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524:, an inspiring lecturer and experimentalist who was among the earliest research chemists in India. Soon captivated by experimental science, Ray decided to make chemistry his career, as he recognised that his country's future would greatly depend on his progress in science. His passion for experimentation led him to set up a miniature chemistry laboratory at a classmate's lodgings and reproducing some of Pedler's demonstrations; on one occasion, he narrowly escaped injury when a faulty apparatus exploded violently. He passed the FA exam in 1881 with a second division, and was admitted to the BA (B-course) degree of the University of Calcutta as a chemistry student, with a view towards pursuing higher studies in the field. Having learnt Latin and French in addition to achieving a "fair mastery" of Sanskrit, a compulsory subject at the FA level, Ray applied for a Gilchrist Prize Scholarship while studying for his BA examination; the scholarship required a knowledge of at least four languages. After an all-India competitive examination, Ray won one of the two scholarships, and enrolled as a BSc. student at the
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638:. Some chemists, including one Vohl, subsequently claimed to have isolated numerous double-double and multiple-double sulfates including supposed "triple-double," and "quadruple-double" structures. These were purportedly the result of two double sulfates of Type I (differing in the bivalent metal Mb) combining in definite integral proportions to yield new molecular double salts. Others who had attempted to reproduce those experiments reported their inability to do so. Prior to Ray's taking up the problem, in 1886,
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nitrites and hyponitrites of different metals, and on nitrites of ammonia and organic amines. He and his students had crumbled this field for several years, leading to a long discipline of research laboratories. Prafulla
Chandra said that it was a new chapter in life that started with the unanticipated discovery of mercurous nitrite (NOT mercurous nitrate). Prafulla Chandra, in 1896, noticed the formation of a yellow crystalline solid with the reaction of excess
472:. At the college, Harish Chandra received a thorough grounding in English, Sanskrit and Persian, though he was ultimately forced to end his studies to help support his family. Liberal and cultured, Harish Chandra pioneered English-medium education and women's education in his village, establishing both a middle school for boys and one for girls, and admitting his wife and sister to the latter. Harish Chandra was strongly associated with the
853:”. British Chemist, Henry H. Armstrong stated: ‘The way in which you have gradually made yourself “master of nitrites” is very interesting and the fact that you have established that as a class they are far from being the unstable bodies, chemists had supposed, is an important addition to our knowledge.’ Prafulla Chandra retired from the Presidency College in 1916, and joined the Calcutta University College of Science (also known as
508:, whose passionately held ideals, including an emphasis on the value of service and the need to continually strive for India's rejuvenation, left a definite and lasting impression on Ray, who took those values to heart. While deeply influenced by Sen, Ray preferred a more democratic environment than the mainstream Brahmo Samaj under Sen's guidance could provide; consequently, in 1879 he joined the
610:; Bright's sympathetic reply to Ray was published in leading newspapers across Britain under the title "John Bright's Letter to an Indian Student." The following year, Ray published his paper as a booklet entitled "Essay on India," which likewise earned its author wide attention in British political circles.
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had concluded in their paper that double-double and higher-order sulfate salts did not exist as definite structures, deeming Vohl's experimental findings inexplicable. While Ray noted such findings placed Vohl's research in doubt, he reasoned "the position was unclear and further research was called
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under the
British East India Company's district collector of Krishnanagar and Jessore, and had amassed considerable wealth in the service of the company. After succeeding to his father's post, Ray's grandfather Anandlal, a progressive man, sent his son Harish Chandra to receive a modern education at
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P C Ray was a staunch nationalist who had observed the deterioration that Indian society had undergone due to suppression by the
British. He was sympathetic towards the revolutionaries and would make arrangements for their shelter and food at his factories. After his death, many revolutionaries and
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Around 1895 Prafulla
Chandra started his work in the field of discovering nitrite chemistry which turned out to be extremely effective. In 1896, he published a paper on preparation of a new stable chemical compound: mercurous nitrite. This work made way for a large number of investigative papers on
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Ray was awarded the Hope Prize which allowed him to work on his research for a further period of one year after completion of his doctorate. His thesis title was "Conjugated
Sulphates of the Copper-magnesium Group: A Study of Isomorphous Mixtures and Molecular Combinations". While a student he was
884:. Long before that, on the completion of his 60th year in 1921, he made a free gift of his entire salary to the Calcutta University from that date onward, to be spent for the furtherance of chemical research, and the development of the Department of Chemistry in the University College of Science.
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For some years, science had recognised numerous double sulfates (then also known as "vitriols") occurred in nature as mineral salts. The natural combination of sulfates of bivalent metals with monovalent metal sulfates in a 1:1 ratio results in the formation of double sulfates chemically distinct
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Though Ray had primarily focused on history and literature until this stage, chemistry was then a compulsory subject in the FA degree. As the
Metropolitan Institution offered no facilities for science courses at the time, Ray attended physics and chemistry lectures as an external student at the
64:
488:; owing to his concentrated self-study over the preceding two years, his teachers found him to have advanced much further than the rest of the students in his assigned class. During this period, he attended Sen's Sunday evening sermons and was deeply influenced by his
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He was a synthetic
Inorganic chemist with active research in organic molecules and reactions more specifically to thio-organic compounds. The initial work that made him famous was based on the chemistry of inorganic and organic nitrites, he was regarded as
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at a time when research in the field appeared to be making limited progress compared to organic chemistry. Following an extensive review of available inorganic chemistry literature, Ray decided to explore the specific natures of structural affinities in
460:. Ray was one of seven siblings, having four brothers – Jnanendra Chandra, Nalini Kanta, Purna Chandra and Buddha Dev – and two sisters, Indumati and Belamati, both born after their brothers. All except Buddha Dev and Belamati survived to adulthood.
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congratulated him for his achievement. On 15 August 1912 Nature magazine published the news of 'ammonium nitrite in tangible form' and the determination of the vapour density of 'this very fugitive salt'. The
Journal of Chemical Society,
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is one of the notable contributions of P. C. Ray. He proved that the pure ammonium nitrite is indeed stable by bring to pass a lot of experiments and explained then it can be sublimed even at 60 °C without decomposition.
393:, educationist, historian, industrialist and philanthropist. He established the first modern Indian research school in chemistry (post classical age) and is regarded as the Father of Indian Chemistry.
548:. He received his BSc. in 1885. During his student years at Edinburgh, Ray continued to nurture his strong interests in history and political science, reading works by prominent authors including
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observing "It contains information in reference to India which will not be found elsewhere, and is deserving of the utmost notice." A copy of the paper was read by the distinguished orator and
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was named the "National
Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.
492:. In 1878, he passed the school's Entrance Examination (matriculation exams) with a First Division, and was admitted as an FA (First Arts) student to the Metropolitan Institution (later
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and warned the
British government of the consequences of its reactionary attitudes, was nonetheless assessed as one of the best entries and was highly praised by
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He contributed articles in Bengali to many monthly magazines, particularly on scientific topics. He published the first volume of his autobiography
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his colleagues mentioned about his indirect support and help in manufacturing explosives. The Government records of that time mention him as a “
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This result was first published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. That was forthwith noticed by Nature magazine on 28 May 1896.
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He prepared a lot of such compounds by double displacement. After that he worked on mercury alkyl- and mercury alkyl aryl-ammonium nitrites.
690:. Unfortunately multiple sources wrongly attribute this as mercurous nitrate instead of mercurous nitrite. The ionic reactions involved are
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948:. In 1922, he donated money to establish Nagarjuna Prize to be awarded for the best work in chemistry. In 1937, another award, named after
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After recovering from an illness, Ray moved to Calcutta in 1876 and was admitted to the Albert School, established by the Brahmo reformer
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from their original constituent species. By the 1850s, a number of double sulfates had been artificially synthesized, including
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radicals and organic sulphides. A number of papers were published on this work in the Journal of the Indian Chemical Society.
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574:. In 1885, he entered an essay competition held by the university for the best essay on "India before and after
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Conjugated Sulphates of the Copper-Magnesium Group: A Study of Isomorphous Mixtures and Molecular Combinations
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honoured his life and work with the first ever Chemical Landmark Plaque outside Europe. He was the founder of
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925:. The second volume was published in 1909. The work was result of many years' search through ancient
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in 1932, and dedicated it to the youth of India. The second volume of this work was issued in 1935.
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1974:
1809:"Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of the Stability of Sir P. C. Ray's Mercurous Nitrite Compound"
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He started a new Indian School of Chemistry in 1924. Ray was president of the 1920 session of the
528:
without completing his original degree. He sailed for the United Kingdom in August 1882, aged 21.
2523:
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1994:
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Chatterjee, Santimay (1985). "Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray: The Growth and Decline of a Legend".
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as the subject of his thesis. Within this area, Ray chose to research metal double sulfates.
586:, the recently appointed Principal of the University and a former lieutenant-governor of the
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Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion
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952:, to be awarded for the best work in zoology or botany, was established from his donation.
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On a conference of the Chemical Society in London, he submitted the result. Nobel laureate
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A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century
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1384:"Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray: A Scientist, Teacher, Author and a Patriotic Entrepreneur"
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and his demonstrator John Gibson, a former student of Brown's who had also studied under
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A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of Sixteenth Century
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617:. Although his thesis advisor Crum Brown was an organic chemist, Ray was drawn towards
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The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1943
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865:. Here also he got a dedicated team and he started working on compounds of gold,
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synthesis in pure form through double displacement ammonium between chloride and
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For a complete list of his published scientific papers, see his obituary in the
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elected vice-president of the University of Edinburgh Chemical Society in 1888.
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806:
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445:). He was the third child and son of Harish Chandra Raychowdhury (d. 1893), a
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2800:
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567:
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476:, and Ray would maintain his connections with the Samaj throughout his life.
27:
Bengali chemist, educationist, nationalist, industrialist and philanthropist
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2601:
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1960:
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Samanta, Subhas; Goswami, Sreebrata; Chakravorty, Animesh (February 2011).
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313:
1704:"29 Interesting Facts about Prafulla Chandra Ray- father of Indian Pharma"
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Prafulla Chandra Ray was born in the village of Raruli-Katipara, then in
100:
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442:
1507:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
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Felicitated by the Corporation of Calcutta on his 80th birthday (1941)
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Felicitated by the Corporation of Calcutta on his 70th birthday (1932)
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1737:
1524:
Bose, Debendra Mohan (1962). "Acharya Prafullachandra Ray: A Study".
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In 1936, at the age of 75, he retired from active service and became
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2113:"University of Dhaka || the highest echelon of academic excellence"
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1869:"Master of Nitrites: Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray by Rajeev Singh"
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and his wife Bhubanmohini Devi (d. 1904), the daughter of a local
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93:
86:
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Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, C. 1784–1947
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He had written 107 papers in all branches of Chemistry by 1920.
1671:"On mercurous nitrite and a basic mercurous nitrate derivative"
811:
504:, the prominent Indian nationalist and future president of the
278:
89:
663:
Bust of Prafulla Chandra Ray which is placed in the garden of
2165:"Royal society honour for father of Indian chemistry P C Ray"
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in India. Ray's essay was widely publicised in Britain, with
520:. He was especially drawn to the chemistry courses taught by
158:
154:
1427:
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Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata
1773:"The Chemical Researches of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray"
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1416:
984:, Kolkata on his 150th birth anniversary (2 August 2011).
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Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS)
500:. The English literature teacher at the Institution was
2762:
2023:. Indian National Science Academy. 1935. Archived from
1556:"The Doctoral Research of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray"
1463:
Science and National Consciousness in Bengal: 1870–1930
1137:(RSC), the first to be situated outside Europe (2011).
980:
An exhibition on Prafulla Chandra Ray was held at the
768:
578:." His submission, which was strongly critical of the
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1198:. Calcutta: Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works.
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Chemical Research at the Presidency College, Calcutta
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published the experimental details in the same year.
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under the experimental condition of its preparation.
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1935:"'The History of Hindu Chemistry' A Critical Review"
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After obtaining his BSc degree, Ray embarked on his
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At Edinburgh, Ray began his chemistry studies under
1922:. London, Oxford : Williams and Norgate. 1902.
1802:
1800:
1016:
389:; 2 August 1861 – 16 June 1944) was an Indian
2191:
2012:
2010:
512:, a more flexible offshoot of the original Samaj.
2836:Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute
2776:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
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1059:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
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209:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
2947:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata
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1116:Felicitated by the Corporation of Karachi (1933)
479:
2007:
1733:"Acharya P. C. Ray: Father of Indian chemistry"
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1308:
1306:
1304:
1148:, a documentary film about the chemist in 1961.
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1932:
1480:
1071:Honorary Doctor of Philosophy degree from the
936:He donated money regularly towards welfare of
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2190:Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999).
1459:
1444:
2967:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
2957:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
2841:Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute
2786:S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
2003:(Supplement). 31 December 1918. p. 106.
1333:
1301:
463:Ray's great-grandfather Maniklal had been a
1896:"'Revolutionary in the Garb of a Scientist"
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1327:
665:Birla Industrial & Technological Museum
2846:National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
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2741:
2268:
2254:
1617:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1123:from Korotia College, Mymensingh (now the
955:
921:In 1902, he published the first volume of
891:"Revolutionary in the garb of a Scientist"
761:mercurous nitrite survives because of its
63:
2816:National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
2138:"University and Educational Intelligence"
2086:"University and Educational Intelligence"
1983:(Supplement). 11 June 1912. p. 4300.
1950:
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1284:
1282:
964:Signature of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray
898:Revolutionary in the garb of a Scientist.
1993:
1973:
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1381:
1340:. Pearson Education India. p. 137.
975:
967:
959:
916:Life and Experience of a Bengali Chemist
901:
658:
1933:Harsha, N. M.; Nagaraja, T. N. (2010).
1289:"Proceedings of the Chemical Society".
1052:National Institute of Sciences of India
202:National Institute of Sciences of India
14:
2864:
2275:
2222:Works by or about Prafulla Chandra Ray
1317:Journal of the Indian Chemical Society
1315:"Obituary: Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray".
1279:
1258:
1256:
1205:Journal of the Indian Chemical Society
1065:
671:
402:Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals
2942:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
2937:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
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2249:
1893:
1849:. Indian Science Congress Association
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1764:
1762:
1760:
1727:
1725:
1659:
1163:. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
988:
640:Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering
2831:Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
2722:Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine
2231:Publications of Prafulla Chandra Ray
1780:Indian Journal of History of Science
1563:Indian Journal of History of Science
1523:
1391:Indian Journal of History of Science
676:
420:
1806:
1607:(in Bengali). Calcutta. p. 43.
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1497:
1466:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 145–.
1291:Proceedings of the Chemical Society
1253:
1190:
1177:
1167:
1158:
769:Ammonium and alkylammonium nitrites
24:
1757:
1722:
701:+ 2e (Net reaction in presence of
496:) which was established by Pandit
266:College of Science (also known as
25:
2998:
2987:People from the Bengal Presidency
2791:Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
2241:Article from Vigayanprsar website
2215:
1847:"List of Past General Presidents"
1500:"Prafulla Chandra Ray: 1861–1944"
1221:Government P.C. College, Bagerhat
929:manuscripts and through works of
2821:Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
1226:Acharya Prafulla Chandra College
1133:Chemical Landmark Plaque of the
1017:Academic honours and fellowships
437:), in the eastern region of the
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183:
172:
2972:Fellows of the Chemical Society
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1987:
1967:
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1910:
1887:
1861:
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1583:
1264:Indian National Science Academy
1152:
1099:Honorary D.Sc. degree from the
1092:Honorary D.Sc. degree from the
2194:Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema
1708:History of Indian Subcontinent
1590:Ray, Prafulla Chandra (1937).
1576:10.16943/ijhs/2015/v50i4/48315
1314:
570:book on political economy and
532:Student in Britain (1882–1888)
13:
1:
2982:Scientists from British India
2952:University of Calcutta alumni
2236:A Biography (Calcuttaweb.com)
1771:Chakravorty, Animesh (2014).
1554:Chakravorty, Animesh (2015).
1273:
480:Childhood and early education
470:Krishnagar Government College
408:company. He is the author of
2897:20th-century Indian chemists
2892:19th-century Indian chemists
2826:Indian Statistical Institute
2680:Indian Statistical Institute
2444:Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury
2018:"List of Foundation Fellows"
1919:A History of Hindu Chemistry
1786:(4): 361–370. Archived from
1639:; Anne Marie Moulin (1992).
1397:(3): 523–533. Archived from
1194:A History of Hindu Chemistry
1146:Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray
972:Ray on a 1961 stamp of India
910:Literary works and interests
859:Palit Professor of Chemistry
415:
259:Presidency College, Calcutta
18:Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy
7:
2922:People from Khulna District
2637:Self-Realization Fellowship
2346:Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
1678:Indian Journal of Chemistry
1498:Ray, Priyadaranjan (1944).
1382:Majumdar, Sisir K. (2011).
1236:Gilchrist Educational Trust
1214:
1085:Honorary D.Sc. degree from
1078:Honorary D.Sc. degree from
10:
3003:
2198:. British Film Institute.
1645:. Springer. pp. 66–.
1135:Royal Society of Chemistry
1022:Faraday Gold Medal of the
996:Order of the Indian Empire
759:Thermodynamically unstable
398:Royal Society of Chemistry
178:Order of the Indian Empire
2932:Vidyasagar College alumni
2912:Indian inorganic chemists
2771:
2667:
2557:
2534:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
2341:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
2283:
1825:10.1007/s12045-020-0996-9
1186:. Calcutta: Cherry Press.
1125:Government Saadat College
1050:Foundation Fellow of the
1031:Asiatic Society of Bengal
855:Rajabazar Science College
654:
632:ammonium iron(II) sulfate
498:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
383:
336:
331:
327:
305:
293:
277:
268:Rajabazar Science College
251:
225:
218:
200:Foundation Fellow of the
165:
134:
126:
107:
71:
62:
34:
2763:Technical institutes in
2717:Visva-Bharati University
2580:Bangiya Sahitya Parishad
2430:Harish Chandra Mukherjee
2416:Mahanambrata Brahmachari
2171:. PTI. 30 September 2011
2153:(6): 313. December 1937.
1595:
1246:
1231:Prafulla Chandra College
1107:
1087:Banaras Hindu University
572:Essays on Indian Finance
546:University of Heidelberg
506:Indian National Congress
348:Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray
318:Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee
36:Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray
2977:Scientists from Kolkata
2962:Indian Knights Bachelor
2917:Indian organic chemists
2524:Ram Chandra Vidyabagish
2434:Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
2366:Michael Madhusudan Dutt
2336:Upendranath Brahmachari
2101:(10): 114. August 1936.
1939:Ancient Science of Life
1172:. Calcutta: Hare Press.
1101:University of Allahabad
1096:(1920 and 28 July 1936)
1043:Honorary Member of the
1024:University of Edinburgh
956:Recognition and honours
946:Indian Chemical Society
861:", a chair named after
843:Indian Science Congress
588:North-Western Provinces
526:University of Edinburgh
151:University of Edinburgh
121:, Bengal, British India
2796:University of Calcutta
2700:University of Calcutta
2529:Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan
2519:Brahmabandhav Upadhyay
2514:Sitanath Tattwabhushan
2068:University of Calcutta
1894:Singh, Rajeev (2021).
1460:J. Lourdusamy (2004).
1073:University of Calcutta
985:
973:
965:
906:
712:+ 4H + 3e → NO(↑) + 2H
668:
441:of British India (now
142:University of Calcutta
76:Prafulla Chandra Rayaa
2695:Presidency University
2654:Tattwabodhini Patrika
2617:Rabindra Nritya Natya
2544:Paramahansa Yogananda
2459:Akshay Chandra Sarkar
2311:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1334:Uma Dasgupta (2011).
1010:1919 New Year Honours
1000:1912 Birthday Honours
979:
971:
963:
938:Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
905:
754:(↓)(yellow crystals)
662:
564:Revue dex deux mondes
510:Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
502:Surendranath Banerjee
387:Praphulla Chandra Rāy
2509:Fanindra Nath Gooptu
2499:Satyendranath Tagore
2316:Subhash Chandra Bose
2064:"Annual Convocation"
1807:Das, Asim K (2020).
1180:Saral Prani Bijnan (
1029:Fellow of the Royal
942:Brahmo Girls' School
634:or "Mohr's salt" by
601:Member of Parliament
560:L'Inde contemporaine
538:Alexander Crum Brown
384:প্রফুল্ল চন্দ্র রায়
376:Prafulla Chandra Roy
372:Prafulla Chandra Rây
300:Alexander Crum Brown
243:History of chemistry
2907:20th-century Hindus
2902:19th-century Hindus
2806:Jadavpur University
2712:University of Dhaka
2690:Jadavpur University
2504:Jnanadanandini Devi
2494:Rabindranath Tagore
2489:Debendranath Tagore
2469:Brajendra Nath Seal
2371:Romesh Chunder Dutt
2321:Satyendra Nath Bose
2306:Debendra Mohan Bose
1875:. 25 September 2020
1635:Patrick Petitjean;
1526:Science and Culture
1434:Science and Culture
1262:Prior to 1970, the
1142:Harisadhan Dasgupta
1094:University of Dhaka
1066:Honorary doctorates
672:Scientific research
636:Karl Friedrich Mohr
619:inorganic chemistry
264:Calcutta University
233:Inorganic chemistry
2927:Hare School alumni
2675:Chittagong College
2565:Bengali literature
2484:Haraprasad Shastri
2479:Keshub Chandra Sen
2474:Girish Chandra Sen
2464:Mahendralal Sarkar
2449:Raja Ram Mohan Roy
2421:Ashutosh Mukherjee
2351:Akshay Kumar Datta
2277:Bengal Renaissance
2052:. 1943. p. 2.
2000:The London Gazette
1980:The London Gazette
1404:on 1 December 2017
989:Honours and orders
986:
974:
966:
950:Ashutosh Mukherjee
907:
882:professor emeritus
851:Master of Nitrites
669:
518:Presidency College
494:Vidyasagar College
486:Keshub Chandra Sen
322:Jnan Chandra Ghosh
310:Satyendranath Bose
139:Vidyasagar College
2859:
2858:
2730:
2729:
2607:Mahanam Sampraday
2539:Swami Vivekananda
2426:Kalikrishna Mitra
2406:Kazi Nazrul Islam
2396:Aghore Nath Gupta
2381:Kadambini Ganguly
1793:on 29 March 2017.
1745:on 28 August 2002
1652:978-0-7923-1518-6
1473:978-81-250-2674-7
1347:978-81-317-2818-5
1297:(254): 160. 1902.
1208:
1140:Indian filmmaker
1080:Durham University
1045:Deutsche Akademie
994:Companion of the
763:kinetic stability
677:Mercurous nitrite
439:Bengal Presidency
421:Family background
345:
344:
238:Organic chemistry
220:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2994:
2887:Bengali chemists
2757:
2750:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2627:Sambad Prabhakar
2622:Rabindra Sangeet
2439:Gour Govinda Ray
2326:Madhusudan Gupta
2270:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2226:Internet Archive
2210:
2209:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2070:. Archived from
2060:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1741:. Archived from
1729:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1560:
1551:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1495:
1478:
1477:
1457:
1442:
1441:
1429:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1388:
1379:
1352:
1351:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1323:: 253–260. 1944.
1312:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1267:
1260:
1202:
1199:
1191:— (1902).
1187:
1178:— (1902).
1174:(reprinted 1897)
1173:
1168:— (1895).
1164:
1159:— (1886).
1038:Chemical Society
857:) as its first "
774:Ammonium nitrite
615:doctoral studies
553:L'Inde des Rajas
522:Alexander Pedler
490:Sulabha Samachar
427:Jessore District
404:, India's first
385:
341:
306:Notable students
295:Doctoral advisor
289:
195:Chemical Society
187:
176:
114:
67:
32:
31:
21:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2767:
2761:
2731:
2726:
2705:Bethune College
2663:
2642:Yogoda Satsanga
2553:
2386:Monomohun Ghose
2376:Anil Kumar Gain
2301:Rajnarayan Basu
2296:Atul Prasad Sen
2279:
2274:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2146:Current Science
2140:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2094:Current Science
2088:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2074:on 28 May 2012.
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2030:on 14 June 2018
2027:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1972:
1968:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
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1852:
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1805:
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1775:
1769:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1633:
1626:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1558:
1552:
1537:
1522:
1518:
1502:
1496:
1481:
1474:
1458:
1445:
1430:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1355:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1313:
1302:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1217:
1161:Essays on India
1155:
1110:
1068:
1047:, Munich (1919)
1019:
1006:Knight Bachelor
991:
958:
912:
893:
863:Taraknath Palit
836:
832:
828:
824:
800:
796:
792:
788:
771:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
726:
723:+ 2H + 2e → NO
722:
715:
711:
700:
679:
674:
657:
566:. He also read
534:
482:
423:
418:
320:
316:
312:
287:
273:
247:
214:
189:Knight Bachelor
149:
135:Alma mater
122:
116:
112:
103:
80:
78:
77:
58:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2851:IIEST, Shibpur
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Bose Institute
2778:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Bengali poetry
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Ramgopal Ghosh
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:Alexander Duff
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2217:
2216:External links
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2182:
2169:Times of India
2156:
2129:
2104:
2077:
2055:
2041:
2006:
1986:
1966:
1925:
1909:
1886:
1860:
1838:
1819:(6): 787–799.
1796:
1756:
1721:
1710:. 28 June 2018
1695:
1684:(2): 137–140.
1658:
1651:
1637:Catherine Jami
1624:
1582:
1569:(3): 429–437.
1535:
1532:(11): 493–500.
1516:
1479:
1472:
1443:
1415:
1353:
1346:
1326:
1300:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1188:
1182:Simple Science
1175:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:Fellow of the
1055:
1048:
1041:
1036:Fellow of the
1034:
1027:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1003:
990:
987:
957:
954:
911:
908:
892:
889:
839:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
807:William Ramsay
803:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
778:silver nitrite
770:
767:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
724:
720:
713:
709:
703:excess mercury
698:
695:
694:
678:
675:
673:
670:
656:
653:
533:
530:
481:
478:
422:
419:
417:
414:
406:pharmaceutical
370:(also spelled
343:
342:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
324:
307:
303:
302:
297:
291:
290:
281:
275:
274:
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261:
255:
253:
249:
248:
246:
245:
240:
235:
229:
227:
223:
222:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:Fellow of the
205:
198:
193:Fellow of the
191:
181:
169:
167:
163:
162:
136:
132:
131:
130:British Indian
128:
124:
123:
117:
115:(aged 82)
109:
105:
104:
81:
75:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2999:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
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2958:
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2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
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2930:
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2925:
2923:
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2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
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2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:IIT Kharagpur
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Bengali music
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
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2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
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2450:
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2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Eugène Lafont
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Henry Derozio
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Sri Aurobindo
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2205:9780851706696
2201:
2196:
2195:
2186:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1900:Science India
1897:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1744:
1740:
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1709:
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1663:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1602:
1601:Autobiography
1598:
1594:
1586:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1548:
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1544:
1542:
1540:
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1520:
1512:
1508:
1501:
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1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1469:
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1464:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1440:(7): 213–227.
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1378:
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1234:
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1147:
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1129:
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1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
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542:Robert Bunsen
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101:British India
98:
95:
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88:
84:
79:2 August 1861
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
2685:Hindu School
2659:Young Bengal
2612:Nazrul geeti
2602:Gaudiya Math
2595:Brahmo Samaj
2549:Begum Rokeya
2454:Meghnad Saha
2193:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2168:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2117:www.du.ac.bd
2116:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2080:
2072:the original
2058:
2049:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2025:the original
1998:
1989:
1978:
1969:
1945:(2): 58–61.
1942:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:Rajeev Singh
1872:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1841:
1816:
1812:
1788:the original
1783:
1779:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1736:
1712:. Retrieved
1707:
1698:
1681:
1677:
1641:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1566:
1562:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1462:
1437:
1433:
1406:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1394:
1390:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1294:
1290:
1204:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1160:
1153:Bibliography
1145:
1120:
1061:(FIAS; 1943)
982:Science City
935:
931:orientalists
922:
920:
915:
913:
897:
894:
886:
879:
858:
850:
847:
840:
816:
804:
772:
762:
758:
756:
733:
718:
707:
702:
696:
680:
649:
628:
624:double salts
612:
593:The Scotsman
591:
584:William Muir
571:
563:
559:
552:
535:
514:
489:
483:
474:Brahmo Samaj
464:
462:
455:
449:
424:
409:
395:
386:
375:
371:
347:
346:
314:Meghnad Saha
283:
252:Institutions
219:
113:(1944-06-16)
111:16 June 1944
29:
2877:1944 deaths
2872:1861 births
2765:West Bengal
2175:28 February
1995:"No. 31099"
1975:"No. 28617"
1853:28 February
1593:Ātmacaritra
1121:Jnanabaridi
1054:(FNI; 1935)
1040:(FCS; 1902)
688:nitric acid
686:and dilute
644:Emily Aston
608:John Bright
580:British Raj
550:Rousselet's
127:Nationality
2866:Categories
2632:Satyagraha
2401:David Hare
1274:References
1196:, Volume I
873:etc. with
697:2Hg → Hg
605:Birmingham
576:the Mutiny
443:Bangladesh
83:Paikgaccha
2668:Education
2590:Brahmoism
2585:Bhadralok
1833:225851358
1813:Resonance
1738:The Hindu
1690:0975-0975
1613:cite book
1119:Title of
875:mercaptyl
825:Cl + AgNO
789:Cl + AgNO
667:, Kolkata
568:Fawcett's
416:Biography
332:Signature
2649:Swadeshi
1961:22557428
1906:(5): 48.
1879:8 August
1596:আত্মচরিত
1513:: 58–76.
1215:See also
1127:) (1936)
927:Sanskrit
867:platinum
557:Lanoye's
457:taluqdar
451:zamindar
447:Kayastha
431:Dighalia
412:(1902).
119:Calcutta
2882:Brahmos
2558:Culture
2331:Bethune
2224:at the
2122:8 April
2034:13 July
1952:3336279
1749:28 June
1714:28 June
1075:(1908).
1033:(FRASB)
871:iridium
684:mercury
598:Liberal
544:at the
391:chemist
380:Bengali
94:Jashore
87:Upazila
2284:People
2202:
1959:
1949:
1831:
1688:
1649:
1603:]
1470:
1408:8 July
1344:
1103:(1937)
1089:(1920)
1082:(1912)
1026:(1887)
998:(CIE;
837:+ AgCl
812:London
801:+ AgCl
655:Career
647:for."
435:Khulna
288:(1887)
286:
279:Thesis
226:Fields
211:(FIAS)
166:Awards
97:Bengal
90:Khulna
2141:(PDF)
2089:(PDF)
2028:(PDF)
2021:(PDF)
1829:S2CID
1791:(PDF)
1776:(PDF)
1674:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
1599:[
1559:(PDF)
1503:(PDF)
1402:(PDF)
1387:(PDF)
1247:Notes
1144:made
1108:Other
1012:list)
1002:list)
829:→ RNH
738:+ 2NO
465:dewan
429:(now
360:FRASB
204:(FNI)
197:(FCS)
180:(CIE)
159:D.Sc.
155:B.Sc.
48:FRASB
2200:ISBN
2177:2018
2124:2020
2036:2018
1957:PMID
1881:2021
1855:2018
1751:2019
1716:2019
1686:ISSN
1647:ISBN
1619:link
1468:ISBN
1410:2018
1342:ISBN
944:and
793:→ NH
742:→ Hg
642:and
603:for
396:The
374:and
364:FIAS
146:B.A.
108:Died
72:Born
52:FIAS
1947:PMC
1821:doi
1682:50A
1571:doi
1321:XXI
821:RNH
746:(NO
727:+ H
368:FCS
356:FNI
352:CIE
56:FCS
44:FNI
40:CIE
2868::
2167:.
2149:.
2143:.
2115:.
2097:.
2091:.
2066:.
2009:^
1997:.
1977:.
1955:.
1943:30
1941:.
1937:.
1904:19
1902:.
1898:.
1871:.
1827:.
1817:25
1815:.
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1799:^
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1778:.
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1680:.
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1418:^
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1393:.
1389:.
1356:^
1319:.
1303:^
1295:18
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1281:^
1255:^
940:,
933:.
869:,
845:.
833:NO
797:NO
785:NH
734:Hg
731:O
719:NO
716:O
708:NO
705:)
562:,
555:,
433:,
382::
378:;
366:,
362:,
358:,
354:,
350:,
157:,
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50:,
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2756:e
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2179:.
2151:6
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2099:4
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1963:.
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1823::
1753:.
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1573::
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748:2
744:2
740:2
736:2
729:2
725:2
721:3
714:2
710:3
699:2
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161:)
153:(
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144:(
92:,
85:,
20:)
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