74:
46:
39:
67:
584:
367:
Another suggestion is that the
Hellenistic name Ikaros derived from Ekara: the name of E-kara would have sounded to Hellenes indistinguishable from the Aegean island of Ikaria. If so, ´KR was merely the Aramaic transliteration of Ikaros. However, there is no evidence of a temple named Ekara during
363:
Shamash was associated with palm trees. This may indicate that Ekara and Haǧar are all etymologically related. However, this conjecture becomes unnecessary if the
Persian or Arabic etymology of Hagar is accepted. Furthermore, Akarum is only attested in the 2nd millennium BCE, whereas Ekara first
438:
This hypothesis has been criticized on the grounds that there is a gap of more than a thousand years between the
Dilmunite mentions of Agarum and the Hellenistic "king of Hagar". Only three coins mentioning Hagar are known, two from
388:, who understood the royal texts to indicate that the kings themselves were "of Agarum". He translated the Agarite royal title as "slave of Inzak, of Agarum". Modern scholarship does not agree with Rawlinson's interpretation.
253:(c. 18th and 17th centuries BCE), and Sumu-lêl (16th century BCE). "Inzak of Agarum" is also attested on several inscriptions from Failaka, which was an important cultic center of Inzak during the first half of 2nd millennium.
278:
of Akar") can be seen as a late re-interpretation of the ancient "Inzak of Agarum". As part of Dilmun, Failaka became a hub for the civilization from the end of the 3rd to the middle of the 1st millennium BC.
349:, which was located at Failaka. Ancient Mesopotamian scribes often morphed foreign words in order to render them satisfyingly into their own writing system. E-kara has a plausible cuneiform etymology; c.f.
493:
The website of the
Bahrain Authority for Culture & Antiquities speculates that Agarum was "in fact the name which the ancient Dilmunites originally used for Dilmun" — that is, the isle of Bahrain.
424:
coins that contain the inscription ″Haritat, king of Hagar" — the name Hagar is remarkably similar to Agarum. The
Hellenistic Hagar is further equated with the mediaeval city of Haǧar, or
413:
region. While the power later shifted to
Bahrain, a religious association with Agarum remained. According to this interpretation, Agarum was considered the original home of the god
249:, the chief deity of Dilmunite pantheon. Several Dilmunite kings styled themselves as "servants of the Inzak of Agarum"; such kings included Rimum (c. 18th century BCE),
532:
452:
119:
346:
808:
384:
Dilmunite inscriptions seem to regard Agarum as the home of the deity Inzak. Another interpretation was made in 1880 by sir
546:, edited by Scheich ʿAbdāllah Bahrain, Haya Ali Khalifa, Shaikha Haya Ali Al Khalifa & Michael Rice. Routledge, 1986.
360:. Kings of the Hellenistic Hagar minted coins in the name of Shamash, who may have been the principal deity of the state.
356:, "house" or "temple". It is unknown which god Ekara was dedicated to, but circumstantial evidence points to the sun-god
803:
566:
551:
526:
511:
653:
482:
385:
274:
name of
Failaka was ´KR — probably standing for Akar, likely a diachronic variant of Akarum. The Aramaic BL ´KR ("
66:
38:
767:
315:
373:
288:
428:, the main urban center of the Al-Ahsa oases. Interestingly, Al-Ahsa is famous for its flourishing
376:. More likely is that Akarum, Akar, ´KR, and Ikaros are all variants of the same ancient toponym.
283:
211:
218:. Failaka's Ekara temple is another probable location. Agarum is sometimes identified with the
369:
372:, which may indicate its name had already fallen out of use at that point, centuries before
733:
8:
506:, edited by Julian Reade. Kegan Paul International, 1996. Reissued by Routledge in 2013.
293:
656:
Bahrain
Authority for Culture & Antiquities. 28 November 2016. Accessed 3 July 2020.
270:. Failaka was the main center of the cult of Inzak. In the late 1st millennium BCE, the
238:
215:
562:
547:
522:
507:
474:
350:
180:
654:
Kings of Dilmun identified by name and announced in a press conference held by BACA.
409:. This hypothesis holds that the Dilmun civilization originally centered around the
537:
467:
459:
685:
458:
Equally problematic is the identification of the
Hellenistic Hagar and the later
448:
421:
266:
Agarum is generally thought to be the
Failaka Island, located near the coast of
406:
402:
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297:
231:
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191:
797:
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Potts, Daniel T.. Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations. 1997
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Royal Mounds of A'ali in Bahrain: The Emergence of Kingship in Early Dilmun
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Laursen 2017, pp. 386, 340–343; Nashef 1986, pp. 340–342, 346, 349.
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432:
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Nashef 1986, pp. 340–342, 346, 349; Laursen 2017, pp. 430-433.
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Nashef 1986, pp. 340–343, 346, 349; Laursen 2017, pp. 430-433.
275:
770:. The New York Times, 18 November 1984. Accessed 3 July 2020.
478:
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derived from ´KR. That both Failaka and Aegean Ikaria housed
246:
20:
502:
Jean-Jacques Glassner: "Dilmun, Magan and Meluhha" (1988);
447:. A competing hypothesis identifies the Hagar coinage with
440:
312:
would have made the identification tempting all the more.
19:"Agaru" redirects here. For the city in Switzerland, see
237:
The name Agarum is attested in the earlier half of the
757:
Glassner 1988, pp. 240-243; Laursen 2017, pp. 432-433.
579:
473:. Alternatively, Hagar and/or Haǧar may derive from
477:HGR, "(fortified) city". In fact, the 10th-century
435:; Inzak was similarly associated with date-palms.
462:Haǧar. According to Arabic authors, Haǧar was an
401:Another possibility is that Agarum refers to the
795:
198:. Agarum has been generally identified with
282:In Hellenistic times, Failaka was known as
241:, mentioned in inscriptions of the ancient
628:
626:
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485:mentions several cities with such a name.
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686:"Sa'ad and Sae'ed Area in Failaka Island"
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544:Bahrain Through the Ages: The Archaeology
304:. The Greek name was probably based on a
245:civilization. Agarum was associated with
222:city of Haǧar, in the general region of
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364:appears during the 1st millennium BCE.
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632:Glassner 1988, pp. 240-243.
542:: "The Deities of Dilmun";
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720:Laursen 2017, pp. 430-433.
618:Laursen 2017, pp. 430-433.
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804:History of Eastern Arabia
730:The Anabasis of Alexander
504:Indian Ocean In Antiquity
379:
374:the Alexandrian conquests
292:, this name was given by
289:The Anabasis of Alexander
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103:
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732:, Book VII, Chapter XX.
156:(also transliterated as
262:Kuwait's Failaka Island
517:Steffen Terp Laursen:
420:There are Hellenistic
206:, known as ´KR to the
135:29.48889°N 48.33333°E
84:Show map of Near East
779:Nashef 1986, p. 340.
370:Neo-Babylonian times
561:. Routledge, 2002.
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294:Alexander the Great
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53:Shown within Kuwait
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748:Rice 2002, p. 208.
239:2nd millennium BCE
140:29.48889; 48.33333
81:Agarum (Near East)
56:Show map of Kuwait
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521:. ISD LLC, 2017.
475:Old South Arabian
331:29.442°N 48.324°E
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347:Ekara temple
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234:in Bahrain.
228:Saudi Arabia
196:Persian Gulf
181:Near Eastern
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108:Persian Gulf
536: [
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296:, after an
214:during the
184:proper name
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114:Coordinates
798:Categories
734:Wikisource
574:References
481:historian
445:provenance
322:48°19′26″E
319:29°26′31″N
310:bull cults
178:bronze-age
126:48°20′00″E
123:29°29′20″N
430:date-palm
302:same name
220:mediaeval
166:cuneiform
464:Arabized
460:Hasaitic
351:Sumerian
257:Location
251:Yagli-El
208:Arameans
174:a-ga-rum
170:a-kà-rum
94:Location
497:Sources
468:Persian
433:gardens
358:Shamash
300:of the
272:Aramaic
210:and as
188:toponym
176:) is a
697:3 July
691:UNESCO
565:
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525:
510:
479:Yemeni
380:Origin
284:Ikaros
268:Kuwait
243:Dilmun
212:Ikaros
200:Kuwait
162:Akarum
154:Agarum
104:Region
98:Kuwait
27:Agarum
540:]
471:Hakar
426:Hofuf
415:Inzak
247:Inzak
158:Agaru
21:Agarn
699:2020
563:ISBN
548:ISBN
523:ISBN
508:ISBN
441:Susa
368:the
230:and
194:and
451:in
276:Bēl
226:in
202:'s
172:or
160:or
800::
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688:.
675:^
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623:^
601:^
538:de
455:.
417:.
168::
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736:.
701:.
569:.
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354:é
23:.
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