. 14 June 2019
1079:
1044:
1009:
974:
939:
914:
888:
877:(7): 531ā532.
860:
836:
833:on 2007-09-27.
811:
788:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
772:
769:
727:
724:
710:repolarization
682:
679:
627:
624:
559:Unani medicine
549:. He named it
497:
496:
479:
478:
476:
475:
472:
470:
467:
459:
458:
457:
454:
453:
451:
450:
447:
439:
438:
437:
434:
433:
431:
430:
422:
420:
412:
411:
405:
399:
398:
395:
389:
383:
377:
372:
366:
365:
361:
360:
350:
342:
341:
339:
338:
325:
323:
310:
309:
307:
306:
298:
296:
290:
289:
287:
286:
278:
276:
270:
269:
267:
266:
258:
256:
250:
249:
247:
246:
238:
236:
230:
229:
227:
226:
218:
216:
210:
209:
207:
206:
198:
196:
185:
184:
182:
181:
173:
171:
165:
164:
162:
161:
118:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
100:
99:
97:
96:
83:
81:
75:
74:
67:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5089:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5005:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4914:Niflumic acid
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Glibenclamide
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4753:Niflumic acid
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Glibenclamide
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:Grayanotoxins
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Batrachotoxin
4522:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4510:Ļ-Atracotoxin
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Buprenorphine
4459:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Valproic acid
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:Oxitriptyline
4137:
4135:
4134:Oxcarbazepine
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Licarbazepine
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Carbamazepine
4077:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:Antianginals:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3899:Norfluoxetine
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Niflumic acid
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3754:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Levcromakalim
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Acetohexamide
3478:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Roxithromycin
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Charybdotoxin
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Trimethadione
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Diproteverine
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Ruthenium red
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Levetiracetam
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Ļ-Agatoxin TK
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Niflumic acid
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Levamlodipine
2113:
2111:
2110:Lercanidipine
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
935:
931:
926:
921:
917:
915:9780128046821
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:Die Pharmazie
864:
856:
852:
845:
843:
841:
832:
828:
827:
822:
815:
807:
803:
799:
793:
789:
778:
775:
774:
768:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
732:
723:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
687:
674:
670:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:monoterpenoid
633:
623:
621:
617:
612:
610:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
493:
486:
480:
471:
466:
465:
462:
455:
446:
445:
442:
435:
428:
424:
423:
421:
418:
413:
406:
404:
400:
373:
371:
367:
362:
358:
354:
351:
349:
347:ECHA InfoCard
343:
335:
331:
330:DTXSID6045537
327:
326:
324:
315:
311:
304:
303:ChEMBL1230919
300:
299:
297:
295:
291:
284:
280:
279:
277:
275:
271:
264:
260:
259:
257:
255:
251:
244:
240:
239:
237:
235:
231:
224:
220:
219:
217:
215:
211:
204:
200:
199:
197:
190:
186:
179:
175:
174:
172:
170:
166:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
126:
122:
117:
116:
113:
106:
101:
93:
88:
85:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:Clinical data
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
5052:HERG blocker
5009:
5008:
4919:Talniflumate
4457:
4446:Tetrodotoxin
4436:Neosaxitoxin
4427:
4372:
4346:Propoxycaine
4281:Dimethocaine
4214:
4210:
4179:Valnoctamide
4109:Fosphenytoin
4070:
4044:Procainamide
4034:Pilsicainide
3989:Disopyramide
3978:
3975:
3965:
3813:
3781:
3731:
3645:
3613:Ethosuximide
3598:Cloperastine
3576:
3545:Metahexamide
3540:Glycyclamide
3500:Glibornuride
3465:
3414:
3376:
3355:Thioridazine
3310:Promethazine
3295:Orphenadrine
3285:Ketoconazole
3270:Erythromycin
3169:
3159:
2922:
2850:Phensuximide
2830:Ochratoxin A
2770:Ethosuximide
2696:
2618:-selective (
2610:
2520:
2477:
2464:
2446:
2395:Ļ-Conotoxins
2388:
2338:
2320:Norverapamil
2285:Dexverapamil
2263:
2237:derivatives:
2233:
2230:Vatanidipine
2225:Trombodipine
2190:Palonidipine
2175:Nitrendipine
2130:Mepirodipine
2035:Azelnidipine
2018:
2012:
1873:Na/ K-ATPase
1804:Disopyramide
1774:Barbiturates
1714:
1461:
1447:
1418:Procainamide
1398:Disopyramide
1392:
1287:(10): 1574.
1284:
1280:
1273:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1096:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1022:
1018:
1012:
987:
983:
977:
952:
948:
942:
897:
891:
874:
870:
863:
855:Plenum Press
850:
831:the original
824:
814:
805:
801:
792:
737:
695:
690:
668:
629:
626:Biosynthesis
613:
606:
599:corynanthine
582:
578:
572:
566:
550:
544:
538:
534:ST elevation
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
489:
483:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
120:
4585:Triamterene
4539:Poneratoxin
4529:Ciguatoxins
4416:Raxatrigine
4411:Ralfinamide
4406:PF-05089771
4401:PF-04531083
4373:Analgesics:
4331:Piperocaine
4316:Meprylcaine
4311:Mepivacaine
4266:Cinchocaine
4245:Ropivacaine
4237:Bupivacaine
4164:Sipatrigine
4149:Pheneturide
4144:Phenacemide
4129:Mephenytoin
4114:Lamotrigine
4094:Elpetrigine
4049:Propafenone
3994:Dronedarone
3570:Tolbutamide
3560:Repaglinide
3555:Nateglinide
3550:Mitiglinide
3530:Glisoxepide
3515:Glimepiride
3505:Glicaramide
3485:Carbutamide
3387:Linopirdine
3370:Vernakalant
3360:Tolterodine
3350:Terfenadine
3340:Tamulotoxin
3335:Solifenacin
3305:PNU-282,987
3280:Haloperidol
3275:Gigactonine
3255:Domperidone
3240:Darifenacin
3205:Bedaquiline
3190:Azaspiracid
3153:Vernakalant
3088:Linopirdine
3048:Dronedarone
3038:Dendrotoxin
3023:Clamikalant
2895:Tolperisone
2890:Tetrandrine
2880:Sipatrigine
2875:Silperisone
2860:Prenylamine
2800:Lidoflazine
2755:Elpetrigine
2665:Mirogabalin
2569:Lamotrigine
2564:Flunarizine
2559:Efonidipine
2549:Cinnarizine
2544:Cilnidipine
2499:NNC 55-0396
2425:Ralfinamide
2372:Fantofarone
2367:Dronedarone
2352:Budiodarone
2347:Brinazarone
2310:Levemopamil
2210:Sornidipine
2205:Sagandipine
2195:Pranidipine
2170:Nisoldipine
2160:Nilvadipine
2150:Niguldipine
2140:Nicardipine
2105:Lemildipine
2090:Iganidipine
2085:Furnidipine
2050:Cronidipine
2045:Clevidipine
2040:Barnidipine
2030:Aranidipine
1916:from market
1827:Ī± receptors
1710:Propranolol
1673:antagonists
1618:Vernakalant
1588:Dronedarone
1531:Propafenone
1516:Indecainide
1202:Circulation
706:bradycardia
648:secologanin
632:Apocynaceae
571:as well as
410: gĀ·mol
353:100.022.219
103:Identifiers
51:Trade names
5031:Categories
4889:Bumetanide
4827:Activators
4817:Piretanide
4812:Lonidamine
4763:Activators
4748:Mibefradil
4743:Mefloquine
4733:Furosemide
4728:Fluoxetine
4708:Crofelemer
4595:Activators
4518:Versutoxin
4514:Robustoxin
4496:Activators
4481:Safinamide
4431:Conotoxins
4366:Trimecaine
4361:Tetracaine
4336:Prilocaine
4326:Orthocaine
4301:Iontocaine
4296:Hexylcaine
4291:Etidocaine
4232:Benzocaine
4222:Amylocaine
4204:Zonisamide
4199:Valpromide
4169:Topiramate
4159:Rufinamide
4119:Lacosamide
4084:Cenobamate
4039:Prajmaline
4029:Moricizine
4024:Mexiletine
4019:Lorcainide
4004:Flecainide
3969:Ranolazine
3909:Activators
3894:Fluoxetine
3838:Nimesulide
3820:-specific:
3806:Activators
3788:-specific:
3740:-specific:
3720:Rilmakalim
3710:Nicorandil
3670:Cromakalim
3657:-specific:
3638:Activators
3628:Tipepidine
3618:Ifenprodil
3593:Caramiphen
3585:-specific:
3565:Tolazamide
3525:Gliquidone
3510:Gliclazide
3477:-specific:
3430:Retigabine
3425:Flupirtine
3422:-specific:
3407:Activators
3384:-specific:
3365:Vanoxerine
3345:Terodiline
3330:Sertindole
3320:Ranolazine
3185:Astemizole
3175:Amiodarone
3143:Terikalant
3118:Pinokalant
3103:Nifekalant
3098:Maurotoxin
3093:Lolitrem B
3083:Kaliotoxin
3043:Dofetilide
3033:Dalazatide
3028:Conotoxins
2998:Amiodarone
2993:Almokalant
2915:Activators
2905:Valperinol
2885:Terodiline
2825:Naftopidil
2815:Mesuximide
2745:Enpiperate
2725:Cycleanine
2710:Bevantolol
2700:Bencyclane
2690:Pregabalin
2680:PD-299,685
2675:PD-217,014
2670:PD-200,347
2660:Imagabalin
2650:Gabapentin
2640:Atagabalin
2630:Arbaclofen
2589:Mibefradil
2584:Loperamide
2579:Lomerizine
2554:Dotarizine
2534:Benidipine
2514:Zonisamide
2430:Safinamide
2405:Caroverine
2357:Celivarone
2305:Gallopamil
2260:Siratiazem
2250:Iprotiazem
2240:Clentiazem
2220:Tiamdipine
2215:Teludipine
2180:Olradipine
2165:Nimodipine
2155:Niludipine
2145:Nifedipine
2135:Mesudipine
2125:Manidipine
2100:Lacidipine
2095:Isradipine
2080:Flordipine
2075:Felodipine
2070:Elnadipine
2065:Elgodipine
2055:Darodipine
2025:Amlodipine
1835:Amiodarone
1740:Metoprolol
1720:Acebutolol
1691:Ī² blockers
1603:Nifekalant
1583:Dofetilide
1578:Celivarone
1563:Amiodarone
1526:Moracizine
1521:Lorcainide
1511:Flecainide
1506:Ethacizine
1490:class Ic (
1474:Mexiletine
1437:class Ib (
1413:Prajmaline
1378:class Ia (
1098:2019-08-09
826:Daily Dawn
798:Siddiqui S
784:References
715:depolarize
652:tryptamine
644:tryptophan
620:prajmaline
595:serpentine
591:ajmalicine
563:South Asia
506:Gilurytmal
415:3D model (
403:Molar mass
263:1PON08459R
234:ChemSpider
169:CAS Number
112:IUPAC name
5010:See also:
4909:Mepacrine
4855:Ivacaftor
4771:Carbachol
4654:Ibuprofen
4644:Amiloride
4603:Solnatide
4575:Amiloride
4504:Aconitine
4466:Evenamide
4441:Saxitoxin
4356:Risocaine
4306:Lidocaine
4251:Butacaine
4227:Articaine
4154:Phenytoin
4064:Tocainide
4059:Sparteine
4054:Quinidine
4014:Lorajmine
4009:Lidocaine
3999:Encainide
3984:Aprindine
3725:Sarakalim
3715:Pinacidil
3705:Naminidil
3695:Minoxidil
3690:Mazokalim
3675:Diazoxide
3665:Bimakalim
3660:Aprikalim
3623:Tertiapin
3603:Clozapine
3520:Glipizide
3315:Quinidine
3265:Ergtoxins
3230:Cisapride
3220:BRL-32872
3200:Azimilide
3163:(KCNH2, K
3138:Tedisamil
3123:Quinidine
3113:Paxilline
3078:Inakalant
3073:Ibutilide
3058:Hanatoxin
3013:Bunaftine
3008:Bretylium
3003:Azimilide
2988:Adekalant
2947:Potassium
2929:Bay K8644
2870:Sesamodil
2820:Monatepil
2810:Manoalide
2805:Magnesium
2790:Imepitoin
2780:Fendiline
2760:Ethadione
2750:Eperisone
2730:Dauricine
2705:Berbamine
2616:Ī“ subunit
2420:PD-173212
2335:Verapamil
2325:Ronipamil
2315:Nexopamil
2300:Falipamil
2295:Etripamil
2280:Devapamil
2275:Dagapamil
2255:Nictiazem
2245:Diltiazem
2235:Diltiazem
2185:Oxodipine
1926:Phase III
1914:Withdrawn
1881:Digitoxin
1850:Verapamil
1845:Quinidine
1840:Bretylium
1809:Quinidine
1764:Adenosine
1735:Landiolol
1651:Verapamil
1646:Diltiazem
1613:Tedisamil
1598:Ibutilide
1573:Bunaftine
1568:Bretylium
1545:class III
1501:Encainide
1479:Tocainide
1469:Aprindine
1455:Lidocaine
1428:Sparteine
1423:Quinidine
1408:Lorajmine
1004:225501365
808:: 667ā80.
745:) of the
603:yohimbine
587:reserpine
583:Rauvolfia
579:Rauvolfia
568:Rauvolfia
178:4360-12-7
65:Drugs.com
4995:instead.
4970:instead.
4881:Blockers
4873:Unsorted
4799:Blockers
4700:Blockers
4677:Chloride
4639:A-317567
4631:Blockers
4580:Benzamil
4567:Blockers
4396:NKTR-171
4391:GDC-0276
4386:Funapide
4381:DSP-2230
4376:AZD-3161
4341:Procaine
4256:Butamben
4104:Ethotoin
3979:Ajmaline
3958:Blockers
3917:Riluzole
3876:Blockers
3774:Blockers
3680:Emakalim
3458:Blockers
3300:Pimozide
3170:Ajmaline
2970:Blockers
2785:Fostedil
2715:Canadine
2685:Phenibut
2645:Baclofen
2594:NP078585
2539:Bepridil
2377:SR-33805
2330:Tiapamil
2290:Emopamil
2270:Anipamil
2005:Blockers
1799:Atropine
1725:Atenolol
1705:Pindolol
1682:class II
1668:agonists
1665:Receptor
1628:class IV
1393:Ajmaline
1301:31157372
1281:Europace
1265:12804924
1224:29084732
1183:19606473
1142:22310415
1134:15599706
1074:26827882
1060:: 1ā61.
1039:26827882
1025:: 1ā61.
969:26827882
955:: 1ā61.
934:26827883
883:10944783
771:See also
764:elevated
747:myocytes
640:alkaloid
585:include
553:, after
551:ajmaline
518:alkaloid
516:) is an
514:Aritmina
502:Ajmaline
492:(verify)
243:10469368
214:DrugBank
79:ATC code
21:Ajmaline
4649:Aspirin
4471:Menthol
4458:Others:
4428:Toxins:
4271:Cocaine
3796:GAL-021
3416:KCNQ (K
3378:KCNQ (K
3195:AZD1305
3133:Sotalol
3128:ShK-186
3108:Notoxin
2795:JTV-519
2775:Fasudil
2504:ProTx I
2484:ABT-639
2471:SNX-482
2342:AH-1058
2339:Others:
1982:Calcium
1891:Ouabain
1886:Digoxin
1817:Digoxin
1756:agonist
1730:Esmolol
1700:Nadolol
1687:Phase 4
1633:Phase 4
1608:Sotalol
1550:Phase 3
1492:Phase 0
1463:enteral
1439:Phase 3
1384:Phase 3
1380:Phase 0
1364:class I
925:4864735
638:indole
408:326.440
370:Formula
223:DB01426
189:PubChem
95:)
89: (
87:C01BA05
4946:Others
3935:Sodium
3588:Barium
3392:XE-991
3260:E-4031
3210:BeKm-1
3180:AmmTX3
3063:HgeTx1
3053:E-4031
2835:Osthol
2604:TROX-1
2489:ML-218
1909:WHO-EM
1593:E-4031
1382:ā and
1299:
1263:
1222:
1181:
1140:
1132:
1072:
1037:
1002:
967:
932:
922:
912:
881:
601:, and
532:as an
512:, and
510:Ritmos
441:SMILES
294:ChEMBL
283:D00199
4980:LGICs
4687:CaCCs
4659:PcTX1
4618:ASICs
3945:VGSCs
3215:BmTx3
3068:HsTx1
2957:VGKCs
1992:VDCCs
1138:S2CID
1000:S2CID
743:SCN5A
664:NADPH
461:InChI
417:JSmol
203:20367
4993:here
4991:See
4968:here
4966:See
4955:TRPs
4786:CFTR
4713:DIDS
4554:ENaC
4475:mint
3863:K2Ps
3734:GIRK
3579:GIRK
3445:IRKs
3161:hERG
2509:Z944
2435:Z160
1671:and
1346:C01B
1297:PMID
1261:PMID
1220:PMID
1179:PMID
1130:PMID
1070:PMID
1035:PMID
988:2020
965:PMID
930:PMID
910:ISBN
879:PMID
702:hERG
660:P450
274:KEGG
254:UNII
61:AHFS
4217:FBT
3650:ATP
3470:ATP
1689:ā,
1635:ā,
1552:ā,
1289:doi
1251:doi
1210:doi
1206:138
1169:doi
1122:doi
1118:370
1062:doi
1027:doi
992:doi
957:doi
920:PMC
902:doi
561:in
319:EPA
193:CID
155:,18
151:,16
147:,14
143:,13
139:,10
123:,21
119:(17
92:WHO
5033::
5015:ā¢
4516:,
4512:,
4243:,
3817:Ca
3815:BK
3785:Ca
3783:BK
3760:Ca
3420:7)
3382:7)
2622:):
2337:;
2262:;
2232:;
1922::
1815::
1797::
1494:ā)
1449:IV
1441:ā)
1386:ā)
1295:.
1285:21
1283:.
1259:.
1247:24
1245:.
1241:.
1218:.
1204:.
1200:.
1177:.
1165:30
1163:.
1159:.
1136:.
1128:.
1116:.
1090:.
1068:.
1058:76
1056:.
1033:.
1023:76
1021:.
998:.
986:.
963:.
953:76
951:.
928:.
918:.
908:.
875:55
873:.
853:.
839:^
823:.
804:.
597:,
593:,
589:,
536:.
508:,
384:26
378:20
135:,9
131:(1
129:OR
4520:)
4477:)
4473:(
4247:)
4239:(
4215:p
3758:K
3648:K
3468:K
3418:v
3380:v
3165:v
2926::
2614:2
2612:Ī±
2481::
2468::
2450::
2392::
2267::
2022::
2016::
1966:e
1959:t
1952:v
1786:2
1784:M
1754:1
1752:A
1693:)
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1631:(
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1548:(
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1291::
1267:.
1253::
1226:.
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1185:.
1171::
1144:.
1124::
1101:.
1076:.
1064::
1041:.
1029::
1006:.
994::
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959::
936:.
904::
885:.
857:.
806:8
691:.
419:)
396:2
393:O
390:2
387:N
381:H
375:C
321:)
317:(
157:S
153:S
149:R
145:R
141:S
137:R
133:R
125:R
121:R
63:/
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