548:" as a way to ease their pain and also as a way to send coded signals to each other in resistance to slavery. The songs were sung at work in the fields as well as while worshipping. Negro spirituals during slavery brought together a community. Praising the Lord through song offered an alternative vision of empowerment and liberation to the Christianity that was imposed on them by slave masters. Gospel music emerged from the tradition of black spirituals in the early 20th century. African traditions in Black gospel singing can be heard in the call and response patterns, vocal styles and polyrhythmic clapped accompaniments. This music remains the foundation of the African American experience. Additionally, it influenced other races and cultures. "... African Americans recognized the richness of these religious folk songs and were quick to bring them to European art music practices such as those found in unaccompanied choral motets and vocal art songs."
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725:. This dance and the Charleston have common movements. Similar dances were performed across the American South during slavery. "The Charleston is a dance that was performed by the descendants of African slaves in the American south. Like its sister vernacular form, jazz, from which it takes its rhythmic propulsion, it is a blend of African and European sources, and it has had a broad influence on American life and art. The name derives from the fact that the dance was supposedly seen performed by black dockworkers in
557:
1033:. Others were freed for developing herbal cures for a variety of ailments, including stomach problems and rattlesnake bites. Samson, the man who developed the rattlesnake bite cure, walked into the Commons House of Assembly in South Carolina in 1754 and pressed several rattlesnakes against his skin until they bit him. He then returned three days later, completely recovered, after using an herbal concoction to cure himself. He was freed and given a cash annuity for life. Enslaved
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herdsmen and their descendants were expert cattlemen who were responsible for introducing the practice of open cattle grazing which is practiced today. As a result of their expertise, the
American colonial cattle herd grew from 500 in 1731 to 6,784 30 years later. Historian Peter Wood says the word
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supported education, spirituality, and political views. Christianity offered a way for
African-Americans to interpret their oppression, and as Black Christian Churches proliferated, they became centers of hope and resistance, incorporating traditional African call-and-response techniques as a way to
252:
contained a mixture of
Africanisms and local expressions, "a thousand little nothings that one wouldn't dare to say in French." Although much of its vocabulary is from 18th Century French, the grammar of Haitian Creole comes from the West African Volta-Congo language branch, particularly the Fongbe
870:
Some early enslaved
Africans had been influenced by Portuguese Missionaries and brought Christian beliefs with them when they arrived in the Americas. But a scholar on the religion of enslaved people in North America, Albert J. Raboteau, has said "During the first 120 years of black slavery in
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because slave traders encouraged the enslaved
Africans to dance on the ships to stay in shape. Other African dance traditions brought to the Americas and the Caribbean included improvisation, an orientation towards the earth, circularity and community, call-and-response, polyrhythms and the
867:. Beliefs and practices of West and Central Africa included a respect for the spiritual power of the ancestors, the worship of a pantheon of gods who oversaw aspects of daily life, the importance of the natural world, physical and spiritual healing, folk tales and ecstatic dance and song.
143:
and syntactic structures of
African languages. African American languages were not initially studied, because scholars thought Africans had no culture. "Recent linguistic studies define a language variously referred to as Black English, African American English, or, more appropriately,
232:(fantastic, great). The African languages have also influenced the phonology of Puerto Rican Spanish with the deletion of final consonants like /s/ and /n/, and the alternation of the /l/ and /r/ consonants. In Brazil, words like 'bunda' (butt) and 'cochilar' (napping) come from the
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included polycentric rhythms and movement, bent knees and a downward focus, improvisation, whole foot steps, body isolations, and exaggerated hip movements. These influences combined with indigenous and
European traditions to create many of today's Latin dances, including
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unite preacher and congregation with spirit. Others created a syncretic
Christianity which held on to earlier African practices and beliefs. In the United States and Haiti, this blend of Christianity and African traditions created new spiritual practices, like
445:, African influence could be heard as early as the 17th century in songs called Negritos, whose lyrics mixed Spanish and African languages and whose call and response patterns and rhythmic groupings came from Africa. Other African-influenced Latin music includes
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is a trickster hero who in some tales is an
African prince. Other elements of creative folklore that were brought to the Americas by Africans, particularly Angolans, included wrought iron work, basketry, weaving, pottery, clay figurines and grave decorations.
426:. Paid musicians in New Orleans in the late 19th century were generally of this Black Creole class. The African tradition of music as a public and collaborative event rather than a private performance helped create gatherings of musicians in New Orleans'
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was emancipated because of her medical expertise during an 1825 epidemic in
Virginia and eventually ran her own hospital, using her earnings to free at least 16 slaves. Akan women used inoculation to prevent their children from getting yaws. African
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has continued in religious practices in the Americas that survived the Transatlantic Slave Trade and are still practiced in Havanah, Salvador, Brazil, and in Hispanic barrios of certain cities of the United States, especially Miami and New York.
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British North America, Christianity made little headway in the slave population." Missionaries noted that slaves in the southern United States continued to hold on to African practices such as polygamy and "idolatrous dancing". During the
826:, West Africa. The dance, a fusion of multiple ethnic traditions, united diverse groups of African descendants in the fight against slavery, with its spinning, undulating movements echoing the flexibility necessary to resist slavery.
72:
have retained many forms of their ancestral African culture. Also, common throughout history is the misunderstanding of these remittances and their meanings. The term usually refers to the cultural and linguistic practices of
269:
has roots in African languages (Gladwell 1994). The use of only one verb tense in Jamaican Creole shows its relationship to root languages of the Niger-Congo region, where they also use verbs with no past or future tense.
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African cuisine was born in East Africa, the cradle of human civilization. From there, recipes, spices and culinary techniques spread through migration and trade to Asia, Europe and indigenous cultures of the Americas.
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Africans crossing the Atlantic brought stories with them that were reframed and retold to reflect the new reality of slavery in the Americas, creating unique folktales and oral traditions of the African Diaspora. The
179:
African-Americans in the United States continued some African naming traditions throughout slavery and beyond, including naming themselves for seasons or days of the week, and using more than one name in a lifetime.
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Masci, David. "5 Facts about Blacks and Religion in America." Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 7 Feb. 2018, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/02/07/5-facts-about-the-religious-lives-of-african-americans/.
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Terrell, Dontaira. "The Untold Impact of African Culture on American Culture." Atlanta Black Star, Atlanta Black Star, 3 June 2015, atlantablackstar.com/2015/06/03/cultural-influences-africans-american-culture/.
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Weisenfeld, Judith. "Religion in African American History." Oxford Research Encyclopedias, 8 June 2017, oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-24.
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Sharp, Timothy W. "Hallelujah! Spirituals: America's Original Contribution to World Sacred Music." The Choral Journal, vol. 43, no. 8, 2003, pp. 95–99. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23554644.
2363:
Asante, Molefi Kete. "Three: African Elements in African American English ." Africanisms in American Culture, edited by Joseph E. Holloway, Second ed., Indiana University Press, 2005, pp. 65–81.
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Initially, European descendants in Colonial America raised their cattle in small herds confined to pastures. Texas longhorn cattle came to the Americas on the first slave ship to Mexico. Enslaved
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Lewis, Steven. "Roots of African American Music." Museum Conservation Institute Stain Removal, Smithsonian Institution,www.si.edu/spotlight/african-american-music/roots-of-african-american-music.
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were "generally superior" to the European doctors of that time. An enslaved healer named Panpan was freed by Lieutenant Governor William Gooch because his herbal treatment was able to cure
564:
Another influential aspect of African culture is food, which had a global impact even before the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Since then, African traditions have had a particular impact on
1954:
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2375:"Africanisms.". "Africanisms." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed, Encyclopedia.com, 2018, www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/africanisms.
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culture; at one point, one in five cowboys in the American West was Black. Words with African origins that made their way into American cowboy culture and songs include
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and others. The underlying elements of these genres can all be traced back to the musical elements derived from West Africa during the formation of the blues genre.
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1622:
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Seguin, Luisa (2020). Transparency and Language Contact: The Case of Haitian Creole, French, and Fongbe. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. pp. 218–252.
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African culinary traditions have had a substantial influence on Caribbean and Latin American cuisine, as can be seen and tasted in dishes such as mondongo (
729:. It is probable that they came from one of the black communities on an island off the coast." In 1923 the Charleston was made popular by African-American
2393:"United States African Americans." Food in Every Country, www.foodbycountry.com/Spain-to-Zimbabwe-Cumulative-Index/United-States-African-Americans.html.
714:. When drumming was forbidden to slaves by their masters, they created complex percussive polyrhythms by clapping their hands and stomping their feet.
183:
African and African-American linguistic structures, as well as the traditions of rhythmic speech, call-and-response and verbal battles, developed into
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1822:
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in 1881 had their roots in diverse African animal fables that were brought to the United States by enslaved people. These fables often included a
1300:
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Sahoboss. "African Traditional Religion." South African History Online, 3 May 2018, www.sahistory.org.za/article/african-traditional-religion.
1962:
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patients against smallpox. That practice, previously unknown to Europeans, was brought by Africans to the Americas. An enslaved man named
2047:"How Brazilian Capoeira Evolved From a Martial Art to an International Dance Craze | At the Smithsonian | Smithsonian Magazine"
1021:
Scholar Joseph E. Holloway claims that the medical practices of the enslaved herbalists and root doctors who came to the Americas in the
611:. It appears in a variety of soups, stews and rice dishes. Enslaved Africans passed their recipes on to their descendants, as well as to
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religious revival of the 1740s, Christianity was increasingly adopted by enslaved people and used as a coping mechanism. Sects such as
705:, and dances were led by acrobatic leaders who were frequently priests or holy men. African dance traditions survived the transatlantic
220:
countries have incorporated Africanisms into Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese. Latin American Spanish words with African roots include
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1423:
1901:
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Historians have estimated that somewhere between 10% and 30% of the enslaved people brought to America between 1711 and 1808 were
304:
African influenced music traditions in the United States set the foundation for much of what became known as American music. The
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Hayford, Vanessa, and Vanessa. "The Humble History of Soul Food." BLACK FOODIE, blackfoodie.co/the-humble-history-of-soul-food.
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1513:
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Spencer, Jon M. The Rhythms of Black Folk: Race, Religion, and Pan-Africanism. Trenton, N.J: Africa World Press, 1995. Print.
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African and European musical traditions came together in New Orleans, Missouri and Mississippi to create the foundation for
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dialect of English spoken in the Sea Islands off the coast of Georgia and the Carolinas has retained many African features.
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In Africa, music and dance were interwoven with daily life as well as with sacred traditions. Tribes danced to the beat of
434:, a late 19th century precursor to jazz, blended elements from minstrel-show songs, African American banjo styles, and the
2387:"Music Term: Sacred Music." Cantata - Definition (Artopium's Music Dictionary), musicterms.artopium.com/s/Sacredmusic.htm.
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958:'cowboy' originally referred to these enslaved cattlemen, just as a 'houseboy' was someone who worked in the home. After
145:
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who escape slavery by flying back to Africa, which has been retold all over the Americas and was included in a novel by
851:
Traditional African religions were not similar to later practices, which were influenced by the monotheistic beliefs of
623:. Many of these recipes continue to be popular and became one of the most well-known aspects of African- American and
1995:
1985:
1937:
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2095:
906:. These people brought practices of prayer, fasting, diet, naming traditions and knowledge of the Qur'an with them.
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Sanjeet, Kumar; Sokona, Dagnoko; Adamou, Haougui; Alain, Ratnadass; Nicolas, Pasternak; Christophe, Kouamé (2010).
376:
157:
367:, copied by memory from African instruments with similar names, like the 'bania' and 'banjo'. The slaves taught
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1848:
859:. These traditional religions were not supported by doctrine and were practised through living experiences,
325:
279:
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doucetteb Follow. "Africanisms." LinkedIn SlideShare, 18 May 2011, www.slideshare.net/doucetteb/africanisms.
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1644:
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2399:"15 Facts on African Religions." OUPblog, 1 Oct. 2014, blog.oup.com/2014/05/15-facts-on-african-religions/.
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woman. Enslaved Fulani cattle herders introduced European-Americans to the practice of open cattle grazing.
2126:
532:
Sacred music is music with religious themes. This music remains prevalent and relevant through Christian
418:, a city filled with people of French, Latin American, West Indian and African heritage, lighter-skinned
328:. This innovation led to all African-American secular music that followed, which includes blues, jazz,
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125:. Although physical artifacts could not be kept by slaves because of their enslaved status, "Subtler
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how to play the instrument, and it became a mainstay of several genres of American music, including
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1927:
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1719:"Transatlantic Food Migration: The African Culinary Influence on the Cuisine of the Americas"
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Other popular dances of the 19th and 20th centuries with African-American roots include the
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allows statements to be interpreted as past or present. The early language associated with
82:
31:
2378:
Africanism". Merriam-Webster. Encyclopædia Britannica Company. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
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8:
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1022:
501:. In Argentina and Uruguay, African rhythms and practices influenced the development of
148:." Some West African languages do not explicitly distinguish past and present. Instead,
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Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia
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819:
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430:, where they combined French, Latin and African musical traditions to form early jazz.
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was heavily influenced by the dance traditions of Africans in Argentina and Uruguay.
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2286:"All God's Children Had Wings: The Flying African in History, Literature, and Lore"
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brought their skills to the New World; midwives delivered 90% of babies during the
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During the Transatlantic slave trade many foods accompanied enslaved people to the
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1990:. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. p. 4.
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through language, music, dance, food, animal husbandry, medicine, and folklore.
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990:"Root doctors" developed cures for a variety of illnesses in the American South
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69:
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1807:
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1018:, which led to the development of the smallpox vaccine in the United States.
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that was originally brought by enslaved people to South America. Argentinian
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545:
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380:
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188:
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spp.) in West and Central Africa: Potential and progress on its improvement"
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603:. Okra is a green vegetable which may originally have been domesticated in
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126:
2360:
Mbiti, John Samuel. Introduction to African Religion. Heinemann, 1989.
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that can be traced through societal practices and institutions of the
41:
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is a Brazilian religion that combines Yoruba, Fon and Bantu beliefs.
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745:
661:
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565:
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sometimes trained as classical musicians, where they learned western
404:
94:
50:
1085:. The importance of Africa as homeland can be seen in the legend of
717:
One dance that was adopted into the broader American culture is the
308:
is a music genre created by Africans in America. The music featured
85:. Africanisms have influenced the cultures of diverse countries in
1754:
1375:
1026:
1003:
792:
737:
721:. The Charleston was adapted from the ancient African dance of the
695:
676:
654:
604:
502:
474:
450:
435:
392:
233:
540:. During slavery in the United States, the enslaved people sang "
265:. But the grammatical structure, vocabulary, sound and syntax of
1039:
918:
914:
903:
876:
860:
690:
431:
262:
210:
184:
2342:
Ojo, Valentine, Center for African Studies, Lincoln University.
1955:"America's Cultural Roots Traced to Enslaved African Ancestors"
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stories that were collected from Southern African Americans by
975:
971:
967:
963:
942:
804:
800:
384:
321:
206:
195:
153:
53:, including musical instruments, headdresses, and dance steps.
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music. Other musical instruments of African origin, from the
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702:
631:
608:
537:
486:
482:
360:
345:
305:
1305:. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto De Cultura Puertorriqueña
1227:"Africanisms in African American Names in the United States"
2345:
Culture, Identity and the Self: Africanisms in the Americas
2232:"As pope visits, Afro Cuban religion hopes for recognition"
1030:
592:
498:
411:
400:
349:
1645:"Hansonia Caldwell, Living Legend, Presents Final Concert"
1279:"USA/Africa Dialogue, No 447: Africanisms in the Americas"
1141:"USA/Africa Dialogue, No 447: Africanisms in the Americas"
1002:
were observed in Africa by Europeans using small doses of
30:"Africanism" redirects here. For the musical project, see
2186:
The Hum: Call and Response in African American Preaching
1849:"A Commentary: African Cultural Traditions in Louisiana"
1752:
1566:"The African Influence on Colonial Latin American Music"
1448:"The Historical and Cultural Aspects of Jamaican Patois"
1623:"Candombe: Afro-Uruguayan Drums and The Roots of Tango"
962:, Black cowboys continued to play an important role in
634:' comes from the West African word for "okra", nkombo.
2366:
Gridley, Mark C. Jazz Styles. 11th ed., Pearson, 2014.
1539:"Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "ragtime"."
1474:"The Roots and Impact of African-American Blues Music"
1360:"Common Words of African Origin Used in Latin America"
1302:
El Elemento AfroNegroide en El Espanol de Puerto Rico
638:
and gumbo are similar to West African dishes such as
937:
1896:
1894:
1500:"Banjo | musical instrument | Britannica"
201:
68:. Throughout history, the dispersed descendants of
49:depicts several examples of Africanisms brought to
2274:", Richmond Times Dispatch, February 23, 1999, D-1
1746:
1135:
1133:
160:that became part of the American language include
2411:
1891:
81:who were transported to the Americas during the
2096:"Exploring Yanvalou, the Sacred Dance of Haiti"
1298:
1130:
129:and communicative artefacts were sustained and
668:(another form of chitlins), and other dishes.
2201:
1814:
1597:"The Intersection of Africa with Latin Music"
156:culture was influenced by African phonology.
2152:
2150:
2148:
224:, (music/dance as well as 'mess' or 'wimp')
34:. For the Spanish imperialist ideology, see
2164:. The Pluralism Project, Harvard University
1823:"The African Influence on Southern Cuisine"
1773:
1396:
1390:
407:, and the lokoimni, a five-stringed harp.
2145:
2013:
1684:"The Black Spiritual in America, a Story"
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1763:African Journal of Agricultural Research
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205:
137:The language spoken by African Americans
109:
40:
1531:
14:
2412:
1952:
1874:"Latin American and Caribbean Cuisine"
1779:
1716:
1710:
1647:. CSU Campus News Center. May 2, 2011.
1595:Crampton, Brent (September 10, 2018).
1465:
1439:
1403:Words of African Origin Used in Brazil
1397:Langhammer, Virginia (23 March 2021).
1323:
1317:
2283:
2229:
2223:
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2060:
1987:Perspectives of Black Popular Culture
1932:. University of Georgia. p. 22.
1866:
1840:
1563:
1557:
2094:Bojarsky, Sam (September 21, 2020).
2019:
1983:
1977:
1820:
1620:
1614:
1224:
261:English is the official language of
191:, which has had a global influence.
2230:Hamre, Jaime (September 15, 2015).
1953:Dodson, Howard (February 4, 2003).
1717:Spivey, Dianne (23 December 2018).
1676:
1637:
1358:Megenney, William (March 1, 1983).
1327:A History of Afro-Hispanic Language
1244:
105:
24:
2348:, published by University of Texas
2328:
1471:
1445:
1253:"Hip Hop Nation, A Scholar's View"
256:
27:Characteristics of African culture
25:
2436:
2131:Slavery and the Making of America
2124:
2066:
1846:
938:Cattle raising and cowboy culture
795:is a popular Brazilian dance and
239:
2339:, Indiana University Press, 2005
2127:"The Slave Experience: Religion"
2049:. Smithsonianmag.com. 2017-09-21
1926:Rosenbum, Art (March 15, 2012).
1564:Arias, Enrique (March 1, 2001).
1299:Alvarez Nazario, Manuel (1961).
1250:
818:dance Yanvalou has roots in the
615:. These dishes became known as
284:
202:Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese
121:Africanisms are incorporated in
2337:Africanisms in American Culture
2277:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2039:
2004:
1946:
1737:
1701:
1621:Puga, Romina (April 10, 2013).
1506:
1492:
1430:
1424:"Remember Haiti | CULTURE"
1416:
1292:
512:
2284:Young, Jason R. (2017-01-15).
1330:. Cambridge University Press.
1281:. Laits.utexas.edu. 1996-07-28
1271:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1108:
316:figures, loose blues forms, a
133:by the Africans’ creativity."
13:
1:
2290:Journal of Africana Religions
2183:Crawford, Evans (July 2002).
2158:"African Religion in America"
1101:
847:ceremony in Itaparica, Brazil
280:Music of the African diaspora
244:Scholars have noted that the
139:is greatly influenced by the
60:refers to characteristics of
930:in Cuba combines Yoruba and
528:pregame in the United States
253:language and Igbo language.
7:
1049:
1014:explained the procedure to
998:of Ghana and the people of
981:
829:
359:The musical instrument the
100:
10:
2441:
2302:10.5325/jafrireli.5.1.0050
1064:African-American folktales
1061:
836:African diaspora religions
833:
727:Charleston, South Carolina
642:, which originated in the
560:Soul Food Deli, Shreveport
277:
83:trans-Atlantic slave trade
45:The 18th-century painting
29:
1688:African American Registry
1625:. United States: ABC News
1478:Whitworth Digital Commons
767:The African influence on
236:language of West Africa.
2125:Tosco, Kimberly Sambol.
2022:"History of Latin Dance"
671:
324:that are different from
273:
116:African American English
2209:"Candomble at A Glance"
1543:Encyclopædia Britannica
1191:Steinmetz, Sol (2006).
1095:High John the Conqueror
934:beliefs and practices.
619:with origins in former
551:
365:African American slaves
2270:Stacy Hawkins Adams. "
1984:Shaw, Harry B (1990).
1853:Folk Life In Louisiana
1821:Mitchell, Patricia B.
1780:Janick, Jules (1997).
1480:. Whitworth University
1257:Do You Speak American?
1081:character, similar to
1059:
991:
950:
848:
799:form derived from the
698:
687:
589:Southern United States
561:
529:
301:
214:
118:
54:
1782:Horticultural Reviews
1324:Lipski, John (2005).
1057:
989:
945:
843:
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559:
520:
438:with European music.
292:
228:(pipe, soldier), and
209:
113:
44:
2069:"Tango is also Afro"
1399:"Speaking Brazilian"
1225:Holloway, Joseph E.
1075:Joel Chandler Harris
1046:of the early 1800s.
913:religion of Western
769:Latin American dance
630:The Louisiana dish '
294:William Sidney Mount
32:Africanism All Stars
1959:National Geographic
1545:. 11 September 2020
2354:, Encyclopedia.com
2335:Holloway, Joseph.
1902:"Dance, Diasporic"
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369:European-Americans
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47:The Old Plantation
36:Africanist (Spain)
2420:Culture of Africa
2020:Crawford, Benna.
1799:978-0-470-65066-0
1118:. Merriam-Webster
653:), fufu, giambo,
625:Southern American
578:Caribbean cuisine
570:Southern American
387:, include drums,
314:call and response
16:(Redirected from
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814:The traditional
731:James P. Johnson
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330:rhythm and blues
298:The Banjo Player
123:American English
106:American English
79:Central Africans
66:African diaspora
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613:Southern whites
597:black-eyed peas
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363:was created by
334:rock & roll
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574:Latin American
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2236:. Retrieved
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2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2026:Love To Know
2025:
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1967:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1958:
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1909:. Retrieved
1905:
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1727:. Retrieved
1725:. Black Past
1722:
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1341:. Retrieved
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1234:. Retrieved
1230:
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1208:. Retrieved
1193:
1186:
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1148:. Retrieved
1144:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:"Africanism"
1110:
1067:
1023:Colonial Era
1020:
993:
960:emancipation
952:
908:
901:
869:
853:Christianity
850:
816:Afro-Haitian
813:
766:
742:black bottom
735:
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700:
666:chinchulines
648:
639:
629:
621:slave states
601:African rice
586:
582:
563:
534:gospel music
531:
513:Sacred music
463:funk carioca
440:
428:Congo square
424:music theory
409:
397:washtub bass
389:diddley bows
358:
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141:phonological
135:
120:
114:Books about
57:
56:
2352:Africanisms
2261:Holloway 53
2252:Holloway 14
1757:Abelmoschus
1370:(1): 1–10.
1181:Holloway 56
1172:Holloway 68
1163:Holloway 65
1083:Brer Rabbit
1071:Uncle Remus
797:martial art
644:Senegambian
544:" such as "
536:and church
455:cha-cha-cha
416:New Orleans
383:culture of
318:blues scale
310:polyrhythms
131:embellished
58:Africanisms
2414:Categories
2272:Jane Minor
2073:Unesco.Org
2053:2021-03-17
1659:"Folklore"
1337:0521822653
1285:2021-03-17
1150:2017-01-30
1102:References
1062:See also:
1035:Jane Minor
881:Methodists
865:ceremonies
719:Charleston
712:ring shout
694:Brazilian
685:Charleston
683:doing the
640:dchebuchin
591:including
495:tropicalia
405:ideophones
338:soul music
278:See also:
127:linguistic
18:Africanism
2318:151519181
2310:2165-5405
2234:. Reuters
1832:March 17,
1808:654787168
1707:Sharp, 95
1079:trickster
1012:Onesimums
1008:inoculate
1006:serum to
924:Candomble
845:Candomblé
750:jitterbug
746:lindy hop
662:tembleque
659:picodillo
636:Jambalaya
627:culture.
617:soul food
479:reggaeton
393:mouthbows
373:bluegrass
2075:. UNESCO
1364:Hispania
1122:June 30,
1050:Folklore
1040:midwives
1027:syphilis
1004:smallpox
982:Medicine
976:Buckaroo
932:Catholic
928:Santeria
877:Baptists
830:Religion
793:Capoeira
785:merengue
738:cakewalk
696:capoeira
655:sancocho
651:chitlins
646:region.
605:Ethiopia
503:candombe
475:pachanga
451:batucada
436:cakewalk
399:, jugs,
234:Kimbundu
226:cachimbo
222:merengue
211:Jamaican
101:Language
70:Africans
2238:May 29,
2215:May 27,
2193:May 29,
2168:May 28,
2137:May 29,
2105:May 27,
2079:May 27,
2067:INADI.
2031:May 27,
2010:Lille 1
1969:May 29,
1911:May 27,
1883:June 1,
1755:"Okra (
1729:June 1,
1693:May 30,
1668:June 7,
1629:May 27,
1606:May 27,
1580:May 27,
1570:Diálogo
1523:May 27,
1484:June 1,
1457:May 28,
1263:May 27,
1236:June 7,
1210:May 30,
919:Dahomey
917:and of
915:Nigeria
898:Voudoo.
861:rituals
789:bachata
762:hip hop
524:at the
489:, son,
447:bachata
432:Ragtime
354:hip hop
263:Jamaica
230:chevere
189:hip-hop
150:context
146:Ebonics
2316:
2308:
1994:
1936:
1806:
1796:
1743:Spivey
1549:3 June
1384:341201
1382:
1334:
1309:May 1,
1201:
1000:Gambia
972:buckra
968:bronco
955:Fulani
947:Fulani
911:Yoruba
904:Muslim
890:Hoodoo
883:, and
820:voudou
805:Angola
801:Engolo
752:, the
748:, the
744:, the
740:, the
576:, and
497:, and
395:, the
385:Angola
342:fusion
320:, and
300:, 1856
196:Gullah
174:zombie
170:boogie
162:banana
154:cowboy
2314:S2CID
2211:. BBC
2133:. PBS
1790:Wiley
1380:JSTOR
1259:. PBS
857:Islam
824:Benin
809:Tango
782:mambo
778:samba
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