Advanced driver-assistance system

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Some ADAS that are considered level 0 are: parking sensors, surround-view, traffic sign recognition, lane departure warning, night vision, blind spot information system, rear-cross traffic alert, and forward-collision warning. Level 1 and 2 are very similar in that they both have the driver do most of the decision making. The difference is level 1 can take control over one functionality and level 2 can take control over multiple to aid the driver. ADAS that are considered level 1 are: adaptive cruise control, emergency brake assist, automatic emergency brake assist, lane-keeping, and lane centering. ADAS that are considered level 2 are: highway assist, autonomous obstacle avoidance, and autonomous parking. From level 3 to 5, the amount of control the vehicle has increases; level 5 being where the vehicle is fully autonomous. Some of these systems have not yet been fully embedded in commercial vehicles. For instance, highway chauffeur is a Level 3 system, and

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development of autonomous vehicles, the trolley problem remains an ethical dilemma between utilitarianism and deontological ethics. However, as the advancement in ADAS proceeds, the trolley problem becomes an issue that needs to be addressed by the programming of self-driving cars. The crashes that autonomous vehicles might face could be very similar to those depicted in the trolley problem. Although ADAS make vehicles generally safer than only human-driven cars, crashes are unavoidable. This raises questions such as “whose lives should be prioritized in the event of an inevitable crash?” Or “What should be the universal principle for these ‘crash-algorithms’?”

1578:(ITS) highly resemble ADAS, but experts believe that ITS goes beyond automatic traffic to include any enterprise that safely transports humans. ITS is where the transportation technology is integrated with a city’s infrastructure. This would then lead to a “smart city”. These systems promote active safety by increasing the efficiency of roads, possibly by adding 22.5% capacity on average, not the actual count. ADAS have aided in this increase in active safety, according to a study in 2008. ITS systems use a wide system of communication technology, including wireless technology and traditional technology, to enhance productivity. 1025:

questions have arisen within the general public. ADAS allow autonomous vehicles to enable self-driving features, but there are associated risks with ADAS. AV companies and manufacturers are recommended to have insurance in the following areas in order to avoid any serious litigations. Depending on the level, ranging from 0 to 5, each car manufacturer would find it in its best interest to find the right combination of different insurances to best match their products. Note that this list is not exhaustive and may be constantly updated with more types of insurances and risks in the years to come.

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the computer can learn and identify the ethical elements on its own without precisely programming whether an action is ethical. However, there are limitations to this approach. For example, many human actions are done out of self-preservation instincts, which is realistic but not ethical; feeding such data to the computer cannot guarantee that the computer captures the ideal behavior. Furthermore, the data fed to an artificial intelligence must be carefully selected to avoid producing undesired outcomes.

660:(TSR) systems can recognize common traffic signs, such as a “stop” sign or a “turn ahead” sign, through image processing techniques. This system takes into account the sign's shape, such as hexagons and rectangles, and the color to classify what the sign is communicating to the driver. Since most systems currently use camera-based technology, a wide variety of factors can make the system less accurate. These include poor lighting conditions, extreme weather conditions, and partial obstruction of the sign. 602: 486: 448: 469:(pre-crash system) uses small radar detectors, typically placed near the front of the car, to determine the car's vicinity to nearby obstacles and notify the driver of potential car crash situations. These systems can account for any sudden changes to the car's environment that may cause a collision. Systems can respond to a possible collision situation with multiple actions, such as sounding an alarm, tensing up passengers’ seat belts, closing a sunroof, and raising reclined seats. 431: 958: 500:(ESC) can reduce the speed of the car and activate individual brakes to prevent understeer and oversteer. Understeer occurs when the car's front wheels do not have enough traction to make the car turn and oversteer occurs when the car turns more than intended, causing the car to spin out. In conjunction with other car safety technologies, such as anti-lock braking and traction control, the ESC can safely help drivers maintain control of the car in unforeseen situations. 428:(ACC) can maintain a chosen velocity and distance between a vehicle and the vehicle ahead. ACC can automatically brake or accelerate with concern to the distance between the vehicle and the vehicle ahead. ACC systems with stop and go features can come to a complete stop and accelerate back to the specified speed. This system still requires an alert driver to take in their surroundings, as it only controls speed and the distance between you and the car in front of you. 559:(TCS) helps prevent traction loss in vehicles and prevent vehicle turnover on sharp curves and turns. By limiting tire slip, or when the force on a tire exceeds the tire's traction, this limits power delivery and helps the driver accelerate the car without losing control. These systems use the same wheel-speed sensors as the antilock braking systems. Individual wheel braking systems are deployed through TCS to control when one tire spins faster than the others. 1584:(DCAS) is the name of a draft ADAS regulation. It would allow hands-free driving with a possible risk of lack of attentiveness. Such DCAS regulation would allow system such as Tesla FSD in Europe. The UNECE driver control assistance systems regulation plan that DCAS shall be designed to ensure that the driver performs the driving task, that the driver's hands must remain on the wheel and that the system shall monitor the driver’s visual engagement. 378: 348:(FCW) monitor the speed of the vehicle and the vehicle in front of it, and the open distance around the vehicle. FCW systems will send an alert to the driver of a possible impending collision if gets too close to the vehicle in front of it. These systems do not take control of the vehicle, as currently, FCW systems only send an alert signal to the driver in the form of an audio alert, visual pop-up display, or other warning alert. 756: 1043:

monitoring of every minute on the road. ADAS are expected to streamline the insurance industry and its economic efficiency with capable technology to fight off fraudulent human behavior. In September 2016, the NHTSA published the Federal Automated Vehicles Policy, which describes the U.S. Department of Transportation's policies related to highly automated vehicles (HAV) which range from vehicles with ADAS features to

1069:(NHTSA) announced that it will require all new vehicles under 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) to have rear view cameras by May 2018. The rule was required by Congress as part of the Cameron Gulbransen Kids Transportation Safety Act of 2007. The Act is named after two-year-old Cameron Gulbransen. Cameron's father backed up his SUV over him, when he did not see the toddler in the family's driveway 152:, ADAS are developed to automate, adapt, and enhance vehicle technology for safety and better driving. ADAS are proven to reduce road fatalities by minimizing human error. Safety features are designed to avoid crashes and collisions by offering technologies that alert the driver to problems, implementing safeguards, and taking control of the vehicle if necessary. ADAS may provide 368:(LDW) alerts the driver when they partially merge into a lane without using their turn signals. An LDW system uses cameras to monitor lane markings to determine if the driver unintentionally begins to drift. This system does not take control of the vehicle to help sway the car back into the safety zone but instead sends an audio or visual alert to the driver. 445:(ABS) restore traction to a car's tires by regulating the brake pressure when the vehicle begins to skid. Alongside helping drivers in emergencies, such as when their car starts to skid on ice, ABS systems can also assist drivers who may lose control of their vehicle. With the growing popularity in the 1990s, ABS systems have become standard in vehicles. 917:

caveats and limitations; for instance, manufacturers are not required to report the number of vehicles that have been built and equipped with ADS/ADAS, the number of vehicles operating with ADS/ADAS, or the total distance traveled with ADS/ADAS active, which would be helpful to normalize the incident report data.

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Many researchers have been working on ways to address the ethical concerns associated with ADAS. For instance, the artificial intelligence approach allows computers to learn human ethics by feeding them data regarding human actions. Such a method is useful when the rules cannot be articulated because

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With the technology embedded in autonomous vehicles, these self-driving cars are able to distribute data if a car crash occurs. This, in turn, will invigorate the claims administration and their operations. Fraud reduction will also disable any fraudulent staging of car crashes by recording the car's

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We can't help feeling that this lack of standardisation is one of the more problematic aspects of driver-assistance systems; and it’s one that is likely to be felt more keenly as systems become increasingly commonplace in years to come, particularly if traffic laws change to allow 'hands-off' driving

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According to the initial data covering July 2021 to May 15, 2022, ADS (Levels 3–5) from 25 different manufacturers were involved in 130 crashes, led by Waymo LLC (62), Transdev Alternative Services (34), Cruise LLC (23), General Motors (16), and Argo AI (10); because multiple manufacturers can report

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assists the driver in keeping the vehicle centered in a lane. A lane-centering system may autonomously take over the steering when it determines the driver is at risk of deterring from the lane. This system uses cameras to monitor lane markings to stay within a safe distance between both sides of the

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use digital mapping tools, such as the global positioning system (GPS) and traffic message channel (TMC), to provide drivers with up to date traffic and navigation information. Through an embedded receiver, an automotive navigation system can send and receive data signals transmitted from satellites

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helps drivers maintain a safe speed when driving down a hill or other decline. These systems are typically enacted if the vehicle moves faster than 15 to 20 mph when driving down. When a change in grade is sensed, hill descent control automates the driver's speed to descend down the steep grade

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facilitates emergency counteract measures if the driver falls asleep or does not perform any driving action after a defined length of time. After a specified period of time, if the driver has not interacted with the accelerator, brake, or steering wheel, the car will send audio, visual, and physical

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can maintain a specific speed pre-determined by the driver. The car will maintain the speed the driver sets until the driver hits the brake pedal, clutch pedal, or disengages the system. Specific cruise control systems can accelerate or decelerate, but require the driver to click a button and notify

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can scan the vehicle's surroundings for objects when the driver initiates parking. Audio warnings can notify the driver of the distance between the vehicle and its surrounding objects. Typically, the faster the audio warnings are issued, the closer the vehicle is getting to the object. These sensors

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come in three forms: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X). V2V systems allow vehicles to exchange information with each other about their current position and upcoming hazards. V2I systems occur when the vehicle exchanges information with nearby

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also known as hill-start control or hill holder, helps prevent a vehicle from rolling backward down a hill when starting again from a stopped position. This feature holds the brake for you while you transition between the brake pedal and the gas pedal. For manual cars, this feature holds the brake

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Vibrating seat warnings alert the driver of danger. GM's Cadillacs have offered vibrating seat warnings since the 2013 Cadillac ATS. If the driver begins drifting out of the traveling lane of a highway, the seat vibrates in the direction of the drift, warning the driver of danger. The safety alert

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use two radar sensors in the front bumper and sides of the car to monitor if there are any oncoming cars at intersections, highway exits, or car parks. This system alerts the driver of any upcoming traffic from the vehicle's sides and can enact the vehicle's emergency braking system to prevent the

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or intelligent speed advice (ISA) assists drivers with compliance to the speed limit. They take in information of the vehicle's position and notify the driver when they are not enforcing the speed limit. Some ISA systems allow the vehicle to adjust its speed to adhere to the relative speed limit.

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ADAS are categorized into different levels based on the amount of automation, and the scale provided by The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). ADAS can be divided into six levels. In level 0, ADAS cannot control the car and can only provide information for the driver to interpret on their own.

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ADAS are considered real-time systems since they react quickly to multiple inputs and prioritize the incoming information to prevent crashes. The systems use preemptive priority scheduling to organize which task needs to be done first. The incorrect assignment of these priorities is what can cause

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in 1967, the trolley problem asks that under a situation which the trolley's brake does not work, and there are five people ahead of the trolley, the driver may go straight, killing the five persons ahead, or turn to the side track killing the one pedestrian, what should the driver do? Before the

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SGO 2021-01 is in effect for three years, starting on June 29, 2021. After gathering data for almost a year (July 1, 2021 through May 15, 2022), the NHTSA released the initial set of data in June 2022 and stated they plan to update the data on a monthly basis. The data are subject to several

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helps the driver through a safe completion of a lane change by using sensors to scan the vehicle's surroundings and monitor the driver's blind spots. When a driver intends to make a lane change, the vehicle will notify the driver through an audio or visual alert when a vehicle is approaching from

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fully takes over control of parking functions, including steering, braking, and acceleration, to assist drivers in parking. Depending on the relative cars and obstacles, the vehicle positions itself safely into the available parking spot. Currently, the driver must still be aware of the vehicle's

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aims to prevent collisions due to driver fatigue. The vehicle obtains information, such as facial patterns, steering movement, driving habits, turn signal use, and driving velocity, to determine if the driver's activities correspond with drowsy driving. If drowsy driving is suspected, the vehicle

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conjunction with emergency braking systems to act accordingly if any obstacles come into the vehicle's path. A rear cross traffic alert (RCTA) typically works in conjunction with the blind spot monitoring system, warning the driver of approaching cross-traffic when reversing out of a parking spot.

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The AV industry is growing exponentially, and according to a report by Market Research Future, the market is expected to hit over $ 65 billion by 2027. AV insurance and rising competition are expected to fuel that growth. Auto insurance for ADAS has directly affected the global economy, and many

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responsible for federal motor vehicle regulations, issued Standing General Order 2021-01 (SGO 2021-01), which required manufacturers of ADAS (Levels 1 or 2) and Automated Driving Systems (ADS) (Levels 3 through 5) to promptly report crashes that occurred when driver-assistance or automation

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Ford and General Motors provide "hands-off, eyes-on" systems such as Blue Cruise and Super Cruise in North America. These systems allow drivers to take their hands off the steering wheel while the system is engaged. However, drivers must keep their eyes on the road and be ready to take immediate

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improves a driver's visibility by offering a 360-degree viewing system. This system can accurately provide 3D peripheral images of the car's surroundings through video display outputted to the driver. Currently, commercial systems can only provide 2D images of the driver's surroundings. Omniview

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Similarly, ADAS (Level 2) from 12 different manufacturers were involved in 367 crashes over the same period; 392 crashes were reported in total, but 25 either occurred before July 2021 or had no associated date. Reported incidents were led by Tesla (273), Honda (90), and Subaru (10). Of the 392

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Another notable method is a three-phase approach proposed by Noah J. Goodall. This approach first necessitates a system established with the agreement of car manufacturers, transportation engineers, lawyers, and ethicists, and should be set transparently. The second phase is letting artificial

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use Light Emitting Diodes, more commonly known as LEDs, to cut two or more cars from the light distribution. This allows oncoming vehicles coming in the opposite direction not to be affected by the light of the high-beams. In 2010, the VW Touareg introduced the first glare-free high beam

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provides real-time video information regarding the location of your vehicle and its surroundings. This camera offers driver's aid when backing up by providing a viewpoint that is typically a blind spot in traditional cars. When the driver puts the car in reverse, the camera automatically turns

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issue alerts to drivers when it is detected that they are on the wrong side of the road. Vehicles with this system enacted can use sensors and cameras to identify the direction of oncoming traffic flow. In conjunction with lane detection services, this system can also notify drivers when they

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involves cameras that monitor the driver's blind spots and notify the driver if any obstacles come close to the vehicle. Blind spots are defined as the areas behind or at the side of the vehicle that the driver cannot see from the driver's seat. Blind-spot monitoring systems typically work in

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ADAS were first being used in the 1970s with the adoption of the anti-lock braking system. Early ADAS include electronic stability control, anti-lock brakes, blind spot information systems, lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, and traction control. These systems can be affected by

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the same crash, the sum exceeds the total number of reportable incidents. Of the 130 crashes, 108 had no associated injuries reported; there was only one serious injury associated with the remaining crashes. The most commonly-reported damage location was the rear of the ADS-equipped vehicle.

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are designed to minimize the number of crashes or injuries that occur between a vehicle and a pedestrian. This system uses cameras and sensors to determine when the front of a vehicle strikes a pedestrian. When the collision occurs, the vehicle's bonnet lifts to provide a cushion between the

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is designed to monitor the alertness of the driver. These systems use biological and performance measures to assess the driver's alertness and ability to conduct safe driving practices. Currently, these systems use infrared sensors and cameras to monitor the driver's attentiveness through

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detect water and automatically trigger electrical actions, such as the raising of open windows and the closing of open convertible tops. A rain sensor can also take in the frequency of rain droplets to automatically trigger windshield wipers with an accurate speed for the corresponding

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systems enable the vehicle to detect obstacles, including pedestrians, in a nighttime setting or heavy weather situation when the driver has low visibility. These systems can various technologies, including infrared sensors, GPS, Lidar, and Radar, to detect pedestrians and non-human

2213:"NEW CAR NET, the UK new car guide :: Lexus news - LS460 achieves a world-first in preventative safety :: Links, Newsletter, She Drives, Galleries, Motor Show, Road Tests, User Reviews, Daily News, Car Videos, Features, NEWS / REVIEWS, First Impressions, Motormouth, Blog" 785:

According to a 2021 research report from Canalys, approximately 33 percent of new vehicles sold in the United States, Europe, Japan, and China had ADAS features. The firm also predicted that fifty percent of all automobiles on the road by the year 2030 would be ADAS-enabled.

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is a level 4 system, both of which are not in full commercial use in 2019. The levels can be roughly understood as Level 0 - no automation; Level 1 - hands on/shared control; Level 2 - hands off; Level 3 - eyes off; Level 4 - mind off, and Level 5 - steering wheel optional.

619:(auto-HUD) safely displays essential system information to a driver at a vantage point that does not require the driver to look down or away from the road. Currently, the majority of the auto-HUD systems on the market display system information on a windshield using LCDs. 175:

According to a 2021 research report from Canalys, approximately 33 percent of new vehicles sold in the United States, Europe, Japan, and China had ADAS. The firm also predicted that fifty percent of all automobiles on the road by the year 2030 would be ADAS-enabled.

544:"ACSF of Category E" (...) a function which is initiated/activated by the driver and which can continuously determine the possibility of a manoeuvre (e.g. lane change) and complete these manoeuvres for extended periods without further driver command/confirmation. 475:

helps prevent a vehicle from overturning when strong winds hit its side by analyzing the vehicle's yaw rate, steering angle, lateral acceleration, and velocity sensors. This system distributes the wheel load in relation to the velocity and direction of the

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Severe crashes must be reported within one calendar day after the manufacturer receives notice the crash has occurred. In addition, an updated crash incident report must be made within ten calendar days after the manufacturer receives notice the crash has

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involves a vulnerable road user (anyone who is not an occupant of a motor vehicle with more than three wheels: typically pedestrians, wheelchair users, motorcyclists, or bicyclists), regardless of that vulnerable road user's influence on the cause of the

541:"ACSF of Category D" (...) a function which is initiated/activated by the driver and which can indicate the possibility of a single lateral manoeuvre (e.g. lane change) but performs that function only following a confirmation by the driver. 228:

The reliance on data that describes the outside environment of the vehicle, compared to internal data, differentiates ADAS from driver-assistance systems (DAS). ADAS rely on inputs from multiple data sources, including automotive imaging,

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behind or is in the vehicle's blind spot. The visual alert may appear in the dashboard, heads-up-display, or the exterior rear-view mirrors. Several kind of lane change assistance might exist, for instance UNECE regulation 79 considers:

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ADAS might have many limitations, for instance a pre-collision system might have 12 pages to explain 23 exceptions where ADAS may operate when not needed and 30 exceptions where ADAS may not operate when a collision is likely.

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crashes, 98 included injury reporting; of the 98, 46 had no injuries reported, 5 resulted in serious injuries and 6 resulted in fatalities. The most commonly-reported damage location was the front of the ADAS-equipped vehicle.

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determine when the tire pressure is outside the normal inflation pressure range. The driver can monitor the tire pressure and is notified when there is a sudden drop through a pictogram display, gauge, or low-pressure warning

2838: 538:"ACSF (Automatically commanded steering function) of Category C" (...) a function which is initiated/activated by the driver and which can perform a single lateral manoeuvre (e.g. lane change) when commanded by the driver. 2930: 878:

systems were in use. SGO 2021-01 subsequently was amended on August 5, 2021. Under the amended SGO 2021-01, a crash involving ADS or Level 2 ADAS is reportable to the NHTSA if it meets the following criteria:

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In Europe, in Q2 2018, 3% of sold passenger cars had level 2 autonomy driving features. In Europe, in Q2 2019, 325,000 passenger cars are sold with level 2 autonomy driving features, that is 8% of all new cars sold.

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Otherwise, non-severe crashes involving ADS (excluding L2 ADAS) must be reported on the fifteenth day of the month following the calendar month in which the manufacturer receives notice the crash has occurred.

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ruling that issued 50 percent of quiet vehicles must have a device implemented into their systems that sound off when the vehicle travels at speeds less than 30 km/h (18.6 mph) by September 2019.

141:, ADAS increase car and road safety. ADAS use automated technology, such as sensors and cameras, to detect nearby obstacles or driver errors, and respond accordingly. ADAS can enable various levels of 938:

According to PACTS, lack of full standardization might make the system have difficulty being understandable by the driver who might believe that the car behaves like another car while it does not.

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The advancement of autonomous driving is accompanied by ethical concerns. The earliest moral issue associated with autonomous driving can be dated back to as early as the age of the trolleys. The

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may not detect objects closer to the ground, such as parking stops, which is why parking sensors typically work alongside backup cameras to assist the driver when reversing into a parking spot.

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signals to the driver. If the driver does not wake up after these signals, the system will stop, safely position the vehicle away from oncoming traffic, and turn on the hazard warning lights.

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This list is not a comprehensive list of all of the ADAS. Instead, it provides information on critical examples of ADAS that have progressed and become more commonly available since 2015.

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MarkVollrath; Schleicher, Susanne; Gelau, Christhard (19 December 2010). "The influence of Cruise Control and Adaptive Cruise Control on driving behaviour – A driving simulator study".

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infrastructure elements, such as street signs. V2X systems occur when the vehicle monitors its environment and takes in information about possible obstacles or pedestrians in its path.

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Technology errors and omissions – This insurance will cover any physical risk if the technology itself has failed. These usually include all of the associated expenses of a car crash.

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mechanical alignment adjustments or damage from a collision. This has led many manufacturers to require automatic resets for these systems after a mechanical alignment is performed.

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Some groups advocate standardization of the name, such as Forward Collision Warning and Automatic Emergency Braking rather than Forward Collision Alert or Smart City Brake Support.

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intelligence learn human ethics while being bound by the system established in phase one. Lastly, the system should provide constant feedback that is understandable by humans.

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vehicle's hard engine components and the pedestrian. This helps minimize the possibility of a severe head injury when the pedestrian's head comes into contact with the vehicle.

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Lewicki, Wojciech; Stankiewicz, Bogusław; Olejarz-Wahba, Aleksandra A. (2019-11-14). "The Role of Intelligent Transport Systems in the Development of the Idea of Smart City".

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Driver Attentiveness to the Driving Task During ADAS Use, Commissioned by the Department for Transport (T0305), Oliver Carsten, Mickaël Perrier, Samantha Jamson, May 2023

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Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir; Ahmad Zakuan, Fakhrul Razi; Zulkepli, Khairul; Azmi, Muhammad Zulfaqar; Zamzuri, Hairi; Abdul Rahman, Mohd Azizi; Zakaria, Muhammad (2017-12-01).

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Directors and officers – This insurance protects a company's balance sheet and assets by protecting the company from bad management or misappropriation of assets.

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ADAS behavior might change from car to car, for instance ACC speed might be temporarily overridden in most cars, while some switch to standby after one minute.

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transport to a hospital for medical treatment or a fatality, regardless of whether that person was an occupant of the vehicle equipped with the ADS or L2 ADAS

571: 253:). Modern cars have ADAS integrated into their electronics; manufacturers can add these new features during the design process or after production via 4319: 3555:

In re: First Amended Standing General Order 2021-01 | Incident Reporting for Automated Driving Systems (ADS) and Level 2 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

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eye-tracking. If the vehicle detects a possible obstacle, it will notify the driver and if no action is taken, the vehicle may react to the obstacle.

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Cyber liability – This insurance will protect companies from any lawsuits from third parties and penalties from regulators regarding cybersecurity.

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Habenicht, Stefan; Winner, Hermann; Bone, Sven; Sasse, Fabian; Korzenietz, Peter (5 July 2011). "A maneuver-based lane change assistance system".

4842: 245:, and in-car networking. Additional inputs are possible from other sources separate from the primary vehicle platform, including other vehicles ( 355:

Other ISA systems only warn the driver when they are going over the speed limit and leave it up to the driver to enforce the speed limit or not.

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the Levels 3–5 ADS or Level 2 ADAS was engaged at any time within 30 seconds before the start of the crash through the conclusion of the crash

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In re: Standing General Order 2021-01 | Incident Reporting for Automated Driving Systems (ADS) and Level 2 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

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https://www.autoevolution.com/news/eu-speeds-up-driver-assist-regulations-that-would-allow-tesla-to-deploy-fsd-beta-in-europe-214356.html

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safely. This system works by pulsing the braking system and controlling each wheel independently to maintain traction down the descent.

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Martinelli, Nancy S.; Seoane, Richard (1999-03-19). Lemieux, Dennis H.; Snell, Jr., John R. (eds.). "Automotive night vision system".

2492:"U.S. DOT Proposes Rear View Visibility Rule to Protect Kids and the Elderly | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)" 3385: 2897: 2839:"The new Volkswagen Arteon Innovative driver assistance systems in detail – part 1: Emergency Assist – automatic help in emergencies" 2440:

Reina, Giulio; Gentile, Angelo; Messina, Arcangelo (2015-04-03). "Tyre pressure monitoring using a dynamical model-based estimator".

1810: 601: 2237: 1771: 2548:"Evaluation of a New Pedestrian Head Injury Protection System with a Sensor in the Bumper and Lifting of the Bonnet's Rear Part" 2212: 2945: 2080: 1922:

Shaout, Adnan; Colella, Dominic; Awad, S. (28 December 2011). "Advanced Driver Assistance Systems - Past, present and future".

1358: 172:, provide traffic warnings, provide navigational assistance through smartphones, automate lighting, or provide other features. 3471: 338:

is nearby, typically delivered through a noise, such as a beep or horn. This technology was developed in response to the U.S.

4230: 4156: 3994: 2989: 2684: 1939: 1743: 4266: 3035:"UN Regulation No. 79, Revision 4. Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to steering equipment" 2022: 4751: 1088: 4217:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 1091. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 26–36. 3582:(Press release). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. June 15, 2022 3579: 3554: 654:

technology uses the input of four cameras and a bird's eye technology to provide a composite 3D model of the surroundings.

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EU Speeds Up Driver Assist Regulations That Would Allow Tesla To Deploy FSD Beta in Europe, 2 May 2023, Cristian Agatie

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a vehicle tow-away or an air bag deployment, regardless of whether that is the vehicle equipped with the ADS or L2 ADAS

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Adaptive cruise control does not automatically resume after a lengthy stop or if the driver is not looking at the road

4650: 4369: 4311: 3881: 3238: 1618: 1575: 586: 3560:(Report). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. August 5, 2021 3863: 3606: 3526:(Report). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. June 29, 2021 3882:"NHTSA Announces Final Rule Requiring Rear Visibility Technology | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration" 2056: 994:

has endorsed a series of recommendations for generic ADAS terminology for car manufacturers, that it created with

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Automation features cannot be used with automatic emergency braking or lane departure prevention/warning disabled

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Car industry piling on the pressure for weak assisted driving system safety rules in Europe, 23 June 2023, ETSC

3498: 270: 4771: 4495: 3642:(Report). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. June 2022 3612:(Report). United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. June 2022 2156:

Jabbar, Rateb; Al-Khalifa, Khalifa; Kharbeche, Mohamed; Alhajyaseen, Wael; Jafari, Mohsen; Jiang, Shan (2018).

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Fail-safe procedure slows vehicle, notifies manufacturer and keeps automation off limits for remainder of drive

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https://etsc.eu/car-industry-piling-on-the-pressure-for-weak-assisted-driving-system-safety-rules-in-europe/

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New UN regulation paves the way for the roll-out of additional driver assistance systems, 01 February 2024

4086:"TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SAFE DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS: Driver Acceptance and Assistance for Elderly Drivers" 3733: 3671: 1724:"Autonomous emergency braking system with potential field risk assessment for frontal collision mitigation" 622: 497: 489: 411: 351: 2547: 4465: 4364: 3054: 2641:"Performance of Antilock Brakes with Simplified Control Technique (830484 Technical Paper) - SAE MOBILUS" 2353: 647:

headlamp system, which used a mechanical shutter to cut light from hitting specific traffic participants.

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Summary Report: Standing General Order on Crash Reporting for Level 2 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

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In October 2023, Consumer Reports rated 17 "active driving assistance systems". Their criteria were:

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Auto liability and physical damage – This insurance covers third-party injuries and technology damage.

4837: 4817: 4736: 4384: 4290: 2158:"Real-time Driver Drowsiness Detection for Android Application Using Deep Neural Networks Techniques" 397: 345: 3838: 3314: 1654: 768: 4756: 4635: 4500: 1100: 847: 657: 442: 435: 335: 320: 3113:

Fan, Chao; He, Siyuan (2017-06-01). "Micromirror based virtual image automotive head-up display".

2734:"Automated simulation of scenarios to guide the development of a crosswind stabilization function" 4584: 4453: 3013: 1550: 1007: 961: 629: 592: 556: 472: 425: 394:

seat also provides a vibrating pulse on both sides of the seat when a frontal threat is detected.

331: 277: 200: 153: 138: 114: 3814: 4741: 4018:

Goodall, Noah J. (1 January 2014). "Ethical Decision Making during Automated Vehicle Crashes".

2868: 1633: 1060: 531: 358: 4672: 3760:"InfoComm Releases AV Industry Outlook and Trends Analysis for the Americas | Markets Insider" 974:

Names for ADAS features are not standardized. For instance, adaptive cruise control is called

4827: 4746: 4183: 2413: 823: 3501:. United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 4394: 4389: 3170: 2667:

Eskandarian, Azim (2012), Eskandarian, Azim (ed.), "Introduction to Intelligent Vehicles",

2449: 2107: 643: 510: 169: 31: 3499:"Standing General Order on Crash Reporting | For incidents involving ADS and Level 2 ADAS" 311: 8: 4868: 4550: 4305: 4267:

https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/201448/1/ADAS%20user%20attentiveness%20report%20final.pdf

1811:"Confusing ADAS feature names: Proposal to unify terms across all brands | Team-BHP" 1608: 968: 650: 254: 3174: 2453: 2111: 4645: 4640: 4568: 4475: 4399: 4236: 4053: 4027: 3923: 3738: 3607:

Summary Report: Standing General Order on Crash Reporting for Automated Driving Systems

3265: 3186: 3138: 2995: 2473: 2169: 2130: 2095: 1945: 1866: 1749: 1701: 1628: 1623: 1361:(IIHS) reported its first "partial automation safeguard ratings". Their criteria were: 819: 703: 298: 137:) are technologies that assist drivers with the safe operation of a vehicle. Through a 122: 4341: 4102: 4085: 3946:"The Ethics of Accident-Algorithms for Self-Driving Cars: an Applied Trolley Problem?" 4433: 4240: 4226: 4107: 4057: 4045: 4000: 3990: 3967: 3915: 3839:"Autonomous Vehicle Firms Dispute Insurance Study's Low Estimate of Crash Prevention" 3366: 3269: 3257: 3204: 3190: 3142: 3130: 2985: 2755: 2750: 2733: 2680: 2593: 2585: 2465: 2216: 2189: 2135: 1971: 1935: 1858: 1739: 1723: 1598: 1013:

Buttons and dashboard symbols change from car to car due to lack of standardization.

991: 459: 451: 208: 46: 3580:"NHTSA Releases Initial Data on Safety Performance of Advanced Vehicle Technologies" 3407: 2778: 2477: 1870: 1705: 1084: 521:

for you while you transition between the brake pedal, the clutch, and the gas pedal.

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The incident report to the NHTSA must be made according to the following schedule:

238: 192: 142: 3289:"The World's first 360 Degree Wrap-around View System for automotive applications" 2461: 764: 4624: 4578: 1696: 1679: 1536: 1073: 965: 242: 51:

Assisted control of distance from the leading car centering in lane enabled in a

4222: 2676: 2184: 2157: 1931: 1076:

is one of the most well-known ethical issues. Introduced by English philosopher

4863: 4858: 4448: 4157:"A top auto safety group tested 14 partial automated systems — only one passed" 3446:"Canalys: 8% of new cars in Europe sold with level 2 autonomy driving features" 2094:

Sahayadhas, Arun; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Murugappan, Murugappan (7 December 2012).

1044: 722: 524: 479: 371: 165: 118: 96: 88: 4004: 3962: 3945: 3864:"S. Rept. 110-275 - CAMERON GULBRANSEN KIDS TRANSPORTATION SAFETY ACT OF 2007" 3690:"Advanced driver assistance systems: how the latest car safety tech is tested" 3126: 2581: 1797:"Safety Groups Want Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Uniformly Named" 626:

regarding the current position of the vehicle in relation to its surroundings.

485: 4887: 4556: 4506: 4111: 4049: 3971: 3919: 3370: 3261: 3252: 3233: 3134: 2981: 2759: 2640: 2589: 2469: 2193: 1975: 1862: 1854: 1735: 1077: 803: 636: 607: 447: 4020:

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board

3315:"Clemson Vehicular Electronics Laboratory: Traffic Sign Recognition Systems" 3234:"Glare-free high beam optimization based on country road traffic simulation" 2928:, "Lane keeping system and lane centering system", issued 2011-11-17 2732:

Hilf, Klaus-Dieter; Matheis, Ingo; Mauss, Jakob; Rauh, Jochen (2010-07-01).

4766: 4677: 4590: 4131:"Ford's BlueCruise Remains CR's Top-Rated Active Driving Assistance System" 2597: 2515: 2139: 84: 1386:

Uses multiple types of rapidly escalating alerts to get driver’s attention

957: 430: 4619: 3412: 807: 549: 517: 309:

will typically sound off a loud alert and may vibrate the driver's seat.

149: 52: 1924:

2011 seventh International Computer Engineering Conference (ICENCO'2011)

1841:

Galvani, Marco (2019-02-04). "History and future of driver assistance".

3361: 3344: 2491: 2120: 1902: 1885: 1680:"Behavioural impacts of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems–An Overview" 1092: 1003: 196: 73: 63: 3927: 3182: 815: 763:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

27:

Electronic systems that help a vehicle driver while driving or parking

3709:"SAE International endorses generic ADAS terminology recommendations" 3390: 1470:

Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop & Go and Lane Centering Assist

854:

from Volvo, OpenPilot from Comma.ai and ProPILOT Assist from Nissan.

4041: 3055:"Rain Sensing Windshield & Wipers | Car Rain Sensors | Safelite" 2155: 2057:"The Danger of Blind Zones | Vehicle Blind Spots - Consumer Reports" 1678:

Brookhuis, Karel A.; de Waard, Dick; Janssen, Wiel H. (2001-06-01).

1655:"Tesla Autopilot Crash Avoidance Model S Autopilot saves man's life" 889:

A severe crash is one that results in one or more of the following:

377: 4629: 4614: 4032: 3911: 2262:"U.S. finalizes long-delayed 'quiet cars' rule, extending deadline" 2174: 2001: 1964:"ADAS Level 0 to Level 5: Autonomous/self-driving grades explained" 1721: 1593: 1368:

Automated lane changes must be initiated or confirmed by the driver

104: 100: 4291:

https://unece.org/media/transport/Vehicle-Regulations/press/387961

2946:"Tech'splaining: What is Lane Centering Assist, How Does It Work?" 1603: 839: 2546:

Fredriksson, Rikard; Håland, Yngve; Yang, Jikuang (2001-06-04).

4822: 4212: 3386:"Hands-free driving is becoming more popular — but is it safe?" 843: 835: 463:

surroundings and be willing to take control of it if necessary.

882:

it happened on a publicly accessible road in the United States

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Active Distance Assist DISTRONIC with Active Steering Assist

831: 811: 234: 230: 92: 3040:. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2018-11-07. 2093: 1728:

2017 IEEE Conference on Systems, Process and Control (ICSPC)

1371:

Automation features cannot be used with seat belt unfastened

1291:

Advanced Adaptive Cruise Control with Lane Centering Assist

4812: 4538: 3787:"Insurance for Autonomous Vehicles & Self-Driving Cars" 3169:. International Society for Optics and Photonics: 343–346. 2567: 1096: 795: 204: 1684:

European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research

1352: 827: 799: 2971: 2740:. 6th IFAC Symposium on Advances in Automotive Control. 2238:"Electric Vehicle Warning Sound System | Analog Devices" 2096:"Detecting Driver Drowsiness Based on Sensors: A Review" 1677: 1236:

Travel Assist/Adaptive Cruise Assist with lane guidance

1390:

The ratings were (no system received a "good" rating):

1050: 681:

Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by customers with level 2

315:

Infrared LEDs for driver monitoring system illumination

3898:

Thomson, Judith Jarvis (1985). "The Trolley Problem".

3677:. Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety. 2081:"ADAS explained: Technology to improve vehicle safety" 1503:

Dynamic Radar Cruise Control with Lane Tracing Assist

563: 2545: 1380:

Lane centering does not discourage steering by driver

1065:

In March 2014, the US Department of Transportation's

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Self-driving car § Levels of driving automation

3601: 3599: 3597: 2439: 214: 3734:"New Safety Features in Cars (or Just New to You)" 3472:"Mercedes Launches SAE Level 3 Drive Pilot System" 3377: 3231: 4345:, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies 3624: 3399: 3383: 2514:Simpson, Sarah; Bruggeman, Dave (November 2015). 1997:"Which Cars Have Self-Driving Features for 2020?" 1921: 1383:Monitors both the driver’s gaze and hand position 4885: 4308:. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). 3987:Artificial intelligence : a modern approach 3594: 3160: 2513: 1019: 928: 401:partially merge into the wrong side of the road 4843:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society 4215:Smart and Green Solutions for Transport Systems 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3493: 3491: 3232:Kobbert, J; Kosmas, K; Khanh, TQ (2018-11-14). 1884:Arena, Fabio; Pau, Giovanni (24 January 2019). 1843:IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine 794:Major car brands with Level 2 features include 160:, alert drivers to possible obstacles, warn of 3440: 3438: 3436: 3014:"Lane Change Assistance – Level Five Supplies" 1067:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 978:by Fiat, Ford, GM, VW, Volvo and Peugeot, but 871:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 340:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 251:vehicle-to-infrastructure or V2I communication 4327: 3939: 3937: 3670:Helmen, Shaun; Carsten, Oliver (2019-09-19). 3669: 3426: 3424: 2974:2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 4833:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge 3654: 3538: 3488: 2326:Mobility and transport - European Commission 2023:"Guide to Cars With Advanced Safety Systems" 1770:Nagpal, Raj Kumar; Cohen, Edo (2022-05-18). 1408: 3943: 3513: 3433: 2869:"How Do Hill Descent Control Systems Work?" 2666: 1769: 1492:Smart Cruise Control/Lane Following Assist 990:by Mercedes. To help with standardization, 933: 4334: 4320: 4188:IIHS-HLDI crash testing and highway safety 3944:Nyholm, Sven; Smids, Jilles (2016-11-01). 3934: 3725: 3421: 3343:Arena, Fabio; Pau, Giovanni (2019-01-24). 1430: 1419: 875:United States Department of Transportation 846:. Full Level 2 features are included with 419: 45: 4101: 4031: 3961: 3687: 3360: 3345:"An Overview of Vehicular Communications" 3251: 2866: 2749: 2319: 2183: 2173: 2129: 2119: 1988: 1901: 1886:"An Overview of Vehicular Communications" 1695: 3700: 3405: 3342: 2809:"How Electronic Stability Control Works" 1883: 1083: 956: 484: 446: 429: 376: 310: 30:For broader coverage of this topic, see 4154: 4083: 4017: 3984: 3897: 3706: 3408:"Hit >1 billion miles driven on FSD" 2943: 2015: 1840: 1652: 1614:Integrated Vehicle-Based Safety Systems 330:notify pedestrians and cyclists that a 247:vehicle-to-vehicle or V2V communication 14: 4886: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4184:"Partial automation safeguard ratings" 4178: 4176: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 3985:Russell, Stuart Jonathan (July 2019). 3809: 3807: 3781: 3779: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3049: 3047: 2967: 2965: 2920: 2918: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2435: 2433: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2348: 2346: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2151: 2149: 1543: 1529: 1518: 1507: 1496: 1485: 1474: 1463: 1452: 1441: 1359:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 1353:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 292: 4315: 3731: 3469: 3227: 3225: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3112: 3108: 3106: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2727: 2725: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2662: 2660: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2563: 2561: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1765: 1763: 1717: 1715: 964:display in the instrument panel of a 610:displayed in digital instrument panel 223: 4752:Dedicated short-range communications 2414:"Parking Sensors: MyCarDoesWhat.org" 2322:"Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)" 1994: 1214:Safety System+ 3.0/Safety Sense 3.0 1061:Tesla Autopilot § Fatal crashes 1051:Ethical issues and current solutions 749: 671: 187:Such standardization is promoted by 4201: 4173: 4118: 4064: 3804: 3776: 3331: 3302: 3276: 3071: 3044: 2962: 2915: 2885: 2855: 2826: 2796: 2671:, London: Springer, pp. 1–13, 2532: 2502: 2430: 2399: 2370: 2343: 2308: 2292:"Forward Collision Warning Systems" 2279: 2200: 2146: 1772:"Automotive electronics revolution" 1120: 864: 564:Visual and environmental monitoring 405: 284: 24: 4894:Advanced driver assistance systems 4439:Automated emergency braking system 3384:Andrew J. Hawkins (31 July 2023). 3239:Lighting Research & Technology 3222: 3149: 3103: 2766: 2722: 2692: 2657: 2628: 2612:"Guide to Adaptive Cruise Control" 2570:Accident Analysis & Prevention 2558: 2042: 1910: 1817: 1760: 1712: 454:, demonstrated by hands-off driver 148:As most road crashes occur due to 131:Advanced driver-assistance systems 40:Advanced driver-assistance systems 25: 18:Advanced driver-assistance systems 4910: 4461:Advanced driver-assistance system 4370:Intelligent transportation system 4299: 4155:Hawkins, Andrew J. (2024-03-12). 3950:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 2944:Wardlaw, Christian (2019-07-08). 2779:"How Cruise Control Systems Work" 1619:Intelligent transportation system 1582:Driver control assistance systems 857:Level 3 features are included in 4683:Safe speed automotive common law 4084:Tsugawa, Sadayuki (2006-01-01). 2867:Laukkonen, Jeremy (2021-10-25). 2751:10.3182/20100712-3-DE-2013.00195 2705:"How Pre-Collision Systems Work" 2669:Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles 2498:from the original on 2014-07-14. 1203:Driving Assistance Professional 754: 600: 585: 570: 215:Concept, history and development 4375:Context-aware pervasive systems 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4148: 4011: 3978: 3891: 3874: 3856: 3831: 3752: 3681: 3572: 3463: 3197: 3027: 3006: 2937: 2604: 2484: 2254: 2230: 2087: 2073: 1956: 1437:ProPILOT Assist with Navi-link 1324:Adaptive Cruise w/Steer Assist 1000:American Automobile Association 664:Vehicular communication systems 328:Electric vehicle warning sounds 4772:Radio-frequency identification 4496:Automated Lane Keeping Systems 3688:Griffiths, Hugo (2021-05-07). 2898:"How Hill-Start Control Works" 1877: 1803: 1789: 1671: 1646: 381:TPMS low pressure warning icon 264: 179: 13: 1: 4688:Automated lane keeping system 4429:Lane departure warning system 4103:10.1016/S0386-1112(14)60165-5 2462:10.1080/00423114.2015.1008017 1639: 1576:Intelligent transport systems 1448:Active Driving Assistant Pro 1415:Teammate with Advanced Drive 1020:Insurance and economic impact 929:Potential issues and concerns 412:Pedestrian protection systems 366:Lane departure warning system 4808:American Center for Mobility 4777:Automotive navigation system 4565:, formerly Google Car (2012) 4512:Automotive navigation system 4471:Intelligent speed adaptation 4360:History of self-driving cars 3707:Huetter, John (2020-05-15). 3086:"Traction Control Explained" 2215:. 2007-09-27. Archived from 1697:10.18757/ejtir.2001.1.3.3667 1653:Epstein, Zach (2016-07-21). 1357:In March 2024, the American 1129:Capabilities and performance 623:Automotive navigation system 498:Electronic stability control 352:Intelligent speed adaptation 7: 4466:Driver drowsiness detection 4365:Impact of self-driving cars 4223:10.1007/978-3-030-35543-2_3 3815:"Cyber Liability Insurance" 3764:markets.businessinsider.com 3205:"How Rearview Cameras Work" 2677:10.1007/978-0-85729-085-4_1 2185:10.1016/j.procs.2018.04.060 1995:Mays, Kelsey (2020-04-04). 1932:10.1109/ICENCO.2011.6153935 1587: 873:(NHTSA), the branch of the 789: 742: 483:the car of the goal speed. 306:Driver drowsiness detection 10: 4915: 4706:Self-driving car liability 4610:Automated guideway transit 4444:Collision avoidance system 4306:Driver Assist Technologies 1553:(Beta), Version 2023.7.10 1138:Keeping the driver engaged 1115: 1091:investigators examine the 1057:Self-driving car liability 1054: 980:Intelligent Cruise Control 698:Traveled distance (miles) 617:Automotive head-up display 504:Emergency driver assistant 467:Collision avoidance system 268: 255:over-the-air (OTA) updates 29: 4851: 4838:Eureka Prometheus Project 4818:European Land-Robot Trial 4796: 4785: 4737:Artificial neural network 4712: 4700: 4693:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 4663: 4600: 4531: 4524: 4484: 4417: 4408: 4385:Smart, connected products 4350: 3963:10.1007/s10677-016-9745-2 3732:Voelk, Tom (2020-10-08). 3470:Ramey, Jay (2022-05-09). 3406:Tesla AI (4 April 2024). 3127:10.1007/s00542-016-2955-7 2582:10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.023 2162:Procedia Computer Science 1570: 1481:Highway Driving Assist 2 1280:Highway Driving Assist 2 398:Wrong-way driving warning 346:Forward collision warning 110: 79: 69: 59: 44: 39: 4757:Real-time Control System 4636:Freightliner Inspiration 4501:Vehicular ad hoc network 3253:10.1177/1477153518810997 3115:Microsystem Technologies 2982:10.1109/IVS.2011.5940417 2950:Ride by Kelley Blue Book 2738:IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2383:"Lane Departure Warning" 2354:"Intersection Assistant" 2320:Anonymous (2016-10-17). 1855:10.1109/MIM.2019.8633345 1736:10.1109/SPC.2017.8313024 986:by Citroen and BMW, and 934:Need for standardization 658:Traffic sign recognition 443:Anti-lock braking system 387:Tire pressure monitoring 336:plug-in electric vehicle 321:Driver monitoring system 4585:Yandex self-driving car 4487:the driving environment 4454:Adaptive cruise control 4420:the driving environment 2442:Vehicle System Dynamics 2061:www.consumerreports.org 1346:Highway Driving Assist 1178:Chevrolet/GMC/Cadillac 1008:National Safety Council 976:Adaptive Cruise Control 962:Adaptive cruise control 630:Automotive night vision 593:Automotive night vision 580:displayed on windshield 557:Traction control system 473:Crosswind stabilization 426:Adaptive cruise control 420:Driving task assistance 359:Intersection assistants 278:automated valet parking 201:National Safety Council 154:adaptive cruise control 139:human-machine interface 115:Adaptive cruise control 4899:Management cybernetics 4742:Computer stereo vision 4690:(unece regulation 157) 4418:Human driver monitors 3672:"What does my Car do?" 1634:Automotive electronics 1132:Clear when safe to use 1104: 1101:killed Elaine Herzberg 971: 951: 869:On June 29, 2021, the 532:Lane change assistance 493: 455: 438: 382: 316: 249:) and infrastructure ( 4828:DARPA Grand Challenge 4651:Mobility as a service 4601:Buses and commercial 3452:. Canalys. 2019-09-09 2516:"Welcome to ROSA P |" 1087: 984:Active Cruise Control 960: 940: 677:action at all times. 488: 450: 433: 380: 314: 261:more harm than good. 4395:Ambient intelligence 4390:Ubiquitous computing 3900:The Yale Law Journal 3713:Repairer Driven News 2976:. pp. 375–380. 1539:, Version 2023.7.10 1525:ProPILOT Assist 2.0 1343:Hyundai/Kia/Genesis 1277:Hyundai/Kia/Genesis 1225:ProPILOT Assist 2.0 1145:Their ratings were: 861:from Mercedes-Benz. 644:Glare-free high beam 511:Hill descent control 170:satellite navigation 32:Vehicular automation 4869:Anthony Levandowski 4551:General Motors EN-V 3175:1999SPIE.3700..343M 2843:Volkswagen Newsroom 2454:2015VSD....53..568R 2358:Volkswagen Newsroom 2112:2012Senso..1216937S 2106:(12): 16937–16953. 1394: 1313:Sensing/AcuraWatch 1149: 1141:Unresponsive driver 1045:autonomous vehicles 682: 651:Omniview technology 293:Alerts and warnings 158:avoiding collisions 83:Sensors (typically 4646:Self-driving truck 4641:Driverless tractor 4476:Blind spot monitor 4400:Internet of things 3739:The New York Times 3362:10.3390/fi11020027 2645:saemobilus.sae.org 2121:10.3390/s121216937 1968:The Times of India 1926:. pp. 72–82. 1903:10.3390/fi11020027 1730:. pp. 71–76. 1629:Traffic psychology 1624:Hands-free driving 1393: 1321:Jaguar/Land Rover 1192:Driver Assistance 1148: 1105: 972: 680: 494: 456: 439: 383: 317: 299:Blind spot monitor 224:Technical concepts 143:autonomous driving 123:Hands-free driving 4881: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4747:Image recognition 4659: 4658: 4520: 4519: 4434:Automatic parking 4343:Self-driving cars 4232:978-3-030-35542-5 3996:978-0-13-461099-3 3319:cecas.clemson.edu 3183:10.1117/12.342304 3016:. 11 January 2019 2991:978-1-4577-0890-9 2686:978-0-85729-085-4 2554:. Warrendale, PA. 2552:SAE International 2520:rosap.ntl.bts.gov 1941:978-1-4673-0731-4 1745:978-1-5386-0386-4 1599:Applied Intuition 1568: 1567: 1551:Full Self-Driving 1350: 1349: 992:SAE International 848:Full Self-Driving 776: 775: 740: 739: 672:Hands-off systems 518:Hill-start assist 460:Automatic parking 452:Automatic parking 209:SAE International 128: 127: 16:(Redirected from 4906: 4794: 4793: 4545:Spirit of Berlin 4529: 4528: 4485:System monitors 4415: 4414: 4380:Mobile computing 4336: 4329: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4210: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4135:Consumer Reports 4127: 4116: 4115: 4105: 4081: 4062: 4061: 4035: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3956:(5): 1275–1289. 3941: 3932: 3931: 3906:(6): 1395–1415. 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3641: 3633: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3611: 3603: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3551: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3442: 3431: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3340: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3311: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3285: 3274: 3273: 3255: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3158: 3147: 3146: 3121:(6): 1671–1676. 3110: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3059:www.safelite.com 3051: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2894: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2864: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2835: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2805: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2775: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2701: 2690: 2689: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2637: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2616:Consumer Reports 2608: 2602: 2601: 2576:(3): 1134–1139. 2565: 2556: 2555: 2543: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2511: 2500: 2499: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2437: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2418:My Car Does What 2410: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2387:www.safercar.gov 2379: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2328:. Archived from 2317: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2296:www.safercar.gov 2288: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2209: 2198: 2197: 2187: 2177: 2153: 2144: 2143: 2133: 2123: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2053: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2028:Consumer Reports 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2009: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1919: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1838: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1699: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1650: 1395: 1392: 1302:ProPILOT Assist 1299:Nissan/Infiniti 1233:Volkswagen/Audi 1222:Nissan/Infiniti 1150: 1147: 1121:Consumer Reports 1099:that struck and 996:Consumer Reports 949: 865:Crash statistics 758: 757: 750: 695:VMT (hands-free) 683: 679: 604: 589: 574: 406:Crash mitigation 285:Feature examples 239:image processing 193:Consumer Reports 49: 37: 36: 21: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4873: 4847: 4800: 4798: 4797:Organizations, 4789: 4788:Projects & 4787: 4786:Organizations, 4781: 4714: 4708: 4696: 4655: 4602: 4596: 4579:LUTZ Pathfinder 4516: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4421: 4419: 4404: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4233: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4119: 4082: 4065: 4042:10.3141/2424-07 4016: 4012: 3997: 3983: 3979: 3942: 3935: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3848: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3768: 3766: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3744: 3742: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3715: 3705: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3480: 3478: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3404: 3400: 3382: 3378: 3349:Future Internet 3341: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3313: 3312: 3303: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3277: 3230: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3163:Thermosense XXI 3159: 3150: 3111: 3104: 3095: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3072: 3063: 3061: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2992: 2970: 2963: 2954: 2952: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2896: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2875: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2845: 2837: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2786: 2777: 2776: 2767: 2730: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2647: 2639: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2566: 2559: 2544: 2533: 2524: 2522: 2512: 2503: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2420: 2412: 2411: 2400: 2391: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2201: 2154: 2147: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2043: 2034: 2032: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2005: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1942: 1920: 1911: 1890:Future Internet 1882: 1878: 1839: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1799:. 29 July 2022. 1795: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1779: 1768: 1761: 1746: 1720: 1713: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1661: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1590: 1573: 1423:General Motors 1355: 1332:Volvo/Polestar 1269:Highway Assist 1258:Highway Assist 1123: 1118: 1074:trolley problem 1063: 1053: 1022: 966:Volkswagen Golf 950: 947: 936: 931: 867: 792: 779: 778: 777: 772: 759: 755: 745: 692:ADAS suite name 674: 611: 605: 596: 590: 581: 575: 566: 422: 408: 372:Parking sensors 295: 287: 273: 267: 243:computer vision 226: 217: 182: 121: 117: 97:microprocessors 55: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4912: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4864:Alberto Broggi 4861: 4859:Harold Goddijn 4855: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 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3680: 3653: 3623: 3593: 3571: 3537: 3512: 3487: 3462: 3432: 3430:On June 9 2023 3420: 3398: 3376: 3330: 3301: 3275: 3246:(6): 922–936. 3221: 3196: 3148: 3102: 3070: 3043: 3026: 3005: 2990: 2961: 2936: 2914: 2884: 2854: 2825: 2795: 2765: 2744:(7): 768–772. 2721: 2691: 2685: 2656: 2627: 2603: 2557: 2531: 2501: 2494:. 2010-12-03. 2483: 2448:(4): 568–586. 2429: 2398: 2369: 2342: 2307: 2278: 2253: 2242:www.analog.com 2229: 2199: 2145: 2086: 2072: 2041: 2014: 1987: 1970:. 2022-05-24. 1955: 1940: 1909: 1876: 1816: 1802: 1788: 1759: 1744: 1711: 1670: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511:Mercedes-Benz 1509: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416: 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