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119:. The early taper-locking spanners needed a hammer to set the movable jaw to the size of the nut. The modern screw-adjusted spanner and lever types are easily and quickly adjusted. Some adjustable spanners automatically adjust to the size of the nut, using a motor and battery. Simpler models use a serrated edge to lock the movable jaw to size, while more sophisticated versions are digital types that use sheets or feelers to set the size.
169:). As Geesin 2015 documents, the worm-on-rack type (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) was invented in Britain, and later popularized in Scandinavia via the Bahco/Johansson improvement, before its manufacture in the United States was patented. The Bahco/Johansson/Crescent category (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) became so dominant in the 20th century that in North America, the very term
192:"skiftnyckel", which is translated into adjustable key (shifting key). In Australia, adjustable spanners are also referred to as "shifters". In Spain, this kind of spanner is commonly called "llave inglesa", which means literally English key. Remarking the difference with the pipe wrench, also adjustable, in Spain this one is called "grifa", and it does not have any accurate translation.
201:
the body of the tool, which means less bending stress. Still, one should avoid applying excessive force on tight bolts, since doing so can pry open the mounting of the movable jaw causing the wrench to no longer be able to be snugged to bolt heads, loosen too easily, or mar bolt heads. In some cases the jaws of the tool can break.
200:
The fixed jaw can withstand bending stress far better than can the movable jaw, because the latter is supported only by the flat surfaces on either side of the guide slot, not the full thickness of the tool. The tool is therefore usually angled so that the movable jaw's area of contact is closer to
180:
are another type of adjustable spanner with a long history; the origin of the name is not entirely clear, but Geesin reports that it originated in
Britain with a fancied resemblance of the wrench's jaws to that of a monkey's face, and that the many convoluted folk etymologies that later developed
122:
Geesin (2015) shows that wrenches with screw adjustment of various kinds were well known in the early 19th century and that one by
William Barlow in 1808 was prescient. By the 1830s, many designs with a central screw and a lower jaw moved by a nut were well known. Geesin and others document that
191:
In some parts of Europe, adjustable spanners are often called a Bahco, owing to genericization of the name of the Bahco/Johansson type. In
Denmark, this type of spanner is commonly referred to as a "svensknøgle", which basically translates to Swedish key. The Swedes themselves call the key
135:
arrangement that would later be the most famous via subsequent adaptations. Improvements followed. In 1885 Enoch Harris received US patent 326868 for his spanner that permitted both the jaw width and the angle of the handles to be adjusted and locked.
181:
were baseless. Before the Bahco/Johansson/Crescent type became widespread in the United States, during the industrial era of the 1860s to the 1910s, various monkey wrench types were the dominant form of adjustable wrench there.
242:
173:
usually elicits the meaning of this type in general usage today, unless another type is specified. In
Australia it is sometimes referred to as a "shifting spanner" or its abbreviated form of "shifter".
184:
Another popular type of adjustable spanner has a base and jaws that form four sides of a hexagon, and is therefore particularly suited for hexagonal nuts ("hex nuts") and hexagonal headed ("hex head")
139:
One of the most widely known forms of adjustable wrench in the 21st century is an improved version of the
Clyburn type; it was developed in 1891–1892. The Swedish company
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presented some influential new designs in 1842 and 1843. The one by
Clyburn had the form of thumbwheel screw with
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for it. In Canada and the United States, this type is often known as a
Crescent wrench owing to widespread
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Swedish Bahco leaflet about the development history of adjustable spanners (including photos)
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of the brand name of the company that held the original 1915 U.S. patent for this type (
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Adjustable wrench from 1954 with improved handle and new jaw angle of 15 degrees (BAHCO)
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The first BAHCO-improvement adjustable wrench from 1892 (Enköping
Mekaniska Verkstad)
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99:, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner.
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Contemporary pliers wrench with high mechanical advantage parallel-gripping jaws.
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30:"Adjustable wrench" redirects here. For the composition by Michael Torke, see
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A spanner (a wrench) that can be adjusted to handle various sizes of fasteners
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drawing of a
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Today's version of the adjustable wrench from 1992 with ERGO (BAHCO)
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with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of
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Adjustable wrench from 1984 and the first with ERGO handle (BAHCO)
51:
Adjustable wrench from 1915 with a slightly rounder handle (BAHCO)
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The
Adjustable Spanner: History, Origins and Development to 1970
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Monkey wrench (left) compared to Stillson or pipe wrench (right)
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There are many forms of adjustable spanners; many of them are
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John Lloyd; John Mitchinson; James Harkin (30 October 2012).
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48:
Adjustable wrench from 1910 with an improved handle (BAHCO)
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The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England
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Sweden and the Revival of the Capitalist Welfare State
595:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
591:
236:
A type called a French key in some times and places
558:
724:"Has crescent wrench become a generic trademark?"
359:Relevant companies and brands, past and present:
326:A pair of adjustable wrenches of a box-end style.
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683:Directory of American Tool and Machinery Patents
71:(UK and most other English-speaking countries),
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485:. Pearson South Africa. 2009. pp. 161–.
389:Other tools with movable jaws, but serrated:
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83:(US and Canada) is any of various styles of
592:Lance Day; Ian McNeil (11 September 2002).
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679:"SE Patent: SE-4,066 Stallbar skrufnyckel"
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702:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 11–.
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677:Johansson, Johan Petter (May 11, 1892).
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777:"Has bahco become a generic trademark?"
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123:English engineers Richard Clyburn and
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802:Basic Swedish: A Grammar and Workbook
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568:1,227 QI Facts To Blow Your Socks Off
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571:. Faber & Faber. pp. 44–.
161:), the Crescent Tool Company. (The
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147:, who in 1892 received a Swedish
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696:Andreas Bergh (31 July 2014).
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378:Diamond Calk Horseshoe Company
111:-adjusted, whereas others use
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482:FCS Engineering Technology L2
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75:(Australia and New Zealand),
598:. Routledge. pp. 206–.
143:attributes its invention to
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301:hexagonal ("hex") fasteners
115:, and some early ones used
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461:İngiliz Anahtarı ne demek?
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29:
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664:October 15, 2006, at the
400:(including Stillson type)
32:Adjustable Wrench (Torke)
1227:Machine and metalworking
1158:Tongue-and-groove pliers
409:Tongue-and-groove pliers
256:in some times and places
1289:19th-century inventions
1237:Measuring and alignment
272:of an adjustable wrench
299:Adjustable wrench for
145:Johan Petter Johansson
64:
758:CollinsDictionary.com
544:Murray, John (1845).
430:The Free Dictionary.
40:
1202:Cutting and abrasive
519:Geesin, Ron (2015),
165:is now owned by the
158:U.S. patent 1133236A
620:U.S. patent 326,868
436:The Free Dictionary
125:Edwin Beard Budding
1284:1842 introductions
1274:English inventions
883:Adjustable spanner
753:"shifting spanner"
633:"About Us | BAHCO"
432:"shifting spanner"
69:adjustable spanner
65:
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1173:Upholstery hammer
783:. 12 January 2020
730:. 12 January 2020
709:978-1-78347-350-2
605:978-1-134-65019-4
578:978-0-571-29795-5
523:, Crowood Press,
492:978-1-77025-592-0
287:adjustable wrench
171:adjustable wrench
81:adjustable wrench
41:From the bottom:
18:Adjustable wrench
16:(Redirected from
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79:(Turkey) or
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1103:Scratch awl
1063:Pipe wrench
913:Breaker bar
898:Block plane
550:. pp.
398:Pipe wrench
368:Channellock
254:English key
188:and bolts.
1268:Categories
1133:Staple gun
1128:Spike maul
1043:Paintbrush
1033:Nut driver
1028:Multi-tool
1008:Lug wrench
988:Hole punch
958:Grease gun
849:Hand tools
642:2016-11-04
466:2022-10-18
441:2022-10-18
417:References
186:cap screws
1153:Tire iron
1018:Mitre box
943:Fish tape
918:Cat's paw
870:Workbench
787:April 29,
734:April 29,
1279:Wrenches
1207:Forestry
1197:Cleaning
1168:Tweezers
978:Headlamp
860:Sawhorse
662:Archived
344:See also
89:fastener
1232:Masonry
1222:Kitchen
1083:Plunger
1058:Pincers
983:Hex key
938:Crowbar
933:Crimper
908:Bradawl
865:Toolbox
349:Types:
205:Gallery
1242:Mining
1212:Garden
1178:Wrench
1068:Pliers
1013:Mallet
963:Hammer
948:Gimlet
811:p. 177
807:
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602:
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527:
489:
383:Knipex
270:keyway
149:patent
117:wedges
113:levers
91:head (
1247:Power
1093:Punch
928:Clamp
903:Brace
363:Bahco
141:Bahco
109:screw
1217:Hand
998:Jack
973:Hawk
805:ISBN
789:2021
736:2021
704:ISBN
600:ISBN
573:ISBN
525:ISBN
487:ISBN
268:The
133:rack
131:-on-
129:worm
97:bolt
552:388
222:CAD
93:nut
67:An
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