33:
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955:(death anniversary celebration) was held at Afzal Khan's tomb, but in the 1990s, right-wing Hindus objected to the alleged Muslim glorification of Afzal Khan as a martyr during the event. They formed an organization called Pratapgarh Utsav Samiti, and started organizing "Shiv Pratap Din" ("Shivaji Glorification Day") to celebrate Shivaji's victory over Afzal Khan. The Samiti observed the day at the Pratapgad fort from 1996 to 2004, when the
578:
335:, who had invaded the Bijapur Sultanate. Shivaji claimed to be a loyal servant of Bijapur, but the Bijapur government doubted his loyalty. During much of the 1650s, the Bijapur government had been unable to take any steps against Shivaji because it was busy dealing with the Mughal invasion, internal factional politics, and a succession dispute. After a peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance of
850:, attributes the treachery to Shivaji instead: it states that Shivaji feigned humility and tears while approaching Afzal Khan, confessing his sins and asking for forgiveness after every 3–4 steps. He then pretended to tremble with fear, and requested that Afzal Khan's companions withdraw to a distance. In reality, he had stationed his soldiers in ambush in every cave, and concealed a
869:). According to Revington's letter, around 3,000 of Afzal Khan's soldiers died in the battle. Two of Afzal Khan's sons were captured by Shivaji's soldiers. Another son – Fazl Khan – escaped along with Afzal Khan's wives with the support of Khandoji Khopde. The Maratha texts state that many of Afzal Khan's men were killed, but those who surrendered were invited to join Shivaji.
538:
envoy presented
Shivaji as someone who respected Afzal Khan as an elder and an associate of his father, and as someone who was willing to submit easily. However, his real objective was to find the enemy's military strength and intentions. Sabhasad states that Gopinath bribed Afzal Khan's officers, and learned that Afzal Khan planned to arrest Shivaji at the meeting.
172:
contingent was soon reinforced by the main
Bijapur army led by Randaula Khan. The Bijapur army captured the fort, and handed it over to Kenge Nayaka, while sending the captured wealth to Bijapur. Kenge Nayaka subsequently switched his allegiance to Bangalore, but then re-joined Bijapur, and convinced the Bangalore ruler Kempe Gowda to surrender his fort to Bijapur.
201:– the central part of the fortified town. Kenge Nayaka then launched three successive attacks against him, but Afzal Khan forced him to retreat. Encouraged by Afzal Khan's successes, the Bijapur forces attacked Kenge Nayaka's contingent from both sides. After losing 3,700 soldiers, Kenge Nayaka surrendered the fort, and agreed to pay Bijapur 4 million
187:(currency unit) to Bijapur. Subsequently, Kenge Nayaka rebelled against Bijapur, and asserted independence at Basavapattana, where he raised an army of 70,000 soldiers to guard the fort. Randaula Khan then formed an alliance with his former overlord Virabhadra, the former Nayaka of Ikkeri, and besieged Basavapattana. Afzal Khan, along with
625:
According to the
Maratha texts, Afzal Khan asked Shivaji to submit to the Bijapuri king Adil Shah, and be recognized as a vassal lord. He pretended to embrace Shivaji, but then quickly stabbed him with a concealed weapon. Shivaji was protected by his chain mail, and retaliated. Afzal Khan then rushed
537:
Shivaji treated Afzal Khan's envoy
Krishnaji Bhaskar with respect, and met him secretly at night, urging him as a Hindu to divulge Afzal Khan's real intentions. Krishnaji hinted that Afzal Khan had treacherous plans. Shivaji then sent Krishnaji back to Afzal Khan with his own agent Gopinath Pant. The
171:
The
Bijapur commander Randaula Khan sent a force led by Afzal Khan to capture Sira. Kasturi Ranga Nayaka, the commander of Sira, came out of the fort to negotiate with Afzal Khan, but Afzal Khan killed him. The defenders closed the fort gates before Afzal Khan could enter the fort, but Afzal Khan's
599:
Afzal Khan left his camp at Par with an escort of 1,000 soldiers. However, Shivaji's envoy
Gopinath argued that such a large escort would scare Shivaji away from the meeting, and convinced Afzal Khan to bring only two soldiers to the meeting, just like Shivaji. Accordingly, Afzal Khan left most of
609:
Shivaji, who was waiting at a distance from the meeting place, demanded that Sayyid Banda leave the tent where the meeting was scheduled. Afzal Khan agreed to the demand: both Afzal Khan and
Shivaji now entered inside the tent, each accompanied by three men – two soldiers and an envoy. Afzal Khan
553:
valley. One day before the meeting, Afzal Khan marched to Par, a village near
Pratapgad, via the Radtondi pass. His soldiers encamped in scattered places, close to water bodies near the source of the Koyna River. Meanwhile, Shivaji placed his soldiers in ambush at various intervals along the path
945:
Several legends about Afzal Khan's fatal campaign became popular in the following years. One of these legends claims that he had a premonition about his death from an astrologer before he started his march against
Shivaji. Therefore, he killed and buried his 63 wives at Afzalpura near Bijapur to
501:
According to
Sabhasad, Afzal Khan then sent his envoy Krishna Bhaskar Kulkarni to Shivaji, declaring that he was a great friend of Shivaji's father Shahaji. He promised that he would use his influence in the Bijapur court to get the king to officially recognize Shivaji's control over Konkan and
541:
After learning these details from Gopinath, Shivaji pretended that he was scared of Afzal Khan, and refused to come to Wai for a meeting. Shivaji's envoy proposed a negotiation meeting with only a few bodyguards at Javli, located near the foot of the Pratpagad fort. Afzal Khan agreed, and
521:
claim that the goddess Bhavani appeared in Shivaji's dream, warning him of Afzal Khan's treacherous plans, and assuring him of victory. After waking up, Shivaji prayed to the goddess, and resolved to either win against Afzal Khan or die fighting. He summoned the armies of his generals –
362:. Maratha sources suggest higher numbers, stating that Afzal Khan's army had as many as 35,000 infantry; 12,000 cavalry; and 500 cannons; according to American academic Nicholas Gier, these sources exaggerate the strength of Afzal Khan's forces in order to glorify Shivaji's victory. The
505:
Meanwhile, Afzal Khan's unchallenged march to Wai had greatly frightened Shivaji's followers. His well-equipped army had freely plundered the territory of Shivaji, who had confined himself to a fort instead of challenging Afzal Khan in an open battlefield. Both Sabhasad and
596:("tiger claws" or metal hooks attached to fingers), and a sword said to be "possessed" by the goddess Bhavani. He left for the meeting accompanied by two soldiers – his expert swordsman Jiva Mahala and Shambhuji Kavji, each of whom carried two swords and a shield.
967:
state government banned the politicized celebration because of provocative speeches and riots at the event. In 2014, the state passed a resolution banning exhibition of paintings of Shivaji killing Afzal Khan, after some Muslim groups objected to such a painting.
502:
various forts. He also promised to secure further distinction and military equipment for Shivaji from Bijapur. Finally, he declared that Shivaji was welcome to attend the Bijapur court, or be granted an exemption from personal attendance, if he so desired.
342:
Ali Adil Shah II was a minor whose mother had been the de facto ruler since the mid-1640s, when his father had fallen seriously ill. The decision of sending Afzal Khan against Shivaji was probably taken by his mother. An English letter sent by
148:. Kenge Nayaka (or Keng Nayak), the chief of Basavapattana and a discontented tributary of Virabhadra, helped the Bijapur army capture Ikkeri in exchange for 1,00,000 rupees, forcing Virabhadra to flee to
474:, who could have provided local support to Afzal Khan. Since Afzal Khan had governed the Wai region in the past, and knew it well, he presumed that he did not need such local support.
351:, dated 10 December 1659, states that the queen advised Afzal Khan to pretend friendship with Shivaji, because military strength would not be enough to defeat Shivaji.
208:
Bijapur's victory over Kenge Nayaka frightened the other Nayakas of present-day Karnataka into accepting Bijapur's suzerainty. Randaula Khan sent Afzal Khan to capture
124:, a rebel Bijapuri chief, whom the Bijapur government sought to arrest. He was killed at a truce negotiation meeting with Shivaji, and his army was defeated at the
468:, and Afzal Khan's desecration of Hindu sites was probably aimed at provoking Shivaji into leaving the safety of the fort. These actions alienated the local Hindu
327:, and had started acting independently of the Bijapur government. He had captured territories ruled by other subordinates of Bijapur, and had negotiated with the
490:, was asked to bring a contingent to Javli in Afzal Khan's support. Khandoji Khopde agreed to support Afzal Khan on the condition that he would be made the
1562:
358:. On the other hand, Afzal Khan's army – including infantry and cavalry – had 10,000 soldiers. This number is supported by the English letter, as well as
160:, which were ruled by friends of Kenge Nayaka. Kenge Nayaka suggested that the march to these areas was difficult, and instead advised Bijapur to capture
1595:
228:, joined by the main Bijapur army. After a four-month long siege, the local chief Venkatapati started peace negotiations, offering to cede the fort of
892:
Shivaji's victory over Afzal Khan caught the popular imagination of the local public, and ballads glorifying the event were sung by wandering bards (
1522:
1701:
Mohan Apte; Parag Mahajani; M. N. Vahia (2003). "Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian calendars".
1817:
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state that the idols at Tuljapur and Pandharpur were removed before Afzal Khan could destroy them. The contemporary English letters of the
195:, was deployed at the main gate of the Basavapattana fort. He entered the fort after a fierce battle, killed the guards, and captured the
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Before departing for the meeting, Shivaji left instructions for continuation of his government, in case he was killed at the meeting.
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out of the tent; his companion Sayyid Banda attacked Shivaji, but was killed by Jiva Mahala. This event is remembered in a
368:
states that Afzal Khan's army numbered 30,000 men; and Sabhasad states that it had 12,000 cavalry plus additional infantry.
889:
as a trophy, and later buried under the "Abdullah Tower" at Pratapgad. The rest of Afzal Khan's body was buried in Javli.
971:
Later Shiv Pratap Din was granted festival status by the government. On 30th November 2022, Maharashtra chief minister
637:
Afzal Khan was subsequently killed and beheaded. The various sources differ regarding who killed Afzal Khan, and how:
422:
states that Afzal Khan challenged the goddess to show her some miracle. He went on to desecrate the Hindu temples at
1544:
606:, accompanied by five men: two soldiers, his expert swordsman Sayyid Banda, and the envoys Krishnaji and Gopinath.
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ensure that no other men would get them after his death. The graveyard of his 63 wives is known as Sath Khabar.
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1812:
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in India. He played an important role in the southern expansion of the Bijapur Sultanate by subjugating the
402:, such as falling meteors and thunderbolts in cloudless sky. The text states that Afzal Khan first came to
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144:
chiefs who had taken control of the former Vijayanagara territory. One of these chiefs was Virabhadra, the
464:, a town that he had governed in the earlier years. Shivaji had taken up residence in the newly fortified
275:
composed by Agrindas or Ajnandas in 1659, and probably revised later; the earliest known heroic ballad in
482:
At Wai, Afzal Khan wrote to local chiefs, seeking their support against Shivaji. Vithoji Haibat Rao, the
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791:
1790:
Pratapgad Fort and the Episode of Shivaji & Afzal Khan: Told from the Original Mahratta Chronicles
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1822:
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398:(1674), composed under Shivaji's patronage, Afzal Khan's army started its march amid several evil
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as the king, the Bijapur government became more stable, and turned its attention towards Shivaji.
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510:
state that Shivaji's counsellors urged him to avoid losses by negotiating peace with Afzal Khan.
180:
1736:
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accordingly, Shivaji ordered his men to clear forest and create a path from Wai to Pratapgad.
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Afzal Khan, like the ruler of Bijapur, was a Muslim, while Shivaji was a Hindu. According to
216:) offered to accept Bijapur's suzerainty. The chief was allowed to keep control of the town (
149:
1827:
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258:. This campaign, which resulted in Afzal Khan's death, came to be highly celebrated in the
245:
209:
8:
862:
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Shivaji took precautionary measures to defend himself against Afzal Khan: he put on thin
355:
297:), a chronicle composed by Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad under the patronage of Shivaji's son
137:
125:
114:
991:, a Mughal general whose defeat by Shivaji is similarly celebrated in Marathi literature
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205:. He was imprisoned, and later killed for attempting to bribe a guard for his release.
102:
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his escort at a short distance from the meeting place, and came to meet Shivaji in a
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285:, composed by Shivaji's court poet Paramananda at the time of his coronation in 1674
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Afzal Khan's head was presented before the goddess Bhavani and Shivaji's mother
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Sabhasad also supports the account of Afzal Khan's desecrations at Tuljapur and
224:, but Afzal Khan took control of the fort. Afzal Khan then besieged the fort of
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leading to the meeting point. He set up luxurious tents at the meeting place.
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near Belur. Ultimately, he became a vassal of Bijapur, as did the Nayaka of
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troops, hidden in the forest, came out and routed the Bijapur army at the
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152:. Subsequently, the Bijapur government decided to capture the forts of
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and an iron armour under his clothes, and concealed two weapons: the
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Shivaji reportedly commanded a 60,000 infantry after his conquest of
332:
298:
161:
157:
72:
893:
796:
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403:
1764:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press.
1741:
The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times
1523:"Allow event to mark killing of Afzal Khan: Shiv Sena to BJP Govt"
577:
1563:"CM Eknath Shinde to hoist flag at Pratapgad fort on November 30"
1034:
1032:
1019:
1017:
886:
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830:
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records do not mention any desecration of temples by Afzal Khan.
407:
320:
310:(Jedhe chronology), records kept by the Jedhe aristocratic family
251:
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164:. In exchange for this advice, Kenge Nayaka demanded the fort of
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616:) boy, Shivaji responded by calling him a son of a fry cook (
584:(or wagh nakh), the weapon used by Shivaji against Afzal Khan
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120:
In 1659, the Bijapur government sent Afzal Khan to subjugate
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924:, while portraying Afzal Khan as a demonic incarnation. The
1161:
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406:, where he destroyed the idol of Shivaji's family goddess
262:. The earliest sources that describe the episode include:
951:
254:, the founder of the kingdom that later evolved into the
1717:
The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective
747:
and dagger to cut open Afzal Khan's stomach; also used
250:
Afzal Khan is best remembered for his campaign against
617:
611:
101:(died 10 November 1659) was a general who served the
494:
of Rohidkhore, which was held by Shivaji's loyalist
634:("Because of Jiva; Shivaji survived the attack").
1700:
1419:
560:
1799:
1734:
1713:
1632:
1407:
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1038:
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140:, the Bijapur government campaigned against the
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1650:. Vol. I. Shahji. D. B. Taraporevala Sons.
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975:celebrated Shiv Pratap Din by hoisting flag at
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1757:
1676:
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1431:
1339:
1208:
1143:
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854:(dagger), which he used to attack Afzal Khan.
386:state that Afzal Khan's army numbered 12,000.
1643:
1538:
1536:
1395:
1172:
1131:
168:, which was located on the way to Bangalore.
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1363:
920:similarly describes Shivaji as an avatar of
646:Weapon used by Shivaji to injure Afzal Khan
414:(considered holy by the Hindus) in front of
1596:"Shiv Pratap Din revelry at Pratapgad fort"
865:, on 20 November 1659 (10 November 1659 in
610:insulted Shivaji by calling him a peasant (
319:Shivaji was a son of the Bijapur's general
239:
131:
113:chiefs who had taken control of the former
1533:
426:and Shikhar Shingnapur (Shambhu Mahadev).
31:
16:Indian Bijapur Sultanate general (d. 1659)
549:located below Pratapgad, overlooking the
389:
1661:. Vol. II. D. B. Taraporevala Sons.
896:). The victory is also glorified in the
876:
576:
564:
930:compares the conflict to the legendary
545:The place chosen for the meeting was a
1800:
1503:(26–34). Hathway Investments: 86. 2004
857:After Afzal Khan's killing, Shivaji's
1818:People from the Sultanate of Bijapur
1683:Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India
183:negotiated peace by paying 500,000
13:
1545:"Defiant Hindu group to celebrate"
846:, a work by the Mughal chronicler
799:(dagger) concealed in coat sleeve
569:A painting from the 1920s depicts
14:
1839:
1780:
1543:Vijay Chavan (17 December 2015).
1366:"'We are no strangers to terror'"
1364:Linah Baliga (7 December 2008).
1636:Aurangzeb in Muntakhab-al Lubab
1625:
1588:
1555:
1515:
1485:
1357:
754:Shivaji himself, using a sword
477:
460:Afzal Khan finally encamped at
271:("The Killing of Afzal Khan"),
1672:. Longmans, Green and Company.
881:Afzal Khan's tomb at Pratapgad
774:dagger concealed in right arm
649:Afzal Khan was beheaded by...
561:Meeting with Shivaji and death
1:
995:
632:Hōtā Jivā Mhaṇun Vāchlā Shivā
314:
289:Shri-Shiva-Prabhuche Charitra
37:
784:dagger concealed near chest
7:
1686:. Oxford University Press.
982:
618:
612:
175:Randaula Khan then invaded
10:
1844:
453:'s Dagh-register, and the
243:
1735:Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996).
1714:Nicholas F. Gier (2014).
1633:Anees Jahan Syed (1977).
872:
220:) in exchange for 20,000
88:
80:
48:
41: early 20th century
30:
23:
1666:Jadunath Sarkar (1920).
451:Dutch East India Company
240:Campaign against Shivaji
136:Amid the decline of the
132:Victory over the Nayakas
1787:R. P. Karkaria (1896).
1758:Stewart Gordon (1993).
191:and some commanders of
181:Kanthirava Narasaraja I
1808:History of Maharashtra
1793:. Arya-Bhushana Press.
1761:The Marathas 1600-1818
1420:Mohan Apte et al. 2003
934:, equating Shivaji to
882:
829:"small and very short
585:
574:
534:– close to Pratapgad.
390:Desecration of temples
1737:"The Bijapur Kingdom"
1669:Shivaji and His Times
1408:Anees Jahan Syed 1977
1185:Nicholas F. Gier 2014
1051:Shanti Sadiq Ali 1996
1039:Shanti Sadiq Ali 1996
1024:Shanti Sadiq Ali 1996
1009:Shanti Sadiq Ali 1996
880:
580:
568:
1813:History of Karnataka
1743:. Orient Blackswan.
1655:Bal Krishna (1932).
1644:Bal Krishna (1932).
1602:. 30 November 2022.
1569:. 24 November 2022.
1480:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1468:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1456:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1444:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1352:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1319:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1307:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1295:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1280:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1268:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1251:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1236:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1224:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1197:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
1156:Jadunath Sarkar 1920
927:Shri-Shiva-Prabhuche
912:, and Afzal Khan to
656:Shri-Shiva-Prabhuche
410:, and slaughtered a
246:Battle of Pratapgarh
210:Chikkanayakana Halli
1720:. Lexington Books.
1529:. 12 November 2014.
1432:Bal Krishna II 1932
1340:James W. Laine 2003
1209:Stewart Gordon 1993
1144:Bal Krishna II 1932
1117:James W. Laine 2003
1090:Stewart Gordon 1993
1078:James W. Laine 2003
1063:James W. Laine 2003
908:equates Shivaji to
863:Battle of Pratapgad
573:injuring Afzal Khan
524:Moro Trimbak Pingle
347:Henry Revington to
138:Vijayanagara Empire
126:Battle of Pratapgad
1600:The Times of India
1567:The Times of India
1493:"Whither Martyrs?"
1396:Bal Krishna I 1932
1173:Bal Krishna I 1932
1132:Bal Krishna I 1932
938:and Afzal Khan to
883:
843:Muntakhab-al Lubab
812:Muntakhab-al Lubab
764:The Bhavani sword
751:and other weapons
586:
575:
447:East India Company
349:East India Company
260:Marathi literature
103:Adil Shahi dynasty
1771:978-0-521-26883-7
1750:978-81-250-0485-1
1727:978-0-7391-9223-8
1693:978-0-19-566771-4
1658:Shivaji the Great
1647:Shivaji the Great
1527:Financial Express
1458:, pp. 74–75.
1398:, pp. 22–23.
1282:, pp. 69–70.
839:
838:
731:dagger and sword
107:Bijapur Sultanate
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898:local literature
825:Niccolao Manucci
740:Tarikh-i-Shivaji
734:Shivaji himself
727:91 Qalami Bakhar
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628:Marathi language
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615:
526:from Konkan and
384:Tarikh-i-Shivaji
379:91 Qalami Bakhar
337:Ali Adil Shah II
281:Cantos 17–21 of
277:Marathi language
146:Nayaka of Ikkeri
92:Military general
81:Other names
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781:English letter
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666:Sambhaji Kavji
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515:Afzal Khan Vadh
480:
442:Shiva Digvijaya
420:Afzal Khan Vadh
392:
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294:Sabhasad Bakhar
268:Afzal Khan Vadh
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71:Foot of the
18:
1828:1659 deaths
1709:(1): 21–22.
1613:8 September
1580:8 September
1549:Pune Mirror
701:Yesaji Kank
683:Yesaji Kank
663:and dagger
654:Sabhasad's
551:Koyna River
325:Pune region
117:territory.
62:10 November
1802:Categories
1639:. Somaiya.
1507:2 February
996:References
965:Maharastra
949:An annual
940:Duryodhana
848:Khafi Khan
807:Khafi Khan
792:John Fryer
719:and sword
697:and sword
679:and sword
590:chain mail
486:of Gunjan-
455:Portuguese
431:Pandharpur
424:Pandharpur
416:her temple
315:Background
230:Sakrepatna
99:Afzal Khan
89:Occupation
84:Afzul Khan
56:1659-11-21
25:Afzal Khan
1608:0971-8257
1575:0971-8257
1371:DNA India
894:gondhalis
745:bagh nakh
717:bagh nakh
695:bagh nakh
677:bagh nakh
661:bagh nakh
594:bagh nakh
582:Bagh nakh
530:from the
471:deshmukhs
466:Pratapgad
333:Aurangzeb
162:Bangalore
158:Tadipatri
73:Pratapgad
1680:(2003).
983:See also
957:Congress
797:stiletto
492:deshmukh
484:deshmukh
404:Tuljapur
331:emperor
291:(or the
43:painting
1497:Outlook
904:). The
887:Jijabai
859:Maratha
852:bichuwa
817:dagger
749:shamsah
643:Source
619:bhatari
571:Shivaji
408:Bhavani
321:Shahaji
301:in 1697
299:Rajaram
252:Shivaji
189:Shahaji
122:Shivaji
54: (
1768:
1747:
1724:
1690:
1606:
1573:
1381:3 June
1376:Mumbai
922:Vishnu
916:. The
914:Ravana
902:Powada
873:Legacy
831:lancet
630:idiom
449:, the
433:. The
382:, and
345:factor
329:Mughal
273:powada
234:Tumkur
177:Mysore
150:Bednur
142:Nayaka
111:Nayaka
963:-led
936:Bhima
900:(see
613:kunbi
603:palki
547:crest
532:Ghats
488:Maval
400:omens
356:Javli
226:Belur
218:qasba
198:qasba
154:Adoni
1766:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1615:2023
1604:ISSN
1582:2023
1571:ISSN
1509:2020
1383:2015
910:Rama
703:and
517:and
439:and
304:The
222:huns
214:raja
203:huns
185:huns
166:Sira
156:and
75:fort
49:Died
961:NCP
952:urs
809:'s
622:).
462:Wai
412:cow
105:of
64:in
1804::
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1707:84
1705:.
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1535:^
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38:c.
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959:-
68:)
60:(
58:)
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