376:
83:
130:
42:
283:
751:. This took away the primary market for late-model liquid-cooled engines. Those roles that remained with piston power were mostly slower designs and civilian aircraft. In these roles, the simplicity and reduction in servicing needs is far more important than drag, and from the end of the war on almost all piston aviation engines have been air-cooled, with few exceptions.
715:, allowing it to turn to steam and running the steam through tubes located just under the skin of the wings and fuselage, where the fast moving outside air condensed it back to water. While this concept was used on a number of record-setting aircraft in the late 1930s, it always proved impractical for production aircraft for a wide variety of reasons.
362:. This means less than half of the heat has to be removed through other systems. In an air-cooled engine, only about 12% of the heat flows out through the metal fins. Air cooled engines usually run noisier, however it provides more simplicity which gives benefits when it comes to servicing and part replacement and is usually cheaper to be maintained.
710:
In the late 1920s into the 1930s, a number of
European companies introduced cooling system that kept the water under pressure allowed it to reach much higher temperatures without boiling, carrying away more heat and thus reducing the volume of water required and the size of the radiator by as much as
654:
During the 1920s and 30s there was a great debate in the aviation industry about the merits of air-cooled vs. liquid-cooled designs. At the beginning of this period, the liquid used for cooling was water at ambient pressure. The amount of heat carried away by a fluid is a function of its capacity and
818:
Stationary or portable engines were commercially introduced early in the 1900s. The first commercial production was by the New Way Motor
Company of Lansing, Michigan, US. The company produced air-cooled engines in single and twin cylinders in both horizontal and vertical cylinder format. Subsequent
743:
adopted it as supplies improved, converting all of their engines to glycol. With the much smaller radiators and less fluid in the system, the weight and drag of these designs was well below contemporary air-cooled designs. On a weight basis, these liquid-cooled designs offered as much as 30% better
1031:
P V Lamarque, "The design of cooling fins for Motor-Cycle
Engines". Report of the Automobile Research Committee, Institution of Automobile Engineers Magazine, March 1943 issue, and also in "The Institution of Automobile Engineers. Proceedings XXXVII, Session 1942-1943, pp 99-134 and
659:
of water is reduced with lower pressure, and the water could not be efficiently pumped as steam, radiators had to have enough cooling power to account for the loss in cooling power as the aircraft climbed. The resulting radiators were quite large and caused a significant amount of
819:
to their initial production which was exported worldwide, other companies took up the advantages of this cooling method, especially in small portable engines. Applications include mowers, generators, outboard motors, pump sets, saw benches and auxiliary power plants and more.
391:), but historically it was common for many high-volume vehicles. The orientation of the engine cylinders is commonly found in either single-cylinder or coupled in groups of two, and cylinders are commonly oriented in a horizontal fashion as a
730:
engine. Glycol could run up to 250 C and reduced the radiator size by 50% compared to water cooled designs. The experiments were extremely successful and by 1932 the company had switched all future designs to this coolant. At the time,
350:
which increase the surface area that air can act on. Air may be force fed with the use of a fan and shroud to achieve efficient cooling with high volumes of air or simply by natural air flow with well designed and angled fins.
690:
Most other groups, especially in Europe where aircraft performance was rapidly improving, were more concerned with the issue of drag. While air-cooled designs were common on light aircraft and trainers, as well as some
248:
to cool them in order to keep the engine within operating temperatures. Air-cooled designs are far simpler than their liquid-cooled counterparts, which require a separate
255:
Air-cooled engines are widely seen in applications where weight or simplicity is the primary goal. Their simplicity makes them suited for uses in small applications like
1060:
409:
707:, which greatly reduced the drag of air-cooled engines in spite of their larger frontal area, and the drag related to cooling was at this point largely even.
643:
672:
675:, decided that the simplicity of the air-cooled design would result in less maintenance workload, which was paramount given the limited working area of
667:
This placed the two designs roughly equal in terms of power to drag, but the air-cooled designs were almost always lighter and simpler. In 1921, the
1053:
354:
In all combustion engines, a great percentage of the heat generated, around 44%, escapes through the exhaust. Another 8% or so ends up in the
1482:
1046:
335:
cooled by the liquid, as the heat is exchanged with some other fluid like air, because of the liquid-coolant circuit they are known as
806:
are air-cooled. Probably the only big Euro 5 truck air-cooled engine (V8 320 kW power 2100 N·m torque one) is being produced by
387:
use air cooling for the sake of reducing weight and complexity. Few current production automobiles have air-cooled engines (such as
140:
342:
In contrast, heat generated by an air-cooled engine is released directly into the air. Typically this is facilitated with metal
198:
1452:
170:
1148:
810:. BOMAG part of the FAYAT group also utilizes an air cooled inline 6 cylinder motor, in many of their construction vehicles.
837:
1477:
719:
177:
986:
55:
31:
224:
69:
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through channels in the engine block and cylinder head. A fluid in these channels absorbs heat and then flows to a
184:
375:
267:
and similar roles. These qualities also make them highly suitable for aviation use, where they are widely used in
1396:
155:
166:
1038:
1617:
587:
1206:
569:
298:
cylinder head. The fins provide additional surface area for air to pass over the cylinder and absorb heat.
1437:
759:
692:
735:
held a monopoly on the industrial process to make glycol, so it was initially used only in the US, with
1432:
1312:
308:
17:
608:(1948-1990) (Featured a high pressure oil cooling system, and used a fan bolted to the crankshaft end)
1277:
249:
95:
399:
have been used. Examples of past air-cooled road vehicles, in roughly chronological order, include:
1512:
1427:
1262:
1035:
Julius
Mackerle, "Air-cooled Automotive Engines", Charles Griffin & Company Ltd., London 1972.
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1307:
1201:
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1347:
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61:
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8:
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and high-performance bombers. The drag issue was upset by the 1929 introduction of the
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755:
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679:. Leighton's efforts led to the Navy underwriting air-cooled engine development at
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on larger aircraft. Their simplicity, in particular, also makes them common on
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615:
605:
1642:
1492:
1337:
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1123:
978:
803:
790:
uses a combination of air-cooled cylinders and liquid-cooled cylinder heads.
763:
732:
656:
328:
770:
and so on. Other engine manufactures using air-cooled engine technology are
611:
147:
1627:
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747:
In the late- and post-war era, the high-performance field quickly moved to
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634:: The 350cc and 500cc Twinspark motorcycle engines are air-cooled
482:
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963:
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245:
739:
picking it up soon after. It was not until the mid-1930s that
1546:
787:
291:
1022:
711:
30%. They could also eliminate the radiator entirely using
412:(1905) - limited production run out from the "CLARKMOBILE"
282:
655:
the difference in input and output temperatures. As the
886:, pp. 71–94, Chapter 5, "The copper-cooled engine"
923:
921:
896:
894:
892:
699:, liquid-cooled designs remained much more common for
918:
906:
889:
762:are used by major manufacturers of light aircraft
861:"Air Cooled vs. Liquid Cooled Motorcycle Engines"
813:
323:where the coolant releases heat into the air (or
286:A cylinder from an air-cooled aviation engine, a
1640:
754:As of 2020, most of the engines manufactured by
977:Republished in 1990 with a new introduction by
877:
311:are cooled by a closed circuit carrying liquid
798:Some small diesel engines, e.g. those made by
346:covering the outside of the Cylinder Head and
1054:
1012:"The design of fins for air-cooled cylinders"
858:
240:rely on the circulation of air directly over
156:introducing citations to additional sources
844:. Aviation Publishing Group. Archived from
778:, more active in the Light-Sport Aircraft (
70:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1061:
1047:
671:, largely due to the efforts of Commander
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
1009:
640:(1981–1995)T13/653, G11/631 and VO36/630
374:
281:
252:, coolant reservoir, piping and pumps.
146:Relevant discussion may be found on the
722:began experiments replacing water with
14:
1641:
993:
927:
912:
900:
835:
572:(1938-2013) with various displacements
358:, which itself has to be cooled in an
290:. Notice the rows of fins on both the
1042:
948:
883:
123:
76:
35:
1075:components, systems and terminology
24:
1003:
958:, Garden City, NY, US: Doubleday,
32:Internal combustion engine cooling
25:
1660:
838:"Shock Cooling: Myth or Reality?"
793:
632:Royal Enfield Motorcycles (India)
430:(1923-1927) and subsequent models
51:This article has multiple issues.
942:
416:Chevrolet Series M Copper-Cooled
370:
139:relies largely or entirely on a
128:
81:
40:
937:
424:all-wheel-drive military trucks
365:
302:
59:or discuss these issues on the
1397:Propeller speed reduction unit
952:(1964), McDonald, John (ed.),
852:
829:
814:Stationary or portable engines
13:
1:
822:
1207:Capacitor discharge ignition
955:My Years with General Motors
859:YouMotorcycle (2015-12-19).
418:(1921-1923) (very few built)
331:). Thus, while they are not
7:
994:Taylor, C. Fayette (1971).
649:
309:internal combustion engines
94:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
1665:
998:. Smithsonian Institution.
836:Thomas, Kas (1997-02-19).
29:
1600:
1534:
1511:
1465:
1410:
1384:
1375:
1250:
1217:Electronic fuel injection
1192:
1089:
1080:
269:general aviation aircraft
1263:Aircraft engine starting
1010:Biermann, A. E. (1941).
294:cylinder barrel and the
107:may contain suggestions.
92:may need to be rewritten
1308:Mean effective pressure
1348:Time between overhauls
576:Volkswagen Type 2 (T3)
570:same air-cooled engine
380:
299:
1623:Ice protection system
1363:Volumetric efficiency
1328:Overhead valve engine
378:
285:
273:auxiliary power units
242:heat dissipation fins
1608:Auxiliary power unit
1488:Flight data recorder
452:Tatra T600 Tatraplan
397:Straight-four engine
244:or hot areas of the
152:improve this article
1577:Pressure carburetor
1313:Naturally aspirated
1283:Engine displacement
996:Aircraft Propulsion
784:ultralight aircraft
713:evaporative cooling
685:Wright Aeronautical
681:Pratt & Whitney
588:Volkswagen Gol (G1)
263:, as well as small
167:"Air-cooled engine"
1592:Updraft carburetor
1466:Engine instruments
1392:Propeller governor
1288:Four-stroke engine
693:transport aircraft
644:Demak Dzm 200 2015
381:
300:
238:Air-cooled engines
1636:
1635:
1473:Annunciator panel
1461:
1460:
1371:
1370:
1353:Two-stroke engine
1323:Overhead camshaft
1303:Manifold pressure
1273:Compression ratio
677:aircraft carriers
673:Bruce G. Leighton
600:Chevrolet Corvair
582:Volkswagen Type 4
568:all utilized the
550:Volkswagen Beetle
539:(1965-1969, 1976)
395:, while vertical
327:, in the case of
235:
234:
227:
217:
216:
202:
122:
121:
96:quality standards
74:
16:(Redirected from
1656:
1618:Hydraulic system
1438:Counter-rotating
1382:
1381:
1134:Hydraulic tappet
1087:
1086:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1016:
999:
975:
950:Sloan, Alfred P.
931:
925:
916:
910:
904:
898:
887:
881:
875:
874:
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850:
849:
833:
662:aerodynamic drag
481:The East German
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1663:
1659:
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1657:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1613:Coffman starter
1596:
1539:
1530:
1521:Carburetor heat
1513:Engine controls
1507:
1457:
1433:Contra-rotating
1406:
1367:
1298:Ignition timing
1246:
1227:Ignition system
1194:
1188:
1091:
1076:
1067:
1014:
1006:
1004:Further reading
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940:
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890:
882:
878:
869:
867:
857:
853:
834:
830:
825:
816:
796:
737:Allison Engines
724:ethylene glycol
652:
594:Toyota U engine
507:ZAZ Zaporozhets
373:
368:
305:
288:Continental C85
231:
220:
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1594:
1589:
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1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:Inlet manifold
1564:
1559:
1557:Fuel injection
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1455:
1453:Variable-pitch
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1445:
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1428:Constant-speed
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1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1144:Obturator ring
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:Connecting rod
1101:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1082:Piston engines
1078:
1077:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
991:
987:978-0385042352
944:
941:
939:
936:
933:
932:
917:
905:
888:
876:
851:
848:on 2008-12-02.
827:
826:
824:
821:
815:
812:
795:
794:Diesel engines
792:
651:
648:
647:
646:
641:
635:
629:
624:
618:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
546:
543:VW-Porsche 914
540:
534:
528:
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504:
498:
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486:
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461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
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419:
413:
407:
372:
369:
367:
364:
329:marine engines
317:heat exchanger
304:
301:
233:
232:
215:
214:
150:. Please help
136:
134:
127:
120:
119:
89:
87:
80:
75:
49:
48:
46:
39:
30:Main article:
27:Type of engine
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:Other systems
1599:
1593:
1590:
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1578:
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1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1538:and induction
1537:
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1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Glass cockpit
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1349:
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1341:
1339:
1338:Shock cooling
1336:
1334:
1333:Rotary engine
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1212:Dual ignition
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1124:Cylinder head
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1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
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1079:
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1073:piston engine
1071:
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1057:
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1050:
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1044:
1041:
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1029:
1024:
1020:
1019:Report Nº 726
1013:
1008:
1007:
997:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
979:Peter Drucker
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:
951:
947:
946:
943:Cited sources
930:, p. 56.
929:
924:
922:
915:, p. 55.
914:
909:
903:, p. 53.
902:
897:
895:
893:
885:
880:
866:
865:YouMotorcycle
862:
855:
847:
843:
839:
832:
828:
820:
811:
809:
805:
804:Lister Petter
801:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
745:
744:performance.
742:
738:
734:
733:Union Carbide
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
658:
657:boiling point
645:
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141:single source
137:This article
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1628:Recoil start
1587:Turbocharger
1582:Supercharger
1448:Single-blade
1358:Valve timing
1257:
1179:Sleeve valve
1164:Poppet valve
1139:Main bearing
1018:
995:
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938:Bibliography
908:
879:
868:. Retrieved
864:
854:
846:the original
841:
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817:
797:
753:
746:
728:Curtiss D-12
717:
709:
689:
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562:Karmann Ghia
382:
379:Honda CB1100
366:Applications
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336:
332:
307:Most modern
306:
303:Introduction
254:
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138:
110:
101:You can help
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67:
60:
54:
53:Please help
50:
1572:Intercooler
1498:Hobbs meter
1423:Blade pitch
1418:Autofeather
1411:Terminology
1318:Monosoupape
1278:Dead centre
1251:Terminology
1159:Piston ring
1129:Gudgeon pin
928:Taylor 1971
913:Taylor 1971
901:Taylor 1971
760:Continental
749:jet engines
741:Rolls-Royce
638:Oltcit Club
623:(1969-1973)
606:Citroën 2CV
602:(1960-1969)
596:(1961-1976)
590:(1980-1986)
584:(1968-1974)
578:(1979–1982)
545:(1969-1976)
537:Porsche 912
533:(1964-1998)
531:Porsche 911
527:(1948-1965)
525:Porsche 356
521:(1972-1987)
515:(1957-1975)
509:(1958-1994)
503:(1964-1989)
501:Trabant 601
497:(1962-1965)
495:Trabant 600
491:(1957-1962)
489:Trabant 500
485:(1957-1991)
478:(1939-1945)
472:(1996-1999)
466:(1974-1996)
460:(1955-1975)
454:(1946-1952)
448:(1936-1939)
442:(1936-1950)
436:(1934-1938)
406:(1902-1934)
393:Flat engine
385:motorcycles
277:motorcycles
261:lawn mowers
1562:Gascolator
1552:Carburetor
1503:Tachometer
1385:Components
1377:Propellers
1293:Horsepower
1258:Air-cooled
1237:Spark plug
1202:Alternator
1195:components
1193:Electrical
1174:Rocker arm
1114:Crankshaft
1092:components
1090:Mechanical
884:Sloan 1964
870:2020-04-23
823:References
621:Honda 1300
612:Citroën GS
470:Tatra T700
464:Tatra T613
458:Tatra T603
360:oil cooler
333:ultimately
265:generators
178:newspapers
56:improve it
18:Air-cooled
1222:Generator
718:In 1929,
705:NACA cowl
627:NSU Prinz
446:Tatra T97
440:Tatra T87
434:Tatra T77
389:Tatra 815
348:cylinders
325:raw water
257:chainsaws
208:June 2012
148:talk page
113:June 2012
105:talk page
62:talk page
1643:Category
1526:Throttle
1443:Scimitar
1149:Oil pump
1119:Cylinder
1109:Crankpin
1099:Camshaft
1070:Aircraft
1032:309-312.
964:64011306
800:Deutz AG
786:market.
756:Lycoming
701:fighters
650:Aviation
519:Fiat 126
513:Fiat 500
428:Tatra 11
404:Franklin
321:radiator
296:aluminum
250:radiator
1649:Engines
1402:Spinner
1242:Starter
1232:Magneto
1169:Pushrod
772:ULPower
720:Curtiss
697:bombers
669:US Navy
483:Trabant
476:Crosley
410:New Way
313:coolant
271:and as
192:scholar
1540:system
1343:Stroke
1184:Tappet
1154:Piston
985:
972:802024
970:
962:
782:) and
776:Jabiru
768:Cessna
764:Cirrus
566:Type 3
564:, and
554:Type 2
246:engine
194:
187:
180:
173:
165:
103:. The
1547:Avgas
1483:EICAS
1015:(pdf)
842:AVWeb
808:Tatra
788:Rotax
726:in a
422:Tatra
383:Many
292:steel
199:JSTOR
185:books
1536:Fuel
1478:EFIS
1268:Bore
1023:NACA
983:ISBN
968:OCLC
960:LCCN
802:and
774:and
758:and
695:and
683:and
614:and
548:The
344:fins
259:and
171:news
780:LSA
616:GSA
558:SP2
356:oil
319:or
154:by
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