197:; the employer's old, new and foreign competitors; the changing demographics of the workforce; changes in the internal revenue code; changes in the attitude of the internal revenue service regarding the calculation of surpluses; and equally importantly, both the short and long term financial and economic trends. It is common with mergers and acquisitions that several pension plans have to be combined or at least administered on an equitable basis. When benefit changes occur, old and new benefit plans have to be blended, satisfying new social demands and various government discrimination test calculations, and providing employees and retirees with understandable choices and transition paths. Benefit plans liabilities have to be properly valued, reflecting both earned benefits for past service, and the benefits for future service. Finally, funding schemes have to be developed that are manageable and satisfy the standards board or regulators of the appropriate country, such as the
500:
precalculated columns of summations over time of discounted values of survival and death probabilities). Actuarial organizations were founded to support and further both actuaries and actuarial science, and to protect the public interest by promoting competency and ethical standards. However, calculations remained cumbersome, and actuarial shortcuts were commonplace. Non-life actuaries followed in the footsteps of their life insurance colleagues during the 20th century. The 1920 revision for the New-York based
National Council on Workmen's Compensation Insurance rates took over two months of around-the-clock work by day and night teams of actuaries. In the 1930s and 1940s, the mathematical foundations for
360:
models. Ideas from financial economics became increasingly influential in actuarial thinking, and actuarial science has started to embrace more sophisticated mathematical modelling of finance. Today, the profession, both in practice and in the educational syllabi of many actuarial organizations, is cognizant of the need to reflect the combined approach of tables, loss models, stochastic methods, and financial theory. However, assumption-dependent concepts are still widely used (such as the setting of the discount rate assumption as mentioned earlier), particularly in North
America.
5219:
33:
1380:
they now provided for the necessary funeral expenses by paying into the common fund weekly a small fixed sum, easily within the reach of the poorest of them. When a member died, a stated sum was drawn from the treasury for his funeral....If the purpose of the society was the building of a columbÄrium, the cost was first determined and the sum total divided into what we should call shares (sortÄs virÄ«lÄs), each member taking as many as he could afford and paying their value into the treasury.
5205:
136:, and annuities. These long term coverages required that money be set aside to pay future benefits, such as annuity and death benefits many years into the future. This requires estimating future contingent events, such as the rates of mortality by age, as well as the development of mathematical techniques for discounting the value of funds set aside and invested. This led to the development of an important actuarial concept, referred to as the
5243:
5231:
279:
predict the chance of re-offending according to rating factors which include the type of crime, age, educational background and ethnicity of the offender. However, these models have been open to criticism as providing justification for discrimination against specific ethnic groups by law enforcement personnel. Whether this is statistically correct or a self-fulfilling correlation remains under debate.
222:(SSI) program, a general-revenue financed, means-tested program for low-income aged, blind and disabled people. The office provides technical and consultative services to the Commissioner, to the board of trustees of the Social Security Trust Funds, and its staff appears before Congressional Committees to provide expert testimony on the actuarial aspects of Social Security issues.
459:. One could now set up an insurance scheme to provide life insurance or pensions for a group of people, and to calculate with some degree of accuracy how much each person in the group should contribute to a common fund assumed to earn a fixed rate of interest. The first person to demonstrate publicly how this could be done was
1379:
Early in the Empire, associations were formed for the purpose of meeting the funeral expenses of their members, whether the remains were to be buried or cremated, or for the purpose of building columbÄria, or for both....If the members had provided places for the disposal of their bodies after death,
363:
Product design adds another dimension to the debate. Financial economists argue that pension benefits are bond-like and should not be funded with equity investments without reflecting the risks of not achieving expected returns. But some pension products do reflect the risks of unexpected returns. In
262:
insurance. The insurance industry also provides coverage for exposures such as catastrophe, weather-related risks, earthquakes, patent infringement and other forms of corporate espionage, terrorism, and "one-of-a-kind" (e.g., satellite launch). Actuarial science provides data collection, measurement,
1768:
My task is now finished....those who are here interred have received part of their honours already, and for the rest, their children will be brought up till manhood at the public expense: the state thus offers a valuable prize, as the garland of victory in this race of valour, for the reward both of
359:
The potential of modern financial economics theory to complement existing actuarial science was recognized by actuaries in the mid-twentieth century. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a distinct effort for actuaries to combine financial theory and stochastic methods into their established
263:
estimating, forecasting, and valuation tools to provide financial and underwriting data for management to assess marketing opportunities and the nature of the risks. Actuarial science often helps to assess the overall risk from catastrophic events in relation to its underwriting capacity or surplus.
257:
companies tend to specialize because of the complexity and diversity of risks. One division is to organize around personal and commercial lines of insurance. Personal lines of insurance are for individuals and include fire, auto, homeowners, theft and umbrella coverages. Commercial lines address the
508:
methods they had used in the past. The introduction and development of the computer further revolutionized the actuarial profession. From pencil-and-paper to punchcards to current high-speed devices, the modeling and forecasting ability of the actuary has rapidly improved, while still being heavily
499:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, calculations were performed without computers. The computations of life insurance premiums and reserving requirements are rather complex, and actuaries developed techniques to make the calculations as easy as possible, for example "commutation functions" (essentially
490:
is often considered the father of modern actuarial science for his work in the field in the 1780s and 90s. Many other life insurance companies and pension funds were created over the following 200 years. Equitable Life was the first to use the word "actuary" for its chief executive officer in 1762.
332:
Historically, much of the foundation of actuarial theory predated modern financial theory. In the early twentieth century, actuaries were developing many techniques that can be found in modern financial theory, but for various historical reasons, these developments did not achieve much recognition.
1730:
The
Commutation Functions are a computational device to ensure that net single premiums...can all be obtained from a single table lookup. Historically, this idea has been very important in saving calculational labor when arriving at premium quotes. Even now...company employees without quantitative
282:
Another example is the use of actuarial models to assess the risk of sex offense recidivism. Actuarial models and associated tables, such as the MnSOST-R, Static-99, and SORAG, have been used since the late 1990s to determine the likelihood that a sex offender will re-offend and thus whether he or
217:
and the
Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, conducts studies of program financing, performs actuarial and demographic research on social insurance and related program issues involving mortality, morbidity, utilization, retirement, disability, survivorship, marriage, unemployment, poverty, old
343:
concepts used in modern finance. The divergence is not related to the use of historical data and statistical projections of liability cash flows, but is instead caused by the manner in which traditional actuarial methods apply market data with those numbers. For example, one traditional actuarial
278:
There is an increasing trend to recognize that actuarial skills can be applied to a range of applications outside the traditional fields of insurance, pensions, etc. One notable example is the use in some US states of actuarial models to set criminal sentencing guidelines. These models attempt to
192:
In the pension industry, actuarial methods are used to measure the costs of alternative strategies with regard to the design, funding, accounting, administration, and maintenance or redesign of pension plans. The strategies are greatly influenced by short-term and long-term bond rates, the funded
108:
Many universities have undergraduate and graduate degree programs in actuarial science. In 2010, a study published by job search website CareerCast ranked actuary as the #1 job in the United States. The study used five key criteria to rank jobs: environment, income, employment outlook, physical
421:
and assurance pacts can be traced back to various forms of fellowship within the Saxon clans of
England and their Germanic forebears, and to Celtic society. However, many of these earlier forms of surety and aid would often fail due to lack of understanding and knowledge.
491:
Previously, "actuary" meant an official who recorded the decisions, or "acts", of ecclesiastical courts. Other companies that did not use such mathematical and scientific methods most often failed or were forced to adopt the methods pioneered by
Equitable.
430:
The 17th century was a period of advances in mathematics in
Germany, France and England. At the same time there was a rapidly growing desire and need to place the valuation of personal risk on a more scientific basis. Independently of each other,
101:. Historically, actuarial science used deterministic models in the construction of tables and premiums. The science has gone through revolutionary changes since the 1980s due to the proliferation of high speed computers and the union of
179:
In health insurance, including insurance provided directly by employers, and social insurance, actuarial science focuses on the analysis of rates of disability, morbidity, mortality, fertility and other contingencies. The effects of
81:
are professionals trained in this discipline. In many countries, actuaries must demonstrate their competence by passing a series of rigorous professional examinations focused in fields such as probability and predictive analysis.
212:
plans and directs a program of actuarial estimates and analyses relating to SSA-administered retirement, survivors and disability insurance programs and to proposed changes in those programs. It evaluates operations of the
482:'s pioneering work on the long term insurance contracts under which the same premium is charged each year led to the formation of the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship (now commonly known as
189:(RBRVS) at Harvard in a multi-disciplined study. Actuarial science also aids in the design of benefit structures, reimbursement standards, and the effects of proposed government standards on the cost of healthcare.
184:
and the geographical distribution of the utilization of medical services and procedures, and the utilization of drugs and therapies, is also of great importance. These factors underlay the development of the
409:. A small sum was paid into a communal fund on a weekly basis, and upon the death of a member, the fund would cover the expenses of rites and burial. These societies sometimes sold shares in the building of
1140:"An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; with an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities Upon Lives"
307:
270:
fields, actuarial science can be used to design and price reinsurance and retrocession arrangements, and to establish reserve funds for known claims and future claims and catastrophes.
299:
1915:
1402:
247:. In these forms of insurance, coverage is generally provided on a renewable period, (such as a yearly). Coverage can be cancelled at the end of the period by either party.
258:
insurance needs of businesses and include property, business continuation, product liability, fleet/commercial vehicle, workers compensation, fidelity and surety, and
164:
to produce life insurance, annuities and endowment policies. Contemporary life insurance programs have been extended to include credit and mortgage insurance,
132:
Actuarial science became a formal mathematical discipline in the late 17th century with the increased demand for long-term insurance coverage such as burial,
1082:
1667:
Silver, Eric; Chow-Martin, Lynette (October 2002). "A Multiple Models
Approach To Assessing Recidivism Risk: Implications for Judicial Decision Making".
364:
some cases, the pension beneficiary assumes the risk, or the employer assumes the risk. The current debate now seems to be focusing on four principles:
1455:
295:
in the US have different practices, which is caused by different ways of calculating funding and investment strategies, and by different regulations.
2730:
1594:
218:
age, families with children, etc., and projects future workloads. In addition, the Office is charged with conducting cost analyses relating to the
385:
Essentially, financial economics state that pension assets should not be invested in equities for a variety of theoretical and practical reasons.
1516:
1147:
311:
75:
and other industries and professions. More generally, actuaries apply rigorous mathematics to model matters of uncertainty and life expectancy.
4340:
2745:
2010:
1782:
455:, of people of the same age, despite the uncertainty of the date of death of any one individual. This study became the basis for the original
4845:
1872:
1990:
4995:
2740:
4619:
3260:
2116:
1410:
259:
1102:
976:
4393:
1326:
4832:
2750:
2735:
1834:
1564:
1352:
3255:
2955:
2005:
483:
315:
198:
1246:
3859:
3007:
1951:
336:
As a result, actuarial science developed along a different path, becoming more reliant on assumptions, as opposed to the
186:
2146:
1406:
1490:"The Technique of Rate Making as Illustrated by the 1920 National Revision of Workmen's Compensations Insurance Rates"
4642:
4534:
2075:
1649:
1427:
1064:
504:
processes were developed. Actuaries could now begin to estimate losses using models of random events, instead of the
5247:
4820:
4694:
2141:
1565:"The Impact of Residency Restrictions on Sex Offenders and Correctional Management Practices: A Literature Review"
1276:
4878:
4539:
4284:
3655:
3245:
2720:
2111:
2101:
544:
214:
1086:
4929:
4141:
3948:
3837:
3795:
2725:
303:
209:
3869:
5172:
4131:
3034:
1920:
1393:
559:
4723:
4672:
4657:
4647:
4516:
4388:
4355:
4181:
4136:
3966:
2883:
2131:
2032:
1543:
1470:
479:
439:
emerged as a well-understood mathematical discipline. Another important advance came in 1662 from a London
219:
1617:
1277:"Commentary: Behind the Ideology and Theory: What Is the Empirical Evidence for Medical Savings Accounts?"
340:
5289:
5235:
5067:
4868:
4792:
4093:
3847:
3516:
2980:
2700:
2397:
2343:
2182:
2017:
1817:
205:
111:
1197:"The Shaping of Chance: Actuarial Models and Criminal Profiling at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century"
982:. Revised November 19, 2004. California Health Benefits Review Program. February 9, 2004. Archived from
5269:
4952:
4924:
4919:
4667:
4426:
4332:
4312:
4220:
3931:
3749:
3232:
3104:
2348:
2212:
2106:
1056:
1052:
509:
dependent on the assumptions input into the models, and actuaries needed to adjust to this new world .
1524:
4684:
4452:
4173:
4098:
4027:
3956:
3876:
3864:
3734:
3722:
3715:
3423:
3144:
2427:
2316:
2126:
2027:
1348:
1028:
394:
17:
5284:
5167:
4934:
4797:
4482:
4447:
4411:
4196:
3638:
3547:
3506:
3418:
3109:
2948:
2800:
2552:
2457:
2422:
2402:
2070:
2022:
1571:
554:
487:
169:
1879:
401:, associations were formed to meet the expenses of burial, cremation, and monumentsâprecursors to
371:
assets and liabilities with identical cash flows should have the same price. This is at odds with
5076:
4689:
4629:
4566:
4204:
4188:
3926:
3788:
3778:
3628:
3542:
2921:
2603:
2392:
2260:
2207:
2065:
2055:
1944:
1548:
534:
519:
173:
5114:
5044:
4837:
4774:
4529:
4416:
3413:
3310:
3217:
3096:
2995:
2695:
2328:
2156:
1361:. Revised by Mary Johnston. Chicago, Atlanta: Scott, Foresman and Company. pp. §475â§476.
467:
fame). Halley constructed his own life table, and showed how it could be used to calculate the
5139:
5081:
5024:
4850:
4743:
4652:
4378:
4262:
4121:
4113:
4003:
3995:
3810:
3706:
3684:
3643:
3608:
3575:
3521:
3496:
3451:
3390:
3350:
3152:
2975:
2710:
2596:
2525:
2380:
2265:
2227:
569:
194:
1742:
5062:
4637:
4586:
4562:
4524:
4442:
4421:
4373:
4252:
4230:
4199:
4108:
3985:
3936:
3854:
3827:
3783:
3739:
3501:
3277:
3157:
2819:
2762:
2385:
2365:
2192:
2080:
2000:
1196:
1117:
349:
165:
94:
1791:
1712:
1489:
1002:
8:
5279:
5209:
5134:
5057:
4738:
4502:
4495:
4457:
4365:
4345:
4317:
4050:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3893:
3711:
3672:
3562:
3552:
3461:
3240:
3196:
3114:
3039:
2941:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2853:
2715:
2675:
2437:
2407:
2275:
2136:
2060:
2050:
1029:"When the Spinning Stops: Can Actuaries Help to Sort out the Mess in Corporate Pensions?"
983:
452:
353:
292:
240:
145:
2333:
1705:
1330:
1139:
933:
451:, who showed that there were predictable patterns of longevity and death in a group, or
5274:
5223:
5034:
4888:
4784:
4733:
4609:
4506:
4490:
4467:
4244:
3978:
3961:
3921:
3832:
3727:
3689:
3660:
3620:
3580:
3526:
3443:
3129:
3124:
2914:
2826:
2705:
2630:
2447:
2412:
2323:
2280:
2250:
2222:
2217:
2187:
2161:
1985:
1937:
1776:
1731:
training could calculate premiums in a spreadsheet format with the aid of a life table.
1692:
1387:
1307:
1227:
1174:
529:
436:
254:
250:
236:
232:
115:
ranked actuary as the third-best job in the business sector and the eighth-best job in
86:
5218:
5129:
5091:
4911:
4902:
4827:
4758:
4614:
4599:
4574:
4462:
4403:
4269:
4257:
3883:
3800:
3744:
3667:
3511:
3433:
3212:
3086:
2775:
2645:
2537:
2501:
2452:
2442:
2370:
2360:
2290:
1812:
1796:
1696:
1684:
1655:
1645:
1517:"The Actuary's New Clothes, A Canadian Perspective on the Financial Economics Debate"
1362:
1299:
1219:
1178:
1166:
1070:
1060:
958:
539:
464:
432:
244:
85:
Actuarial science includes a number of interrelated subjects, including mathematics,
1311:
934:"The Actuary: the Role and Limitations of the Profession Since the Mid-19th Century"
5154:
5109:
4873:
4860:
4753:
4728:
4662:
4594:
4472:
4080:
3973:
3906:
3819:
3766:
3585:
3456:
3250:
3134:
3049:
3016:
2888:
2843:
2788:
2780:
2770:
2547:
2471:
2311:
2285:
2270:
2177:
1995:
1977:
1746:
1676:
1609:
1291:
1211:
1192:
1156:
948:
414:
406:
348:
mix of investments can change the value of liabilities and assets (by changing the
345:
98:
1845:
5071:
4815:
4677:
4604:
4279:
4153:
4126:
4103:
4072:
3699:
3694:
3648:
3378:
3029:
2900:
2863:
2839:
2640:
2635:
2615:
2574:
2569:
2516:
2511:
2375:
2355:
2232:
2197:
1910:
1752:
1575:
1356:
803:
801:
181:
56:
4561:
1638:
The
Suffering Self; Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era
318:, (FASB) in the US and Canada, which regulates pensions valuations and funding.
32:
5020:
5015:
3478:
3408:
3054:
2806:
2655:
2338:
2202:
2096:
2042:
1257:
524:
402:
337:
153:
133:
1613:
1295:
798:
5263:
5177:
5144:
5007:
4968:
4779:
4748:
4212:
4166:
3771:
3473:
3300:
3064:
3059:
2609:
2530:
2478:
2417:
2255:
2121:
1905:
1688:
1223:
1170:
1135:
962:
505:
460:
141:
137:
1680:
953:
152:
In traditional life insurance, actuarial science focuses on the analysis of
5119:
5052:
5029:
4944:
4274:
3570:
3468:
3403:
3345:
3330:
3267:
3222:
2858:
2670:
2665:
2625:
2586:
1303:
1161:
398:
1439:
286:
140:
of a future sum. Certain aspects of the actuarial methods for discounting
5162:
5124:
4807:
4708:
4570:
4383:
4350:
3842:
3759:
3754:
3398:
3355:
3335:
3315:
3305:
3074:
2893:
2848:
2521:
2306:
564:
549:
448:
410:
327:
267:
48:
1878:. Revised Edition. Actuarial Education and Research Fund. Archived from
4008:
3488:
3188:
3119:
3069:
3044:
2964:
2792:
2784:
2660:
2581:
2542:
2486:
1738:
1231:
606:
501:
456:
444:
157:
102:
72:
52:
37:
1210:(105). The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 1: 105â128.
4161:
4013:
3633:
3428:
3340:
3325:
3320:
3285:
2834:
2650:
2620:
2591:
1960:
1641:
471:
amount someone of a given age should pay to purchase a life annuity.
468:
90:
60:
1428:"Institutional Bases of the Spontaneous Order: Surety and Assurance"
1215:
27:
Statistics applied to risk in insurance and other financial products
3677:
3295:
3172:
3167:
3162:
2558:
1047:
Feldblum, Sholom (2001) . "Introduction". In Robert F. Lowe (ed.).
161:
1081:
1074:
807:
5182:
4883:
2496:
2432:
78:
68:
64:
1659:
1366:
1085:. Faculty and Institute of Actuaries. 2004-01-13. Archived from
885:
5104:
4085:
4059:
4039:
3290:
3081:
2151:
1924:
1756:
440:
418:
1844:. Staple Inn Actuarial Society. pp. 34â35. Archived from
1456:"The Actuary and his Profession: Growth, Development, Promise"
2933:
2811:
774:
1929:
1811:
1103:"Stochastic Life Contingencies with Solvency Considerations"
909:
654:
612:
3024:
2506:
1706:"6: Commutation Functions, Reserves & Select Mortality"
702:
372:
226:
116:
127:
1148:
678:
397:
agreements and pensions arose in antiquity. Early in the
977:"Analysis of Senate Bill 174: Hearing Aids for Children"
1256:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 4. Archived from
897:
849:
738:
413:, or burial vaults, owned by the fundâthe precursor to
287:
Actuarial science related to modern financial economics
714:
378:
the value of an asset is independent of its financing.
837:
726:
4846:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
1521:
American Academy of Actuaries, Contingencies Jul/Aug
873:
750:
594:
825:
666:
4308:
1608:(2). Faculty and Institute of Actuaries: 233â246.
813:
762:
690:
215:Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund
1835:"Actuaries' contributions to financial economics"
1666:
660:
5261:
861:
786:
642:
630:
618:
582:
273:
193:status of the pension and benefit arrangements,
4394:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
1714:Actuarial Mathematics and Life-Table Statistics
352:assumption). This concept is inconsistent with
314:, which cushioned market fluctuations, and the
312:National Association of Insurance Commissioners
105:actuarial models with modern financial theory.
1369:. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003
2949:
1945:
1792:"Americans' donations to charity near record"
1497:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
1463:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
1010:Proceedings of the Casualty Actuarial Society
368:financial models should be free of arbitrage.
283:she should be institutionalized or set free.
1487:
891:
1873:"Fundamental Concepts of Actuarial Science"
1453:
915:
2994:
2956:
2942:
1952:
1938:
1781:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1769:those who have fallen and their survivors.
1563:Nieto, Marcus; David, Jung (August 2006).
1284:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
1003:"On Becoming An Actuary of the Third Kind"
1000:
720:
3607:
1562:
1541:
1160:
1049:Foundations of Casualty Actuarial Science
1027:
952:
732:
684:
600:
494:
291:Traditional actuarial science and modern
1914:) is being considered for deletion. See
1514:
1347:
1191:
1110:Transactions of the Society of Actuaries
1046:
931:
903:
855:
780:
756:
744:
708:
672:
227:Applications to other forms of insurance
31:
1743:"VI â Funeral Oration of Pericles"
1542:Needleman, Sarah E. (January 5, 2010).
1244:
879:
808:Faculty and Institute of Actuaries 2004
128:Life insurance, pensions and healthcare
14:
5262:
4920:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
1832:
1737:
1592:
1353:"Burial Places and Funeral Ceremonies"
1134:
843:
819:
768:
696:
425:
144:have come under criticism from modern
4993:
4560:
4307:
3606:
3376:
2993:
2937:
1933:
1602:Journal of the Institute of Actuaries
1400:
1324:
1274:
1100:
1083:"History of the actuarial profession"
975:
831:
648:
636:
624:
588:
381:how pension assets should be invested
231:Actuarial science is also applied to
5230:
4930:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1703:
1454:MacGinnitie, James (November 1980).
1425:
867:
792:
388:
316:Financial Accounting Standards Board
308:Mandatory Security Valuation Reserve
199:Financial Accounting Standards Board
5242:
4525:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
3377:
1636:Perkins, Judith (August 25, 1995).
24:
4620:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
3246:Pearson product-moment correlation
1991:Accidental death and dismemberment
1595:"The Professional Name of Actuary"
1407:Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
474:
344:method suggests that changing the
187:Resource-Base Relative Value Scale
25:
5301:
1918:to help reach a consensus. âș
1897:
1327:"Harvard School of Public Health"
1275:Hsiao, William C. (August 2001).
1254:Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science
1247:"History of Actuarial Profession"
1101:Frees, Edward W. (January 1990).
613:U.S. News & World Report 2024
417:. Other early examples of mutual
5241:
5229:
5217:
5204:
5203:
4994:
2117:Directors and officers liability
1748:History of the Peloponnesian War
1488:Michelbacher, Gustav F. (1920).
1204:University of Chicago Law Review
932:BĂŒhlmann, Hans (November 1997).
204:In social welfare programs, the
4879:Least-squares spectral analysis
1864:
1833:Whelan, Shane (December 2002).
1001:D'Arcy, Stephen P. (May 1989).
545:Category:Actuarial associations
300:Armstrong investigation of 1905
47:is the discipline that applies
3860:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
2963:
1871:Charles L. Trowbridge (1989).
1790:Tong, Vinnee (June 19, 2006).
1593:Ogborn, M.E. (December 1956).
1570:. California Research Bureau,
1401:Lewin, Chris (June 14, 2007).
1358:The Private Life of the Romans
924:
210:Social Security Administration
109:demands, and stress. In 2024,
13:
1:
5173:Geographic information system
4389:Simultaneous equations models
1959:
1903:
1669:Criminal Justice and Behavior
661:Silver & Chow-Martin 2002
576:
560:Reinsurance Actuarial Premium
274:Actuaries in criminal justice
4356:Coefficient of determination
3967:Uniformly most powerful test
2884:Savings and loan association
1818:U.S. News & World Report
1469:(127): 49â56. Archived from
1426:Loan, Albert (Winter 1992).
220:Supplemental Security Income
122:
112:U.S. News & World Report
7:
4925:Proportional hazards models
4869:Spectral density estimation
4851:Vector autoregression (VAR)
4285:Maximum posterior estimator
3517:Randomized controlled trial
2317:Insurance-linked securities
1515:Moriarty, Charlene (2006).
512:
206:Office of the Chief Actuary
10:
5306:
4685:Multivariate distributions
3105:Average absolute deviation
2006:Total permanent disability
1349:Johnston, Harold Whetstone
1057:Casualty Actuarial Society
1053:Arlington County, Virginia
415:mutual insurance companies
325:
321:
304:GlassâSteagall Act of 1932
5199:
5153:
5090:
5043:
5006:
5002:
4989:
4961:
4943:
4910:
4901:
4859:
4806:
4767:
4716:
4707:
4673:Structural equation model
4628:
4585:
4581:
4556:
4515:
4481:
4435:
4402:
4364:
4331:
4327:
4303:
4243:
4152:
4071:
4035:
4026:
4009:Score/Lagrange multiplier
3994:
3947:
3892:
3818:
3809:
3619:
3615:
3602:
3561:
3535:
3487:
3442:
3424:Sample size determination
3389:
3385:
3372:
3276:
3231:
3205:
3187:
3143:
3095:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2989:
2971:
2909:
2761:
2746:Health insurance coverage
2686:
2470:
2299:
2241:
2170:
2089:
2041:
2011:Business overhead expense
1976:
1967:
1614:10.1017/S0020268100046424
1544:"The Best and Worst Jobs"
1392:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1325:Hsiao, William C (2004).
1296:10.1215/03616878-26-4-733
298:Regulations are from the
160:, and the application of
5168:Environmental statistics
4690:Elliptical distributions
4483:Generalized linear model
4412:Simple linear regression
4182:HodgesâLehmann estimator
3639:Probability distribution
3548:Stochastic approximation
3110:Coefficient of variation
2147:Protection and indemnity
1916:templates for discussion
1572:California State Library
1438:(1): 538. Archived from
1116:: 91â148. Archived from
555:List of actuarial topics
170:long term care insurance
40:) table, Table 1, Page 1
4828:Cross-correlation (XCF)
4436:Non-standard predictors
3870:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
3543:Adaptive clinical trial
2604:Explanation of benefits
2076:Variable universal life
1704:Slud, Eric V. (2006) .
1681:10.1177/009385402236732
1549:The Wall Street Journal
1245:Hickman, James (2004).
954:10.2143/ast.27.2.542046
535:Actuarial present value
520:Actuarial control cycle
174:health savings accounts
89:, statistics, finance,
5224:Mathematics portal
5045:Engineering statistics
4953:NelsonâAalen estimator
4530:Analysis of covariance
4417:Ordinary least squares
4341:Pearson product-moment
3745:Statistical functional
3656:Empirical distribution
3489:Controlled experiments
3218:Frequency distribution
2996:Descriptive statistics
2741:Health insurance costs
2142:Professional liability
1162:10.1098/rstl.1693.0007
495:Technological advances
341:risk-neutral valuation
328:Actuary § History
306:, the adoption of the
168:for small businesses,
41:
5140:Population statistics
5082:System identification
4816:Autocorrelation (ACF)
4744:Exponential smoothing
4658:Discriminant analysis
4653:Canonical correlation
4517:Partition of variance
4379:Regression validation
4223:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
4122:Likelihood-ratio test
3811:Frequentist inference
3723:Locationâscale family
3644:Sampling distribution
3609:Statistical inference
3576:Cross-sectional study
3563:Observational studies
3522:Randomized experiment
3351:Stem-and-leaf display
3153:Central limit theorem
2597:Out-of-pocket expense
2458:Workers' compensation
2112:Collateral protection
2102:Business interruption
1800:. Digital Chicago Inc
1432:Humane Studies Review
685:Nieto & Jung 2006
570:Scenario optimization
486:) in London in 1762.
201:in the United States.
195:collective bargaining
35:
5063:Probabilistic design
4648:Principal components
4491:Exponential families
4443:Nonlinear regression
4422:General linear model
4384:Mixed effects models
4374:Errors and residuals
4351:Confounding variable
4253:Bayesian probability
4231:Van der Waerden test
4221:Ordered alternative
3986:Multiple comparisons
3865:RaoâBlackwellization
3828:Estimating equations
3784:Statistical distance
3502:Factorial experiment
3035:Arithmetic-Geometric
2820:Corpus Juris Civilis
1193:Harcourt, Bernard E.
1155:(192â206): 596â610.
894:, pp. 224, 230.
166:key person insurance
156:, the production of
95:financial accounting
5135:Official statistics
5058:Methods engineering
4739:Seasonal adjustment
4507:Poisson regressions
4427:Bayesian regression
4366:Regression analysis
4346:Partial correlation
4318:Regression analysis
3917:Prediction interval
3912:Likelihood interval
3902:Confidence interval
3894:Interval estimation
3855:Unbiased estimators
3673:Model specification
3553:Up-and-down designs
3241:Partial correlation
3197:Index of dispersion
3115:Interquartile range
2879:Rochdale Principles
2874:Mutual savings bank
2869:Mutual organization
2854:Cooperative banking
2771:Mesopotamian banker
2051:Longevity insurance
1413:on October 20, 2011
1403:"Actuarial History"
989:on February 4, 2006
711:, pp. 169â171.
426:Initial development
354:financial economics
293:financial economics
146:financial economics
36:2003 US mortality (
5290:Applied statistics
5155:Spatial statistics
5035:Medical statistics
4935:First hitting time
4889:Whittle likelihood
4540:Degrees of freedom
4535:Multivariate ANOVA
4468:Heteroscedasticity
4280:Bayesian estimator
4245:Bayesian inference
4094:KolmogorovâSmirnov
3979:Randomization test
3949:Testing hypotheses
3922:Tolerance interval
3833:Maximum likelihood
3728:Exponential family
3661:Density estimation
3621:Statistical theory
3581:Natural experiment
3527:Scientific control
3444:Survey methodology
3130:Standard deviation
2631:Insurable interest
2132:Payment protection
2033:Payment protection
1813:"Actuary Overview"
1720:. pp. 149â150
530:Actuarial notation
437:probability theory
407:friendly societies
255:casualty insurance
87:probability theory
42:
5270:Actuarial science
5257:
5256:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5130:National accounts
5100:Actuarial science
5092:Social statistics
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4912:Survival function
4897:
4896:
4759:Granger causality
4600:Contingency table
4575:Survival analysis
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4404:Linear regression
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4270:Credible interval
4239:
4238:
4022:
4021:
3838:Method of moments
3707:Parametric family
3668:Statistical model
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3512:Random assignment
3434:Statistical power
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3213:Contingency table
3183:
3182:
3050:Generalized/power
2931:
2930:
2776:Code of Hammurabi
2751:Vehicle insurance
2646:Replacement value
2538:Actual cash value
2502:Adverse selection
2492:Actuarial science
2466:
2465:
2398:Kidnap and ransom
2371:Extended warranty
2018:Income protection
1921:Actuarial science
1797:Chicago Sun-Times
1770:
1732:
1623:on March 20, 2012
1381:
918:, pp. 50â51.
892:Michelbacher 1920
687:, pp. 28â33.
540:Black swan theory
433:compound interest
389:Pre-formalisation
245:general insurance
162:compound interest
45:Actuarial science
16:(Redirected from
5297:
5245:
5244:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5207:
5206:
5110:Crime statistics
5004:
5003:
4991:
4990:
4908:
4907:
4874:Fourier analysis
4861:Frequency domain
4841:
4788:
4754:Structural break
4714:
4713:
4663:Cluster analysis
4610:Log-linear model
4583:
4582:
4558:
4557:
4499:
4473:Homoscedasticity
4329:
4328:
4305:
4304:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4207:(KruskalâWallis)
4192:
4177:
4132:Cross validation
4117:
4099:AndersonâDarling
4046:
4033:
4032:
4004:Likelihood-ratio
3996:Parametric tests
3974:Permutation test
3957:1- & 2-tails
3848:Minimum distance
3820:Point estimation
3816:
3815:
3767:Optimal decision
3718:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3586:Quasi-experiment
3536:Adaptive designs
3387:
3386:
3374:
3373:
3251:Rank correlation
3013:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2990:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2889:Social insurance
2844:Friendly society
2736:Health insurance
2564:Short rate table
2312:Catastrophe bond
2213:Lenders mortgage
1974:
1973:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1751:. Translated by
1734:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1700:
1663:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1616:. Archived from
1599:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1574:. Archived from
1569:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1523:. Archived from
1511:
1509:
1508:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1409:. Archived from
1397:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1329:. Archived from
1321:
1319:
1318:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1201:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1164:
1144:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1078:
1051:(4th ed.).
1043:
1041:
1040:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1007:
997:
995:
994:
988:
981:
972:
970:
969:
956:
938:
919:
916:MacGinnitie 1980
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
443:, the father of
435:was studied and
403:burial insurance
346:asset allocation
99:computer science
21:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5285:Formal sciences
5260:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5216:
5187:
5149:
5086:
5072:quality control
5039:
5021:Clinical trials
4998:
4973:
4957:
4945:Hazard function
4939:
4893:
4855:
4839:
4802:
4798:BreuschâGodfrey
4786:
4763:
4703:
4678:Factor analysis
4624:
4605:Graphical model
4577:
4544:
4511:
4497:
4477:
4431:
4398:
4360:
4323:
4322:
4291:
4235:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4190:
4175:
4154:Rank statistics
4148:
4127:Model selection
4115:
4073:Goodness of fit
4067:
4044:
4018:
3990:
3943:
3888:
3877:Median unbiased
3805:
3716:
3649:Order statistic
3611:
3590:
3557:
3531:
3483:
3438:
3381:
3379:Data collection
3360:
3272:
3227:
3201:
3179:
3139:
3091:
3008:Continuous data
2998:
2985:
2967:
2962:
2932:
2927:
2905:
2901:Insurance cycle
2864:Fraternal order
2757:
2688:
2682:
2641:Proximate cause
2636:Insurance fraud
2616:General average
2575:Claims adjuster
2517:Risk management
2512:Risk assessment
2476:
2473:
2462:
2428:Prize indemnity
2295:
2243:
2237:
2166:
2127:Over-redemption
2085:
2037:
2028:National health
1969:
1963:
1958:
1919:
1900:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1837:
1824:
1822:
1803:
1801:
1789:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1759:
1753:Richard Crawley
1723:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1652:
1635:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1597:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1554:
1552:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1506:
1504:
1492:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1458:
1445:
1443:
1416:
1414:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1370:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1316:
1314:
1279:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1236:
1234:
1216:10.2307/1600548
1199:
1183:
1181:
1142:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1105:
1092:
1090:
1067:
1038:
1036:
1019:
1017:
1005:
992:
990:
986:
979:
967:
965:
936:
927:
922:
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
842:
838:
830:
826:
818:
814:
806:
799:
791:
787:
779:
775:
767:
763:
755:
751:
747:, pp. 8â9.
743:
739:
731:
727:
719:
715:
707:
703:
695:
691:
683:
679:
671:
667:
659:
655:
647:
643:
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
595:
587:
583:
579:
574:
515:
497:
477:
475:Early actuaries
428:
391:
330:
324:
289:
276:
229:
182:consumer choice
130:
125:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5303:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5239:
5227:
5213:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5018:
5016:Bioinformatics
5012:
5010:
5000:
4999:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4821:partial (PACF)
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4768:Specific tests
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4668:Classification
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4615:McNemar's test
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4453:Semiparametric
4450:
4445:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4194:
4191:(MannâWhitney)
4186:
4185:
4184:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4116:(ShapiroâWilk)
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4048:
4036:
4030:
4028:Specific tests
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3824:
3822:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3479:Standard error
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Optimal design
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3206:Summary tables
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Contraharmonic
3037:
3032:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3000:
2999:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2922:List of topics
2918:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2807:Burial society
2797:
2796:
2795:
2789:§235â238; §240
2781:§100â105; §126
2773:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:Climate change
2723:
2721:United Kingdom
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2666:Underinsurance
2663:
2658:
2656:Self-insurance
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Political risk
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Legal expenses
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Builder's risk
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:Business owner
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Universal life
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Long-term care
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1899:
1898:External links
1896:
1895:
1894:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1830:
1809:
1787:
1741:(1994â2009) .
1735:
1701:
1675:(5): 538â568.
1664:
1650:
1633:
1590:
1560:
1539:
1512:
1485:
1451:
1423:
1398:
1345:
1322:
1290:(4): 733â737.
1272:
1242:
1189:
1136:Halley, Edmond
1132:
1098:
1079:
1065:
1044:
1025:
998:
973:
947:(2): 165â171.
941:ASTIN Bulletin
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:
908:
906:, p. 168.
896:
884:
872:
860:
858:, p. 166.
848:
846:, p. 235.
836:
824:
812:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
733:Economist 2006
725:
713:
701:
689:
677:
665:
653:
641:
629:
617:
605:
601:Needleman 2010
593:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
525:Actuarial exam
522:
516:
514:
511:
496:
493:
488:William Morgan
484:Equitable Life
476:
473:
465:Halley's comet
427:
424:
390:
387:
383:
382:
379:
376:
369:
338:arbitrage-free
323:
320:
288:
285:
275:
272:
228:
225:
224:
223:
202:
190:
177:
134:life insurance
129:
126:
124:
121:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5302:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5250:
5249:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Geostatistics
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5145:Psychometrics
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5008:Biostatistics
5005:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4970:
4969:Log-rank test
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4840:(BoxâJenkins)
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:DurbinâWatson
4791:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:DickeyâFuller
4773:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Cointegration
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Decomposition
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Cohen's kappa
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Nonparametric
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:Nonparametric
4195:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4167:Sample median
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3772:loss function
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Questionnaire
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Control chart
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:United States
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:Force majeure
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2531:Value of life
2529:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Interest rate
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Inland marine
2259:
2257:
2256:GAP insurance
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:Communication
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Unitised fund
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Mortgage life
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1885:on 2006-06-29
1881:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1851:on 2006-07-24
1847:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1651:0-415-11363-6
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1581:on 2006-09-23
1577:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1530:on 2006-09-23
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1503:(14): 201â249
1502:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1476:on 2006-07-21
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1442:on 2006-06-14
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1336:on 2007-03-27
1332:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1263:on 2006-07-24
1259:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1123:on 2006-01-03
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1089:on 2008-04-04
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1066:0-9624762-2-6
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1034:
1033:The Economist
1030:
1026:
1015:
1011:
1004:
999:
985:
978:
974:
964:
960:
955:
950:
946:
942:
935:
930:
929:
917:
912:
905:
904:BĂŒhlmann 1997
900:
893:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
857:
856:BĂŒhlmann 1997
852:
845:
840:
834:, p. 38.
833:
828:
821:
816:
809:
804:
802:
794:
789:
782:
781:Johnston 1932
777:
770:
765:
758:
757:Moriarty 2006
753:
746:
745:Feldblum 2001
741:
734:
729:
722:
717:
710:
709:BĂŒhlmann 1997
705:
698:
693:
686:
681:
674:
673:Harcourt 2003
669:
662:
657:
650:
645:
638:
633:
626:
621:
614:
609:
602:
597:
590:
585:
581:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
510:
507:
506:deterministic
503:
492:
489:
485:
481:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:Edmond Halley
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
386:
380:
377:
374:
370:
367:
366:
365:
361:
357:
355:
351:
350:discount rate
347:
342:
339:
334:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
284:
280:
271:
269:
264:
261:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
221:
216:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
191:
188:
183:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:
149:
147:
143:
142:pension funds
139:
138:present value
135:
120:
118:
114:
113:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5246:
5234:
5215:
5208:
5120:Econometrics
5099:
5070: /
5053:Chemometrics
5030:Epidemiology
5023: /
4996:Applications
4838:ARIMA model
4785:Q-statistic
4734:Stationarity
4630:Multivariate
4573: /
4569: /
4567:Multivariate
4565: /
4505: /
4501: /
4275:Bayes factor
4174:Signed rank
4086:
4060:
4052:
4040:
3735:Completeness
3571:Cohort study
3469:Opinion poll
3404:Missing data
3391:Study design
3346:Scatter plot
3268:Scatter plot
3261:Spearman's Ï
3223:Grouped data
2920:
2913:
2859:Credit union
2825:
2818:
2799:
2671:Underwriting
2626:Insurability
2608:
2587:Co-insurance
2557:
2553:Cancellation
2491:
2344:Catastrophic
2329:Climate risk
2157:Trade credit
1909:
1887:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1865:Bibliography
1853:. Retrieved
1846:the original
1841:
1823:. Retrieved
1816:
1802:. Retrieved
1795:
1766:
1760:. Retrieved
1747:
1728:
1722:. Retrieved
1713:
1672:
1668:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1605:
1601:
1583:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1553:. Retrieved
1547:
1532:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1520:
1505:. Retrieved
1500:
1496:
1478:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1466:
1462:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1435:
1431:
1417:February 27,
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1377:
1371:. Retrieved
1357:
1338:. Retrieved
1331:the original
1315:. Retrieved
1287:
1283:
1265:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1253:
1235:. Retrieved
1207:
1203:
1182:. Retrieved
1152:
1146:
1125:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1113:
1109:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:the original
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1035:. 2006-01-26
1032:
1018:. Retrieved
1016:(145): 45â76
1013:
1009:
991:. Retrieved
984:the original
966:. Retrieved
944:
940:
911:
899:
887:
882:, p. 4.
880:Hickman 2004
875:
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
788:
783:, §475â§476.
776:
764:
752:
740:
728:
716:
704:
692:
680:
668:
656:
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
498:
480:James Dodson
478:
429:
399:Roman empire
392:
384:
362:
358:
335:
331:
297:
290:
281:
277:
265:
249:
230:
131:
110:
107:
84:
77:
49:mathematical
44:
43:
29:
5248:WikiProject
5163:Cartography
5125:Jurimetrics
5077:Reliability
4808:Time domain
4787:(LjungâBox)
4709:Time-series
4587:Categorical
4571:Time-series
4563:Categorical
4498:(Bernoulli)
4333:Correlation
4313:Correlation
4109:JarqueâBera
4081:Chi-squared
3843:M-estimator
3796:Asymptotics
3740:Sufficiency
3507:Interaction
3419:Replication
3399:Effect size
3356:Violin plot
3336:Radar chart
3316:Forest plot
3306:Correlogram
3256:Kendall's Ï
2894:Trade union
2849:Cooperative
2522:Uncertainty
2381:Index-based
2349:Multi-peril
2307:Reinsurance
2266:Public auto
2171:Residential
1904:âč The
1842:The Actuary
925:Works cited
844:Ogborn 1956
820:Halley 1693
721:D'Arcy 1989
697:Whelan 2002
565:Ruin theory
550:Data mining
449:John Graunt
393:Elementary
268:reinsurance
158:life tables
57:assess risk
55:methods to
53:statistical
5280:Demography
5264:Categories
5115:Demography
4833:ARMA model
4638:Regression
4215:(Friedman)
4176:(Wilcoxon)
4114:Normality
4104:Lilliefors
4051:Student's
3927:Resampling
3801:Robustness
3789:divergence
3779:Efficiency
3717:(monotone)
3712:Likelihood
3629:Population
3462:Stratified
3414:Population
3233:Dependence
3189:Count data
3120:Percentile
3097:Dispersion
3030:Arithmetic
2965:Statistics
2689:by country
2687:Insurance
2661:Total loss
2582:Deductible
2543:Cash value
2487:Act of God
2472:Insurance
2386:Parametric
2366:Expatriate
2242:Transport/
2208:Landlords'
2193:Earthquake
2081:Whole life
2001:Disability
1889:2006-06-28
1855:2006-06-28
1825:2024-08-20
1804:2006-06-21
1762:2006-06-27
1739:Thucydides
1724:2006-06-28
1640:. London:
1585:2006-09-18
1555:2010-01-07
1534:2006-06-28
1507:2006-06-28
1480:2006-06-28
1446:2006-06-26
1373:2006-06-26
1340:2010-09-27
1317:2006-07-01
1267:2006-06-28
1237:2018-10-02
1184:2006-06-21
1127:2006-06-28
1093:2010-09-26
1075:2001088378
1039:2006-04-10
1020:2006-06-28
993:2006-06-28
968:2006-06-28
832:Lewin 2007
769:Thucydides
649:CHBRP 2004
637:Hsiao 2004
625:Hsiao 2001
589:Frees 1990
577:References
502:stochastic
457:life table
445:demography
411:columbÄria
395:mutual aid
326:See also:
103:stochastic
73:investment
5275:Insurance
4496:Logistic
4263:posterior
4189:Rank sum
3937:Jackknife
3932:Bootstrap
3750:Bootstrap
3685:Parameter
3634:Statistic
3429:Statistic
3341:Run chart
3326:Pie chart
3321:Histogram
3311:Fan chart
3286:Bar chart
3168:L-moments
3055:Geometric
2835:Syndicate
2801:Collegium
2696:Australia
2651:Risk pool
2621:Indemnity
2592:Copayment
2526:Knightian
2438:Terrorism
2408:Liability
2276:Satellite
2137:Pollution
2061:Term life
1970:insurance
1968:Types of
1961:Insurance
1777:cite book
1697:144800554
1689:0093-8548
1642:Routledge
1627:April 27,
1388:cite book
1351:(1932) .
1224:0041-9494
1179:186214203
1171:0260-7085
963:0515-0361
868:Slud 2006
793:Loan 1992
241:liability
208:(OCACT),
154:mortality
123:Subfields
91:economics
79:Actuaries
61:insurance
18:Actuarial
5210:Category
4903:Survival
4780:Johansen
4503:Binomial
4458:Isotonic
4045:(normal)
3690:location
3497:Blocking
3452:Sampling
3331:QâQ plot
3296:Box plot
3278:Graphics
3173:Skewness
3163:Kurtosis
3135:Variance
3065:Heronian
3060:Harmonic
2915:Category
2793:§275â277
2711:Pakistan
2559:Pro rata
2448:War risk
2413:No-fault
2324:Casualty
2281:Shipping
2251:Aviation
2228:Renters'
2223:Property
2218:Mortgage
2188:Contents
2162:Umbrella
2122:Fidelity
2090:Business
1986:Accident
1906:template
1660:94042650
1367:32007692
1312:37841066
1304:11523960
1195:(2003).
1138:(1693).
513:See also
251:Property
237:casualty
233:property
5236:Commons
5183:Kriging
5068:Process
5025:studies
4884:Wavelet
4717:General
3884:Plug-in
3678:L space
3457:Cluster
3158:Moments
2976:Outline
2840:Benefit
2827:Digesta
2763:History
2497:Actuary
2453:Weather
2443:Tuition
2433:Takaful
2361:Deposit
2291:Vehicle
1908:below (
1232:1600548
469:premium
322:History
310:by the
266:In the
260:D&O
69:finance
65:pension
5105:Census
4695:Normal
4643:Manova
4463:Robust
4213:2-way
4205:1-way
4043:-test
3714:
3291:Biplot
3082:Median
3075:Lehmer
3017:Center
2716:Serbia
2676:Profit
2548:Broker
2474:policy
2286:Travel
2271:Marine
2178:Boiler
2152:Surety
1996:Dental
1978:Health
1925:Curlie
1911:Curlie
1821:. 2024
1757:Greece
1695:
1687:
1658:
1648:
1365:
1310:
1302:
1230:
1222:
1177:
1169:
1073:
1063:
961:
453:cohort
441:draper
419:surety
302:, the
243:, and
4729:Trend
4258:prior
4200:anova
4089:-test
4063:-test
4055:-test
3962:Power
3907:Pivot
3700:shape
3695:scale
3145:Shape
3125:Range
3070:Heinz
3045:Cubic
2981:Index
2812:Guild
2706:India
2701:China
2570:Claim
2376:Group
2356:Cyber
2334:Crime
2300:Other
2233:Title
2198:Flood
1883:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1838:(PDF)
1718:(PDF)
1709:(PDF)
1693:S2CID
1621:(PDF)
1598:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1568:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
1493:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1467:LXVII
1459:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
1308:S2CID
1280:(PDF)
1261:(PDF)
1250:(PDF)
1228:JSTOR
1200:(PDF)
1175:S2CID
1143:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
1106:(PDF)
1014:LXXVI
1006:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
980:(PDF)
937:(PDF)
4962:Test
4162:Sign
4014:Wald
3087:Mode
3025:Mean
2785:§234
2507:Risk
2477:and
2339:Crop
2203:Home
2097:Bond
2043:Life
1783:link
1685:ISSN
1656:LCCN
1646:ISBN
1629:2011
1419:2012
1394:link
1363:LCCN
1300:PMID
1220:ISSN
1167:ISSN
1114:XLII
1071:LCCN
1061:ISBN
959:ISSN
463:(of
405:and
373:FASB
253:and
172:and
117:STEM
97:and
51:and
38:life
4142:BIC
4137:AIC
2479:law
2418:Pet
1923:at
1677:doi
1610:doi
1292:doi
1212:doi
1157:doi
949:doi
59:in
5266::
2791:;
2787:;
2783:;
1840:.
1815:.
1794:.
1779:}}
1775:{{
1765:.
1755:.
1745:.
1727:.
1711:.
1691:.
1683:.
1673:29
1671:.
1654:.
1644:.
1606:82
1604:.
1600:.
1546:.
1519:.
1501:VI
1499:.
1495:.
1465:.
1461:.
1434:.
1430:.
1405:.
1390:}}
1386:{{
1376:.
1355:.
1306:.
1298:.
1288:26
1286:.
1282:.
1252:.
1226:.
1218:.
1208:70
1206:.
1202:.
1173:.
1165:.
1153:17
1151:.
1145:.
1112:.
1108:.
1069:.
1059:.
1055::
1031:.
1012:.
1008:.
957:.
945:27
943:.
939:.
800:^
447:,
356:.
239:,
235:,
148:.
119:.
93:,
71:,
67:,
63:,
4087:G
4061:F
4053:t
4041:Z
3760:V
3755:U
2957:e
2950:t
2943:v
2842:/
2524:/
1953:e
1946:t
1939:v
1892:.
1858:.
1828:.
1807:.
1785:)
1699:.
1679::
1662:.
1631:.
1612::
1588:.
1558:.
1537:.
1510:.
1483:.
1449:.
1436:7
1421:.
1396:)
1343:.
1320:.
1294::
1270:.
1240:.
1214::
1187:.
1159::
1130:.
1096:.
1077:.
1042:.
1023:.
996:.
971:.
951::
870:.
822:.
810:.
795:.
771:.
759:.
735:.
723:.
699:.
675:.
663:.
651:.
639:.
627:.
615:.
603:.
591:.
375:.
176:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
