444:
271:, are often different from those that are produced by the same plant when it is older. For example, young trees will produce longer, leaner branches that grow upwards more than the branches they will produce as a fully grown tree. In addition, leaves produced during early growth tend to be larger, thinner, and more irregular than leaves on the adult plant. Specimens of juvenile plants may look so completely different from adult plants of the same species that egg-laying insects do not recognize the plant as food for their young. The transition from early to late growth forms is sometimes called
480:. Understanding of the physiological mechanisms behind adventitious rooting has allowed some progress to be made in improving the rooting of cuttings by the application of synthetic auxins as rooting powders and by the use of selective basal wounding. Further progress can be made in future years by applying research into other regulatory mechanisms to commercial propagation and by the comparative analysis of molecular and ecophysiological control of adventitious rooting in 'hard to root' vs. 'easy to root' species.
202:
243:
744:
688:
211:
182:. This occurs when individual cells or groups of cells grow longer. Not all plant cells grow to the same length. When cells on one side of a stem grow longer and faster than cells on the other side, the stem bends to the side of the slower growing cells as a result. This directional growth can occur via a plant's response to a particular stimulus, such as light (
365:) trees often develop many adventitious buds on their lower trunks. If the main trunk dies, a new one often sprouts from one of the adventitious buds. Small pieces of redwood trunk are sold as souvenirs termed redwood burls. They are placed in a pan of water, and the adventitious buds sprout to form shoots.
250:
There is variation among the parts of a mature plant resulting from the relative position where the organ is produced. For example, along a new branch the leaves may vary in a consistent pattern along the branch. The form of leaves produced near the base of the branch differs from leaves produced at
238:
Plants exhibit natural variation in their form and structure. While all organisms vary from individual to individual, plants exhibit an additional type of variation. Within a single individual, parts are repeated which may differ in form and structure from other similar parts. This variation is most
85:
which are more than the sum of the individual parts. "The assembly of these tissues and functions into an integrated multicellular organism yields not only the characteristics of the separate parts and processes but also quite a new set of characteristics which would not have been predictable on the
876:
Additional genes contributing to the biosynthesis of major scent compounds are OOMT1 and OOMT2. OOMT1 and OOMT2 help to synthesize orcinol O-methyltransferases (OOMT), which catalyze the last two steps of the DMT pathway, creating 3,5-dimethoxytoluene (DMT). DMT is a scent compound produced by many
254:
The way in which new structures mature as they are produced may be affected by the point in the plants life when they begin to develop, as well as by the environment to which the structures are exposed. Temperature has a multiplicity of effects on plants depending on a variety of factors, including
872:
was done. The gel showed that ODO1 transcript levels began increasing between 1300 and 1600 h, peaked at 2200 h and were lowest at 1000 h. These ODO1 transcript levels directly correspond to the timeline of volatile benzenoid emission. Additionally, the gel supported the previous finding that W138
867:
cultivar W138 flowers that produce few volatile benzenoids. cDNAs of genes of both plants were sequenced. The results demonstrated that there is a transcription factor upregulated in the
Mitchell flowers, but not in the W138 flowers lacking the floral aroma. This gene was named ODORANT1 (ODO1). To
214:
This image shows the development of a normal plant. It resembles the different growth processes for a leaf, a stem, etc. On top of the gradual growth of the plant, the image reveals the true meaning of phototropism and cell elongation, meaning the light energy from the sun is causing the growing
223:
and plant growth regulators (PGRs) (Ross et al. 1983). Endogenous hormone levels are influenced by plant age, cold hardiness, dormancy, and other metabolic conditions; photoperiod, drought, temperature, and other external environmental conditions; and exogenous sources of PGRs, e.g., externally
824:
and the reproductive verticils, respectively. These functions are exclusive and the absence of one of them means that the other will determine the identity of all the floral verticils. The B function allows the differentiation of petals from sepals in the secondary verticil, as well as the
205:
This is a diagram of cell elongation in a plant. In sum, the acidity within the cell wall as a result of a high proton concentration in the cell wall. As a result,the cell wall becomes more flexible so that when water comes into the plant vacuole, the plant cell will
66:
will very early produce all of the body parts that it will ever have in its life. When the animal is born (or hatches from its egg), it has all its body parts and from that point will only grow larger and more mature. However, both plants and animals pass through a
895:, do not emit DMT. It has been suggested that these varieties do not make DMT because they do not have the OOMT genes. However, following an immunolocalization experiment, OOMT was found in the petal epidermis. To study this further, rose petals were subjected to
346:, at the leaf axil, the bud being left there during primary growth. They may develop on roots or leaves, or on shoots as a new growth. Shoot apical meristems produce one or more axillary or lateral buds at each node. When stems produce considerable
776:
pattern that will lead to the growth of floral meristems as opposed to vegetative meristems. The main difference between these two types of meristem, apart from the obvious disparity between the objective organ, is the verticillate (or whorled)
259:
the plant, the greater the susceptibility to damage or death from temperatures that are too high or too low. Temperature affects the rate of biochemical and physiological processes, rates generally (within limits) increasing with temperature.
903:. Detection of OOMT protein at 150,000g in the supernatant and the pellet allowed for researchers to conclude that OOMT protein is tightly associated with petal epidermis membranes. Such experiments determined that OOMT genes do exist within
873:
non-fragrant flowers have only one-tenth the ODO1 transcript levels of the
Mitchell flowers. Thus, the amount of ODO1 made corresponds to the amount of volatile benzenoid emitted, indicating that ODO1 regulates benzenoid biosynthesis.
239:
easily seen in the leaves of a plant, though other organs such as stems and flowers may show similar variation. There are three primary causes of this variation: positional effects, environmental effects, and juvenility.
715:
developments that must occur in order for this to take place: firstly, the plant must pass from sexual immaturity into a sexually mature state (i.e. a transition towards flowering); secondly, the transformation of the
357:. The adventitious buds help to replace lost branches. Adventitious buds and shoots also may develop on mature tree trunks when a shaded trunk is exposed to bright sunlight because surrounding trees are cut down.
851:
are produced to give off the floral smell. While components of the benzenoid biosynthetic pathway are known, the enzymes within the pathway, and subsequent regulation of those enzymes, are yet to be discovered.
246:
Variation in leaves from the giant ragweed illustrating positional effects. The lobed leaves come from the base of the plant, while the unlobed leaves come from the top of the plant.
368:
Some plants normally develop adventitious buds on their roots, which can extend quite a distance from the plant. Shoots that develop from adventitious buds on roots are termed
1129:
Quint, Marcel; Drost, Hajk-Georg; Gabel, Alexander; Ullrich, Kristian
Karsten; Bönn, Markus; Grosse, Ivo (2012-10-04). "A transcriptomic hourglass in plant embryogenesis".
809:. Another difference from vegetative axillary meristems is that the floral meristem is «determined», which means that, once differentiated, its cells will no longer
425:
stems to the ground to promote rapid growth of adventitious shoots. It is traditionally used to produce poles, fence material or firewood. It is also practiced for
531:. In layering, adventitious roots are formed on aerial stems before the stem section is removed to make a new plant. Large houseplants are often propagated by
1431:"Ethylene-promoted adventitious rooting and development of cortical air spaces (Aerenchyma) in roots may be adaptive responses to flooding in Zea mays L"
820:, each with distinct functions. According to the ABC model, functions A and C are required in order to determine the identity of the verticils of the
641:
637:
159:
to form a specialized tissue, begin to grow as the tip of a new root or shoot. Growth from any such meristem at the tip of a root or shoot is termed
1070:
Domazet-Lošo, Tomislav; Tautz, Diethard (2010-12-09). "A phylogenetically based transcriptome age index mirrors ontogenetic divergence patterns".
662:
biosynthesis in the leaf primodium. Many genetic factors were found to be involved in the suppression of these genes in leaf primordia (such as
461:
or nutrient deficiency. Another ecologically important function of adventitious rooting is the vegetative reproduction of tree species such as
128:. As this happens, the resulting cells will organize so that one end becomes the first root while the other end forms the tip of the shoot. In
155:
located at the tip of the shoot. Branching occurs when small clumps of cells left behind by the meristem, and which have not yet undergone
1345:
Ross, S.D.; Pharis, R.P.; Binder, W.D. 1983. Growth regulators and conifers: their physiology and potential uses in forestry. p. 35–78
1590:
Schuurink, Robert C.; Haring, Michel A.; Clark, David G. (2006). "Regulation of volatile benzenoid biosynthesis in petunia flowers".
595:
give mechanical support to aerial branches. The lateral branches grow vertically downward into the soil and act as pillars; example:
62:
located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues. By contrast, an animal
581:
arise from the first few nodes of the stem. These penetrate obliquely down into the soil and give support to the plant; examples:
1280:
816:
The identity of the organs present in the four floral verticils is a consequence of the interaction of at least three types of
143:
from its seed or parent plant, it begins to produce additional organs (leaves, stems, and roots) through the process of
251:
the tip of the plant, and this difference is consistent from branch to branch on a given plant and in a given species.
1571:
17:
682:
860:
650:
290:
Adventitious roots and buds usually develop near the existing vascular tissues so that they can connect to the
673:, etc.). Thus, with this suppression, the levels of gibberellin increase and leaf primorium initiates growth.
71:
that evolved independently and that causes a developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification.
1190:"Evidence for Active Maintenance of Phylotranscriptomic Hourglass Patterns in Animal and Plant Embryogenesis"
1359:
Jones, Cynthia S. (1999-11-01). "An Essay on
Juvenility, Phase Change, and Heteroblasty in Seed Plants".
350:, the axillary buds may be destroyed. Adventitious buds may then develop on stems with secondary growth.
136:). By the end of embryogenesis, the young plant will have all the parts necessary to begin in its life.
1680:
255:
the size and condition of the plant and the temperature and duration of exposure. The smaller and more
457:
Adventitious rooting may be a stress-avoidance acclimation for some species, driven by such inputs as
1311:
Barlow, P (2005). "Patterned cell determination in a plant tissue: The secondary phloem of trees".
761:
407:
306:. In stems with secondary growth, adventitious roots often originate in phloem parenchyma near the
283:
Plant structures, including, roots, buds, and shoots, that develop in unusual locations are called
156:
458:
443:
396:
373:
298:. However, the exact location varies greatly. In young stems, adventitious roots often form from
272:
773:
737:
476:
The ability of plant stems to form adventitious roots is utilised in commercial propagation by
1007:"Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals vertebrate phylotypic period during organogenesis"
757:
392:
grew from one trunk to 47,000 trunks via adventitious bud formation on a single root system.
311:
103:
1138:
1079:
1018:
648:. Leaf primordium is initiated by the suppression of the genes and proteins of the class I
488:
358:
483:
Adventitious roots and buds are very important when people propagate plants via cuttings,
8:
1349:
Nickell, L.G. (Ed.), Plant growth regulating chemicals. Vol. 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton FL.
911:
varieties, but the OOMT genes are not expressed in the flower tissues where DMT is made.
896:
708:
99:
1142:
1083:
1022:
299:
1651:
1618:
1544:
1505:
1497:
1458:
1392:
1292:
1222:
1189:
1170:
1111:
1047:
1006:
733:
724:; and finally the growth of the flower's individual organs. The latter phase has been
395:
Some leaves develop adventitious buds, which then form adventitious roots, as part of
242:
1656:
1638:
1619:"Role of Petal-Specific Orcinol O -Methyltransferases in the Evolution of Rose Scent"
1567:
1493:
1450:
1384:
1376:
1328:
1284:
1227:
1209:
1162:
1154:
1103:
1095:
1052:
1034:
987:
945:
606:
411:). The adventitious plantlets then drop off the parent plant and develop as separate
401:
120:
of an egg cell by a sperm cell. From that point, it begins to divide to form a plant
1548:
1509:
1396:
535:. Adventitious roots and buds must develop in tissue culture propagation of plants.
1646:
1630:
1599:
1536:
1489:
1462:
1442:
1368:
1320:
1296:
1276:
1267:
Brand, U; Hobe, M; Simon, R (2001). "Functional domains in plant shoot meristems".
1217:
1201:
1174:
1146:
1115:
1087:
1042:
1026:
977:
937:
793:
of the primordium. These verticils follow an acropetal development, giving rise to
725:
347:
307:
233:
168:
164:
75:
68:
1603:
1685:
1245:
843:
717:
700:
605:
arising from nodes attach themselves to some support and climb over it; example:
477:
339:
303:
256:
78:
790:
786:
508:
500:
492:
385:
175:
160:
109:
39:
1540:
1524:
1188:
Drost, Hajk-Georg; Gabel, Alexander; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel (2015-05-01).
982:
965:
928:
Bäurle, I; Laux, T (2003). "Apical meristems: The plant's fountain of youth".
732:, which describes the biological basis of the process from the perspective of
523:. Propagation via root cuttings requires adventitious bud formation, e.g., in
1674:
1642:
1525:"Review the formation of adventitious roots: New concepts, new possibilities"
1380:
1213:
1158:
1099:
1038:
869:
817:
721:
381:
343:
220:
195:
117:
95:
1205:
201:
1660:
1454:
1388:
1332:
1288:
1231:
1166:
1107:
1056:
991:
949:
900:
833:
Plants use floral form, flower, and scent to attract different insects for
616:
548:
532:
389:
264:
191:
187:
183:
1634:
1253:
863:
to compare the flowers that were just about to produce the scent, to the
834:
778:
749:
743:
696:
659:
524:
369:
329:
151:
located at the tip of the root, and new stems and leaves grow from shoot
140:
1150:
1091:
964:
Drost, Hajk-Georg; Janitza, Philipp; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel (2017).
825:
differentiation of the stamen from the carpel on the tertiary verticil.
772:
are formed. This same stimulus will also cause the meristem to follow a
687:
1501:
1446:
1430:
1418:
1324:
1030:
941:
848:
838:
810:
782:
769:
712:
516:
449:
310:. In stem cuttings, adventitious roots sometimes also originate in the
1281:
10.1002/1521-1878(200102)23:2<134::AID-BIES1020>3.0.CO;2-3
620:
586:
558:
557:(tuberous root) occur in clusters at the base of the stem; examples:
418:
133:
82:
1523:
De Klerk, Geert-Jan; Van Der
Krieken, Wim; De Jong, Joke C. (1999).
1477:
764:
of the meristem into a flower meristem. This stimulus will activate
267:
is when the organs and tissues produced by a young plant, such as a
210:
167:
results in widening of a root or shoot from divisions of cells in a
1372:
821:
768:
cell division in the meristem, particularly on its sides where new
704:
645:
572:
484:
470:
316:
268:
152:
148:
59:
837:. Certain compounds within the emitted scent appeal to particular
765:
720:'s function from a vegetative meristem into a floral meristem or
430:
426:
412:
377:
354:
27:
Process by which structures originate and mature as a plant grows
353:
Adventitious buds are often formed after the stem is wounded or
58:
produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from
806:
802:
596:
562:
520:
295:
121:
113:
63:
51:
1616:
1522:
636:
has been broken down into three stages: The initiation of the
798:
794:
582:
528:
512:
496:
291:
55:
887:
878:
504:
422:
132:
plants, the embryo will develop one or more "seed leaves" (
129:
47:
43:
35:
707:
that leads to the appearance of an organ oriented towards
966:"Cross-kingdom comparison of the developmental hourglass"
335:
314:
cells that form at the cut surface. Leaf cuttings of the
227:
963:
507:
cuttings to promote adventitious root formation, e.g.,
1128:
219:
Plant growth and development are mediated by specific
163:
and results in the lengthening of that root or shoot.
1529:
In Vitro
Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant
1187:
81:, the properties of organization seen in a plant are
1589:
1428:
1429:Drew, M. C.; Jackson, M. B.; Giffard, S. (1979).
1069:
868:determine expression of ODO1 throughout the day,
658:). These class I KNOX proteins directly suppress
615:the fleshy roots give a beaded appearance, e.g.:
287:. Such structures are common in vascular plants.
1672:
877:different roses yet, some rose varieties, like
859:Mitchell flowers were used in a petal-specific
1266:
632:The genetics behind leaf shape development in
1617:Scalliet, Gabriel; et al. (2006-01-01).
1566:. McGraw-Hill/Interamericana de España, SAU.
1475:
1005:Irie, Naoki; Kuratani, Shigeru (2011-03-22).
970:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
899:. Supernatants and pellets were inspected by
747:A diagram illustrating flower development in
342:, which occurs at the tip of a stem, or on a
215:plant to bend towards the light aka elongate.
86:basis of examination of the separate parts."
1004:
1561:
1555:
1478:"The Ecology of Interfaces: Riparian Zones"
695:Flower development is the process by which
447:Roots forming above ground on a cutting of
1476:Naiman, Robert J.; Decamps, Henri (1997).
927:
320:form adventitious roots in the epidermis.
278:
1650:
1221:
1046:
981:
1482:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
742:
686:
442:
241:
209:
200:
1361:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1244:
571:become swollen near the tips; example:
338:develop from places other than a shoot
14:
1673:
1310:
1585:
1583:
1358:
676:
228:Morphological variation during growth
1339:
760:is required in order to trigger the
644:, and the development of a marginal
224:applied and of rhizospheric origin.
828:
627:
178:division, a plant may grow through
24:
1580:
1409:McVeigh, I. 1938. Regeneration in
323:
25:
1697:
1564:Fundamentos de fisiología vegetal
1562:Azcón-Bieto; et al. (2000).
855:To determine pathway regulation,
538:
1494:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.621
785:elongation among the successive
547:lack a definite shape; example:
1610:
1516:
1469:
1422:
1403:
1352:
1194:Molecular Biology and Evolution
683:ABC model of flower development
1304:
1260:
1238:
1181:
1122:
1063:
998:
957:
921:
711:, the flower. There are three
429:crops grown for fuel, such as
13:
1:
1604:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.009
914:
499:, are often applied to stem,
372:. They are a type of natural
112:begins from a single celled
7:
421:is the practice of cutting
405:) and mother-of-thousands (
147:. New roots grow from root
10:
1702:
1415:American Journal of Botany
1250:animal and there young one
781:, that is, the absence of
680:
613:Moniliform or beaded roots
327:
231:
93:
1541:10.1007/s11627-999-0076-z
983:10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.003
656:SHOOT APICAL MERISTEMLESS
453:, also known as firespike
194:), and physical contact (
174:In addition to growth by
89:
438:
408:Kalanchoe daigremontiana
399:; e.g. piggyback plant (
157:cellular differentiation
30:Important structures in
1592:Trends in Plant Science
640:, the establishment of
397:vegetative reproduction
374:vegetative reproduction
279:Adventitious structures
273:vegetative phase change
124:through the process of
753:
692:
454:
247:
216:
207:
1635:10.1104/pp.105.070961
1206:10.1093/molbev/msv012
1011:Nature Communications
870:RNA gel blot analysis
746:
699:produce a pattern of
691:Anatomy of the flower
690:
681:Further information:
515:leaves and shoots of
446:
380:, e.g. many grasses,
245:
213:
204:
104:Plant growth analysis
94:Further information:
634:Arabidopsis thaliana
363:Sequoia sempervirens
1151:10.1038/nature11394
1143:2012Natur.490...98Q
1092:10.1038/nature09632
1084:2010Natur.468..815D
1023:2011NatCo...2..248I
897:ultracentrifugation
709:sexual reproduction
664:ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1,
390:Pando quaking aspen
100:Plant embryogenesis
83:emergent properties
1447:10.1007/BF00384595
1411:Crassula multicava
1325:10.1002/bies.20214
1031:10.1038/ncomms1248
942:10.1002/bies.10341
754:
693:
677:Flower development
455:
248:
217:
208:
76:plant physiologist
1681:Plant development
1078:(7325): 815–818.
667:BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1
607:Epipremnum aureum
555:Fasciculated root
402:Tolmiea menziesii
32:plant development
16:(Redirected from
1693:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1623:Plant Physiology
1614:
1608:
1607:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1426:
1420:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1367:(S6): 105–S111.
1356:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1246:Leopold, A. Carl
1242:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1200:(5): 1221–1231.
1185:
1179:
1178:
1137:(7418): 98–101.
1126:
1120:
1119:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1002:
996:
995:
985:
961:
955:
953:
925:
907:and Damask rose
886:and Damask rose
829:Floral fragrance
654:family (such as
628:Leaf development
348:secondary growth
308:vascular cambium
304:vascular bundles
234:Plant morphology
165:Secondary growth
139:Once the embryo
69:phylotypic stage
21:
18:Adventitiousness
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1615:
1611:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1556:
1521:
1517:
1474:
1470:
1427:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1309:
1305:
1265:
1261:
1243:
1239:
1186:
1182:
1127:
1123:
1068:
1064:
1003:
999:
962:
958:
926:
922:
917:
844:Petunia hybrida
831:
762:differentiation
718:apical meristem
701:gene expression
685:
679:
642:dorsiventrality
638:leaf primordium
630:
541:
441:
415:of the parent.
340:apical meristem
332:
326:
324:Buds and shoots
281:
236:
230:
180:cell elongation
106:
92:
79:A. Carl Leopold
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1667:
1666:
1609:
1579:
1572:
1554:
1535:(3): 189–199.
1515:
1468:
1421:
1402:
1373:10.1086/314215
1351:
1338:
1303:
1259:
1256:. p. 183.
1237:
1180:
1121:
1062:
997:
956:
936:(10): 961–70.
919:
918:
916:
913:
909:Rosa damascene
830:
827:
678:
675:
629:
626:
625:
624:
610:
603:Climbing roots
600:
590:
576:
569:Nodulose roots
566:
552:
545:Tuberous roots
540:
539:Modified forms
537:
509:African violet
493:Plant hormones
489:tissue culture
440:
437:
386:Canada thistle
328:Main article:
325:
322:
280:
277:
263:Juvenility or
232:Main article:
229:
226:
221:plant hormones
161:primary growth
110:vascular plant
91:
88:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1698:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1573:84-486-0258-7
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:(5): 533–41.
1318:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:(2): 134–41.
1274:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
920:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:
890:
885:
882:
881:
874:
871:
866:
862:
858:
853:
850:
846:
845:
840:
836:
826:
823:
819:
818:gene products
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
774:developmental
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
751:
745:
741:
739:
738:developmental
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:inflorescence
719:
714:
713:physiological
710:
706:
702:
698:
689:
684:
674:
672:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
622:
618:
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
580:
577:
574:
570:
567:
564:
560:
556:
553:
550:
546:
543:
542:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
452:
451:
445:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:quaking aspen
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:Adventitious
331:
321:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
261:
258:
252:
244:
240:
235:
225:
222:
212:
203:
199:
197:
196:thigmotropism
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:organogenesis
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:embryogenesis
123:
119:
118:fertilisation
115:
111:
105:
101:
97:
96:Morphogenesis
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:According to
72:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1629:(1): 18–29.
1626:
1622:
1612:
1598:(1): 20–25.
1595:
1591:
1563:
1557:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1441:(1): 83–88.
1438:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1249:
1240:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1014:
1010:
1000:
973:
969:
959:
933:
929:
923:
908:
905:Rosa gallica
904:
901:western blot
892:
888:
883:
879:
875:
864:
856:
854:
842:
832:
815:
756:An external
755:
748:
729:
694:
670:
666:
663:
655:
649:
633:
631:
617:bitter gourd
612:
602:
592:
578:
568:
554:
549:sweet potato
544:
533:air layering
482:
475:
466:
462:
456:
448:
435:
417:
406:
400:
394:
367:
362:
352:
333:
315:
302:between the
289:
285:adventitious
284:
282:
265:heteroblasty
262:
253:
249:
237:
218:
192:hydrotropism
188:gravitropism
186:), gravity (
184:phototropism
179:
173:
144:
138:
125:
116:, formed by
107:
73:
31:
29:
1488:: 621–658.
1254:McGraw-Hill
847:, volatile
839:pollinators
835:pollination
779:phyllotaxis
750:Arabidopsis
697:angiosperms
660:gibberellin
579:Stilt roots
525:horseradish
433:or willow.
330:Basal shoot
190:), water, (
1675:Categories
1417:25: 7-11.
915:References
865:P. hybrida
861:microarray
857:P. hybrida
849:benzenoids
740:genetics.
728:using the
593:Prop roots
517:poinsettia
473:settings.
450:Odontonema
344:shoot node
300:parenchyma
141:germinates
134:cotyledons
1643:1532-2548
1381:1058-5893
1313:BioEssays
1269:BioEssays
1214:0737-4038
1159:0028-0836
1100:0028-0836
1039:2041-1723
976:: 69–75.
930:BioEssays
893:damascene
791:verticils
770:primordia
734:molecular
730:ABC model
705:meristems
671:SAWTOOTH1
621:Portulaca
587:sugarcane
559:asparagus
495:, termed
419:Coppicing
257:succulent
206:elongate.
153:meristems
149:meristems
60:meristems
1661:16361520
1549:44027145
1510:86570563
1455:24310899
1397:21757481
1389:10572025
1333:15832381
1289:11169586
1248:(1964).
1232:25631928
1167:22951968
1108:21150997
1057:21427719
992:28347942
950:14505363
822:perianth
758:stimulus
726:modelled
646:meristem
573:turmeric
485:layering
478:cuttings
471:riparian
376:in many
317:Crassula
269:seedling
1652:1326028
1502:2952507
1463:7232582
1301:Review.
1297:5833219
1223:4408408
1175:4404460
1139:Bibcode
1116:1417664
1080:Bibcode
1048:3109953
1019:Bibcode
1017:: 248.
954:Review.
884:gallica
807:carpels
803:stamens
766:mitotic
467:Sequoia
459:hypoxia
427:biomass
378:species
370:suckers
359:Redwood
169:cambium
52:flowers
1686:Botany
1659:
1649:
1641:
1570:
1547:
1508:
1500:
1461:
1453:
1435:Planta
1395:
1387:
1379:
1331:
1295:
1287:
1230:
1220:
1212:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1131:Nature
1114:
1106:
1098:
1072:Nature
1055:
1045:
1037:
990:
948:
811:divide
799:petals
795:sepals
787:whorls
597:banyan
563:dahlia
521:coleus
497:auxins
431:poplar
413:clones
388:. The
355:pruned
312:callus
296:phloem
122:embryo
114:zygote
102:, and
90:Growth
64:embryo
56:plants
50:, and
48:leaves
40:shoots
1545:S2CID
1506:S2CID
1498:JSTOR
1459:S2CID
1393:S2CID
1293:S2CID
1171:S2CID
1112:S2CID
841:. In
583:maize
529:apple
513:sedum
501:shoot
463:Salix
439:Roots
292:xylem
44:roots
1657:PMID
1639:ISSN
1568:ISBN
1451:PMID
1385:PMID
1377:ISSN
1329:PMID
1285:PMID
1228:PMID
1210:ISSN
1163:PMID
1155:ISSN
1104:PMID
1096:ISSN
1053:PMID
1035:ISSN
988:PMID
946:PMID
889:Rosa
880:Rosa
805:and
783:stem
736:and
651:KNOX
527:and
519:and
511:and
505:leaf
465:and
423:tree
384:and
336:buds
294:and
176:cell
130:seed
36:buds
34:are
1647:PMC
1631:doi
1627:140
1600:doi
1537:doi
1490:doi
1443:doi
1439:147
1369:doi
1365:160
1321:doi
1277:doi
1218:PMC
1202:doi
1147:doi
1135:490
1088:doi
1076:468
1043:PMC
1027:doi
978:doi
938:doi
789:or
703:in
503:or
469:in
198:).
1677::
1655:.
1645:.
1637:.
1625:.
1621:.
1596:11
1594:.
1582:^
1543:.
1533:35
1531:.
1527:.
1504:.
1496:.
1486:28
1484:.
1480:.
1457:.
1449:.
1437:.
1433:.
1413:.
1391:.
1383:.
1375:.
1363:.
1347:in
1327:.
1317:27
1315:.
1291:.
1283:.
1273:23
1271:.
1252:.
1226:.
1216:.
1208:.
1198:32
1196:.
1192:.
1169:.
1161:.
1153:.
1145:.
1133:.
1110:.
1102:.
1094:.
1086:.
1074:.
1051:.
1041:.
1033:.
1025:.
1013:.
1009:.
986:.
974:45
972:.
968:.
944:.
934:25
932:.
813:.
801:,
797:,
669:,
619:,
585:,
561:,
491:.
487:,
275:.
171:.
108:A
98:,
54:;
46:,
42:,
38:,
1663:.
1633::
1606:.
1602::
1576:.
1551:.
1539::
1512:.
1492::
1465:.
1445::
1399:.
1371::
1335:.
1323::
1299:.
1279::
1234:.
1204::
1177:.
1149::
1141::
1118:.
1090::
1082::
1059:.
1029::
1021::
1015:2
994:.
980::
952:.
940::
623:.
609:.
599:.
589:.
575:.
565:.
551:.
361:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.