368:. For example, during a very rapid (ballistic) discrete movement of the elbow, such as throwing a dart, the triceps muscles will be activated very briefly and strongly (in a "burst") to rapidly accelerate the extension movement at the elbow, followed almost immediately by a "burst" of activation to the elbow flexor muscles that decelerates the elbow movement to arrive at a quick stop. To use an automotive analogy, this would be similar to pressing the accelerator pedal rapidly and then immediately pressing the brake. Antagonism is not an intrinsic property of a particular muscle or muscle group; it is a role that a muscle plays depending on which muscle is currently the agonist. During slower joint actions that involve gravity, just as with the agonist muscle, the antagonist muscle can shorten and lengthen. Using the example of the triceps brachii during a push-up, the elbow flexor muscles are the antagonists at the elbow during both the up phase and down phase of the movement. During the dumbbell curl, the elbow extensors are the antagonists for both the lifting and lowering phases.
353:). During the lowering phase the elbow flexor muscles lengthen, remaining the agonists because they are controlling the load and the movement (elbow extension). For both the lifting and lowering phase, the "elbow extensor" muscles are the antagonists (see below). They lengthen during the dumbbell lifting phase and shorten during the dumbbell lowering phase. Here it is important to understand that it is common practice to give a name to a muscle group (e.g. elbow flexors) based on the joint action they produce during a shortening contraction. However, this naming convention does not mean they are only agonists during shortening. This term typically describes the function of
1753:
465:
insufficiency, e.g., the fingers cannot be fully flexed when the wrist is also flexed). Likewise, the opposing muscles may be unable to stretch sufficiently to allow such movement to take place (passive insufficiency). For both these reasons, it is often essential to use other synergists, in this type of action to fix certain of the joints so that others can be moved effectively, e.g., fixation of the wrist during full flexion of the fingers in clenching the fist. Synergists are muscles that facilitate the fixation action.
35:
546:
377:
435:
726:
996:
1040:
874:
419:. Also, sometimes during a joint action controlled by an agonist muscle, the antagonist will be slightly activated, naturally. This occurs normally and is not considered to be a problem unless it is excessive or uncontrolled and disturbs the control of the joint action. This is called agonist/antagonist co-activation and serves to mechanically stiffen the joint.
526:
muscles have more than one set of fibers that perform the same function, and are usually supplied by different nerves for different set of fibers. For example, the tongue itself is a composite muscle made up of various components like longitudinal, transverse, horizontal muscles with different parts
464:
are more suitable where power rather than range of contraction is required. This limitation in the range of contraction affects all muscles, and those that act over several joints may be unable to shorten sufficiently to produce the full range of movement at all of them simultaneously (active
1315:
1773:
781:, the origin site is the torso, and the insertion is the arm. When this muscle contracts, normally the arm moves due to having less mass than the torso. This is the case when grabbing objects lighter than the body, as in the typical use of a
1154:
476:
muscle. A true synergist muscle is one that only neutralizes an undesired joint action, whereas a helping synergist is one that neutralizes an undesired action but also assists with the desired action.
363:
are simply the muscles that produce an opposing joint torque to the agonist muscles. This torque can aid in controlling a motion. The opposing torque can slow movement down - especially in the case of a
457:
when they do this. As neutralizers they help to cancel out or neutralize extra motion produced from the agonists to ensure that the force generated works within the desired plane of motion.
1158:
400:; to contract, the triceps relaxes while the biceps contracts to lift the arm. "Reverse motions" need antagonistic pairs located in opposite sides of a joint or bone, including
438:
The biceps flexes the lower arm. The brachioradialis, in the forearm, and brachialis, located deep to the biceps in the upper arm, are both synergists that aid in this motion.
485:
A muscle that fixes or holds a bone so that the agonist can carry out the intended movement is said to have a neutralizing action. A good famous example of this are the
342:. It is still the agonist, because while resisting gravity during relaxing, the triceps brachii continues to be the prime mover, or controller, of the joint action.
553:
There are a number of terms used in the naming of muscles including those relating to size, shape, action, location, their orientation, and their number of heads.
113:
951:. Bipennate muscle shortens less than unipennate muscle but develops greater tension when it does, translated into greater power but less range of motion.
219:
is involuntary and found in parts of the body where it conveys action without conscious intent. The majority of this type of muscle tissue is found in the
753:
The insertion and origin of a muscle are the two places where it is anchored, one at each end. The connective tissue of the attachment is called an
509:. For the knee to flex while not rotating in either direction, all three muscles contract to stabilize the knee while it moves in the desired way.
326:
since they produce most of the force, and control of an action. Agonists cause a movement to occur through their own activation. For example, the
881:
1788:
106:
1561:
415:
However, muscles do not always work this way; sometimes agonists and antagonists contract at the same time to produce force, as per
836:
to bone. The insertion is a bone that tends to be distal, have less mass, and greater motion than the origin during a contraction.
693:
683:
401:
99:
1267:
1226:
1006:
is increase in muscle size from an increase in size of individual muscle cells. This usually occurs as a result of exercise.
311:
287:
948:
889:
1725:
1530:
1499:
1355:
1189:
302:, which describe the motion made by a muscle, unique terminology is used to describe the action of a set of muscles.
283:
274:. It is also involuntary in its movement, and is additionally self-excitatory, contracting without outside stimuli.
1026:
86:
71:
17:
338:). During the down phase of a push-up, the same triceps brachii actively controls elbow flexion while producing a
1793:
1638:
43:
707:
1404:
943:
consist of two rows of oblique muscle fibres, facing in opposite diagonal directions, converging on a central
800:
is the part at the end of a muscle at its origin, where it attaches to a fixed bone. Some muscles such as the
331:
1643:
1554:
733:
339:
540:
66:
1648:
1633:
1142:
453:. Synergist muscles can also act to counter or neutralize the force of an agonist and are also known as
1743:
897:
536:
299:
76:
460:
Muscle fibers can only contract up to 40% of their fully stretched length. Thus the short fibers of
926:
1783:
1547:
1395:
Martini, Frederic; William C. Ober; Claire W. Garrison; Kathleen Welch; Ralph T. Hutchings (2001).
1021:
940:
878:
665:
659:
205:
61:
908:
778:
653:
647:
1078:
Stimec, Bojan V.; Dash, Jérémy; Assal, Mathieu; Stern, Richard; Fasel, Jean H. D. (1 May 2018).
947:. Bipennate muscle is stronger than both unipennate muscle and fusiform muscle, due to a larger
847:
have their origin in the part of the body that they act on, and are contained within that part.
1778:
494:
293:
165:
126:
51:
1079:
1016:
956:
916:
677:
671:
502:
490:
416:
8:
1718:
1628:
1254:
Walker, H. Kenneth (1990), Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.),
901:
868:
856:
252:
1752:
1066:
177:
1611:
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986:
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633:
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197:
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1526:
1519:
1505:
1495:
1488:
1400:
1351:
1273:
1263:
1222:
1185:
1155:"Interactions of skeletal muscles their fascicle arrangement and their lever-systems"
1099:
1050:
934:
851:
have their origin outside of the part of the body that they act on. Examples are the
829:
506:
498:
389:
316:
Agonist muscles and antagonist muscles are muscles that cause or inhibit a movement.
1774:
Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
1730:
1713:
1690:
1111:
1091:
964:
712:
703:
637:
518:
450:
220:
1675:
1621:
1594:
1570:
1080:"Additional muscular slip of the flexor digitorum longus muscle to the fifth toe"
741:
698:
588:
584:
405:
354:
327:
161:
130:
408:, which "opens" the joint (by increasing the angle between the two bones) and a
1757:
1680:
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1297:
990:
952:
729:
688:
629:
461:
423:
267:
224:
134:
1095:
816:
of a muscle is the structure that it attaches to and tends to be moved by the
1767:
1599:
1584:
1509:
1045:
782:
409:
216:
150:
138:
1255:
929:
have fibers that run the entire length of only one side of a muscle, like a
1277:
1103:
1494:(Ed. 19, illustrated in full color ed.). Philadelphia: F.A.Davis Co.
422:
Not all muscles are paired in this way. An example of an exception is the
34:
1659:
1616:
1003:
773:, typically proximal, which has greater mass and is more stable during a
583:
smallest. These terms are often used after the particular muscle such as
545:
376:
180:. The widest part of a muscle that pulls on the tendons is known as the
968:
852:
737:
486:
335:
1376:
1235:
380:
The antagonistic pair of biceps and triceps working to flex the elbow.
239:
in the latter. Other places smooth muscle can be found are within the
1463:
930:
621:
412:, which does the opposite by decreasing the angle between two bones.
350:
346:
1260:
Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
434:
1198:
911:
have fibers that run parallel to the length of the muscle, and are
754:
609:
1539:
1486:
Taber, Clarence Wilbur; Thomas, Clayton L.; Venes, Donald (2001).
955:
generally also tire easily. Examples of bipennate muscles are the
1364:
920:
786:
725:
397:
1655:
1606:
995:
944:
833:
825:
801:
393:
240:
173:
960:
271:
256:
244:
236:
232:
228:
384:
Antagonist and agonist muscles often occur in pairs, called
821:
770:
169:
873:
1184:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 236–241.
744:. Action is extension of the knee and flexion of the hip.
248:
201:
896:
Muscles may also be described by the direction that the
345:
Another example is the dumb-bell curl at the elbow. The
1221:. USA: National Strength and Conditioning Association.
312:
Anatomical terms of motion § Flexion and extension
141:
such as their actions, structure, size, and location.
1741:
404:
pairs and flexor-extensor pairs. These consist of an
349:
is the agonist, shortening during the lifting phase (
1350:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 265.
1077:
785:
machine. This can be reversed however, such as in a
832:. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via
1518:
1487:
839:
777:than a muscle's insertion. For example, with the
176:. Skeletal muscle enables movement of bones, and
1765:
1219:Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning
1295:
1397:Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th Ed
1316:"9.6C: How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements"
681:moving that increase an angle or straightens;
449:, act around a joint to help the action of an
1555:
853:intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
277:
107:
392:. An example of an antagonistic pair is the
153:in the body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
1341:
1339:
1337:
468:There is an important difference between a
305:
1562:
1548:
980:
886:A: fusiform. B: unipennate. C: bipennate.
789:where the torso moves up to meet the arm.
549:The seven general types of skeletal muscle
527:innervated from a different nerve supply.
227:where it acts by propelling forward food,
196:is a slip of muscle that can either be an
114:
100:
1334:
994:
872:
724:
544:
433:
375:
129:is used to uniquely describe aspects of
1388:
1345:
1216:
1179:
1147:
748:
14:
1766:
1262:(3rd ed.), Boston: Butterworths,
1253:
1173:
1044:This article incorporates text in the
1543:
1490:Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary
1485:
1469:
1382:
1308:
1241:
1204:
480:
388:. As one muscle contracts, the other
371:
334:, during the up phase of a push-up (
1569:
1516:
1438:
1413:
1370:
512:
340:lengthening (eccentric) contraction
332:shortening (concentric) contraction
288:List of extensors of the human body
200:, or a branching of a muscle as in
24:
1789:Lists of human anatomical features
1071:
949:physiological cross-sectional area
505:carries out knee flexion and knee
156:
25:
1805:
1726:List of muscles of the human body
1296:Purves, D; Augustine, GJ (2001).
628:means straight. Examples are the
284:List of flexors of the human body
262:
1751:
1038:
1027:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
890:PCS: physiological cross-section
862:
675:moving that decreases an angle;
530:
211:
33:
1289:
1247:
1084:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
840:Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
1210:
1136:
1125:
1060:
999:Example of an atrophied muscle
820:of the muscle. This may be a
732:(in red). Origin includes the
651:moving away from the midline;
497:perform knee flexion and knee
187:
164:, or "voluntary muscle", is a
13:
1:
1521:The Oxford English dictionary
1033:
734:anterior inferior iliac spine
429:
1346:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2011).
1180:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2011).
807:
716:rotating away from the body.
657:moving towards the midline;
616:means round or cylindrical,
541:Anatomical terms of location
243:, where it helps facilitate
7:
1525:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1517:J. A. Simpson, ed. (1989).
1009:
828:or the subcutaneous dermal
10:
1810:
1709:Anatomical terms of muscle
984:
866:
537:Anatomical terms of motion
534:
309:
306:Agonists and antagonists
300:anatomical terms of motion
291:
281:
278:Actions of skeletal muscle
1701:
1668:
1577:
1446:"Definition of EXTRINSIC"
1421:"Definition of INTRINSIC"
1096:10.1007/s00276-018-1991-7
804:have more than one head.
796:of a muscle, also called
760:
604:means having four sides;
149:There are three types of
1244:, pp. "Antagonist".
1217:Baechle, Thomas (2008).
1048:from the 20th edition of
1022:Anatomical terms of bone
975:
740:. Insertion is into the
206:serratus anterior muscle
168:that primarily joins to
144:
42:This article is part of
1450:www.merriam-webster.com
1425:www.merriam-webster.com
981:Hypertrophy and atrophy
779:latissimus dorsi muscle
720:
495:semimembranosus muscles
330:contracts, producing a
1794:Anatomical terminology
1304:. Sinauer Association.
1256:"Deep Tendon Reflexes"
1000:
893:
745:
550:
439:
381:
294:Reciprocal innervation
166:striated muscle tissue
127:Anatomical terminology
52:Anatomical terminology
1207:, pp. "Agonist".
1017:Reciprocal inhibition
998:
957:rectus femoris muscle
917:pronator teres muscle
876:
749:Insertion and origin
728:
548:
535:Further information:
437:
379:
282:Further information:
1629:Fascial compartment
1320:Medicine LibreTexts
933:. For example, the
915:. For example, the
902:muscle architecture
869:Muscle architecture
769:of a muscle is the
270:is specific to the
253:pupillary sphincter
204:connections of the
27:Muscles terminology
1001:
987:Muscle hypertrophy
927:Unipennate muscles
894:
746:
710:towards the body;
663:moving downwards;
634:pronator quadratus
600:means triangular;
551:
481:Neutralizer action
440:
386:antagonistic pairs
382:
372:Antagonistic pairs
366:ballistic movement
361:Antagonist muscles
347:elbow flexor group
235:in the former and
198:anatomical variant
1739:
1738:
1399:. Prentice Hall.
1298:"Neural Circuits"
1269:978-0-409-90077-4
1228:978-0-7360-8465-9
941:Bipennate muscles
935:fibularis muscles
857:those of the hand
849:Extrinsic muscles
845:Intrinsic muscles
830:connective tissue
579:means small, and
507:external rotation
499:internal rotation
470:helping synergist
443:Synergist muscles
417:Lombard's paradox
402:abductor-adductor
178:maintains posture
124:
123:
16:(Redirected from
1801:
1756:
1755:
1747:
1731:Composite muscle
1564:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1524:
1513:
1493:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1392:
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1374:
1368:
1362:
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1343:
1332:
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1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1251:
1245:
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1232:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1161:on 23 March 2022
1157:. Archived from
1151:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1075:
1069:
1064:
1042:
1041:
965:stapedius muscle
909:Fusiform muscles
736:and part of the
713:external rotator
704:Internal rotator
669:moving upwards;
638:rectus abdominis
513:Composite muscle
355:skeletal muscles
322:are also called
116:
109:
102:
37:
30:
29:
21:
18:Agonist (muscle)
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1784:Muscular system
1764:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1697:
1664:
1595:Skeletal muscle
1573:
1571:Muscular system
1568:
1533:
1502:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1444:
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1393:
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1358:
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1335:
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1314:
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1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1076:
1072:
1067:Skeletal Muscle
1065:
1061:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1012:
993:
985:Main articles:
983:
978:
953:Pennate muscles
887:
885:
871:
865:
842:
810:
763:
751:
742:patellar tendon
723:
699:to face upwards
620:means having a
608:means having a
589:gluteus minimus
585:gluteus maximus
575:means largest;
543:
533:
515:
483:
462:pennate muscles
432:
406:extensor muscle
374:
336:elbow extension
328:triceps brachii
320:Agonist muscles
314:
308:
296:
290:
280:
265:
225:urinary systems
214:
190:
162:Skeletal muscle
159:
157:Skeletal muscle
147:
131:skeletal muscle
120:
91:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1807:
1797:
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1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
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1737:
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1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
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1694:
1693:
1688:
1681:Pennate muscle
1678:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1624:
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1614:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:Cardiac muscle
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1566:
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1544:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1514:
1500:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1437:
1412:
1405:
1387:
1385:, "insertion".
1375:
1363:
1356:
1333:
1322:. 19 July 2018
1307:
1288:
1268:
1246:
1234:
1227:
1209:
1197:
1190:
1172:
1146:
1143:Cardiac Muscle
1135:
1124:
1090:(5): 533–535.
1070:
1058:
1057:
1051:Gray's Anatomy
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1008:
991:Muscle atrophy
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
938:
924:
913:spindle-shaped
900:run, in their
867:Main article:
864:
861:
841:
838:
809:
806:
762:
759:
750:
747:
730:Rectus femoris
722:
719:
718:
717:
644:
641:
630:pronator teres
595:
592:
558:
532:
529:
514:
511:
503:biceps femoris
491:semitendinosus
482:
479:
474:true synergist
451:agonist muscle
431:
428:
373:
370:
307:
304:
279:
276:
268:Cardiac muscle
264:
263:Cardiac muscle
261:
213:
210:
189:
186:
158:
155:
146:
143:
135:cardiac muscle
122:
121:
119:
118:
111:
104:
96:
93:
92:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1806:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Human anatomy
1777:
1775:
1772:
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1759:
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1749:
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1729:
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1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:Smooth muscle
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:Muscle tissue
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1534:
1532:9780198611868
1528:
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1132:Smooth Muscle
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571:means large;
570:
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563:means short;
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531:Muscle naming
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1453:. Retrieved
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1324:. Retrieved
1319:
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1281:, retrieved
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1181:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
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1115:. Retrieved
1087:
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882:muscle types
848:
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689:to face down
682:
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664:
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617:
613:
605:
601:
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580:
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568:
567:means long;
564:
560:
552:
523:
517:
516:
501:whereas the
484:
473:
469:
467:
459:
455:neutralizers
454:
446:
445:also called
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385:
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360:
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344:
324:prime movers
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319:
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297:
266:
251:, where the
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193:
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160:
148:
125:
87:Neuroanatomy
81:
72:Microanatomy
1660:Aponeurosis
1612:Superficial
1373:, "origin".
1004:Hypertrophy
818:contraction
775:contraction
606:rhomboideus
298:As well as
194:muscle slip
188:Muscle slip
1768:Categories
1686:Unipennate
1470:Taber 2001
1406:0130172928
1383:Taber 2001
1283:2024-02-19
1242:Taber 2001
1205:Taber 2001
1034:References
969:middle ear
963:, and the
877:Different
738:acetabulum
487:hamstrings
430:Synergists
310:See also:
292:See also:
247:, and the
1719:Insertion
1691:Bipennate
1510:1065-1357
931:quill pen
814:insertion
808:Insertion
694:supinator
660:depressor
643:By action
622:trapezoid
618:trapezius
602:quadratus
519:Composite
255:controls
221:digestive
1676:Fusiform
1622:Visceral
1371:OED 1989
1278:21250237
1104:29473094
1010:See also
879:skeletal
755:enthesis
708:rotating
684:pronator
678:extensor
666:elevator
654:adductor
648:abductor
636:and the
610:rhomboid
594:By shape
447:fixators
67:Location
44:a series
1758:Anatomy
1639:Forearm
1112:3456242
967:of the
959:of the
921:forearm
919:of the
787:chin up
697:moving
687:moving
624:shape,
612:shape;
598:deltoid
581:minimus
573:maximus
557:By size
424:deltoid
398:triceps
390:relaxes
174:tendons
1744:Portal
1714:Origin
1656:Tendon
1607:Fascia
1578:Tissue
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1403:
1354:
1276:
1266:
1225:
1188:
1165:10 May
1117:13 May
1110:
1102:
1054:(1918)
945:tendon
855:, and
834:tendon
826:tendon
802:biceps
767:origin
761:Origin
672:flexor
632:, the
626:rectus
587:, and
565:longus
561:brevis
524:hybrid
489:; the
394:biceps
259:size.
241:uterus
231:, and
137:, and
82:Muscle
77:Motion
1702:Other
1669:Shape
1644:Thigh
1480:Books
1455:7 May
1430:7 May
1326:8 May
1108:S2CID
976:State
961:thigh
614:teres
577:minor
569:major
272:heart
257:pupil
245:birth
237:urine
233:feces
229:chyme
182:belly
172:with
145:Types
1617:Deep
1527:ISBN
1506:ISSN
1496:ISBN
1457:2021
1432:2021
1401:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1328:2021
1302:NCBI
1274:PMID
1264:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1167:2021
1119:2021
1100:PMID
989:and
824:, a
822:bone
812:The
794:head
792:The
771:bone
765:The
721:Form
539:and
493:and
396:and
286:and
223:and
170:bone
62:Bone
1649:Leg
1634:Arm
1092:doi
522:or
249:eye
202:rib
1770::
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1336:^
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