477:, seeds, and pesticides. The productivity of wheat achieved through this production method was well below the projections made by the Dutch consulting firm NEDECO, which was involved with this project. The Kano River Project endeavored to radically change the farming system from one where farmers primarily grew their own food and were essentially self-sufficient, to one where they grew food for the market and must buy food to meet their own needs. Given the problems, and few realized benefits, associated with this type of agriculture the farmers of this region were quite resistant to these massive changes and the Kano River Project is only a fraction of the extent that was planned. Furthermore, large scale irrigation projects such as these have a characteristically poor performance record and are often associated with the
269:
384:
445:. By the year 1913 there was a maximum of one third of farmland in fallow in any particular year. The population densities of the rural area in this region climbed from 243 to 348 people per square kilometer between 1962 and 1991, but the land area under permanent cultivation remained approximately the same. In this time period the cultivated land per capital went from 0.36 to 0.29 hectares. However, there was no evidence of any significant decrease in the fertility of the cereal. Furthermore, the average cereal crop yields as well as number of farm trees remained constant.
138:. The pressures of an increasing population (see Figure 2) are understood to cause increasing food demands by urban consumers and rural farmers, the expansion of areas of cultivation, reduced uncultivated land intervals with a lack of inputs necessary to compensate and as a result reduced soil fertility. This means that per capita and per hectare yields will decline and food will become scarce, especially for those in rural areas. However, an increase in Population density may have a positive impact rather than negative consequences for the economy as well as the environment.
422:
296:; in agriculture, construction, and medicines; and for cultural reasons. These potential sources of food can be found in a range of habitats from farmland (as weeds), to fallow (uncultivated land) fields and grazing lands, as well as in the settlements themselves. These foods become particularly important in times of food shortage, such as during a drought or when access to food is limited due to socio-economic issues like poverty or warfare. Common crops and food sources includes: millet seeds, sorghum head, cowpea seeds
313:
489:
increasing population and declining crop yields. Views surrounding agricultural development, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, were developed with an opinion that disvalued traditional, or what has been termed indigenous, knowledge. Intensification has been perceived in technical terms which are very narrowly defined, with an emphasis on machinery, pesticides, and synthetic chemical fertilizers, and where industrial factory production systems replace reliance upon the local ecosystem and local
224:
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257:) has been recently added to crop production for market. It requires only one fall of rain, is planted late in the season, and grows on moisture that is left in the soil until it is harvested during the months preceding the next year's rains. This crop is a significant supply of edible oil. Plants grown as field boundaries include the
129:
Due to the social and environmental conditions in northern
Nigeria, the flexibility of both ecological management and economic activity are vital components of any strategy for agricultural and rural livelihood in the region. It is often contended that African farmers are unsuccessful at intensifying
461:
farming schemes are more able to produce surplus food in a marketable quantity. The focus is on management, agricultural companies, and wealthier farmers, while the poorest farmers, and in fact the bulk of farmers, are ignored. Little attention was given to strategies which may aid the bulk of the
60:
Rainfall occurs seasonally – and there is a pronounced dry season – but is often intensive when it does come, making it necessary for farmers to employ soil moisture conservation techniques. The bulk crops are grown during the rainy season which begins in June or July, when the temperature
539:
A major limitation is land which is a major resource in agricultural. The interrelationship between ecology and economics cannot be underemphasized as in the northern
Nigeria there is a long spell of dryness in the dry season and when it is wet, the rains pour. The ability to leverage on technology
521:
city, the challenges facing the people of the area, in terms of meeting their growing needs are great. More than eighty-five per cent of the surface land in this area is dedicated to farmland, and the farmers themselves are strongly oriented towards the conservation of land resources. They pay more
526:
in the soil than other things. This is demonstrated by their management of animals and their wastes. During the dry season, animals are only penned at night and are left free to roam the fields by day. Although, they are confined to their pens and fed on cut fodder during the growing season, their
440:
In northern
Nigeria, research surrounding intensive agricultural practices has been taking place for a number of decades, especially in the Kano Close-Settled Zone. In the nineteenth century, the intensive agriculture carried out in this area of dense population surrounding Kano city was noted by
104:
In northern
Nigeria, research surrounding intensive agricultural practices has been taking place for a number of decades, especially in the Kano Close-Settled Zone. Development plans for this region have focused on the use of imported technology and irrigation schemes, while neglecting traditional
320:
The preparation of fields for farming starts in April or May when the farmers clear shrubs. Sometimes grasses are burned to clear fields that have not been grazed by livestock. The beginning of the rainy season is in June or July, and this is when most planting begins, although a few farmers may
44:
of the rural area in this region climbed from 243 to 348 people per square kilometer between 1962 and 1991, but the land area under permanent cultivation remained approximately the same. Increasing population results in high food demand among urban and rural dwellers, areas of cultivation, and
488:
intensive agriculture carried out by indigenous peoples has been the exception rather than the rule. Until recently, this area has been characterized by a large amount of land with a relatively small labor force available to work this land. Most
Africans have simply moved when confronted with
198:
While there exist poverty in the region, as well as people who are without sufficient food, it does not appear to be a decline in crop yields. Instead, evidence suggests there has been a sustained effort to increase the production of food in an attempt to keep up with the increasing need.
89:. Wild foods also serve as an important supplement to the diet, especially during times of food shortage. The bulk crops are grown during the rainy season which begins in June or July, when the temperature is warm. In this region, there are sedentary Farmers made up of the Manga and
189:
Soil in most parts of northern
Nigeria is Sandy characterized by low water holding capacity. Exception is the soil in Kebbi, Sokoto Zamfara and Adamawa known as fadama soil with high water content and organic matter. Most soil in the north is rich in nitrogen phosphorus content.
457:(1975–1980), have focused on the belief that the best way to achieve an increase in productivity is through new and usually imported technology combined with the teaching of farmers to become commercial businessmen. This paradigm assumes that larger and more
142:
carried out in the Kano Close-Settled Zone and the surrounding region indicated that in particular places, at certain times, the intensification of agricultural practices can take place without the typical associated
105:
farming practices of the region. These traditional practices generally focus on the close integration between the raising of livestock and farming and it is being studied in detail in the Kano Close-Settled Zone of
57:
and neighboring region. Even though poverty and insufficient food exists in the region, it does not affect crop yield owing to sustained efforts to produce food in response to its high demand.
130:
agriculture through the use of a method that is environmentally sustainable as well as economically productive. The vegetation of northern
Nigeria is predominantly marginal or short grass
433:(see Figure 7). However, this has diminished, and both groups now engage in livestock and crop production, although the priority for Fulanis is still the rearing of cattle, while for the
332:
is harvested. In addition to this, farmers who do not wish for their cereal stalks to be consumed by livestock must also harvest these. Some farmers begin planting guna melon as the
955:
Moussa, Hamadou; Kindomihou, Valentin; Houehanou, Thierry D.; Chaibou, Mahamadou; Souleymane, Oumarou; Soumana, Idrissa; Dossou, Joseph; Sinsin, Brice (1 September 2021).
336:
is harvested. However, guna melon is very vulnerable to pests, so the crop doesn't always turn out well every year. They are harvested from
February to April if it does.
265:
spreads are also planted among the grains; they often consist of cowpeas or groundnuts, which are nitrogen-fixing plants. A density of mature trees is also maintained.
588:
Wheat is a temperate crop that is not well adapted to tropical climates, but is imported in large quantities to produce bread for the urban populations in the region.
454:
527:
bedding and manure are mixed and returned to the fields. In addition to this, crop residue, tree browse, and weeds are fed to the animals thereby recycling the
109:. In the nineteenth century, the intensive agriculture carried out in this area of dense population surrounding Kano city was noted by western visitors like
1098:
151:. Instead, evidence suggests there has been a sustained effort to increase the production of food in an attempt to keep up with the increasing need.
429:
Traditionally there has been a division between sedentary farmers made up of the Manga and the Hausa people, and the nomadic pastoralists known as
1191:
Assisted
Reproductive Technologies as Veritable Tools for Improving Production Efficiencies of N'dama and Muturu Cattle Breeds in Nigeria-A Review
497:) by-products in a labor-intensive process. This process involves the close integration of the raising of livestock with agriculture to maintain
772:
Rascoe, P. University of Texas. 1997. University of Texas
Libraries. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection. Retrieved on: 3 February 2010 <
606:
Salinization is the build-up of salts in the soil. It is also often used to refer to alkalization which is the build-up of alkalis in the soil.
292:. They add diversity, flavor, and important vitamins and minerals necessary for healthy growth. Furthermore, they are used as livestock
1097:
Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food. "Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Seeds shipped from Nigeria." Retrieved on: 3 February 2010. <
811:
Harris, Frances (1999). "Nutrient Management Strategies of Small-Holder Farmers in a Short-Fallow Farming System in North-East Nigeria".
513:
Close-Settled Zone of Nigeria. This account is significant due to the scale and length of time over which the region has carried out
359:
473:
combined large costs for set-up, with significant ongoing costs for farmers since they needed to pay for the use of equipment like
147:
While there exist poverty in the region, as well as people who are without sufficient food, it does not appear to be a decline in
1215:
553:
517:. With a population of approximately five (5) million in the region excluding the more than one and a half million living in
399:
Cattle rearing in Nigeria has increased the production of meat – beef, dairy products, leather, and dung for manure, or fuel.
321:
dry-plant before the rains begin. Fields where germination has been successfully weeded using a locally made hoe known as the
1199:
1082:
1055:
704:
788:
Draper, Dianne, and Maureen G. Reed. Our Environment: A Canadian Perspective. United States: Nelson Education Ltd., 2009.
1404:
887:"Exploring the factors causing the poor performance of most irrigation schemes in post-independence sub-Saharan Africa"
579:
Fallow is a stage of crop rotation in which the land is left uncultivated, allowing nutrients to become replenished.
1099:
http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/lmd/campain/svalbard-global-seed-vault/film-and-photo/photo/Nigeria.html?id=499790
1399:
957:"Farmers' perceptions of fodder performances of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br) accessions in Niger"
167:
The soils in the northern region of Nigeria are categorized as reddish brown or brown soils of the semi-arid and
134:(see Figure 1), and this region is characterized by a relatively hot climate with seasonal rainfall and a marked
1240:
1329:
Middleton, Nick. The Global Casino: An Introduction to Environmental Issues. 2nd ed. New York: Arnold, 1999.
653:
Adams, W.M.; Mortimore, M.J. (1997). "Agricultural Intensification and Flexibility in the Nigerian Sahel".
1341:"Farm holdings in northern Nigeria and implication for food security: A remote sensing and GIS assessment"
1394:
692:
1188:
Nwoga, Cornelius; Ikeh, Nnanna; Onodugo, Matthew; Baiyeri, Paul; Machebe, Ndubuisi (24 December 2021).
411:
White Fulani, Red Bororo, Sokoto Gudali, Adamawa Gudali, Wadara, Azawak, Muturu, Keteku, Ndama and Kuri
469:
in Kadawa which was built primarily for the production of wheat in the dry season. This large scale
540:
is a gamechanger for sustainability in agricultural practices in the North with the availability of
268:
509:
An example of the close integration between agriculture and the raising of livestock occurs in the
33:
1295:
Adams, William M. (1991). "Large Scale Irrigation in Northern Nigeria: Performance and Ideology".
1112:
855:
Wallace, Tina (January 1981). "The Challenge of Food: Nigeria's Approach to Agriculture 1975–80".
930:
383:
558:
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49:. However, there are instances where frequent agricultural practices is not associated with
1340:
244:
78:
733:
Mortimore, Michael (January 2005). "Dryland Development: Success Stories from West Africa".
328:
In September, millet is harvested, followed closely by beans. In late October or November
8:
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farmers in the region, such as improved roads, labor, marketing, and land co-operatives.
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Wild foods in northeastern Nigeria come from a wide range of plants, including trees,
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406:. This act, however, might allow the use of land to be unsuitable for growing crops.
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values range between 6.0 and 7.0 and their bulk densities are about 1.4 g/cm3.
46:
28:
885:
Bjornlund, Vibeke; Bjornlund, Henning; van Rooyen, André F. (1 October 2020).
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A large portion of this initial investment did not remain within the country.
494:
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90:
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1006:
Keay, R. W. J. (1949). "An Example of Sudan Zone Vegetation in Nigeria".
937:. Stichting Onderzoek Wereldvoedselvoorziening van de Vrije Universiteit.
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is warm. The soils in the region are reddish brown or brown soils of the
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Sustainable Soil Management of the Dryland Soils in Northern Nigeria
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Sustainable Soil Management of the Dryland Soils in Northern Nigeria
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693:"Population and environment in time perspective: the Machakos story"
666:
1308:
541:
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139:
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18:
182:. These are sandy soils that are made up of about 85% sand. Their
1267:"Different breeds of indigenous cattle in Nigeria & features"
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African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development
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Breeds of cattles indigenous to the northern Nigeria includes:
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1113:"Major Agricultural Crops in Nigeria: Full List of Cash Crops"
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Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development
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range of 6.0 – 7.0. The main crops grown in the region are
1241:"Breeds of Cattle in Nigeria & Their Characteristics"
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bush (Lawsonia inermis) as well as various grasses.
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Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
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International Journal of Water Resources Development
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This type of development plan is exemplified by the
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22:Population density of Nigeria per square kilometer
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251:are considered minor crops. Guna (cow) melon (
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437:and Hausa, crop production takes precedence.
40:management as well as economic activity. The
691:Mortimore, Michael J.; Tiffen, Mary (1995).
453:Development plans for Nigeria, such as the
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402:Cattle are breed by making herds graze on
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535:Land-use resource planning and technology
505:The Kano Close-Settled Zone: A Case Study
194:Conservation and control of soil moisture
163:Map of the dominant soil types of Nigeria
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387:A man walking along the road with a cow
175:and are considered to be comparable to
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1111:Yahaya, Abdulwali (12 February 2020).
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857:Canadian Journal of African Studies
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554:Herder farmer conflicts in Nigeria
171:. They are also known as tropical
14:
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1163:"Rainy Season Farming In Nigeria"
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697:People and Environment in Africa
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231:The main crops in this area are
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1071:Usman, Suleiman (19 May 2011).
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1044:Usman, Suleiman (20 May 2011).
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522:attention to the protection of
116:
1216:"Cattle production in Nigeria"
869:10.1080/00083968.1981.10803975
1:
1339:Soneye, Aso (16 April 2014).
1138:"Hausa | people | Britannica"
974:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07965
904:10.1080/07900627.2020.1808448
612:
417:Agricultural land use pattern
203:Common crops and food sources
36:requires flexibility in both
929:Sonneveld, B.G.J.S. (1997).
243:(see Figures 4 to 6), while
7:
931:"Dominant Soils of Nigeria"
547:
425:Herdsman with Fulani cattle
10:
1421:
125:Topographic map of Nigeria
1405:Sustainability in Nigeria
935:European Soil Data Centre
699:. Wiley. pp. 69–90.
544:data a significant plus.
1358:10.18697/ajfand.62.13025
813:The Geographical Journal
695:. In Binns, Tony (ed.).
655:The Geographical Journal
567:
449:Agricultural development
1400:Agriculture in Nigeria
747:10.3200/ENVT.47.1.8-21
559:Agriculture in Nigeria
455:Third Development Plan
441:western visitors like
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155:Soils of the region
1395:Economy of Nigeria
1245:nigerianfinder.com
1142:www.britannica.com
1117:Nigerian Infopedia
1008:Journal of Ecology
897:(sup1): S54–S101.
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515:intensive farming
484:Historically, in
471:irrigation scheme
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308:A Nigerian Farmer
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117:Introduction
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1173:28 February
741:(1): 8–21.
563:Agriculture
443:Henry Barth
149:Crop yields
111:Henry Barth
87:minor crops
53:such as in
51:degradation
1389:Categories
1375:A369220558
1167:Farmsquare
613:References
481:of soils.
136:Dry season
93:, and the
38:ecological
1367:245798287
1351:: 01–15.
1271:Naijadazz
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529:Nutrients
404:grassland
263:Intercrop
245:groundnut
79:groundnut
1225:10 April
993:34611557
548:See also
542:accurate
475:Tractors
180:Luvisols
132:savannah
77:, while
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1028:2256612
984:8477148
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286:shrubs
272:Shrubs
249:sesame
241:cowpea
233:millet
177:Ferric
99:Fulani
83:sesame
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73:, and
67:millet
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1313:JSTOR
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671:JSTOR
568:Notes
435:Manga
259:henna
1371:Gale
1279:2022
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