640:
programming from a station's secondary affiliation normally airs outside its usual network time slot, and some less popular programs may simply be left off of a station's schedule; this form of dual affiliation was the norm before the digital age. Dual affiliations are most commonly associated with the smaller
American television networks, such as The CW and MyNetworkTV, which air fewer hours of prime time programming than the "Big Four" networks and can therefore be more easily combined into a single schedule, although historically the "Big Four" have had some dual-affiliate stations in small markets as well and in some cases, affiliates of more than two networks (including a few that had affiliations with ABC, NBC, CBS and
58:
192:
affiliated with, the network choosing to affiliate with another local station in order to improve local viewership of its programming by aligning with a stronger station, or a dispute between a network and station owner while negotiating a contract renewal for a particular station such as those over reverse compensation shares), often at the end of one network's existing contract with a station. One of the most notable and expansive affiliation changes occurred in the
682:
systems) has significantly reduced the number of one-station markets (limiting them to those with population densities too small to be able to make any additional stations economically viable), providing networks with a larger selection of stations as potential primary affiliates. A new station which
482:
schedule of the originating network (save for major local events), an affiliate is independently owned and typically under no obligation to do so. This is especially the case for network shows airing outside the network's primetime hours. Affiliated stations often buy supplementary programming from
191:
While many television and radio stations maintain affiliations with the same network for decades, on occasion, there are certain factors that may lead a network to move its programming to another station (such as the owner of a network purchasing a station other than that which the network is already
187:
revenue to the network). Affiliation contracts normally last between three and five years, though contracts have run for as little as one year or as long as ten; in addition, if a company owns two or more stations affiliated with the same network, affiliation contracts may have end-of-term dates that
639:
In some smaller markets in the United States, a station may even be simultaneously listed as an affiliate of two (or in rare cases, three) networks. A station which has a dual affiliation is typically expected to air all or most of both networks' core day time and/or prime time schedules – although
166:
Notwithstanding this distinction, it is common in informal speech (even for networks or O&Os themselves) to refer to any station, O&O or otherwise, that carries a particular network's programming as an affiliate, or to refer to the status of carrying such programming in a given market as an
824:
In Canada, affiliated stations may acquire broadcast rights to programs from a network other than their primary affiliation, but as such an agreement pertains only to a few specific programs, which are chosen individually, they are not normally considered to be affiliated with the second network.
647:
Historically, the sole commercial station in a market would commonly take affiliations or secondary affiliations from most or all of the major national networks. As a local monopoly, a station could become a primary affiliate of one of the stronger networks, carrying most of that network's
607:
stations – in some cases, these are owned by the same entity – which split the programming rights. To avoid programming conflicts, the network utilizes a
Program Differentiation Plan to assign programming quotas in these situations, resulting in the primary member station carrying more
865:
in 2012. This model eventually ceased as Rogers' was granted a request by the CRTC in late 2012 to change the station's format from a multicultural station to a conventional
English-language station, and contribute funding and programming to a new independent multicultural station,
648:
programming while remaining free to "cherry-pick" popular programming from any or all of the rival networks. Similarly, some markets that had two commercial stations shared a secondary affiliation with one network, while maintaining separate primary affiliations (such as in the
821:, which also carries CBS programming on its main signal and both Fox and MyNetworkTV on its second digital subchannel. In addition, however, WBKB-TV also has an ABC affiliate on WBKB-DT3, giving the station four different network affiliations between three subchannels.
400:, government regulations limit the number of owned-and-operated stations that a television network can own based on the percentage of total national market reach. As a result, the five main national networks tend to have O&Os only in the metropolitan areas of
463:(CRTC) has significantly more lenient rules regarding media ownership. As such, most television stations, regardless of market size, are now O&Os of their respective networks, with only a few true affiliates remaining (mainly located in smaller cities). The
487:
service, or another television network which otherwise does not have coverage in the station's broadcast area. Some affiliates may air such programs instead of those from their primary network affiliation; a common example of this was the popular syndicated
608:
PBS-distributed programming than the secondary member; the number of two-to-a-market PBS members (not counting repeaters of the market's main PBS outlet) has been steadily decreasing since the early 2000s, with few remaining outside larger markets.
686:
In 2009, after many years of decline, the era of secondary affiliations to multiple major networks (once common in communities where fewer stations existed than networks seeking carriage) finally came to an end at the smallest-market U.S. station,
699:
allowed KXGN to carry CBS and NBC programming side-by-side on separate subchannels, essentially becoming a primary affiliate of both networks. This is the most common type of "dual affiliation" existing today in the digital TV age.
683:
could clear one network's entire programming lineup better serves the network's interests than the former pattern of partial access afforded by mixing various secondary affiliations on the schedule of a single local analog channel.
623:, but the original "one station, one vote" model has largely faltered as increasing numbers of stations are acquired by the same owners. In CTV's case, the systematic pattern of acquisition of CTV member stations by the owners of
1660:
1656:
563:
or local and state educational organizations. The national PBS system is owned collectively by hundreds of broadcasters in communities nationwide. Individual member stations are free to carry large amounts of
581:
368:
limit the number of network-owned commercial television stations as a percentage of total national market reach. As such, commercial networks tend to have O&Os only in the four largest media markets
603:
it may operate to extend its coverage, PBS is not beholden to exclusive programming agreements with stations in the same metropolitan area. In some markets, the network maintains memberships with two
644:
during the late 1940s through the mid-1950s, when fewer television stations existed in a particular market, especially those that would eventually be able to support four commercial outlets).
1826:
254:), and rely on affiliates to carry their programming in other, smaller markets. However, even the largest markets may have network affiliates in lieu of O&Os. For instance,
179:, which may allow the network to dictate certain requirements that a station must agree to as part of the contract (such as programming clearances, local programming quotas or
1846:
1988:
188:
are the same or differ among that company's affiliates, depending on when a particular station's affiliation agreement was either previously renewed or originally signed.
1948:
1075:
460:
242:(FCC) regulations limit the number of network-owned stations as a percentage of total national market reach. As such, networks tend to have O&Os only in the largest
664:
shared secondary affiliations with NBC, while the former was primarily affiliated with ABC and the latter with CBS; the former station is now a primary NBC affiliate).
1646:
1641:
1866:
1841:
1600:
918:, while maintaining Fox's MyNetworkTV programming service in a late night timeslot. Beginning on September 1, 2019, The CW affiliation of WPWR-TV was changed to
599:
Unlike the modern-day affiliation model with commercial stations, in which network programming is only shared between the main station in a given market and any
532:
owning stations, the stations collectively own the network and brand themselves as "member stations" or "member networks" instead of as affiliates or O&Os.
1968:
770:
on the same transmitter tower under the control of the same owners, using the same studios to provide a second high definition channel for the Fox affiliate.
1701:
1696:
467:
originally relied on a large number of privately owned affiliates to disseminate its radio and television programming. However, since the 1960s, most of the
1851:
200:(through both direct swaps involving the new and original affiliates, and transactions involving multiple stations) as a result of a May 1994 agreement by
801:(leaving WTRF-DT2 with MyNetworkTV and WVNS as the only one with affiliations from both), each network was carried on the second digital subchannel of
696:
2117:
2082:
2047:
2032:
1887:
1856:
1631:
1626:
727:. Often, the multiple commonly controlled stations will use the same news and local advertising sales operations, but carry different network feeds.
2102:
797:
both had Fox as their primary affiliation and MyNetworkTV as a secondary affiliation. Until WTRF lost its Fox affiliation in 2014 to NBC affiliate
389:
is a government-owned, non-commercial television network and, since it is not covered by the ownership cap, owns and operates all of its stations.
1651:
365:
1871:
596:. These are not affiliate stations in that the ownership of the main network is not independent of ownership of the individual local stations.
72:
738:, traditional dual affiliation arrangements in which programming from two networks is combined into a single schedule are becoming more rare.
1706:
1636:
957:
1973:
1907:
1836:
1681:
1593:
197:
498:(1987–1994). Some network affiliates may also choose to air season games involving local sports teams in lieu of network programming.
385:), and rely on affiliates to carry their programming in other prefectures. However, there are two major exceptions to the regulations.
2122:
2087:
2062:
2052:
2037:
1978:
1861:
1831:
674:
since 1964, the rapid expansion of broadcast television onto UHF channels in the 1970s and 1980s (along with increased deployment of
1058:"Broadcasting-History.ca on CTV's historical (1966–1994) co-operative structure, with control by individually owned member stations"
1691:
1621:
830:
1131:
715:
and shared services agreements to operate a second station nominally owned by another broadcaster. These may be supplemented by
1753:
1586:
1170:
1101:
584:; likewise, most content on PBS's core national programming service is produced by various individual member stations such as
1023:
393:
is also not covered by the ownership cap due to the network's low number of affiliates (which are all owned by the network).
2010:
1958:
1798:
135:
is a local broadcaster, owned by a company other than the owner of the network, which carries some or all of the lineup of
985:
1676:
838:
889:
after it lost their individual affiliates in those markets to other networks as it offered the network's last season of
452:
only have one owned-and-operated station each; those networks are smaller than the five major networks by market reach.
1912:
437:
2097:
2067:
2004:
1999:
1983:
1953:
1773:
1403:
1379:
464:
239:
106:
1686:
1057:
724:
898:
From
September 1, 2016, to August 31, 2019, the largest current-day market example of a dual affiliation was with
208:, resulting in various other affiliation transactions including additional groupwide deals (such as those between
2179:
1917:
1540:
1388:
895:
to the local CW affiliates in both cities without forcing them to carry the remainder of MyNetworkTV's schedule.
201:
2109:
1384:
1242:
494:
408:
and mainly rely on affiliates to carry their programming outside of those two areas. The metropolitan areas of
2074:
1515:
1437:
378:
290:
209:
1963:
1932:
1927:
1902:
1482:
774:
46:
631:
ultimately allowed control over the network as a whole, turning former member stations into CTV O&Os.
2174:
2134:
1454:
445:
1897:
1163:
931:
767:
577:
525:
233:
160:
17:
1490:
1398:
842:
712:
641:
620:
604:
221:
834:
668:
507:
322:
205:
88:
1284:
1922:
1892:
1778:
1318:
1308:
899:
782:
600:
555:) are not allowed to be owned by the Public Broadcasting Service; most belong to local community
522:
703:
In larger markets, multiple full-service channels may be operated by the same broadcaster using
2139:
1354:
790:
716:
708:
616:
569:
271:
184:
84:
1011:
809:, respectively, both of which carry CBS programming on their main signals. Another example is
2145:
1994:
1156:
750:
is one such example, carrying CBS programming on its 12.1 subchannel and Fox on 12.2. KEYC's
723:
stations to allow more channels to be added without encountering federally imposed limits on
565:
484:
479:
213:
2129:
1783:
1737:
1727:
1547:
1249:
1099:
1074:
720:
704:
679:
671:
255:
180:
80:
38:
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in that market. On the other hand, several other television stations in the same market –
8:
1768:
1449:
1393:
1349:
1256:
751:
540:
279:
267:
1562:
1530:
1237:
962:
882:
743:
735:
731:
529:
152:
144:
136:
1079:
773:
One notable exception to the survival of secondary affiliations are stations owned by
1711:
1567:
1535:
1505:
1472:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1369:
1344:
1335:
1227:
1215:
1019:
854:
692:
514:
42:
31:
1732:
1422:
1412:
1232:
874:
814:
755:
675:
275:
1039:
1809:
1763:
1313:
1269:
1210:
1100:
936:
858:
818:
762:
follows this same pattern (CBS on 7.1 and Fox on 7.2), but supplements this with
489:
175:
Stations which carry a network's programming by method of affiliation maintain a
1105:
1477:
1323:
1274:
1260:
653:
468:
409:
401:
338:
471:
affiliates have become network owned-and-operated stations or retransmitters.
196:
from
September 1994 to September 1996, when television stations in 30 markets
2168:
1205:
1195:
907:
891:
794:
649:
247:
193:
156:
148:
140:
124:
68:
1578:
576:
content for distribution to other PBS member stations through services like
1803:
1793:
1788:
1758:
1417:
1340:
1328:
1303:
1179:
1127:
862:
424:
are examples of those who have both O&Os and affiliates. For instance,
243:
120:
405:
1500:
1495:
1408:
1200:
573:
330:
251:
413:
27:
Local broadcaster owned by a company other than the owner of the network
1557:
1359:
560:
556:
552:
521:(NPR), have been founded on a principle which effectively reverses the
441:
425:
390:
374:
1552:
1510:
886:
747:
548:
544:
472:
449:
346:
314:
354:
1222:
1132:"Robservations: Weigel Broadcasting turns WCIU into CW26 on Sunday"
850:
786:
778:
433:
176:
861:
to satisfy its ethnic programming requirements due to its sale to
370:
1264:
919:
911:
903:
867:
846:
826:
810:
806:
802:
798:
763:
759:
739:
688:
628:
624:
593:
585:
536:
382:
350:
342:
334:
326:
294:
286:
282:
1148:
1102:"CRTC increases the diversity of voices in the Montreal market"
915:
612:
456:
429:
421:
417:
397:
263:
1279:
361:
667:
As U.S.-marketed television receivers have been required to
1076:
878:
873:
This was also done by MyNetworkTV in the 2009–10 season in
661:
657:
589:
461:
318:
310:
302:
259:
841:, uses this model to acquire programming from CTV and the
478:
While network-owned stations will normally carry the full
611:
The "member station" model had historically been used in
518:
510:
386:
306:
298:
217:
1012:"Cult Television as Digital Television's Cutting Edge"
227:
734:
stations to offer a distinct programming stream on a
958:"FOX WILL SIGN UP 12 NEW STATIONS; TAKES 8 FROM CBS"
37:
For the general concept in the corporate world, see
1080:"Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2012-475"
853:formerly maintained dual affiliations through both
695:(which was affiliated with both CBS and NBC). The
914:market, which carried a primary affiliation with
163:(O&O), which is owned by the parent network.
2166:
949:
528:model and is called a state network. Instead of
278:each owning 12.5% stakes), while Paramount owns
1009:
366:Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
986:"Syndicated 'Star Trek' Puts Dent in Networks"
983:
977:
615:in the early days of privately owned networks
1608:
1594:
1164:
65:The examples and perspective in this article
1126:
1018:. Duke University Press. pp. 105–131.
955:
582:National Educational Television Association
1601:
1587:
1171:
1157:
1003:
1014:. In James Bennett; Niki Strange (eds.).
262:serves as the New York City affiliate of
127:, and even more in the United States), a
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:(which is 75% owned by station operator
41:. For the novel by Sergei Dovlatov, see
364:, in which regulations governed by the
14:
2167:
1582:
1152:
910:-licensed station serving the entire
634:
204:to switch twelve of its stations to
51:
506:A handful of networks, such as the
475:stations are now entirely O&O.
228:Network owned-and-operated stations
24:
984:Aljean Harmetz (October 4, 1987).
501:
25:
2191:
465:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
240:Federal Communications Commission
1285:BitTorrent television and movies
1178:
725:concentration of media ownership
56:
1541:Director of network programming
709:duopoly or twinstick operations
1243:Digital terrestrial television
1120:
1093:
1068:
1050:
1032:
495:Star Trek: The Next Generation
13:
1:
1516:Television news screen layout
942:
730:Further, with the ability of
432:have O&Os in Recife, but
1483:Broadcast television systems
1389:Children's television series
956:Bill Carter (May 24, 1994).
775:West Virginia Media Holdings
535:Individual stations such as
151:. This distinguishes such a
47:Affiliation (disambiguation)
7:
2103:owned and operated stations
1385:Children's interest channel
1016:Television as Digital Media
925:
870:, which signed on in 2013.
568:and many produce their own
511:Public Broadcasting Service
170:
83:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2196:
932:Owned-and-operated station
892:WWE Friday Night Smackdown
713:local marketing agreements
656:market, where until 1985,
578:American Public Television
526:owned-and-operated station
483:another source, such as a
234:Owned-and-operated station
231:
183:of a share of a station's
161:owned-and-operated station
123:industry (particularly in
36:
29:
2155:
2020:
1941:
1880:
1819:
1746:
1720:
1669:
1614:
1609:U.S. broadcast categories
1491:Digital on-screen graphic
1463:
1404:Movie television channels
1380:Adult television channels
1368:
1294:
1186:
843:Global Television Network
669:include factory-installed
605:noncommercial educational
360:A similar rule exists in
222:Westinghouse Broadcasting
1455:Women's interest channel
1010:Roberta Pearson (2011).
764:a 15kW low-power station
711:, or through the use of
446:Rede Brasil de TelevisĂŁo
202:New World Communications
30:Not to be confused with
1697:Lists of radio stations
1319:Multichannel television
1309:Commercial broadcasting
1280:Peer-to-peer television
1062:Broadcasting-History.ca
900:Fox Television Stations
523:commercial broadcasting
71:and do not represent a
2180:Television terminology
1692:Lists in North America
1637:Lists in North America
1399:Men's interest channel
1355:Religious broadcasting
566:syndicated programming
272:Warner Bros. Discovery
238:In the United States,
185:retransmission consent
45:. For other uses, see
1078:(September 5, 2012).
519:National Public Radio
485:broadcast syndication
214:E. W. Scripps Company
177:contractual agreement
1642:Lists of TV channels
1548:Outside broadcasting
705:broadcast automation
680:satellite television
256:Mission Broadcasting
198:changed affiliations
181:reverse compensation
89:create a new article
81:improve this article
67:deal primarily with
39:Affiliate (commerce)
2021:Lists of affiliates
1450:Sports broadcasting
1394:Documentary channel
1350:Public broadcasting
1257:Internet television
1130:(August 28, 2019).
839:independent station
707:, either openly as
541:Watertown, New York
530:television networks
280:independent station
268:Nexstar Media Group
137:television programs
2175:Radio broadcasting
1881:Network affiliates
1563:Television licence
1531:Broadcast designer
1108:on January 9, 2013
990:The New York Times
963:The New York Times
736:digital subchannel
732:digital television
697:digital conversion
357:) – are O&Os.
133:affiliated station
2162:
2161:
1820:Network templates
1576:
1575:
1568:Television studio
1536:Broadcast license
1523:Network affiliate
1506:On-screen display
1473:Broadcast network
1443:Livestreamed news
1433:Business channels
1428:News broadcasting
1345:Pirate television
1336:News broadcasting
1216:Mobile television
1025:978-0-8223-4910-5
693:Glendive, Montana
635:Dual affiliations
515:public television
129:network affiliate
117:
116:
109:
91:, as appropriate.
43:Affiliate (novel)
32:Affiliate network
16:(Redirected from
2187:
2157:†Defunct network
1747:Network articles
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1423:Shopping channel
1413:Music television
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1104:. Archived from
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815:Alpena, Michigan
766:broadcasting in
276:Paramount Global
112:
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60:
59:
52:
21:
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2016:
1937:
1876:
1815:
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1657:By callsign (K)
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1364:
1314:Community radio
1296:
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1270:Streaming media
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982:
978:
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954:
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945:
937:Phantom station
928:
859:Omni Television
837:, nominally an
819:The Marks Group
768:high definition
758:sister station
637:
504:
502:Member stations
490:science fiction
236:
230:
173:
167:"affiliation".
113:
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78:
61:
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50:
35:
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2018:
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2015:
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1966:
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1679:
1677:American radio
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1707:By frequency
1527:Occupations
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1341:Pirate radio
1329:Pay-per-view
1304:Campus radio
1295:Broadcasting
1180:Broadcasting
1135:. Retrieved
1128:Robert Feder
1122:
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1106:the original
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1857:MyNetworkTV
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1728:MLB Network
1712:By callsign
1622:American TV
1501:News ticker
1496:Lower third
1466:and funding
1409:Music radio
1040:"About PBS"
969:October 22,
817:, owned by
574:edutainment
570:educational
480:programming
391:TXN Network
331:MyNetworkTV
252:Los Angeles
2169:Categories
2098:affiliates
2075:ESPN Radio
1964:ESPN Radio
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1842:ESPN Radio
1769:ESPN Radio
1652:By channel
1615:Television
1558:Press pool
1464:Production
1360:Talk radio
1112:January 8,
943:References
875:Des Moines
831:St. John's
672:UHF tuners
557:non-profit
553:California
508:U.S.-based
442:TV Cultura
426:Rede Globo
375:Keihanshin
153:television
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887:Tennessee
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748:Minnesota
601:repeaters
549:San Diego
473:CBC Radio
450:TV Gazeta
406:SĂŁo Paulo
347:Univision
315:Telemundo
246:(such as
85:talk page
2118:by state
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1702:By state
1687:Networks
1682:Stations
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1632:Networks
1627:Stations
1372:channels
1223:Teletext
926:See also
851:Montreal
787:WVNS-DT2
783:Wheeling
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756:New York
721:repeater
559:groups,
440:do not.
434:RecordTV
414:BrasĂlia
212:and the
171:Overview
159:from an
79:You may
2059:The CW
1733:YouTube
1265:Webcast
1238:Digital
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847:CJNT-DT
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580:or the
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327:WWOR-TV
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1959:The CW
1898:The CW
1837:The CW
1810:The WB
1764:The CW
1228:Analog
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642:DuMont
613:Canada
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676:cable
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