Ada Lovelace - Knowledge

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scandals: firstly, from a relaxed approach to extra-marital relationships with men, leading to rumours of affairs; and secondly, from her love of gambling. She apparently lost more than £3,000 on the horses during the later 1840s. The gambling led to her forming a syndicate with male friends, and an ambitious attempt in 1851 to create a mathematical model for successful large bets. This went disastrously wrong, leaving her thousands of pounds in debt to the syndicate, forcing her to admit it all to her husband. She had a shadowy relationship with Andrew Crosse's son John from 1844 onwards. John Crosse destroyed most of their correspondence after her death as part of a legal agreement. She bequeathed him the only heirlooms her father had personally left to her. During her final illness, she would panic at the idea of the younger Crosse being kept from visiting her.

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M. Menabrea, on the contrary, exclusively developes the analytical view; taking it for granted that mechanism is able to perform certain processes, but without attempting to explain how; and devoting his whole attention to explanations and illustrations of the manner in which analytical laws can be so arranged and combined as to bring every branch of that vast subject within the grasp of the assumed powers of mechanism. It is obvious that, in the invention of a calculating engine, these two branches of the subject are equally essential fields of investigation... They are indissolubly connected, though so different in their intrinsic nature, that perhaps the same mind might not be likely to prove equally profound or successful in both.

1909: 6558: 1925: 361:, especially since the seventh one contained what many consider to be the first computer program—that is, an algorithm designed to be carried out by a machine. Other historians reject this perspective and point out that Babbage's personal notes from 1837 to 1840 contain the first programs for the engine. She also developed a vision of the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching, while many others, including Babbage himself, focused only on those capabilities. Her mindset of "poetical science" led her to ask questions about the Analytical Engine (as shown in her notes), examining how individuals and society relate to technology as a collaborative tool. The coding language 858: 427:

mitigation—Lady Byron had to present herself as a loving mother to the rest of society. This included writing anxious letters to Lady Milbanke about her daughter's welfare, with a cover note saying to retain the letters in case she had to use them to show maternal concern. In one letter to Lady Milbanke, she referred to her daughter as "it": "I talk to it for your satisfaction, not my own, and shall be very glad when you have it under your own." Lady Byron had her teenage daughter watched by close friends for any sign of moral deviation. Lovelace dubbed these observers the "Furies" and later complained they exaggerated and invented stories about her.

732:. After her work with Babbage, Lovelace continued to work on other projects. In 1844, she commented to a friend Woronzow Greig about her desire to create a mathematical model for how the brain gives rise to thoughts and nerves to feelings ("a calculus of the nervous system"). She never achieved this, however. In part, her interest in the brain came from a long-running pre-occupation, inherited from her mother, about her "potential" madness. As part of her research into this project, she visited the electrical engineer Andrew Crosse in 1844 to learn how to carry out electrical experiments. In the same year, she wrote a review of a paper by Baron 412: 661: 1901: 431: 1068: 7714: 988:

musical notes, then the machine could manipulate symbols of which number was one instance, according to rules. It is this fundamental transition from a machine which is a number cruncher to a machine for manipulating symbols according to rules that is the fundamental transition from calculation to computation—to general-purpose computation—and looking back from the present high ground of modern computing, if we are looking and sifting history for that transition, then that transition was made explicitly by Ada in that 1843 paper.

482: 7726: 947:, were objects found whose mutual fundamental relations could be expressed by those of the abstract science of operations, and which should be also susceptible of adaptations to the action of the operating notation and mechanism of the engine...Supposing, for instance, that the fundamental relations of pitched sounds in the science of harmony and of musical composition were susceptible of such expression and adaptations, the engine might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent. 228: 1439: 408:, although very reluctantly, and left England for good a few days later. Aside from an acrimonious separation, Lady Byron continued throughout her life to make allegations about her husband's immoral behaviour. This set of events made Lovelace infamous in Victorian society. Ada did not have a relationship with her father. He died in 1824 when she was eight years old. Her mother was the only significant parental figure in her life. Lovelace was not shown the family portrait of her father until her 20th birthday. 712:. The illness lasted several months, in which time Annabella took command over whom Ada saw, and excluded all of her friends and confidants. Under her mother's influence, Ada had a religious transformation and was coaxed into repenting of her previous conduct and making Annabella her executor. She lost contact with her husband after confessing something to him on 30 August which caused him to abandon her bedside. It is not known what she told him. She was buried, at her request, next to her father at the 397: 689: 7738: 7690: 1312: 7192: 744: 7702: 532:, Byron's friend, described her as "a large, coarse-skinned young woman but with something of my friend's features, particularly the mouth". This description followed their meeting on 24 February 1834 in which Ada made it clear to Hobhouse that she did not like him, probably due to her mother's influence, which led her to dislike all of her father's friends. This first impression was not to last, and they later became friends. 779:. With the article, she appended a set of notes. Explaining the Analytical Engine's function was a difficult task; many other scientists did not grasp the concept and the British establishment had shown little interest in it. Lovelace's notes even had to explain how the Analytical Engine differed from the original Difference Engine. Her work was well received at the time; the scientist 7678: 279:, were born out of wedlock to other women. Lord Byron separated from his wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever. He died in Greece when she was eight. Lady Byron was anxious about her daughter's upbringing and promoted Lovelace's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing her father's perceived 614:

felt scarcely a doubt about, but should have considered it most improper in me to hint to you that I in any way suspected." She did not blame the incestuous relationship on Byron, but instead blamed Augusta Leigh: "I fear she is more inherently wicked than he ever was." In the 1840s, Ada flirted with

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Lovelace did not have a close relationship with her mother. She was often left in the care of her maternal grandmother Judith, Hon. Lady Milbanke, who doted on her. However, because of societal attitudes of the time—which favoured the husband in any separation, with the welfare of any child acting as

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I may remark that the curious transformations many formulae can undergo, the unsuspected and to a beginner apparently impossible identity of forms exceedingly dissimilar at first sight, is I think one of the chief difficulties in the early part of mathematical studies. I am often reminded of certain

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Eugene Eric Kim and Betty Alexandra Toole consider it "incorrect" to regard Lovelace as the first computer programmer, as Babbage wrote the initial programs for his Analytical Engine, although the majority were never published. Bromley notes several dozen sample programs prepared by Babbage between

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The chiefly treats it under its mechanical aspect, entering but slightly into the mathematical principles of which that engine is the representative, but giving, in considerable length, many details of the mechanism and contrivances by means of which it tabulates the various orders of differences.

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Lovelace recognized the difference between the details of the computing mechanism, as covered in an 1834 article on the Difference Engine, and the logical structure of the Analytical Engine, on which the article she was reviewing dwelt. She noted that different specialists might be required in each

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Ada saw something that Babbage in some sense failed to see. In Babbage's world his engines were bound by number...What Lovelace saw...was that number could represent entities other than quantity. So once you had a machine for manipulating numbers, if those numbers represented other things, letters,

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commissioned Ada Lovelace to translate Menabrea's paper into English. She then augmented the paper with notes, which were added to the translation. Ada Lovelace spent the better part of a year doing this, assisted with input from Babbage. These notes, which are more extensive than Menabrea's paper,

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From 1832, when she was seventeen, her mathematical abilities began to emerge, and her interest in mathematics dominated the majority of her adult life. Her mother's obsession with rooting out any of the insanity of which she accused Byron was one of the reasons that Ada was taught mathematics from

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with Ada Lovelace's "Notes" have been located. Three are held at Harvard University, one at the University of Oklahoma, and one at the United States Air Force Academy. On 20 July 2018, the sixth copy was sold at auction to an anonymous buyer for £95,000. A digital facsimile of one of the copies in

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defends Lovelace's contributions. While acknowledging that Babbage wrote several unpublished algorithms for the Analytical Engine prior to Lovelace's notes, Wolfram argues that "there's nothing as sophisticated—or as clean—as Ada's computation of the Bernoulli numbers. Babbage certainly helped and

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In her notes, Ada Lovelace emphasised the difference between the Analytical Engine and previous calculating machines, particularly its ability to be programmed to solve problems of any complexity. She realised the potential of the device extended far beyond mere number crunching. In her notes, she

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to teach Ada's children and to act as a "moral" instructor for Ada. He quickly fell for her and encouraged her to express any frustrated affections, claiming that his marriage meant he would never act in an "unbecoming" manner. When it became clear that Carpenter was trying to start an affair, Ada

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When she was eighteen, Lovelace's mathematical talents led her to a long working relationship and friendship with fellow British mathematician Charles Babbage, who is known as "the father of computers". She was in particular interested in Babbage's work on the Analytical Engine. Lovelace first met

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using the Analytical Engine, which might have run correctly had it ever been built (only Babbage's Difference Engine has been built, completed in London in 2002). Based on this work, Lovelace is now considered by many to be the first computer programmer and her method has been called the world's

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Horsley Towers is a large house standing in a park of 300 acres, the seat of the Earl of Lovelace. The old house was rebuilt about 1745. The present house was built by Sir Charles Barry for Mr. Currie on a new site, between 1820 and 1829, in Elizabethan style. Mr. Currie, who owned the combined

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theorised that "His actions suggested he had so enthusiastically sought Ada's involvement, and so happily indulged her ... because of her 'celebrated name'." Their friendship recovered, and they continued to correspond. On 12 August 1851, when she was dying of cancer, Lovelace wrote to him

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When Ada was twelve years old, this future "Lady Fairy", as Charles Babbage affectionately called her, decided she wanted to fly. Ada Byron went about the project methodically, thoughtfully, with imagination and passion. Her first step, in February 1828, was to construct wings. She investigated

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All but one of the programs cited in her notes had been prepared by Babbage from three to seven years earlier. The exception was prepared by Babbage for her, although she did detect a "bug" in it. Not only is there no evidence that Ada ever prepared a program for the Analytical Engine, but her

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Ada Byron had an affair with a tutor in early 1833. She tried to elope with him after she was caught, but the tutor's relatives recognised her and contacted her mother. Lady Byron and her friends covered the incident up to prevent a public scandal. Lovelace never met her younger half-sister,

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at the age of seventeen "and became a popular belle of the season" in part because of her "brilliant mind". By 1834 Ada was a regular at Court and started attending various events. She danced often and was able to charm many people, and was described by most people as being dainty, although

2045: 1620:. She is employed as an "analyst" to provide the workings of a life-sized humanoid automaton. The brass workings of the machine are reminiscent of Babbage's analytical engine. Her employment is described as keeping her occupied until she returns to her studies in advanced mathematics. 1135:

is an annual event celebrated on the second Tuesday of October, which began in 2009. Its goal is to "... raise the profile of women in science, technology, engineering, and maths," and to "create new role models for girls and women" in these fields. Events have included Knowledge

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illustrating, with plates, some of her findings. She decided what equipment she would need; for example, a compass, to "cut across the country by the most direct road", so that she could surmount mountains, rivers, and valleys. Her final step was to integrate steam with the "art of

393:, taking their five-week-old daughter with her. Although English law at the time granted full custody of children to the father in cases of separation, Lord Byron made no attempt to claim his parental rights, but did request that his sister keep him informed of Ada's welfare. 919:. It is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and Ada Lovelace has often been cited as the first computer programmer for this reason. The engine was never completed and so her program was never tested. 828:

Lovelace and Babbage had a minor falling out when the papers were published, when he tried to leave his own statement (criticising the government's treatment of his Engine) as an unsigned preface, which could have been mistakenly interpreted as a joint declaration. When

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commented on Ada's work, but she was definitely the driver of it." Wolfram then suggests that Lovelace's main achievement was to distill from Babbage's correspondence "a clear exposition of the abstract operation of the machine—something which Babbage never did".

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regards Lovelace's notes as "more a reflection of the mathematical uncertainty of the author, the political purposes of the inventor, and, above all, of the social and cultural context in which it was written, than a blueprint for a scientific development".

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She became the first person known to have crossed the intellectual threshold between conceptualizing computing as only for calculation on the one hand, and on the other hand, computing as we know it today: with wider applications made possible by symbolic

740:, but this was not published and does not appear to have progressed past the first draft. In 1851, the year before her cancer struck, she wrote to her mother mentioning "certain productions" she was working on regarding the relation of maths and music. 640:" (that formed her celebrated algorithm for Babbage's Analytical Engine). In a letter to Lady Byron, De Morgan suggested that Ada's skill in mathematics might lead her to become "an original mathematical investigator, perhaps of first-rate eminence". 442:. She was subjected to continuous bed rest for nearly a year, something which may have extended her period of disability. By 1831, she was able to walk with crutches. Despite the illnesses, she developed her mathematical and technological skills. 1046:

has said that Ada only published the first computer program instead of actually writing it, but agrees that she was the only person to see the potential of the analytical engine as a machine capable of expressing entities other than quantities.

555:, Somerset, which had been built as a hunting lodge in 1799 and was improved by King in preparation for their honeymoon. It later became their summer retreat and was further improved during this time. From 1845, the family's main house was 2041: 342: 3003:

Then, on Sept. 9, Babbage wrote to Ada, expressing his admiration for her and (famously) describing her as 'Enchantress of Number' and 'my dear and much admired Interpreter'. (Yes, despite what's often quoted, he wrote 'Number' not

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ruled that the statement should be signed, Babbage wrote to Lovelace asking her to withdraw the paper. This was the first that she knew he was leaving it unsigned, and she wrote back refusing to withdraw the paper. The historian

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In March 2022, a statue of Ada Lovelace was installed at the site of the former Ergon House in the City of Westminster, London, honoring its scientific history. The redevelopment was part of a complex with

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This analysis was an important development from previous ideas about the capabilities of computing devices and anticipated the implications of modern computing one hundred years before they were realised.

1801: 972:, it reminded her of how Babbage's engine used punched cards to make calculations." This insight is seen as significant by writers such as Betty Toole and Benjamin Woolley, as well as the programmer 4130: 602:(the daughter of Lord Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh) were told by Ada's mother that Ada's father was also Medora's father. On 27 February 1841, Ada wrote to her mother: "I am not in the least 4526:"S.Res.592 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): A resolution designating 9 October 2018, as "National Ada Lovelace Day" and honoring the life and legacy of Ada Lovelace, the first computer programmer" 1821: 1031:

Bruce Collier wrote that Lovelace "made a considerable contribution to publicizing the Analytical Engine, but there is no evidence that she advanced the design or theory of it in any way".

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to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths." This objection has been the subject of much debate and rebuttal, for example by

1746: 5713: 503:, who introduced her to Charles Babbage in 1833. She had a strong respect and affection for Somerville, and they corresponded for many years. Other acquaintances included the scientists 1218:

is to diversify tech by providing women and gender diverse people the skills, experience, and community support to become professional software developers to change the face of tech.

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portrays Lovelace and Charles Babbage in unrequited love, and it imagines a post-death meeting between Lovelace and her father. Lovelace and Babbage are also the main characters in

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Lovelace was often ill, beginning in early childhood. At the age of eight, she experienced headaches that obscured her vision. In June 1829, she was paralyzed after a bout of

7888: 5121: 825:". Most modern computer scientists argue that this view is outdated and that computer software can develop in ways that cannot necessarily be anticipated by programmers. 1776: 1410:

on 11 April 2015, and continued to touring internationally to promote diversity on STEM at technology conferences, businesses, government and educational organisations.

6930: 6914: 6847: 3658: 1974: 1333:. The sculpture was unveiled on International Women's Day, 2022. It stands on the 7th floor of Millbank Quarter overlooking the junction of Dean Bradley Street and 1789: 1916: 3971: 3455: 291:. Upon her death, she was buried next to her father at her request. Although often ill in her childhood, Lovelace pursued her studies assiduously. She married 6799: 6611: 5494: 1948: 1836: 322:, contacts which she used to further her education. Lovelace described her approach as "poetical science" and herself as an "Analyst (& Metaphysician)". 5825: 3199: 1012:

Though Lovelace is often referred to as the first computer programmer, some biographers, computer scientists and historians of computing suggest otherwise.

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Lewis, Judith S. (July–August 1995). "Princess of Parallelograms and her daughter: Math and gender in the nineteenth century English aristocracy".

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asking him to be her executor, though this letter did not give him the necessary legal authority. Part of the terrace at Worthy Manor was known as

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whose library had previously held forty busts, all of them of men, was commissioning four new busts of women, one of whom was to be Lovelace.

331: 3313: 6340: 7783: 3803: 1560:. The comic features extensive footnotes on the history of Ada Lovelace, and many lines of dialogue are drawn from actual correspondence. 7858: 7788: 5030:. SAGE Publications, in association with Theory, Culture & Society, School of Human Studies, University of Teesside. pp. 45–64. 2698: 676:

Lovelace believed that intuition and imagination were critical to effectively applying mathematical and scientific concepts. She valued

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Forget this world and all its troubles and if possible its multitudinous Charlatans—every thing in short but the Enchantress of Number.

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first computer program. Others dispute this because some of Charles Babbage's earlier writings could be considered computer programs.

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In 1953, more than a century after her death, Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished as an appendix to

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different material and sizes. She considered various materials for the wings: paper, oilsilk, wires, and feathers. She examined the

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in June 1833, through their mutual friend Mary Somerville. Later that month, Babbage invited Lovelace to see the prototype for his

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a computer scientist obsessed with Ada finds a way of communicating with her in the past by means of "undying information waves".

473:, the daughter of Byron's half-sister Augusta Leigh, who purposely avoided Lovelace as much as possible when introduced at court. 7793: 6471: 5131: 4228: 930:. The engine has now been recognised as an early model for a computer and her notes as a description of a computer and software. 886: 292: 149: 6300: 2010:

Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Lord Byron's Daughter and her Description of the First Computer

7843: 7798: 7396: 7391: 7283: 5944: 5206: 4962: 713: 389:, and was called "Ada" by Byron himself. On 16 January 1816, at Lord Byron's command, Lady Byron left for her parents' home at 122: 4043: 7853: 7778: 7510: 6191: 6163: 6143: 6122: 6101: 6080: 6047: 5885: 5814: 5785: 5242: 5035: 4414: 3981: 3924: 3488: 3341: 3160: 2581: 2017: 1387: 4188: 1513: 7221: 6504: 6390: 3662: 2093: 822: 6445: 4018: 2025: 7883: 7878: 7848: 7823: 7803: 7316: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 6572: 5993: 4276: 4176: 3755: 2303: 2026:"Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage... with notes by the translator. Translated by Ada Lovelace" 1691: 1479:, the precocious teenage genius Thomasina Coverly—a character "apparently based" on Ada Lovelace (the play also involves 1140:

with the aim of improving the representation of women on Knowledge in terms of articles and editors to reduce unintended

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Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Ada Lovelace, and her Description of the First Computer

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Plant, Sadie (1995). "The Future Looms: Weaving Women and Cybernetics". In Featherstone, Mike; Burrows, Roger (eds.).

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series known as the Magus Conspiracy. In the book. Lovelace was involved in helping create a machine of destruction.

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In 2019, Lovelace is a featured character in the play STEM FEMMES by Philadelphia theater company Applied Mechanics.

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Throughout her life, Lovelace was strongly interested in scientific developments and fads of the day, including

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extended her "much help in her mathematical studies" including study of advanced calculus topics including the "

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it was there that Lovelace and Babbage were reputed to have walked while discussing mathematical principles.

5077: 7863: 7838: 7379: 7331: 7237: 6259: 4254: 2597: 2098: 1624: 1488: 1250: 1166:, for pupils 16–19, in England is named "Ada, the National College for Digital Skills", it has campuses in 1090:, was named after Lovelace. The reference manual for the language was approved on 10 December 1980 and the 6406: 5566: 3564:

Lovelace, Ada; Menabrea, Luigi (1842). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage Esq".

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In Byron's Wake: The Turbulent Lives of Byron's Wife and Daughter: Annabella Milbanke and Ada Lovelace

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Lovelace often questioned basic assumptions through integrating poetry and science. Whilst studying

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and Viscount Ockham, meaning Ada became the Countess of Lovelace. In 1843–44, Ada's mother assigned

7419: 7326: 6537: 6497: 6476: 6371: 4811:[4,400 light bulbs for the silenced story of the woman who wrote the first 'app' in 1843]. 4022: 1877: 1706: 1348: 1330: 1196:, near where Lovelace lived, is named after her. Ada Lovelace House is a council-owned building in 1141: 1110: 884:, transcribed Babbage's lecture into French, and this transcript was subsequently published in the 857: 748: 629: 17: 6466: 5262: 5106: 6898: 6768: 6425: 5975: 3893: 3433:"Charles Babbage, the Analytical Engine, and the Possibility of a 19th-Century Cognitive Science" 2602: 1629: 1326: 881: 830: 806: 411: 350: 7868: 7445: 7311: 6839: 6776: 6637: 6547: 6273: 5507:

The blockchain's native token, ADA, is named after the 19th century mathematician, Ada Lovelace

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Lovelace, identified as Ada Augusta Byron, is portrayed by Lily Lesser in the second season of

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to determine the right proportion between the wings and the body. She decided to write a book,

272: 5652: 5179: 5154: 1406:, a one-woman show about the life and work of Ada Lovelace (using an LED dress), premiered at 696:(1852). Although in great pain at the time, she agreed to sit for the painting as her father, 7828: 7758: 7694: 7245: 7065: 6996: 6831: 6657: 5745:"Fight brews over Shkreli's Wu-Tang album as 'pharma bro' gets banned by securities industry" 5272: 5025: 4973: 4499: 3329: 2702: 2574:

Andrew Crosse and the mite that shocked the world: The life and work of an electrical pioneer

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Lovelace's educational and social exploits brought her into contact with scientists such as

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to the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance for unpaid taxes owed by Shkreli.

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Ada Lovelace's notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In Note G, she describes an

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as much as mathematics, viewing both as tools for exploring "the unseen worlds around us".

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The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution

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Hammerman, Robin; Russell, Andrew L. (2015), Hammerman, Robin; Russell, Andrew L. (eds.),

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https://www.ada.ac.uk/_site/data/files/governance/0C8EE0AAEFF14E5148C41F1AE4D0E9C3.pdf

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was a non-profit organisation dedicated to increasing the involvement of women in the

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process based on logical symbols to an observation about textiles: "When she saw some

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manors, 1784–1829, rebuilt most of the houses in the village and restored the church.

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During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician

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A green plaque is to be found on Fordhook Avenue on the corner of 5 Station Parade,

1316:“9 Millbank : Ada Lovelace Sculpture Takes Her Place In Westminster St Edward” 7682: 7590: 7575: 7520: 7303: 6958: 6621: 6596: 6324: 6238: 5953: 5930: 5873: 5840: 5541:"Nvidia Introduces New Ada Lovelace GPU Architecture, OVX Systems, Omniverse Cloud" 5361:"Historical computing pioneer Ada Lovelace from Hinckley stars in BBC's Doctor Who" 4641:"Nvidia's Ada Lovelace GPU generation: $ 1,599 for RTX 4090, $ 899 and up for 4080" 4047: 3830: 3818: 3730: 3370: 3265: 3234: 3214: 3148: 3044: 3032: 2776: 2221: 2032:. Vol. 3. London: Richard and John E. Taylor. pp. 666–731. Archived from 1681: 1669: 1547: 1521: 1423: 1329:. The statue was sculpted by Etienne and Mary Millner and based on the portrait by 1239: 1132: 1036: 961: 916: 841: 637: 587: 466: 448: 296: 4214: 3917:

Idea Makers: Personal Perspectives on the Lives & Ideas of Some Notable People

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sponsors the Lovelace Colloquium, an annual conference for women undergraduates.

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Ada's algorithm: How Lord Byron's daughter Ada Lovelace launched the digital age

4977: 2775:, edited by Robin Hammerman and Andrew L. Russell (ACM Books, 2015), pp. 18–20, 2128:

William King, her tutor, and William King, her future husband, were not related.

786:

The notes are around three times longer than the article itself and include (in

283:. Despite this, Lovelace remained interested in her father, naming her two sons 276: 7620: 7600: 7595: 7585: 7570: 7560: 7145: 7137: 6823: 6542: 5258: 4997: 4732: 4489:"A gifted mathematician who is now recognized as the first computer programmer" 4026: 3734: 3456:"Short Sharp Science: Celebrating Ada Lovelace: the 'world's first programmer'" 2607: 2067: 1995: 1855: 1811: 1740: 1702: 1606: 1583: 1509: 1505: 1475: 1447: 1419: 1188:

The Engineering in Computer Science and Telecommunications College building in

1171: 1148: 1126: 1114: 1027:

correspondence with Babbage shows that she did not have the knowledge to do so.

877: 772: 709: 583: 556: 508: 469:. Allegra died in 1822 at the age of five. Lovelace did have some contact with 390: 346: 6446:"Ada Lovelace, the World's First Computer Programmer, on Science and Religion" 6433: 5979: 5844: 4604:"Public Art Proposal for Ergon House For approval by Westminster City Council" 4189:"The Ada Lovelace Building: a new home for Engineering Mathematics at Bristol" 3374: 3114: 2771:

Thomas J. Misa, "Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, and the Bernoulli Numbers" in

2033: 1315: 7752: 7650: 7645: 7545: 7177: 7121: 7113: 6951: 6631: 6601: 6584: 6230: 6072: 5607:"MNT27280 - Ada Lovelace House - Nottinghamshire Historic Environment Record" 4822: 4437: 4309: 3997: 3860: 3775:

The Little Engines that Could've: The Calculating Machines of Charles Babbage

3587: 3460: 3382: 3226: 1934: 1888:. It is the first Nvidia architecture to feature both a first and last name. 1382: 1246: 1204: 965: 564: 504: 462: 386: 303: 60: 6279: 5470: 4357: 4332: 3822: 3538: 3358: 3036: 1512:, Lovelace delivers a lecture on the "punched cards" programme which proves 7615: 7555: 7515: 7480: 7465: 7105: 7057: 7003: 6807: 6744: 6667: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6532: 6283: 6223: 5073: 4281: 3892:(Speech). Talks at Google. Mountain View, CA: Talks at Google via YouTube. 3530: 3308: 3020: 3016: 1944: 1792:

a think tank dedicated to ensuring data and AI work for people and society.

1551: 1517: 1484: 1470: 1465: 1443: 1376:

of Ada Lovelace's birth was celebrated with a number of events, including:

1137: 923: 552: 6057: 5913:

Kim, Eugene; Toole, Betty Alexandra (1999). "Ada and the First Computer".

5014:, Gale Edwards, 1994, Director of "Arcadia" for the Sydney Theatre Company 4462:"China lofts earthquake research craft with cluster of smaller satellites" 3407: 1783: 7655: 7625: 7460: 7455: 7206: 6906: 6736: 6527: 6417: 6254: 5870:

Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the Digital Age

5438: 4957: 4367: 4362: 3883: 3184: 3145:

Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the Digital Age

2773:

Ada's Legacy: Cultures of Computing from the Victorian to the Digital Age

1984: 1940: 1579: 1373: 1227: 1222: 1167: 1122: 1071: 1043: 980: 818: 677: 551:; and a house in London. They spent their honeymoon at Ashley Combe near 540: 396: 133: 5315: 4755:"Ada Lovelace Symposium – Celebrating 200 Years of a Computer Visionary" 4122:"Ada Lovelace Day: We should never forget the first computer programmer" 3269: 1192:

is called the Ada Byron Building. The computer centre in the village of

481: 252:, was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on 7635: 7630: 7500: 6720: 6513: 5290: 1769:, in the Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering at the 1567: 1480: 1358: 1257: 1232: 1175: 902: 809:. She wrote that "The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to 725: 697: 688: 624:

an early age. She was privately educated in mathematics and science by

548: 382: 378: 327: 268: 210: 204: 110: 5027:

Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment

4813: 3863:(1984). "Lady Lovelace's Notes: Technical Text and Cultural Context". 2225: 1231:

devoted an episode to Ada Lovelace; she was sponsored by TV presenter

992: 7470: 5524: 5126: 5011: 1958: 1866: 1575: 1495: 1438: 1285: 912: 866: 729: 524: 385:

gave birth to a girl. The child was named after Byron's half-sister,

137: 7701: 5877: 5263:"'Conceiving Ada': Calling Byron's Daughter, Inventor of a Computer" 3218: 3152: 2780: 2066:

In December 2016, a letter written by Ada Lovelace was forfeited by

1067: 381:

expected his child to be a "glorious boy" and was disappointed when

7406: 7346: 5489: 4153: 2547:

A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3. Parishes: East Horsley

1118: 544: 280: 257: 5714:"Rare book by world's first computer programmer sells for £95,000" 5689:"Sketch of the analytical engine invented by Charles Babbage, Esq" 5653:"Ada Lovelace Suite | Seaham Hall Coastal Spa Resort, Durham" 5388:"BCS Lovelace Lecture 2020/21 - Prof Marta Kwiatkowska | BCS" 3238: 1265: 1117:, and in 2008 initiated an annual competition for women students. 6874: 6437: 5872:, Association for Computing Machinery and Morgan & Claypool, 4845:"Meet the woman bringing the magic of Ada Lovelace to the masses" 1661: 1193: 1181:

The building of the department of Engineering Mathematics at the

969: 956:

ascribes Ada's insight regarding the application of computing to

439: 5335:"Still On Fire: Recap/Review of Halt and Catch Fire "Adventure"" 3334:

The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence

4071:"New college in north London 'will boost women in tech sector'" 1873: 1865:

Ada, an artwork incorporating artificial intelligence house at

1582:

as his current companion, WPC Ann Kelso. Lovelace is played by

1427: 1341: 979:

According to the historian of computing and Babbage specialist

862: 801: 788: 743: 4888: 4552:"Four new statues to end Trinity Long Room's 'men only' image" 3522:

Faster than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines

2310: 2267:(Kindle ed.). Critical Connection. pp. Location 641. 933: 928:

Faster than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines

895:

were then published in the September 1843 edition of Taylor's

792:), in complete detail, a method for calculating a sequence of 241: 6482: 5980:"Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage" 5826:"Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'" 3257: 3200:"Lovelace & Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'" 2829:"December 1852 1a * MARYLEBONE – Augusta Ada Lovelace", 2080: 1035:

1837 and 1840, all substantially predating Lovelace's notes.

652:

sprites and fairies one reads of, who are at one's elbows in

6274:"Ada's Army gets set to rewrite history at Inspirefest 2018" 6114:

Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: Prophet of the Computer Age

3359:"The Lovelace effect: Perceptions of creativity in machines" 2164:"Only known photographs of Ada Lovelace in Bodleian Display" 1961:, specialising in music, digital technologies and languages. 1637:

portrays Lovelace in the episode, "The Green-Eyed Monster."

6183:

The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter

6155:

The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason, and Byron's Daughter

6071:, MIT Press Series in the History of Computing, Cambridge, 1840: 4869: 4229:"Town-centre landmark renovated to boost Kirkby's economy" 4095: 1200:, Nottinghamshire, near where Lovelace spent her infancy. 4692: 4305:"Honouring computing's 1843 visionary, Lady Ada Lovelace" 3638: 3412: 3092: 3090: 2948: 2936: 2912: 2729: 2717: 2630: 2618: 2484: 2460: 2304:"Ada Lovelace: Original and Visionary, but No Programmer" 708:

Lovelace died at the age of 36 on 27 November 1852, from

656:

shape now, and the next minute in a form most dissimilar.

5053:"Can Jane Austen + steampunk spark girls' science fire?" 4735:. Israel Institute for Advanced Studies. 31 January 2016 4733:"The Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on Computability" 4413:

Office, All photographs: HM Passport (3 November 2015).

3677: 3626: 2528: 2526: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2424: 2388: 1743:

supporting open technology and women is named after her.

1361:

issued four commemorative £2 coins in various metals to

567:, and later greatly enlarged to Lovelace's own designs. 485:

Watercolour portrait of Ada King, Countess of Lovelace,

334:

with their mutual friend, and Lovelace's private tutor,

6135:

Byron's Daughter: A Biography of Elizabeth Medora Leigh

5453:"ADA Lovelace Center for Analytics, Data, Applications" 3659:"The 10-year-plan to build Babbage's Analytical Engine" 3545: 3502: 3500: 2810: 2376: 2327: 2325: 2301: 2244: 2232: 1664:

on 5 January 2020. The character was portrayed by

1242:

have included an illustration of Lovelace and Babbage.

6257:(22 November 2018), "Stepping Out of Byron's Shadow", 3087: 3075: 3063: 2972: 2960: 2924: 2900: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2753: 2741: 2678: 2448: 2342: 2340: 872:

In 1840, Babbage was invited to give a seminar at the

563:

fashion by the architect of the Houses of Parliament,

355:

an elaborate set of seven notes, simply called "Notes"

248:; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852), also known as 7666: 5593:"Ada Byron University Programming Contest of the UPV" 5207:"'STEM FEMMES' centers women in science with theater" 3973:

Awards, Honors & Prizes: United States and Canada

3744:. Ames: Iowa State University Press. pp. 59–98. 3258:"Ada Lovelace: First Computer Programmer and Hacker?" 2654: 2642: 2523: 2496: 2472: 2436: 2412: 2364: 2271: 1808:

ADA Lovelace Centre for Analytics, Data, Applications

1668:, alongside characterisations of Charles Babbage and 775:'s article on Babbage's newest proposed machine, the 353:) about the Analytical Engine, supplementing it with 7889:

Burials at the Church of St Mary Magdalene, Hucknall

4707:"Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on Computability" 3497: 3051: 2666: 2322: 2283: 2063:

the Harvard University Library is available online.

1592:

Lovelace was a character in a novel in the extended

1516:

decades before their actual discovery. Lovelace and

299:

in 1838, Ada thereby becoming Countess of Lovelace.

5119: 3583:"Ada Lovelace: My brain is more than merely mortal" 3285:

Ada Lovelace: The World's First Computer Programmer

3143:Hammerman, Robin; Russell, Andrew L., eds. (2015). 2798: 2786: 2352: 2337: 2212:Toole, Betty Alexandra (1987), "Poetical Science", 993:

Distinction between mechanism and logical structure

852: 5639:"£280,000 Ada Lovelace House renovation completed" 4487: 1712:The Lovelace Lectures at the BCS sponsored by the 7162:"The Haunting of Villa Diodati" (2020 TV episode) 6460: 6341:"Papers of the Noel, Byron and Lovelace families" 4695:on 28 December 2015 – via Internet Archive. 3357:Natale, Simone; Henrickson, Leah (4 March 2022). 2156: 2137:Some writers give it as "Enchantress of Numbers". 1623:Lovelace and Babbage appear as characters in the 1098:, was given the number of the year of her birth. 783:described himself as a supporter of her writing. 7750: 6436:. Sabine Allaeys. 13 September 2015 – via 6235:Ada Lovelace: The Making of a Computer Scientist 5867: 5457:Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS 5122:"Ada and the Memory Engine: Love by the Numbers" 4269: 3563: 3356: 3142: 2701:. the hypermedia research centre. Archived from 2265:Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers:Poetical Science 2024:Menabrea, Luigi Federico; Lovelace, Ada (1843). 2023: 1557:The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage 1214:was founded and named after her. The mission of 1007: 6819:(1819–1824; incomplete upon Byron's 1824 death) 6301:"Ada Lovelace: Founder of Scientific Computing" 3766: 3119:, with notes upon the Memoir by the Translator" 3109: 3107: 3105: 2610:, Georgia. 9 April 1841. p. 3 – via 1816:ADA Lovelace Centre for Artificial Intelligence 1281:published a belated obituary for Ada Lovelace. 357:. Lovelace's notes are important in the early 267:Lovelace was the only legitimate child of poet 5824:Fuegi, J; Francis, J (October–December 2003), 5155:"Comic about Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage" 4963:"Theatre in review: A lusty Byron in Rockland" 3287:. Philadelphia, USA: Pen & Sword History. 3255: 7222: 6498: 6005:With notes upon the memoir by the translator. 5407:"Lovelace Lecture Series - Durham University" 4638: 3941:"Mrs. Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace" 3689: 3481:Things to Make and Do in the Fourth Dimension 3314:The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood 3262:ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access 3138: 3136: 3023:(1980). "Lady Lovelace and Charles Babbage". 2400: 1971:, later proposed to be let to small business. 499:Lovelace became close friends with her tutor 5823: 5766: 5485:"Cardano (ADA) is now available on Coinbase" 4984: 4632: 4038: 4036: 3683: 3518: 3483:. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 261. 3327: 3197: 3102: 3015: 2316: 2122: 1563:Lovelace is a primary character in the 2019 1207:and blog post honoured her on her birthday. 539:, becoming Lady King. They had three homes: 6426:"Ada Lovelace's Notes and The Ladies Diary" 5564: 3889:Charles Babbage and Difference Engine No. 2 3804:"Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1838" 3328:Turing, Alan (2004). Stuart Shieber (ed.). 3198:Füegi, John; Francis, Jo (14 August 2015). 2302:Ventana al Conocimiento (9 December 2015). 2131: 2012:. Mill Valley, CA: Strawberry Press, 1992. 1796:Ada Lovelace Centre for Digital Scholarship 1520:as teenagers are the central characters in 1450:, which supported open technology and women 934:Insight into potential of computing devices 692:Painting of Lovelace seated at a piano, by 341:Between 1842 and 1843, Lovelace translated 7236: 7229: 7215: 6505: 6491: 6356:"Ada Lovelace & The Analytical Engine" 5230: 4990: 4886: 3317:. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 116–118. 3133: 1802:Ada Lovelace Center for Digital Humanities 1749:, the engineering mathematics building at 1491:, before either is officially recognised. 1414:Special exhibitions were displayed by the 1264:imaging and analytics company, launched a 880:, a young Italian engineer and the future 54: 7774:19th-century British women mathematicians 6456:. Maria Popova (Brain). 10 December 2014. 6448:. Maria Popova (Brain). 10 December 2013. 5204: 5113: 4255:"Ada Lovelace House Is Officially Opened" 4033: 3802:Bromley, Allan G. (July–September 1982). 3121:. Switzerland: fourmilab.ch. October 1842 2989: 2987: 1381:The Ada Lovelace Bicentenary Lectures on 189:Ralph King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace 5974: 5964: 5912: 5902: 5804: 5567:"GeForce RTX 4090, RTX 4080 GPU Roundup" 5477: 5332: 5152: 4806: 4786:Edinburgh International Science Festival 4596: 4382:"Introducing the new UK passport design" 4277:"Ada Lovelace honoured by Google doodle" 4257:. Woodhead Construction. 18 October 2017 3608: 3602: 3506: 3453: 3057: 2058:Six copies of the 1843 first edition of 1923: 1915: 1907: 1899: 1891:Ada Byron University Programming Contest 1437: 1408:Edinburgh International Science Festival 1066: 856: 742: 700:, had been painted by Phillips' father, 687: 659: 480: 429: 410: 395: 332:Charles Babbage's Saturday night soirées 30:For the computer microarchitecture, see 6472:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 6383:"Ada Lovelace, Countess of Controversy" 6179: 6151: 5590: 5538: 5120:Costello, Elizabeth (22 October 2015). 4807:Busquets, Jordi Pueyo (19 April 2018). 4358:"Series 31, Konnie Huq on Ada Lovelace" 3969: 3914: 3908: 3811:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 3801: 3772: 3729: 3695: 3644: 3614:"Walter Isaacson on the Women of ENIAC" 3418: 3256:Haugtvedt, Erica; Abata, Duane (2021). 3096: 3081: 3069: 2993: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2684: 2636: 2624: 2490: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2394: 2370: 2289: 2277: 1912:Blue plaque at St James' Square, London 1295:In November 2020 it was announced that 1092:Department of Defense Military Standard 747:Portrait of Ada by the British painter 256:'s proposed mechanical general-purpose 150:William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace 14: 7751: 6131: 5996:from the original on 15 September 2008 5742: 5497:from the original on 20 September 2022 5404: 5358: 5257: 5234:Assassin's Creed: The Magus Conspiracy 5090:from the original on 10 November 2013. 5072: 4485: 4415:"New UK passport design – in pictures" 4412: 4151: 3580: 3478: 3330:"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 3307: 2984: 2660: 2648: 2571: 2532: 2517: 2505: 2478: 2406: 2382: 2331: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2053: 1599: 805:also contains Lovelace's dismissal of 237:Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace 123:Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall 7210: 6486: 6110: 6089: 6064: 6037: 6018: 5941: 5794: 5591:Manager, Content (24 February 2020). 5094: 5050: 5023: 4993:"Tom Stoppard's 'Arcadia,' at Twenty" 4956: 4842: 4611:Planning Alerts – Document Repository 4549: 4459: 4068: 3990: 3896:from the original on 22 November 2021 3882: 3859: 3656: 3632: 3551: 3430: 3282: 2999:"Untangling the Tale of Ada Lovelace" 2978: 2883:"Untangling the Tale of Ada Lovelace" 2881:Wolfram, Stephen (22 December 2015). 2816: 2804: 2792: 2759: 2672: 2358: 2346: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2211: 1675: 1649:Lovelace features as a character in " 1433: 1390:, 20 December 2015 – 31 January 2016. 1388:Israel Institute for Advanced Studies 1367: 1185:is called the Ada Lovelace Building. 1129:, London, focused on digital skills. 915:for the Analytical Engine to compute 6434:"The fascinating story Ada Lovelace" 6180:Woolley, Benjamin (February 2002) , 5777:The Calculating Passion of Ada Byron 5773: 5539:Hampton, Jaime (20 September 2022). 5205:Reinckens, Mina (10 December 2019). 4486:Miller, Claire Cain (8 March 2018). 4152:Aurora, Valerie (13 December 2011), 3998:"Association for Women in Computing" 3761:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3714:In WikiSource and also reprinted in 3397:from the original on 27 January 2022 2844: 2696: 2115: 2094:List of pioneers in computer science 1537:Lord Byron's Novel: The Evening Land 943:might act upon other things besides 823:Computing Machinery and Intelligence 7784:19th-century English mathematicians 7337:Quantum computing and communication 6329:Biographies of Women Mathematicians 6290:Untangling the Tale of Ada Lovelace 6263:, vol. LXV, no. 18, pp. 30–32. 6152:Woolley, Benjamin (February 1999), 5945:Women's Studies International Forum 5231:Heartfield, Kate (16 August 2022). 5100: 4639:Sam Machkovec (20 September 2022). 4620:from the original on 9 October 2022 4523: 4394:from the original on 9 October 2022 4133:from the original on 8 October 2018 3735:"Difference and Analytical Engines" 2200: 2083:– humanoid robot, completed in 2019 1862:as the smallest sub-unit of an Ada. 1822:Ada Lovelace Excellence Scholarship 1526:The Wollstonecraft Detective Agency 1454: 1088:United States Department of Defense 968:to direct the weaving of beautiful 578:(called Annabella, born 1837); and 404:On 21 April, Lord Byron signed the 184:Anne Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth 24: 7859:English people of Scottish descent 7789:19th-century English women writers 6705:English Bards and Scotch Reviewers 6343:. UK: Archives hub. Archived from 6209: 5833:Annals of the History of Computing 4991:Leithauser, Brad (8 August 2013). 4460:Clark, Stephen (2 February 2018). 3947:. 21 December 2015. Archived from 3025:Annals of the History of Computing 1735:Association for Women in Computing 1125:is a further-education college in 1103:Association for Women in Computing 890:in October 1842. Babbage's friend 887:Bibliothèque universelle de Genève 586:and in 1838, her husband was made 25: 7900: 7819:British women computer scientists 6368:"Ada & the Analytical Engine" 6267: 5935:10.1038/scientificamerican0599-76 5565:Aaron Klotz (20 September 2022). 5153:Doctorow, Cory (5 October 2009). 4713:. FindingAda.com. 31 January 2016 4657: 4550:Burns, Sarah (26 November 2020). 4154:"An update on the Ada Initiative" 3919:. Wolfram Media. pp. 45–98. 3581:Hooper, Rowan (16 October 2012). 1994:is a Grade II Listed monument in 1272:named in honour of Ada Lovelace. 1249:honoured her with other women on 1020:Difference and Analytical Engines 465:, the daughter of Lord Byron and 326:him on 5 June 1833, when she and 27:English mathematician (1815–1852) 7736: 7724: 7712: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7191: 7190: 6556: 5736: 5706: 5681: 5663: 5645: 5631: 5617: 5599: 5584: 5558: 5532: 5512: 5463: 5445: 5431: 5417: 5398: 5380: 5359:Dawson, Nick (13 January 2020). 5352: 5333:Biscotti, Steven (25 May 2015). 5326: 5308: 5283: 5251: 5224: 5198: 5172: 5146: 5066: 5044: 5017: 5005: 4950: 4925: 4903: 4880: 4862: 4836: 4800: 4773: 4747: 4725: 4699: 4677: 4651: 4571: 4543: 4517: 4479: 4453: 4433:"International Women's Day 2017" 4425: 4406: 4374: 4350: 4325: 4297: 4247: 4221: 4207: 4181: 4170: 4145: 4113: 4088: 4062: 3657:Ken t, Leo (17 September 2012). 3187:. Computer History Museum. 2008. 1442:An illustration inspired by the 1310: 1062: 865:", the first published computer 853:First published computer program 815:whatever we know how to order it 226: 179:Byron King-Noel, Viscount Ockham 32:Ada Lovelace (microarchitecture) 6111:Toole, Betty Alexandra (1998), 6090:Toole, Betty Alexandra (1992), 5625:"New office plan for Ada house" 5051:Moyer, Edward (13 April 2012). 4843:Gorey, Colm (11 October 2016). 4011: 3963: 3933: 3876: 3853: 3795: 3723: 3661:. Humans Invent. Archived from 3650: 3574: 3557: 3512: 3472: 3454:Simonite, Tom (24 March 2009). 3447: 3424: 3350: 3321: 3301: 3276: 3249: 3191: 3177: 3009: 2822: 2765: 2690: 2590: 2565: 2538: 2263:Toole, Betty Alexandra (2010). 2060:Sketch of the Analytical Engine 2002: 1955:Ada Lovelace C of E High School 1848:Cardano cryptocurrency platform 1514:Gödel's incompleteness theorems 543:, Surrey; a Scottish estate on 434:Ada Byron, aged seventeen, 1832 161: 7794:19th-century British inventors 6988:The Destruction of Sennacherib 6512: 6276:by Luke Maxwell, 4 August 2018 5720:. 23 July 2018. Archived from 4044:"BCSWomen Lovelace Colloquium" 4019:"Lovelace Lecture & Medal" 3698:"Babbage's calculating engine" 2295: 2256: 2182: 2088:Code: Debugging the Gender Gap 2040:Also available on Wikisource: 1554:'s webcomic and graphic novel 716:in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. 476: 13: 1: 7844:Deaths from cancer in England 7799:19th-century English nobility 7355:Free and open-source software 7012:So, we'll go no more a roving 6038:Moore, Doris Langley (1961), 6019:Moore, Doris Langley (1977), 5809:, Melville House Publishing, 5743:Mangan, Dan (23 April 2018). 4069:Davis, Anna (10 March 2016). 3716:The works of Charles Babbage, 2144: 1690:, initially developed by the 1238:As of November 2015, all new 1008:Controversy over contribution 876:about his Analytical Engine. 486: 205:George Byron, 6th Baron Byron 68: 7854:English computer programmers 7779:19th-century English writers 6260:The New York Review of Books 6042:, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 5958:10.1016/0277-5395(95)80030-S 5180:"Fourth Doctor – new series" 4913:. UK: Science Museum, London 4579:"Millbank & Ergon House" 3970:Webster, Valerie J. (2000). 3740:. In Aspray, William (ed.). 2149: 2099:Timeline of women in science 1489:second law of thermodynamics 1164:specialist technical college 714:Church of St. Mary Magdalene 618: 535:On 8 July 1835, she married 373: 368: 7: 6966:Maid of Athens, ere we part 5103:"Ada and the Memory Engine" 4524:Ron, Wyden (25 July 2018). 4233:Mansfield and Ashfield Chad 3431:Green, Christopher (2001). 2073: 2028:. In Richard Taylor (ed.). 1979:Nottingham Trent University 1904:Blue plaque at Mallory Park 1617:The Frankenstein Chronicles 1572:The Enchantress of Numbers, 1418:in London, England and the 1086:, created on behalf of the 277:Lord Byron's other children 10: 7905: 7884:Women of the Victorian era 7879:Mathematicians from London 7849:Deaths from uterine cancer 7824:Burials in Nottinghamshire 7804:Ada (programming language) 7392:Virtualization development 6713:Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 6370:. Educause. Archived from 6325:"Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace" 6132:Turney, Catherine (1972), 6010:"Ada Lovelace, 1815–1852," 5693:Harvard University Library 5611:her.nottinghamshire.gov.uk 4887:Scratchweb (16 May 2017), 4761:. UK: University of Oxford 4285:. London. 10 December 2012 3742:Computing Before Computers 3519:Bowden, B.V., ed. (1953). 2598:"New York Fifty Years Ago" 2046:The notes by Ada Lovelace. 1872:In 2021, the code name of 1221:On 17 September 2013, the 647:, she wrote to De Morgan: 592:William Benjamin Carpenter 421:Somerville College, Oxford 415:Ada Byron, aged seven, by 29: 7433: 7405: 7345: 7302: 7244: 7186: 7170: 7067:The Bride of Frankenstein 7050: 7021: 6941: 6866: 6686: 6573:Anne Isabella, Lady Byron 6565: 6554: 6520: 6233:, and Adrian Rice, 2018, 6021:Ada, Countess of Lovelace 5965:Marchand, Leslie (1971), 5903:Isaacson, Walter (2014), 5845:10.1109/MAHC.2003.1253887 5767:General and cited sources 5211:www.broadstreetreview.com 3915:Wolfram, Stephen (2016). 3696:Lardner, D. (July 1834). 3375:10.1177/14614448221077278 3147:. Morgan & Claypool. 1850:, launched in 2017, uses 1826:University of Southampton 1777:Ada Byron Research Centre 1653:", the second episode of 1578:as the Fourth Doctor and 1459:Lovelace is portrayed in 1446:portrait created for the 1309: 1304: 1251:International Women's Day 861:Lovelace's diagram from " 570:They had three children: 345:by the military engineer 275:. All her half-siblings, 225: 220: 197: 171: 143: 129: 118: 99: 76: 53: 41: 6931:The Deformed Transformed 6477:University of St Andrews 6068:Ada: A Life and a Legacy 5976:Menabrea, Luigi Federico 5805:Essinger, James (2014), 5316:"The Green-Eyed Monster" 3684:Fuegi & Francis 2003 3283:Adams, Beverley (2023). 2576:. Matador. p. 262. 2317:Fuegi & Francis 2003 2190:"Ada Lovelace Biography" 1895: 1707:British Computer Society 1692:US Department of Defense 1349:graphics processing unit 1331:Margaret Sarah Carpenter 1142:gender bias on Knowledge 1111:British Computer Society 749:Margaret Sarah Carpenter 683: 668:in Lovelace's own hand ( 48:The Countess of Lovelace 7317:Artificial intelligence 6769:The Prisoner of Chillon 6389:. G4 TV. Archived from 6186:, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 6065:Stein, Dorothy (1985), 5795:Elwin, Malcolm (1975), 5425:"Ada Lovelace Building" 4075:London Evening Standard 3823:10.1109/mahc.1982.10028 3773:Collier, Bruce (1990). 3363:New Media & Society 3037:10.1109/MAHC.1980.10042 2603:Macon Georgia Telegraph 1975:Ada Byron King Building 1660:, which first aired on 1357:In July 2023, The UK's 1352:(GPU) microarchitecture 1327:Imperial Chemical House 882:Prime Minister of Italy 807:artificial intelligence 738:Researches on Magnetism 719: 537:William, 8th Baron King 351:Prime Minister of Italy 295:in 1835. King was made 7809:Amateur mathematicians 7446:John Vincent Atanasoff 7238:Timelines of computing 6840:The Vision of Judgment 6634:(maternal half-sister) 6548:Timeline of Lord Byron 6307:. SDSC. Archived from 6229:Christopher Hollings, 6220:Enchantress of Numbers 5907:, Simon & Schuster 5675:historicengland.org.uk 5105:. KQED. Archived from 4387:. HM Passport Office. 4337:Ada Developers Academy 3570:. Richard Taylor: 694. 2572:Wright, Brian (2015). 1983:Ada Lovelace Suite at 1929: 1921: 1920:Green plaque in Ealing 1913: 1905: 1814:originally called the 1790:Ada Lovelace Institute 1771:University of Zaragoza 1483:)—comes to understand 1451: 1394:Ada Lovelace Symposium 1297:Trinity College Dublin 1216:Ada Developers Academy 1212:Ada Developers Academy 1113:(BCS) has awarded the 1082:The computer language 1079: 1029: 1018:, in the 1990 article 1005: 990: 949: 869: 769: 752: 705: 673: 658: 606:. In fact, you merely 598:In 1841, Lovelace and 496: 471:Elizabeth Medora Leigh 458: 435: 423: 401: 273:Anne Isabella Milbanke 211:Anne Isabella Milbanke 81:Hon. Augusta Ada Byron 7581:Klára Dán von Neumann 7387:Programming languages 6832:The Prophecy of Dante 6658:John William Polidori 6591:John "Mad Jack" Byron 6280:Works by Ada Lovelace 6158:, AU: Pan Macmillan, 4193:University of Bristol 3612:(18 September 2014). 3479:Parker, Matt (2014). 3336:. MIT Press: 67–104. 3241:on 15 February 2020. 3117:The Analytical Engine 1967:, council offices in 1928:Ada Lovelace Memorial 1927: 1919: 1911: 1903: 1757:Ada Lovelace Building 1751:Birmingham University 1747:Ada Lovelace Building 1714:Alan Turing Institute 1531:Lovelace features in 1524:'s steampunk series, 1501:The Difference Engine 1441: 1400:, 13–14 October 2015. 1183:University of Bristol 1157:open source movements 1070: 1024: 1000: 985: 941: 860: 765: 746: 691: 663: 649: 645:differential calculus 484: 444: 433: 414: 399: 125:, Nottingham, England 7707:Computer programming 7360:Hypertext technology 7131:Rowing with the Wind 6753:The Siege of Corinth 6673:Edward John Trelawny 6663:Percy Bysshe Shelley 6463:Robertson, Edmund F. 6117:, Strawberry Press, 6096:, Strawberry Press, 6008:Miller, Clair Cain. 5405:University, Durham. 5261:(26 February 1999). 5109:on 6 September 2015. 4781:"Brochure Downloads" 4215:"Ada Byron Building" 4046:. UK. Archived from 3507:Kim & Toole 1999 3264:. ASEE Conferences. 3185:"The Babbage Engine" 2997:(10 December 2015). 2612:NewspaperArchive.com 2109:Women in STEM fields 2042:The Menebrea article 2008:Lovelace, Ada King. 1880:architecture in its 1854:as the name for the 1781:University of Malaga 1487:, and theorises the 1398:University of Oxford 1290:United States Senate 1260:, a high-resolution 1256:On 2 February 2018, 1225:biography programme 813:anything. It can do 734:Karl von Reichenbach 638:numbers of Bernoulli 494:Alfred Edward Chalon 400:Ada Byron, aged four 365:is named after her. 359:history of computers 44:The Right Honourable 7864:English women poets 7839:Daughters of barons 7030:Fragment of a Novel 6981:She Walks in Beauty 6800:The Lament of Tasso 6729:The Bride of Abydos 6461:O'Connor, John J.; 6393:on 25 December 2018 6362:. Computer History. 6333:Agnes Scott College 6311:on 25 December 2018 6216:Jennifer Chiaverini 6040:The Late Lord Byron 5927:1999SciAm.280e..76E 5915:Scientific American 5862:on 15 February 2020 5797:Lord Byron's Family 5774:Baum, Joan (1986), 5186:. 13 September 2018 4050:on 22 February 2014 3840:on 26 February 2021 3635:, pp. 2–3, 14. 3270:10.18260/1-2--36646 2253:, pp. 156–157. 2241:, pp. 234–235. 2054:Publication history 1837:Ada Lovelace Centre 1832:Adafruit Industries 1761:Exeter Science Park 1643:Halt and Catch Fire 1600:Film and television 1340:In September 2022, 1190:Zaragoza University 1074:to Ada Lovelace in 974:John Graham-Cumming 874:University of Turin 847:Philosopher's Walk; 755:Lovelace first met 306:, Charles Babbage, 7834:Computer designers 7814:British countesses 7731:History of science 7486:Edsger W. Dijkstra 7441:Kathleen Antonelli 7425:Web search engines 7415:Internet conflicts 7294:Women in computing 7099:Lady Caroline Lamb 7075:The Bad Lord Byron 6678:Michael C. Burgess 6627:Lady Caroline Lamb 6607:Contessa Guiccioli 6377:on 10 August 2009. 6251:, Pegasus, 547 pp. 5985:Scientific Memoirs 5724:on 10 October 2018 5322:. 14 January 2018. 5268:The New York Times 4969:The New York Times 4937:Bodleian Libraries 4685:"Ada Lovelace Day" 4495:The New York Times 4129:. 8 October 2018. 4029:on 26 August 2006. 3945:IT History Society 3665:on 14 October 2012 3647:, pp. 272–77. 3567:Scientific Memoirs 3554:, pp. 175–82. 3525:. London: Pitman. 3421:, pp. 277–80. 2957:, pp. 315–17. 2945:, pp. 310–14. 2921:, pp. 232–33. 2847:, pp. 99–100. 2831:Register of Deaths 2819:, pp. 91–100. 2738:, pp. 336–37. 2726:, pp. 340–42. 2699:"Babbage's Dancer" 2639:, pp. 289–96. 2627:, pp. 285–86. 2520:, pp. 138–39. 2493:, pp. 138–40. 2469:, pp. 120–21. 2319:, pp. 19, 25. 2104:Women in computing 2030:Scientific Memoirs 1965:Ada Lovelace House 1930: 1922: 1914: 1906: 1767:Ada Byron Building 1731:Ada Lovelace Award 1676:Computing and STEM 1627:of the ITV series 1544:Ada and the Engine 1452: 1434:In popular culture 1368:Bicentenary (2015) 1288:submitted, in the 1278:The New York Times 1198:Kirkby-in-Ashfield 1109:. As of 1998, the 1107:Ada Lovelace Award 1094:for the language, 1080: 1076:St. James's Square 898:Scientific Memoirs 892:Charles Wheatstone 870: 836:Scientific Memoirs 753: 706: 674: 670:Somerville College 634:Augustus De Morgan 525:presented at Court 513:Charles Wheatstone 509:Sir David Brewster 497: 436: 424: 406:deed of separation 402: 312:Charles Wheatstone 308:Sir David Brewster 7664: 7663: 7606:Bjarne Stroustrup 7511:Margaret Hamilton 7491:J. Presper Eckert 7365:Operating systems 7204: 7203: 6848:The Age of Bronze 6697:Hours of Idleness 6617:John Cam Hobhouse 6350:on 24 April 2012. 6193:978-0-07-138860-3 6165:978-0-333-72436-1 6145:978-0-684-12753-8 6124:978-0-912647-18-0 6103:978-0-912647-09-8 6082:978-0-262-19242-2 6075:: The MIT Press, 6049:978-0-06-013013-8 5887:978-1-970001-51-8 5816:978-1-61219-408-0 5787:978-0-208-02119-9 5657:seaham-hall.co.uk 5493:. 19 March 2021. 5366:Leicester Mercury 5339:What'cha Reading? 5244:978-1-83908-167-5 5237:. Aconyte Books. 5083:Los Angeles Times 5037:978-1-84860-914-3 4313:. 9 December 2012 3983:978-0-7876-3401-8 3926:978-1-57955-003-5 3865:Victorian Studies 3861:Stein, Dorothy K. 3731:Bromley, Allan G. 3490:978-0-374-27565-5 3468:on 27 March 2009. 3435:. York University 3343:978-0-262-26542-3 3162:978-1-97000-149-5 2981:, pp. 36–38. 2762:, pp. 28–30. 2697:Schaffer, Simon. 2583:978-1-78462-438-5 2433:, pp. 85–87. 2397:, pp. 74–77. 2385:, pp. 36–38. 2226:10.3828/bj.1987.6 2214:The Byron Journal 2116:Explanatory notes 2018:978-0-912647-09-8 1992:Lovelace Memorial 1724:Durham University 1720:Lovelace Lectures 1688:computer language 1604:In the 1997 film 1322: 1321: 1286:Senator Ron Wyden 1284:On 27 July 2018, 1262:Earth observation 1240:British passports 917:Bernoulli numbers 794:Bernoulli numbers 777:Analytical Engine 761:difference engine 318:, and the author 262:Analytical Engine 234: 233: 113:, London, England 16:(Redirected from 7896: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7717: 7716: 7705: 7704: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7672: 7591:Guido van Rossum 7576:John von Neumann 7521:David A. Huffman 7332:Machine learning 7304:Computer science 7231: 7224: 7217: 7208: 7207: 7194: 7193: 6959:Epitaph to a Dog 6915:Heaven and Earth 6622:Douglas Kinnaird 6597:Claire Clairmont 6560: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6457: 6449: 6441: 6429: 6421: 6411: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6378: 6376: 6363: 6351: 6349: 6336: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6305:Women in Science 6239:Bodleian Library 6203: 6202: 6200: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6148: 6127: 6106: 6085: 6060: 6033: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5970: 5967:Byron A Portrait 5961: 5938: 5908: 5898: 5863: 5861: 5855:, archived from 5830: 5819: 5800: 5790: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5718:mooreallen.co.uk 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5473:. 20 March 2024. 5467: 5461: 5460: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5411:www.durham.ac.uk 5402: 5396: 5395: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5130:. 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Bromley 962:mechanical looms 842:Benjamin Woolley 610:what I have for 588:Earl of Lovelace 491: 488: 467:Claire Clairmont 449:anatomy of birds 330:attended one of 297:Earl of Lovelace 230: 165: 163: 106: 103:27 November 1852 91:10 December 1815 90: 88: 70: 58: 39: 38: 21: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7667: 7665: 7660: 7641:Stephen Wolfram 7611:Ruth Teitelbaum 7566:Douglas McIlroy 7541:Semyon Korsakov 7531:Brian Kernighan 7506:Betty Holberton 7496:Adele Goldstine 7451:Charles Babbage 7429: 7401: 7341: 7322:Binary prefixes 7298: 7240: 7235: 7205: 7200: 7182: 7166: 7046: 7017: 6973:Hebrew Melodies 6943: 6937: 6899:The Two Foscari 6862: 6688: 6682: 6561: 6552: 6528:Barony of Byron 6516: 6511: 6452: 6444: 6432: 6424: 6420:. 6 March 2008. 6409: 6405: 6396: 6394: 6381: 6374: 6366: 6354: 6347: 6339: 6323: 6314: 6312: 6299: 6296:, December 2015 6294:Stephen Wolfram 6270: 6245:Miranda Seymour 6212: 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2843: 2839: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2781:10.1145/2809523 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2705:on 28 June 2003 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2570: 2566: 2552: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2210: 2201: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2076: 2056: 2036:on 29 May 2023. 2005: 1969:Nottinghamshire 1898: 1869:'s Building 99. 1733:awarded by the 1705:awarded by the 1678: 1651:Spyfall, Part 2 1635:Emerald Fennell 1602: 1535:'s 2005 novel, 1457: 1436: 1370: 1335:Horseferry Road 1318:, 7 March 2022. 1311: 1305:External videos 1275:In March 2018, 1270:micro-satellite 1065: 1056:Stephen Wolfram 1010: 995: 954:Walter Isaacson 936: 855: 781:Michael Faraday 757:Charles Babbage 722: 702:Thomas Phillips 686: 621: 612:years and years 584:Barons Lovelace 559:, built in the 521:Charles Dickens 519:and the author 517:Michael Faraday 501:Mary Somerville 489: 479: 376: 371: 336:Mary Somerville 320:Charles Dickens 316:Michael Faraday 254:Charles Babbage 216: 193: 167: 164: 1835) 159: 155: 152: 114: 108: 104: 95: 94:London, England 92: 86: 84: 83: 82: 72: 65:Antoine Claudet 49: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7902: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7746: 7745: 7733: 7721: 7709: 7697: 7695:United Kingdom 7685: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7621:Linus Torvalds 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7601:Frances Spence 7598: 7596:Claude Shannon 7593: 7588: 7586:Dennis Ritchie 7583: 7578: 7573: 7571:Marlyn Meltzer 7568: 7563: 7561:Joseph Kruskal 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7434:Notable people 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7362: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7234: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7151: 7143: 7139:Haunted Summer 7135: 7127: 7119: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7071: 7063: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6997:Fare Thee Well 6993: 6992: 6991: 6984: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6947: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6927: 6919: 6911: 6903: 6895: 6887: 6883:Marino Faliero 6879: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6852: 6844: 6836: 6828: 6820: 6812: 6804: 6796: 6789: 6781: 6773: 6765: 6757: 6749: 6741: 6733: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6701: 6692: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6543:Newstead Abbey 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6510: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6467:"Ada Lovelace" 6458: 6450: 6442: 6430: 6422: 6407:"Ada Lovelace" 6403: 6379: 6364: 6352: 6337: 6321: 6297: 6286: 6277: 6269: 6268:External links 6266: 6265: 6264: 6252: 6242: 6227: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6192: 6177: 6164: 6149: 6144: 6129: 6123: 6108: 6102: 6087: 6081: 6062: 6048: 6035: 6029: 6016: 6006: 5972: 5962: 5952:(4): 387–394. 5939: 5910: 5900: 5886: 5865: 5821: 5815: 5802: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5735: 5705: 5680: 5662: 5644: 5641:. 11 May 2017. 5630: 5616: 5598: 5583: 5571:Tom's Hardware 5557: 5531: 5511: 5476: 5462: 5444: 5430: 5416: 5397: 5379: 5351: 5325: 5307: 5282: 5250: 5243: 5223: 5197: 5171: 5145: 5112: 5101:Hurwitt, Sam. 5093: 5078:"Byron's heir" 5065: 5043: 5036: 5016: 5004: 4998:The New Yorker 4983: 4949: 4924: 4911:"Ada Lovelace" 4902: 4879: 4874:adatheshow.com 4861: 4835: 4817:(in Spanish). 4799: 4772: 4746: 4724: 4698: 4689:Findingada.com 4676: 4650: 4631: 4595: 4570: 4542: 4516: 4478: 4452: 4441:. 8 March 2017 4438:Google Doodles 4424: 4405: 4373: 4349: 4324: 4310:Google Doodles 4296: 4268: 4246: 4220: 4206: 4180: 4169: 4144: 4112: 4100:findingada.com 4087: 4061: 4032: 4010: 3989: 3982: 3976:. Gale Group. 3962: 3932: 3925: 3907: 3875: 3852: 3817:(3): 197–217. 3794: 3787: 3765: 3750: 3722: 3718:Vol 2, p.119ff 3688: 3676: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3601: 3573: 3556: 3544: 3511: 3496: 3489: 3471: 3446: 3423: 3411: 3349: 3342: 3320: 3300: 3293: 3275: 3248: 3190: 3176: 3161: 3132: 3101: 3099:, p. 307. 3086: 3084:, p. 267. 3074: 3072:, p. 265. 3062: 3050: 3031:(4): 299–329. 3008: 2983: 2971: 2969:, p. 335. 2959: 2947: 2935: 2933:, p. 305. 2923: 2911: 2909:, p. 198. 2899: 2873: 2871:, p. 369. 2861: 2859:, p. 370. 2849: 2837: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2764: 2752: 2750:, p. 361. 2740: 2728: 2716: 2689: 2687:, p. 302. 2677: 2675:, p. 431. 2665: 2663:, p. 160. 2653: 2651:, p. 159. 2641: 2629: 2617: 2589: 2582: 2564: 2537: 2535:, p. 139. 2522: 2510: 2508:, p. 138. 2495: 2483: 2481:, p. 155. 2471: 2459: 2457:, p. 119. 2447: 2435: 2423: 2411: 2409:, p. 138. 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2336: 2321: 2309: 2294: 2282: 2280:, p. 215. 2270: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2199: 2181: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2130: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2068:Martin Shkreli 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2021: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996:Kirkby Mallory 1988: 1981: 1972: 1962: 1952: 1938: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1870: 1863: 1856:cryptocurrency 1844: 1834: 1829: 1819: 1812:Fraunhofer IIS 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1774: 1764: 1754: 1744: 1741:Ada Initiative 1737: 1727: 1716: 1710: 1703:Lovelace Medal 1699: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1607:Conceiving Ada 1601: 1598: 1584:Finty Williams 1542:The 2015 play 1510:Bruce Sterling 1506:William Gibson 1461:Romulus Linney 1456: 1453: 1448:Ada Initiative 1435: 1432: 1420:Weston Library 1416:Science Museum 1412: 1411: 1401: 1391: 1369: 1366: 1344:announced the 1320: 1319: 1307: 1306: 1172:Tottenham Hale 1149:Ada Initiative 1127:Tottenham Hale 1115:Lovelace Medal 1064: 1061: 1009: 1006: 994: 991: 935: 932: 878:Luigi Menabrea 854: 851: 821:in his paper " 773:Luigi Menabrea 721: 718: 710:uterine cancer 694:Henry Phillips 685: 682: 664:Sonnet titled 620: 617: 557:Horsley Towers 492:, possibly by 478: 475: 417:Alfred d'Orsay 391:Kirkby Mallory 375: 372: 370: 367: 347:Luigi Menabrea 232: 231: 223: 222: 218: 217: 215: 214: 208: 201: 199: 195: 194: 192: 191: 186: 181: 175: 173: 169: 168: 157: 153: 148: 147: 145: 141: 140: 131: 130:Known for 127: 126: 120: 116: 115: 109: 107:(aged 36) 101: 97: 96: 93: 80: 78: 74: 73: 59: 51: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7901: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7869:Godwin family 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7744: 7734: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Steve Wozniak 7649: 7647: 7646:Niklaus Wirth 7644: 7642: 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7218: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7197: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7179: 7178:Villa Diodati 7176: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7115:Bloody Poetry 7112: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952:Lachin y Gair 6949: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6755: 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UK: 6415: 6408: 6404: 6392: 6388: 6387:Tech TV vault 6384: 6380: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6231:Ursula Martin 6228: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6195: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6178: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6030:0-7195-3384-8 6026: 6022: 6017: 6015:8 March 2018. 6014: 6011: 6007: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969:, John Murray 5968: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799:, John Murray 5798: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5626: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5594: 5587: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5472: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5440: 5434: 5426: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5296: 5292: 5291:"Lily Lesser" 5286: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5185: 5184:BigFinish.com 5181: 5175: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5074:Straub, Peter 5069: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4912: 4906: 4892: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4870:"Ada.Ada.Ada" 4865: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4734: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4665: 4661: 4658:Rigby, John. 4654: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4482: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4256: 4250: 4235:. 11 May 2017 4234: 4230: 4224: 4216: 4210: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4173: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4014: 3999: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3788:0-8240-0043-9 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3757: 3753: 3751:0-8138-0047-1 3747: 3743: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3590: 3589: 3588:New Scientist 3584: 3577: 3569: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3492: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3461:New Scientist 3457: 3450: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3309:Gleick, James 3304: 3296: 3294:9781399082532 3290: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3244:substitution. 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3137: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3058:Menabrea 1843 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2903: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2807:, p. 99. 2806: 2801: 2795:, p. 82. 2794: 2789: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2549: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2492: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2445:, p. 86. 2444: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2421:, p. 10. 2420: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2373:, p. 80. 2372: 2367: 2361:, p. 16. 2360: 2355: 2349:, p. 17. 2348: 2343: 2341: 2334:, p. 35. 2333: 2328: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2292:, p. 89. 2291: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2266: 2259: 2252: 2247: 2240: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2196:. 6 May 2021. 2195: 2194:biography.com 2191: 2185: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2134: 2125: 2121: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935:Uxbridge Road 1932: 1931: 1926: 1918: 1910: 1902: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1666:Sylvie Briggs 1663: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1625:second season 1621: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1473:'s 1993 play 1472: 1468: 1467: 1463:'s 1977 play 1462: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1422:(part of the 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1383:Computability 1379: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1317: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1247:Google Doodle 1243: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1205:Google Doodle 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101:In 1981, the 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1063:Commemoration 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050:In his book, 1048: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1004: 999: 989: 984: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 948: 946: 940: 931: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 909: 907: 904: 900: 899: 893: 889: 888: 883: 879: 875: 868: 864: 859: 850: 848: 843: 838: 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Retrieved 2167: 2158: 2133: 2124: 2086: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2034:the original 2029: 2009: 2003:Publications 1945:Mallory Park 1941:Blue plaques 1886:Ada Lovelace 1859: 1851: 1839:part of the 1815: 1694:, is called 1655: 1648: 1641: 1639: 1628: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1605: 1603: 1591: 1588: 1571: 1562: 1555: 1552:Sydney Padua 1543: 1541: 1536: 1533:John Crowley 1530: 1525: 1518:Mary Shelley 1499: 1494:In the 1990 1493: 1485:chaos theory 1474: 1471:Tom Stoppard 1466:Childe Byron 1464: 1458: 1444:A. E. Chalon 1413: 1403: 1393: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1356: 1346:Ada Lovelace 1339: 1323: 1294: 1283: 1276: 1274: 1255: 1244: 1237: 1226: 1220: 1209: 1202: 1187: 1180: 1161: 1153:free culture 1146: 1138:edit-a-thons 1131: 1100: 1096:MIL-STD-1815 1095: 1081: 1051: 1049: 1042: 1033: 1030: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1001: 996: 986: 978: 957: 950: 944: 942: 937: 927: 924:B. V. Bowden 921: 910: 905: 896: 885: 871: 846: 834: 827: 814: 810: 800: 799: 787: 785: 770: 766: 754: 737: 723: 707: 675: 665: 653: 650: 642: 630:William King 622: 611: 607: 603: 600:Medora Leigh 597: 595:cut it off. 580:Ralph Gordon 569: 553:Porlock Weir 534: 498: 459: 452: 445: 437: 425: 403: 377: 340: 324: 301: 293:William King 266: 250:Ada Lovelace 249: 245: 240: 236: 235: 105:(1852-11-27) 36: 7769:1852 deaths 7764:1815 births 7719:Mathematics 7656:Konrad Zuse 7626:Alan Turing 7461:Jean Bartik 7456:John Backus 7254:Before 1950 7157:(2017 film) 7149:(1993 play) 7141:(1988 film) 7133:(1988 film) 7125:(1986 film) 7117:(1984 play) 7109:(1977 play) 7101:(1972 film) 7085:(1953 play) 7083:Camino Real 7077:(1949 film) 7069:(1935 film) 7061:(1908 play) 6737:The Corsair 6716:(1812–1818) 6612:Jane Harley 6418:BBC Radio 4 6414:In Our Time 6410:(streaming) 6397:25 February 6255:Jenny Uglow 5392:www.bcs.org 5372:14 December 5300:29 November 5216:24 February 5138:14 November 5058:26 February 4890:Ada.Ada.Ada 4588:30 November 4563:29 November 4368:BBC Radio 4 4363:Great Lives 4342:23 February 4317:10 December 4289:10 December 4261:29 November 4239:29 November 4137:27 February 3955:21 December 3900:29 November 3871:(1): 33–67. 3844:25 December 3439:2 September 3207:ACM Inroads 3115:"Sketch of 3004:'Numbers'.) 2661:Turney 1972 2649:Turney 1972 2553:26 February 2533:Turney 1972 2518:Turney 1972 2506:Turney 1972 2479:Turney 1972 2407:Turney 1972 2383:Turney 1972 2332:Turney 1972 1985:Seaham Hall 1658:, series 12 1580:Jane Slavin 1570:audio play 1430:, England. 1404:Ada.Ada.Ada 1374:bicentenary 1245:In 2017, a 1228:Great Lives 1223:BBC Radio 4 1203:In 2012, a 1168:Whitechapel 1123:Ada College 1072:Blue plaque 1052:Idea Makers 1044:Doron Swade 981:Doron Swade 819:Alan Turing 678:metaphysics 666:The Rainbow 561:Tudorbethan 541:Ockham Park 490: 1840 477:Adult years 134:Mathematics 7874:Lord Byron 7753:Categories 7743:Literature 7636:Larry Wall 7631:Paul Vixie 7501:Lois Haibt 7476:John Cocke 7370:DOS family 7312:Algorithms 7289:Scientific 7091:Lord Byron 7051:Portrayals 6856:The Island 6785:Prometheus 6721:The Giaour 6587:(daughter) 6581:(daughter) 6538:Early life 6514:Lord Byron 5780:, Archon, 5576:20 October 5550:20 October 5471:"About us" 5439:"Location" 5277:2235172968 5164:10 October 5159:BoingBoing 4942:11 January 4917:11 January 4765:11 January 4739:11 January 4717:11 January 4664:Royal Mint 4583:Eric Parry 4509:25 January 4504:2611777591 4471:4 February 4199:22 January 3708:11 October 3669:16 October 3633:Toole 1998 3594:16 October 3552:Toole 1998 2979:Toole 1998 2817:Toole 1998 2805:Toole 1998 2793:Stein 1985 2760:Stein 1985 2673:Moore 1961 2359:Stein 1985 2347:Stein 1985 2251:Toole 1998 2239:Toole 1998 2174:10 October 2145:References 1884:series is 1656:Doctor Who 1568:Doctor Who 1565:Big Finish 1481:Lord Byron 1359:Royal Mint 1258:Satellogic 1233:Konnie Huq 1176:Manchester 966:punchcards 964:that used 903:initialism 901:under the 726:phrenology 698:Lord Byron 604:astonished 549:Ross-shire 523:. She was 383:Lady Byron 379:Lord Byron 343:an article 328:her mother 269:Lord Byron 111:Marylebone 87:1815-12-10 7683:Biography 7471:Vint Cerf 7259:1950–1979 7246:Computing 6777:The Dream 6375:(archive) 6348:(archive) 6315:17 August 6241:, 114 pp. 6226:, 426 pp. 6000:29 August 5525:Microsoft 5344:20 August 5190:20 August 5127:SF Weekly 4978:425075032 4896:9 October 4854:9 October 4828:9 October 4823:1134-6582 4792:9 October 4535:9 October 4333:"History" 4163:5 October 3704:: 263–327 3539:13581728M 3391:247267997 3383:1461-4448 3227:2153-2184 2845:Baum 1986 2220:: 55–65, 2150:Citations 1959:Greenford 1867:Microsoft 1784:Andalucía 1576:Tom Baker 1574:starring 1496:steampunk 1210:In 2013, 913:algorithm 867:algorithm 811:originate 730:mesmerism 619:Education 453:Flyology, 374:Childhood 369:Biography 221:Signature 138:computing 7526:Bob Kahn 7407:Internet 7347:Software 7196:Category 7014:" (1830) 6999:" (1816) 6968:" (1810) 6961:" (1808) 6954:" (1807) 6816:Don Juan 6795:" (1816) 6793:Darkness 6761:Parisina 6593:(father) 6247:, 2018, 6218:, 2017, 5994:archived 5978:(1843), 5896:62018931 5853:40077111 5495:Archived 5490:Coinbase 5273:ProQuest 5088:Archived 4974:ProQuest 4759:Podcasts 4615:Archived 4500:ProQuest 4398:20 April 4389:Archived 4131:Archived 4105:27 March 4080:16 March 3894:Archived 3756:Archived 3733:(1990). 3395:Archived 3311:(2011). 3171:62018931 3125:28 March 2709:4 August 2168:Bodleian 2074:See also 1937:, Ealing 1882:RTX 4000 1860:Lovelace 1633:(2017). 1630:Victoria 1119:BCSWomen 1078:, London 970:patterns 456:flying". 419:, 1822, 281:insanity 258:computer 213:(mother) 207:(father) 172:Children 18:Ada King 7669:Portals 7397:Malware 7375:Windows 7171:Related 7147:Arcadia 7042:Memoirs 7037:Letters 6976:(1815) 6942:Shorter 6875:Manfred 6824:Mazeppa 6438:YouTube 6428:. 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