791:
767:
1595:
1482:
811:
589:
745:
1252:
717:
31:
1411:
705:
779:
1507:
1328:
581:
328:
729:
272:
112:
995:
1466:
3218:"The 1933 Cabul hoard pub-lished by Schlumberger consisted of over 115 coins, with significant overlap with the Malayer hoard. Athens again is the largest group, with 33 recorded tetradrachms compared to eight sigloi. In addition to the worn archaic stater of Aegina, a fragmentary stater of Thasos and a worn Chiot stater may be archaic. There are two well-preserved early classical tetradrachms from Acanthus and an early classical stater of Corcyra. Again there is a significant Levantine component represented by coins from Pamphylia, Cilicia and Cyprus, though nothing from Phoenicia. The early Cilician coins probably date the hoard slightly later than the Malayer hoard." in
1108:
1535:
1092:
248:
260:
292:
232:
1015:
1128:
1312:
887:, so this representation would also have been natural to subjects in the Achaemenid realm as well. The "archer" type of Type II, less hieratic and rigid than the traditional Achaemenid illustration of the bust of the king on Type I, may represent the fusion of the Eastern conception of the King as a royal hunter, and the Western conception of the King as a hero, and designed to represent the Achaemenid king as an Olympian contestant in a propaganda effort towards the West. These depictions also imply that the Achaemenids were the first ever to illustrate the person of their king on coinage.
4227:
1264:
358:
835:
2129:
2055:
4167:
859:
597:
401:
489:
1639:
896:
1148:
1439:
136:
440:(dated to between 519 and 510 BC), whereas there were gold Croeseids of the light type and Greek silver staters. But by around 500 BC, a clay tablet, issued in year 22 of the reign of Darius I (circa 500 BC), contained the impression on clay of two Type II Sigloi ("King shooting arrow"), showing that the new Sigloi had already been issued by that date. Because of these and other discoveries, the creation of the Darics and Sigloi is dated to the last decade of the 6th century BC, during the reign of
343:
1284:
4266:
2115:
2067:
3333:, pp. 57–59: "The most important and informative of these hoards is the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained royal Achaemenid sigloi from the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, together with a large number of Greek coins dating from the fifth and early fourth century BC, including a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm, all apparently taken from circulation in the region."
1178:
496:
2916:"Persian coins were stamped with the figure of an archer, and Agesilaus said, as he was breaking camp, that the King was driving him out of Asia with ten thousand "archers"; for so much money had been sent to Athens and Thebes and distributed among the popular leaders there, and as a consequence those people made war upon the Spartans" Plutarch 15-1-6 in
564:. Sardis remained the central mint for the Persian Darics and Sigloi of Achaemenid coinage, and there is no evidence of other mints for the new Achaemenid coins during the whole time of the Achaemenid Empire. According to hoard finds, Sardis was clearly the main mint, but there may also have been secondary mints in southwestern and northwestern
185:
coins had a weight of 10.7 grams, a standard initially created by
Croesus, which was then adopted by the Persians and became commonly known as the "Persic standard". The Persians also minted posthumous Croeseid half-staters, with a weight of 5.35 g, which would become the weight standard for the
1069:
and early
Classical) are comparatively numerous in Achaemenid period coin hoards, much more numerous than sigloi, suggests that the circulation of Greek coinage was central in the monetary system of the Empire. These coins were probably not legal tenders in the Achaemenid Empire, but were valued for
423:
From around 510-500 BC, Darius then simplified the coining procedure by replacing the double reverse punch of Lydian coins, by a single, oblong reverse punch, and he introduced the image of the
Persian king in place of the lion and bull design. This is deduced from the fact that no Darics or Sigloi
1347:
During the 4th century, following the weakening of central
Achaemenid power, and the development of coinage technologies, Siglos production receded and numerous satrapal issues of a very high quality started to appear in Western Asia under the Achaemenid Empire. These issues combined Achaemenid as
571:
Overall, it seems that the minting of Darics and Sigloi was rather small in quantity compared to the other local productions of coins in Asia Minor, or the circulation of Greek coins in the area. Although the gold Daric became an international currency which was found throughout the
Ancient world,
1229:
coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The deposit of the hoard is dated to the
Achaemenid period, in approximately 380 BC. The hoard also contained many locally produced silver coins, minted by local authorities under Achaemenid rule. Several of these issues follow the "western designs" of the
1030:
In all the known hoards of the
Achaemenid period, royal Achaemenid coinage, such as the sigloi, form actually a small minority, while most of the non-local coinage generally comes from the Greek realm, either from the independent Greek mainland or from the Greek colonies of Western Asia under the
544:
remained quite important in the
Iranian heartland throughout the Achaemenid period, and the Achaemenids did not develop their own mints in Iran. At the same time, the circulation of the Daric was mainly confined to the Western part of the Achaemenid Empire. The minting of coins in Iran would only
224:
punches on the reverse, while the obverse die would consist in some pictorial design ("die and punch" technique, rather than the later "two dies" technique). The Lydian coins used double punches on the reserve, a technique which would be simplified in the time of Darius by using a single reverse
173:
had put in place the first coinage in history. With his conquest of Lydia, Cyrus acquired a region in which coinage was invented, developed through advanced metallurgy, and had already been in circulation for about 50 years, making the Lydian
Kingdom one of the leading trade powers of the time.
882:
shooting arrows. The adaptation of this design for the illustration of the
Achaemenid king or hero on the obverse may have been meant as a way to glorify the king, in way a which was easily understandable to the Hellenized people in the Western areas of the Achaemenid Empire, who minted the
790:
572:
the circulation of the silver Sigloi remained very much limited to Asia Minor: important hoards of Sigloi are only found in these areas, and finds of Sigloi beyond are always very limited and marginal compared to Greek coins, even in Achaemenid territories.
225:
punch on some coinage. Some of the earliest Lycian coins under the Achaemenids also used an animal design on the obverse and incuse punches on the reverse, which developed into geometrical forms, such as two diagonals between projecting rectangular lugs.
744:
3517:"A rare silver fraction recently identified as a coin of Themistocles from Magnesia even has a bearded portrait of the great man, making it by far the earliest datable portrait coin. Other early portraits can be seen on the coins of Lycian dynasts."
477:, since they adopted similar weights and were of the same fabric. He insists that the finds of the Croeseids and the "Archer" types of Darics and Sigloi indicate that they were not an Imperial coinage, but rather the coinage of the Satrapy of Lydia.
766:
1251:
810:
1481:
1410:
1606:, at the same time as Alexandrine imperial issues were minted. Some of these issues are dated to circa 315-300/298 BC. These darics continued to use the Achaemenid type, but the reverse was slightly modified to include wavy patterns.
716:
385:
discovered under the palace's foundation stones, whereas the hoard contained several gold Croeseids of the light type from Sardis (probably minted under the rule of Darius I) and several imported Archaic Greek silver staters.
916:
also became a sort of world currency from the 5th century BC. The first important competition against the prestigious Daric, as a means of storing wealth and making large payments on an international scale, came later from
209:. With the conquest of Lydia and the adoption of Lydian coinage, the nascent Achaemenid Empire thus obtained access to the most modern coinage of its time and the economic power that goes with it. The mint was located in
704:
911:
In effect, the gold Daric became a currency desired in all the ancient world, since it was the most convenient format to exchange and accumulate wealth. The Greeks never minted much gold, but their silver Athenian
3779:
South Asian Archaeology, 1983: Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologistan in Westeren Europe Held in the Musees Royaux d'art et d'histoire, Brussels
1371:
were illustrated with the images of various gods or symbols, the first ever portraiture of actual rulers appears with these Achaemenid satrapal issues in the 5th century BC, in particular with the coinage of
458:, meaning "Golden". Although the Achaemenids had developed their own currency, they still accepted local monetary production including civic issues, throughout the land under their control, in particular in
1237:, these finds suggest that the idea of coinage and the use of punch-marked techniques was introduced to India from the Achaemenid Empire during the 4th century BC. More Achaemenid coins were also found in
3668:"At Babylon or other Eastern mints were issued also certain groups of Alexandrine coins which can be identified by means of the symbols and monograms which they bear in common with the double darics" in
663:
The Siglos was 5.40-5.60 grams each, based on the 0.5 Lydian Siglos of 10.73-10.92 grams for the full unit. Purity was at first issue 97-98% but by the middle 4th century was 94-95%. 1 Siglos = 7.5 Attic
3408:, pp. 57–59: "Silver bent-bar punch-marked coin of Kabul region under the Achaemenid Empire, c.350 BC: Coins of this type found in quantity in Chaman Hazouri and Bhir Mound hoards." (Commentary by
3104:, p. 548: "The Iranian imitations were close copies of silver tetradrachms of Athens; the latest Greek coin of the Chaman Hazuri hoard is an example of these Iranian copies of an Athenian coin."
626:. It represented initially about 1 month of a soldier's wage. This new coin became popular throughout all of the ancient world for more than 150 years. Around 395 BC, the Achaemenids, led by Satrap
1263:
778:
728:
1400:, already current in the Greek world, and at the same time wield the dynastic power of an Achaemenid dynast who could issue his own coins and illustrate them as he wished. From the time of
1078:
hoards in the East also exist from the period, in which various silver objects, including coins, are cut into pieces, in order to facilitate their exchange on the basis of their weight.
1376:. The Achaemenids had been the first to illustrate the person of their king or a hero in a stereotypical manner, showing a bust or the full body, but never an actual portrait, on their
612:
system from about 510-500 BC, consisting of gold Darics and silver Sigloi. The rate of exchange was 1 Daric = 20 Siglos. A Daric was between 8.10 and 8.50 grams in weight, based on the
883:
Achaemenid coinage and to whom this coinage was mainly destined as a currency. Other depictions of the king as an archer (for example shooting from his charriot) are also known from
1147:
1465:
89:
coinage under Persian rule is likely. Achaemenid coinage includes the official imperial issues (Darics and Sigloi), as well as coins issued by the Achaemenid provincial governors (
1438:
1594:
1107:
291:
604:
equivalence: 1 gold Daric was equivalent in value to 20 silver Sigloi. Under the Achaemenids the exchange rate in weight between gold and silver was 1 to 13.
4193:
556:
It seems that all the minting activity for the Darics and the Sigloi for the whole Empire was essentially centralized in one mint, or possibly two mints at
3046:
2633:
259:
3860:
1118:
381:(dated to between 519 and 510 BC), it seems that the Achaemenids had not yet designed the Sigloi and Darics: no coins of these types were found in the
271:
588:
3737:; Cribb, Joe (1992), "Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia", in Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie (eds.),
2566:"on the reverse an incuse punch which develops into a distinctive local form incorporating two diagonals between projecting rectangular lugs" in
1091:
878:
The "archer" type used in Achaemenid coinage may have been derived from similar and contemporary images on Greek coinage, in particular those of
3882:
3440:, pp. 57–59: "Coins of this type found in Chaman Hazouri (deposited c.350 BC) and Bhir Mound hoards (deposited c.300 BC)." (Commentary by
592:
Type II Daric ("King shooting arrow") temp. Darios I to Xerxes I. Circa 505-480 BC. There are no Type I coins known in Darics (only in Sigloi).
3457:"The earliest attempts at portraiture appear to have taken place in Lycia. The heads of various dynasts appear on coins of the fifth century"
660:
from their obverse design, because that much money had been paid to politicians in Athens and Thebes in order to start a war against Sparta.
1043:
and an Iranian imitation of an Athenian coin, only 9 royal Achaemenid silver coins (sigloi). There were also 29 locally minted coins and 14
231:
4965:
1127:
217:
of the Achaemenid Empire, and continued minted operation under Cyrus. This coinage would supply the western part of the Achaemenid Empire.
30:
4215:
4177:
698:, issued the double Daric of 16.65 grams in weight whose image was based on the Daric coin and bore his name until his death in 328 BC.
247:
584:
The first type of Siglos (Type I: "King with bow and arrows", upper body of the king only), from the time of Darius I. Circa 520-505 BC
408:
The coinage of the Achaemenid Empire started to move away from simply copying Lydian coinage, to introducing changes with the reign of
1348:
well as Greek characteristics. Throughout, coin circulation was characterized by a mix of coins from the Achaemenid and Greek realms.
4166:
650:, Agesilaus, the Spartan king, said upon leaving Asia "I have been driven out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (
1384:
coinage from circa 500 BC. Before the Lycian coins with dynastic portraits, a slightly earlier candidate for the first portrait is
1571:
established his own satraps in the conquered territories, some of them Achaemenids who had been favorable to the invader, such as
1283:
4526:
3841:
1202:
1168:
619:
of 8.33 grams, slightly heavier than the Croesus standard of 8.06 grams. The purity of gold was between 98 and 99%. 1 Daric = 25
4255:
2352:
3833:
4223:
3797:
3748:
2098:
1724:
1719:
3890:
2543:
Coinage and administration in the Athenian and Persian empires: the Ninth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History
1050:
Some Achaemenid satraps are also known to have minted coins in imitation of Athenian coinage, such as the satrap of Egypt
4682:
3655:
CNG: PERSIA. Alexandrine Empire. Circa 331-288/7 BC. AV Double Daric (16.65 g). Babylon mint. Struck circa 315-300/298 BC
1396:
rather than himself. Themistocles may have been in a unique position in which he could transfer the notion of individual
511:
17:
1591:. This coinage is said to have later influenced Alexander's imperial coinage, which was often minted in the same mints.
4839:
4834:
4531:
3875:
2346:
952:. The Siglos denomination have been found in hoards only in Asia Minor, and single coins with other Greek coinage from
451:
was maintained. Then, Darius introduced his new design for gold coins as well, which came to be known as Darics, from
4250:
3681:
3611:
3584:
3557:
3530:
3502:
3470:
3366:
3298:
3271:
2982:
2955:
2928:
2901:
2850:
2798:
2762:
2579:
2551:
2524:
2497:
2439:
2324:
2231:
2188:
4596:
4448:
3733:
3437:
3405:
3330:
3009:
Root, Margaret Cool (1989). "The Persian archer at Persepolis : aspects of chronology, style and symbolism".
2719:
Root, Margaret Cool (1989). "The Persian archer at Persepolis : aspects of chronology, style and symbolism".
2665:
Root, Margaret Cool (1989). "The Persian archer at Persepolis : aspects of chronology, style and symbolism".
4208:
4017:
488:
3061:
2648:
177:
It seems that Cyrus initially adopted the Lydian coinage as such, and continued to strike Lydia's lion-and-bull
154:, was used instead for trade. The practice of using silver bars for currency also seems to have been current in
4280:
2258:
1729:
1697:
3706:"Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)"
580:
327:
111:
4536:
4021:
3868:
1789:
1748:
1714:
1704:
1392:
for the Achaemenid Empire circa 465-459 BC, although there is some doubt that his coins may have represented
1327:
1257:
Punch-marked coin minted in the Kabul Valley under Achaemenid administration. Circa 500-380 BC, or c.350 BC.
4487:
3171:
3142:
2751:
Fisher, William Bayne; Gershevitch, I.; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1968).
1858:
1506:
994:
3850:
5001:
4687:
4625:
3740:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
1883:
1816:
1767:
1709:
1081:
Greek coinage travelled throughout the Achaemenid Empire. For example, the Greek coins discovered in the
142:
coin, with obverse bull protome and reverse incuse punch mark using a geometrical motif, circa 520-470 BC
4996:
4742:
4384:
4201:
1230:
facing bull heads, a stag, or Persian column capitals on the obverse, and incuse punch on the reverse.
851:
466:
3247:
2204:
4630:
2091:
1851:
1831:
1472:
3807:
3236:
3195:
3175:
3146:
540:
Although the Achaemenids fully exploited and developed coinage production in Western Asia, it seems
4677:
4513:
4359:
4156:
3913:
1534:
150:(550–530 BC) came to power, coinage was unfamiliar in his realm. Barter, and to some extent silver
1404:, portraiture of the issuing ruler would then become a standard, generalized, feature of coinage.
4728:
4636:
4554:
4323:
1811:
1648:
1421:
1389:
1014:
447:
The new Achaemenid coins were initially only made in silver, while the Lydian gold design of the
3855:
3083:
3071:
1311:
4949:
4721:
4707:
4693:
4245:
2918:
2375:
1978:
1602:
Even many years after the death of Alexander, Achaemenid gold darics continued to be minted in
161:
Cyrus the Great introduced coins to the Persian Empire after 546 BC, following his conquest of
57:
3787:
3671:
3631:
3356:
2972:
2891:
2752:
2693:
2429:
4913:
4582:
4433:
4123:
3789:
Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia
3601:
3574:
3547:
3492:
3261:
2945:
2840:
2788:
2514:
2487:
2314:
2279:
2221:
2178:
2152:
1846:
1821:
3785:
131:. Circa 545–520. It only weighs 8.06 g, compared to the standard 10.7 grams of the Croeseid.
4975:
4589:
4443:
4379:
4113:
3977:
3901:
3361:. University of California Press. p. 208 Coin no.381 for the Persian column capitals.
2084:
1618:
985:
969:
918:
900:
1054:(ruled circa 340-333 BCE). An Achaemenid copy of an Athenian coin, this time found in the
903:(ruled 359–336 BC) was the first true competition for the Achaemenid Daric. It was called
834:
8:
4893:
4771:
4735:
4344:
3992:
3756:
3734:
3701:
3445:
3413:
3381:
3199:
3179:
3150:
1801:
1753:
1568:
1541:
1513:
1401:
817:
695:
680:
546:
357:
1323:
on the obverse, and himself wearing the Persian cap on the reverse. Circa 440/30-410 BCE
4941:
4907:
4883:
4826:
4575:
4541:
4053:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3438:
Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992
3406:
Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992
3331:
Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992
3047:"Half-figure of the King: unravelling the mysteries of the earliest Sigloi of Darius I"
2634:"Half-figure of the King: unravelling the mysteries of the earliest Sigloi of Darius I"
2410:
2134:
2059:
1947:
1760:
1685:
1290:
1044:
945:
710:
Siglos Type I ("King with bow and arrows"), from the time of Darius I. Circa 520-505 BC
3838:
2369:
1213:, also called the Chaman Hazouri hoard, is a coin hoard discovered in the vicinity of
858:
722:
Siglos Type II ("King shooting arrow"), time of Darius I to Xerxes I, circa 505-480 BC
4899:
4888:
4650:
4644:
4610:
4603:
4506:
4231:
4226:
3997:
3987:
3972:
3942:
3895:
3793:
3744:
3677:
3607:
3580:
3553:
3526:
3498:
3466:
3362:
3294:
3267:
2978:
2951:
2924:
2897:
2846:
2794:
2758:
2575:
2547:
2520:
2493:
2435:
2414:
2320:
2254:
2227:
2184:
1836:
1806:
1796:
1678:
1564:
1336:
1182:
1134:
516:
170:
82:
41:
1351:
Various Achaemenid satraps also issued imitations of Athenian tetradrachms, such as
630:, bribed Greek states by paying them tens of thousands of Darics in order to attack
596:
400:
4970:
4921:
4766:
4700:
4669:
4658:
4617:
4568:
4499:
4428:
4389:
3425:
3393:
3130:
3018:
2728:
2674:
2595:
2402:
2292:
2147:
2142:
1915:
1900:
1826:
1781:
1172:
1040:
1007:
772:
Type II Daric ("King shooting arrow") temp. Darios I to Xerxes I. Circa 505-480 BC.
4805:
3762:"Investigating the introduction of coinage in India - A review of recent research"
3653:
3203:
3183:
3154:
4935:
4761:
4714:
4480:
4402:
4078:
4073:
4063:
3845:
3738:
3520:
3460:
3288:
2569:
2541:
2348:
Hoard of Ingot-Currency of the Median Period from Nūsh-i Jān, near Malayir (1971)
2248:
1935:
1878:
1579:. Several satraps continued to use an Achaemenid type for their coinage, such as
1198:
895:
623:
550:
147:
124:
65:
1638:
469:, there is no doubt that the Darics and Sigloi of Types I and II were minted at
85:. It seems that before the Persians issued their own coinage, a continuation of
4663:
4561:
4521:
4474:
4458:
4409:
4374:
4369:
4093:
4083:
4041:
3909:
2428:
Christidēs, A.-Ph; Christidis, A.-F.; Arapopoulou, Maria; Χρίτη, Μαρία (2007).
2038:
1910:
1893:
1888:
1841:
1736:
1456:
1226:
1066:
941:
801:
755:
643:
541:
433:
374:
363:
135:
3828:
2871:
2814:
2616:
2274:
1368:
4990:
4850:
4547:
4364:
4296:
4285:
3952:
3805:
3700:
3342:
3313:
3089:
3077:
1743:
1186:
1157:
were by far the most numerous coin type in the Kabul hoard. Circa 454-404 BC.
989:
953:
871:
843:
797:
751:
425:
395:
382:
312:
100:
2974:
A History of Market Performance: From Ancient Babylonia to the Modern World
2120:
2071:
1959:
1954:
1905:
1417:
1385:
1238:
884:
459:
155:
3022:
2732:
2678:
2406:
921:(ruled 359–336 BC), when he issued his own gold coinage, pointedly called
690:, reconfirmed by Alexander in his position for having opened the doors of
4438:
2026:
1992:
1626:
1270:
1218:
1210:
1082:
1055:
1036:
1032:
1003:
981:
961:
957:
913:
784:
Daric Type III ("King running with lance") gold coin (mid-4th century BC)
627:
601:
452:
79:
3772:
3723:"Achaemenids and Mauryans: Emergence of Coins and Plastic Arts in India"
3101:
4844:
4791:
4395:
4331:
4141:
4098:
3905:
2009:
1274:
1242:
1222:
1162:
1075:
1019:
937:
635:
565:
437:
378:
342:
190:
94:
4047:
3720:
2971:
Spek, R. J. Van der; Zanden, Jan Luiten van; Leeuwen, Bas van (2014).
2223:
Atlas of Empires: The World's Great Powers from Ancient Times to Today
4453:
4182:
4026:
4012:
3947:
3757:
3441:
3426:"Extremely Rare Early Silver from the Kabul Valley", CNG 102, Lot:649
3409:
1966:
1488:
1234:
975:
639:
613:
214:
49:
4265:
3774:
3761:
3722:
3705:
2427:
4857:
4798:
4088:
4058:
3933:
3815:
Proceedings of the XIVth International Numismatic Congress, Glasgow
3221:
3115:
2390:
1985:
1973:
1690:
1673:
1660:
1580:
1576:
1444:
1397:
1298:
1206:
965:
879:
863:
847:
838:
Contemporary depiction of an Achaemenid king, here killing a Greek
735:
647:
609:
532:
474:
441:
413:
409:
334:
238:
206:
178:
128:
120:
106:
3808:"Archaic Greek Coins East of the Tigris: Evidence for Circulation"
4864:
4351:
4337:
4118:
4103:
4068:
4002:
2431:
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
2340:
2157:
1603:
1598:
Double Daric (16.65 g). Babylon mint, struck circa 315-300-298 BC
1584:
1572:
1553:
1517:
1352:
1332:
1138:
1071:
1059:
1051:
999:
874:, left), and archer type on an Achaemenid Type II Siglos (right).
839:
821:
691:
687:
676:
672:
652:
448:
429:
298:
166:
151:
116:
90:
2866:
2864:
2862:
1209:. An Achaemenid administration was established in the area. The
1177:
420:
was progressively replaced by the minting of Darics and Sigloi.
4820:
4303:
4151:
4146:
4108:
4030:
2750:
2014:
1549:
1525:
1452:
1377:
1340:
1320:
1316:
1294:
1154:
1098:
1023:
867:
684:
665:
631:
620:
616:
557:
528:
520:
502:
470:
417:
348:
278:
221:
210:
182:
74:
3382:
Cribb, Investigating the introduction of coinage in India 1983
734:
Siglos Type III ("King running with lance"), from the time of
4927:
4310:
4007:
3982:
3917:
3167:
2859:
2033:
2019:
2002:
1997:
1496:
1381:
1373:
1356:
1214:
1194:
1114:
949:
933:
657:
561:
524:
282:
202:
198:
194:
162:
139:
86:
3839:
Money weights and measures in Antiquity including Babylonian
1475:, last king of Lycia under the Achaemenids. Circa 380-360 BC
1273:, 5th century BC. Coins of this type were also found in the
519:, it seems the Darics and Sigloi were exclusively minted in
4812:
4133:
4036:
1942:
1668:
1588:
1545:
1521:
1448:
1393:
186:
later Sigloi, introduced at the end of the 6th century BC.
3781:, Naples: Istituto Universario Orientale, pp. 535–554
265:
Lycia coin. Circa 520-470 BC. Struck with worn obverse die
3636:
Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes
2923:. Delphi Classics. 2013. pp. 1031, Plutarch 15-1-6.
2698:
Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes
2597:
CNG: LYCIA. Circa 520-470/60 BC. AR Stater (18mm, 9.18 g)
101:
Early coinage of Western Asia under the Achaemenid Empire
2371:
American Journal of Numismatics (Second Series), vol. 20
1039:, included 30 coins from various Greek cities, about 33
675:
had never minted Darics or Sigloi, after the capture of
3729:, UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies, pp. 15–48
3095:
2947:
The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome: A Brief History
2339:
Discovery of a hoard of currency with silver bars near
1575:, others some of Alexander's closest supports, such as
1487:
Western Asia Satrap of the Achaemenid Period. Probably
44:
issued coins from 520 BC–450 BC to 330 BC. The Persian
531:), where they replaced the original production of the
634:, which was then waging a campaign of destruction in
3576:
A History of the Classical Greek World: 478 - 323 BC
3431:
2110:
1163:
Coinage of Southern Asia under the Achaemenid Empire
3856:
Asia Minor Coins - Achaemenid Satraps and Governors
2283:, December 15, 1994, last updated November 17, 2011
1193:The Achaemenid Empire already reached the doors of
750:Siglos Type IV ("King running with dagger"), temp.
412:(ruled 522-486 BC). Under Darius I, the minting of
3673:Catalogue of the Greek coins in The British Museum
3343:Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000
3314:Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000
3090:Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000
3078:Kagan, Archaic Greek Coins East of the Tigris 2009
2391:"New archaic coin finds at Sardis, AJA 109 (2005)"
976:Circulation of Greek coinage throughout the Empire
796:Daric Type IV ("King running with dagger"), temp.
2970:
816:Double Daric minted, well after the conquests of
4988:
3743:, Ancient India and Iran Trust, pp. 56–59,
1388:, the Athenian general who became a Governor of
1026:, including jewelry and Greek coins, 425-420 BCE
3716:, International Association of Sanskrit Studies
3490:
2920:Delphi Complete Works of Plutarch (Illustrated)
846:, engraved circa 500 BC–475 BC, at the time of
473:and immediately followed the production of the
189:Soon after 546, Cyrus also had full control of
3518:
3214:
3212:
3141:"a fragmentary stater of Thasos" described in
2893:Coins and Currency: An Historical Encyclopedia
2842:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage
2790:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage
2489:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage
2316:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage
4209:
3876:
3552:. University of Texas Press. pp. 98–99.
3358:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia
3354:
2092:
373:As late as the time of the foundation of the
52:which, along with a similar silver coin, the
35:The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent.
4966:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
3549:The Poetics of Appearance in the Attic Korai
3491:West, Shearer; Birmingham), Shearer (2004).
2943:
4178:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
3286:
3259:
3209:
2845:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–80.
2793:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–71.
2757:. Cambridge University Press. p. 619.
2492:. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64.
2434:. Cambridge University Press. p. 924.
2388:
2343:, dated circa 600 BCE, with photographs in
2319:. Oxford University Press. pp. 61–65.
2246:
2183:. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43.
2176:
1587:, complete with the local deity of Tarsus,
306:
4216:
4202:
3883:
3869:
3766:Journal of the Numismatic Society of India
3629:
3465:. British Museum Publications. p. 2.
3419:
3387:
2691:
2099:
2085:
1497:After the conquests of Alexander the Great
866:on a late 6th - early 5th century coin of
3786:Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975),
3458:
3102:Cribb, Dating India's Earliest Coins 1985
2889:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2539:
1070:their weight in silver, and thus used as
205:, following the conquests of his general
3725:, in Alka Patel; Touraj Daryaee (eds.),
3670:Medals, Department of Coins and (2005).
2647:(2): 14, with photograph. Archived from
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2219:
1593:
1326:
1315:Coin of the Achaemenid dynast of Lycia,
1310:
1306:
1176:
1013:
993:
894:
857:
833:
595:
587:
579:
399:
134:
110:
29:
3599:
3545:
3266:. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
3204:Trésors Monétaires d'Afghanistan (1953)
3184:Trésors Monétaires d'Afghanistan (1953)
3155:Trésors Monétaires d'Afghanistan (1953)
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2485:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2364:
2362:
2312:
1203:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
1169:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
998:Coin of the Achaemenid satrap of Egypt
14:
4989:
3777:, in J. Schotsmans; M. Taddei (eds.),
3669:
3572:
3519:Carradice, Ian; Price, Martin (1988).
3394:372. Lot: 658, Lot of two AR bent bars
3223:ARCHAIC GREEK COINS EAST OF THE TIGRIS
3117:Archaic Greek coins East of the Tigris
2739:
2267:
4197:
3864:
3625:
3623:
3579:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58.
3486:
3484:
3482:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3307:
3107:
3044:
2885:
2883:
2713:
2711:
2631:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2567:
1583:when he became Hellenistic satrap of
123:, minted in Lydia, under the rule of
3029:
3008:
2991:
2823:
2771:
2718:
2664:
2448:
2389:Cahill, Nick; Kroll, John H (2005).
2359:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
1367:Although many of the first coins of
545:start later from circa 330 BC under
389:
220:Technically, these early coins used
3632:"On the so-called satrapal coinage"
3045:Daehn, William E. (February 2012).
2694:"On the so-called satrapal coinage"
2632:Daehn, William E. (February 2012).
2512:
1185:and ancient kingdoms and cities of
69:
24:
4840:Persepolis Administrative Archives
3727:India and Iran in the Longue Durée
3620:
3479:
3319:
2880:
2708:
2604:
1447:on a throne (obverse) and head of
1031:Achaemenid rule. For example, the
804:, circa 375-340 BC. (15mm, 8.33 g)
253:Coin of Lycia. Circa 520-470/60 BC
25:
5013:
3822:
3219:
3113:
2571:Archaic and classical Greek coins
2344:
2297:
1197:during the original expansion of
213:, now capital of all the western
4264:
4225:
4165:
3355:André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005).
3290:The Times Atlas of World History
2250:The Times Atlas of World History
2127:
2113:
2065:
2053:
1637:
1533:
1505:
1480:
1464:
1437:
1409:
1282:
1262:
1250:
1146:
1126:
1106:
1090:
1065:The fact that Greek coins (both
1058:, was minted in the vicinity of
907:("Philip's Daric") by the Greeks
809:
789:
777:
765:
743:
727:
715:
703:
494:
487:
356:
341:
326:
290:
270:
258:
246:
230:
3851:Persian coins and Satraps coins
3775:"Dating India's Earliest Coins"
3694:
3662:
3646:
3593:
3566:
3539:
3511:
3451:
3399:
3375:
3348:
3336:
3280:
3253:
3248:Philip's Atlas of World History
3241:
3230:
3189:
3160:
3135:
3124:
2964:
2937:
2910:
2807:
2717:Martin Price "Intervention" in
2685:
2658:
2625:
2588:
2560:
2533:
2519:. Tate Publishing. p. 83.
2516:Ancient Coins Through the Bible
2506:
2421:
2395:American Journal of Archaeology
2382:
2206:Philip's Atlas of World History
1512:Coin of Balacrus, as Satrap of
1205:is dated to circa 515 BC under
1002:, in imitation of the Athenian
608:Darius introduced the reformed
320:Coin types of the Apadana hoard
193:, including other regions such
4281:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
3676:. Рипол Классик. p. 143.
3287:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1989).
3260:O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002).
2944:Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2014).
2890:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015).
2333:
2286:
2247:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1989).
2240:
2213:
2197:
2177:O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002).
2170:
495:
93:), such as those stationed in
13:
1:
4537:Scythian campaign of Darius I
4449:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
3721:Bopearachchi, Osmund (2017),
3600:Howgego, Christopher (2002).
2873:DARIC – Encyclopaedia Iranica
2754:The Cambridge History of Iran
2163:
1363:First attempts at portraiture
1085:include the following types:
656:) the Greek nickname for the
515:Throughout the period of the
4527:Conquest of the Indus Valley
4488:Battle of the Persian Border
3462:Ancient Greek Portrait Coins
2839:Metcalf, William E. (2016).
2787:Metcalf, William E. (2016).
2486:Metcalf, William E. (2016).
2313:Metcalf, William E. (2016).
241:, Lycia. Circa 550-530/20 BC
7:
4688:Wars of Alexander the Great
3293:. Times Books. p. 79.
2253:. Times Books. p. 79.
1609:
1153:Early Classical coins from
1047:in the shape of bent bars.
301:in circle, circa 480-460 BC
165:and the defeat of its king
10:
5018:
4743:Battle of the Persian Gate
4385:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
3603:Ancient History from Coins
3522:Coinage in the Greek World
3497:. OUP Oxford. p. 68.
3131:Classical Numismatic Group
3011:Revue des Études Anciennes
2977:. Routledge. p. 377.
2896:. McFarland. p. 125.
2721:Revue des Études Anciennes
2667:Revue des Études Anciennes
2345:Bivar, Adrian David Hugh.
2293:Classical Numismatic Group
1563:After his conquest of the
1428:: Letters ΘΕ, initials of
1420:as Achaemenid Governor of
1166:
1074:silver. Numerous finds of
979:
852:Metropolitan Museum of Art
404:Daric gold coin (c.490 BC)
393:
310:
297:Lycia coin, with lion and
104:
61:
4958:
4876:
4780:
4754:
4631:Wars of the Delian League
4467:
4421:
4322:
4273:
4262:
4238:
4174:
4163:
3928:
3606:. Routledge. p. 64.
3345:, p. 309 and Note 65
2950:. McFarland. p. 73.
1233:According to numismatist
936:coins have been found in
432:foundation stones of the
27:Aspect of Iranian history
4683:Second conquest of Egypt
4514:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
4360:Palace of Darius in Susa
3630:Mildenberg, Leo (2000).
3196:Kabul hoard Coins No.7-8
2692:Mildenberg, Leo (2000).
2574:. Methuen. p. 269.
2568:Kraay, Colin M. (1976).
2220:Davidson, Peter (2018).
694:to his armies after the
307:Apadana hoard (c.515 BC)
78:) represented the first
4835:Districts of the Empire
4637:Battle of the Eurymedon
4555:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
4532:First conquest of Egypt
3459:Carradice, Ian (1978).
3060:(2): 20. Archived from
2540:Carradice, Ian (1987).
2513:Dow, Joseph A. (2011).
1979:Commemorative banknotes
1451:(reverse), on a double
1390:Magnesia on the Meander
4950:Seven Achaemenid clans
4722:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
4708:Siege of Halicarnassus
4694:Battle of the Granicus
3792:, Peeters Publishers,
3710:Indologica Taurinensia
3573:Rhodes, P. J. (2011).
3546:Stieber, Mary (2010).
3263:Atlas of World History
3176:Kabul hoard Coin no.12
2180:Atlas of World History
2060:Numismatics portal
1698:Circulating currencies
1599:
1491:. Early 4th century BC
1344:
1324:
1269:A siglos found in the
1225:coins as well as many
1221:, containing numerous
1190:
1181:Eastern border of the
1027:
1011:
908:
875:
855:
605:
593:
585:
465:According to numismat
405:
158:from the 6th century.
143:
132:
37:
4678:Great Satraps' Revolt
4597:Destruction of Athens
4583:Battle of Thermopylae
4434:Old Persian cuneiform
4124:Hellespontine Phrygia
3525:. Seaby. p. 84.
3170:stater" described in
3147:Kabul hoard Coin no.9
3023:10.3406/rea.1989.4361
2733:10.3406/rea.1989.4361
2679:10.3406/rea.1989.4361
2546:. B.A.R. p. 32.
2407:10.3764/aja.109.4.589
2280:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2226:. i5 Publishing LLC.
2153:Ancient Greek coinage
1790:Historical currencies
1631:the study of currency
1597:
1330:
1314:
1307:Later Satrapal issues
1180:
1017:
997:
898:
861:
837:
671:Although the area of
599:
591:
583:
403:
138:
114:
33:
4976:Cappadocian calendar
4590:Battle of Artemisium
4495:Lydian-Persian Wars
4444:Behistun Inscription
4256:History of democracy
3735:Bopearachchi, Osmund
3702:Bopearachchi, Osmund
3237:Kabul hoard 31-32-33
1761:Fictional currencies
1117:, circa 490-435 BC.
1022:from the Achaemenid
1006:. Circa 340-333 BC.
986:Shaikhan Dehri hoard
970:Shaikhan Dehri hoard
929:Archaeological finds
923:Dareikos Philippeios
919:Philip II of Macedon
905:Dareikos Philippeios
901:Philip II of Macedon
512:class=notpageimage|
4772:Peace of Antalcidas
4736:Battle of Gaugamela
4345:Gate of All Nations
3642:(1): 10 and Note 8.
3446:Osmund Bopearachchi
3414:Osmund Bopearachchi
3200:Daniel Schlumberger
3180:Daniel Schlumberger
3151:Daniel Schlumberger
3120:. pp. 230–234.
3092:, pp. 300–301.
3080:, pp. 230–231.
1948:Commemorative coins
1859:Medieval currencies
1768:Proposed currencies
1569:Alexander the Great
1542:Alexander the Great
1514:Alexander the Great
1402:Alexander the Great
1141:. Circa 470-430 BC.
1119:Earlier types known
1101:, circa 500-463 BC.
899:The gold Stater of
818:Alexander the Great
758:, circa 375-340 BC.
696:Battle of Gaugamela
642:. This started the
547:Alexander the Great
18:Achaemenid currency
5002:Ancient currencies
4626:Babylonian revolts
4576:Battle of Marathon
4542:Greco-Persian Wars
4291:Achaemenid coinage
4138:Samaritan Province
3844:2018-03-11 at the
3829:Zeno coins of Iran
3817:, pp. 230–234
3806:Kagan, J. (2009),
3773:Cribb, J. (1985),
3316:, pp. 300–301
2135:Numismatics portal
1600:
1432:. Circa 465-459 BC
1345:
1325:
1291:punch-marked coins
1191:
1045:punch-marked coins
1028:
1012:
909:
876:
856:
842:. Impression of a
606:
594:
586:
424:were found in the
406:
285:. Circa 510-480 BC
144:
133:
38:
4997:Achaemenid Empire
4984:
4983:
4651:Battle of Cyzicus
4645:Peloponnesian War
4611:Battle of Plataea
4604:Battle of Salamis
4507:Battle of Thymbra
4380:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
4232:Achaemenid Empire
4191:
4190:
3896:Achaemenid Empire
3894:Provinces of the
3834:Daric information
3799:978-90-6186-037-2
3750:978-0-9518399-1-1
3220:Kagan, Jonathan.
3114:Kagan, Jonathan.
2109:
2108:
1565:Achaemenid Empire
1183:Achaemenid Empire
824:circa 322-315 BC.
517:Achaemenid Empire
390:Darics and Sigloi
83:monetary standard
42:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
5009:
4971:Xanthian Obelisk
4944:
4930:
4916:
4902:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4829:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4767:Peace of Callias
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4701:Siege of Miletus
4696:
4672:
4670:Battle of Cnidus
4659:Battle of Cunaxa
4653:
4639:
4620:
4618:Battle of Mycale
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4569:Siege of Eretria
4564:
4557:
4550:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4500:Battle of Pteria
4490:
4483:
4429:Achaemenid music
4412:
4405:
4398:
4390:Tombs at Xanthos
4354:
4347:
4340:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4268:
4230:
4229:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4186:
4169:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3818:
3812:
3802:
3782:
3769:
3753:
3730:
3717:
3688:
3687:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3488:
3477:
3476:
3455:
3449:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3216:
3207:
3193:
3187:
3164:
3158:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3051:
3042:
3027:
3026:
3006:
2989:
2988:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2868:
2857:
2856:
2836:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2784:
2769:
2768:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2483:
2446:
2445:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2374:. 2008. p.
2366:
2357:
2356:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2310:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2174:
2148:Sasanian coinage
2143:Parthian coinage
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2072:Money portal
2070:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2056:
1782:History of money
1737:Local currencies
1641:
1632:
1614:
1613:
1548:on the reverse,
1537:
1524:on the obverse.
1509:
1484:
1468:
1441:
1413:
1339:, 361/0-334 BC.
1286:
1266:
1254:
1189:(circa 500 BCE).
1173:Coinage of India
1150:
1130:
1113:Archaic coin of
1110:
1097:Archaic coin of
1094:
1035:, in modern-day
1008:Achaemenid Egypt
813:
793:
781:
769:
747:
731:
719:
707:
498:
497:
491:
481:Minting activity
360:
345:
330:
294:
274:
262:
250:
234:
71:
63:
21:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5006:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4954:
4940:
4926:
4912:
4898:
4872:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4825:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4776:
4762:Earth and water
4750:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4715:Battle of Issus
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4668:
4649:
4635:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4486:
4481:Battle of Hyrba
4479:
4463:
4417:
4408:
4403:Nereid Monument
4401:
4394:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4318:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4269:
4260:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4170:
4161:
4147:Skudra (Thrace)
4128:Greater Phrygia
3924:
3923:
3889:
3846:Wayback Machine
3825:
3810:
3800:
3751:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3667:
3663:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3489:
3480:
3473:
3456:
3452:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3217:
3210:
3194:
3190:
3165:
3161:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3030:
3007:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2888:
2881:
2870:
2869:
2860:
2853:
2837:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2785:
2772:
2765:
2749:
2740:
2716:
2709:
2690:
2686:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2484:
2449:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2387:
2383:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2311:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2273:Michael Alram,
2272:
2268:
2261:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2105:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
1936:Coin collecting
1931:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1772:
1664:
1663:
1630:
1629:
1612:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1540:Tetradrachm of
1538:
1530:
1529:
1510:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1442:
1433:
1414:
1309:
1302:
1287:
1278:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1199:Cyrus the Great
1175:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1142:
1131:
1122:
1111:
1102:
1095:
992:
978:
925:by the Greeks.
862:Archer type of
825:
814:
805:
794:
785:
782:
773:
770:
759:
748:
739:
732:
723:
720:
711:
708:
646:. According to
551:Seleucid Empire
538:
537:
536:
514:
508:
507:
506:
505:
499:
398:
392:
371:
370:
369:
368:
367:
361:
353:
352:
346:
338:
337:
331:
322:
321:
315:
309:
302:
295:
286:
275:
266:
263:
254:
251:
242:
235:
169:, whose father
148:Cyrus the Great
125:Cyrus the Great
109:
103:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5015:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4784:
4782:
4781:Administration
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4664:Corinthian War
4661:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4562:Battle of Lade
4558:
4551:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4522:Battle of Opis
4519:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4475:Persian Revolt
4471:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4459:Cyrus Cylinder
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:Tomb of Payava
4406:
4399:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:Naqsh-e Rostam
4372:
4370:Persian column
4367:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4198:
4189:
4188:
4181:(according to
4175:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4034:
4024:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3910:Naqsh-e Rustam
3898:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3823:External links
3821:
3820:
3819:
3803:
3798:
3783:
3770:
3754:
3749:
3731:
3718:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3661:
3645:
3619:
3612:
3592:
3585:
3565:
3558:
3538:
3531:
3510:
3503:
3478:
3471:
3450:
3430:
3418:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3367:
3347:
3335:
3318:
3306:
3299:
3279:
3272:
3252:
3240:
3229:
3226:. p. 230.
3208:
3188:
3159:
3134:
3123:
3106:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3067:on 2018-11-21.
3028:
2990:
2983:
2963:
2956:
2936:
2929:
2909:
2902:
2879:
2858:
2851:
2822:
2806:
2799:
2770:
2763:
2738:
2707:
2684:
2657:
2654:on 2018-11-21.
2624:
2603:
2587:
2580:
2559:
2552:
2532:
2525:
2505:
2498:
2447:
2440:
2420:
2401:(4): 609–614.
2381:
2358:
2332:
2325:
2296:
2285:
2266:
2259:
2239:
2232:
2212:
2196:
2189:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2124:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1457:Pharnabazus II
1443:
1436:
1434:
1415:
1408:
1365:
1364:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1062:circa 380 BC.
1041:Athenian coins
977:
974:
931:
930:
893:
892:
832:
831:
827:
826:
815:
808:
806:
802:Artaxerxes III
795:
788:
786:
783:
776:
774:
771:
764:
761:
760:
756:Artaxerxes III
749:
742:
740:
733:
726:
724:
721:
714:
712:
709:
702:
644:Corinthian War
578:
577:
542:barter economy
510:
509:
501:
500:
493:
492:
486:
485:
484:
483:
482:
434:Apadana Palace
394:Main article:
391:
388:
375:Apadana Palace
362:
355:
354:
347:
340:
339:
332:
325:
324:
323:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:Main article:
308:
305:
304:
303:
296:
289:
287:
276:
269:
267:
264:
257:
255:
252:
245:
243:
236:
229:
102:
99:
48:was the first
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5014:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:Chapar Khaneh
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:Siege of Gaza
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:Ionian Revolt
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Tomb of Cyrus
4363:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:Apadana hoard
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Oxus Treasure
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4168:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3920:inscriptions)
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3685:
3683:9785872102076
3679:
3675:
3674:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3613:9781134877843
3609:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3586:9781444358582
3582:
3578:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3559:9780292773493
3555:
3551:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3532:9780900652820
3528:
3524:
3523:
3514:
3506:
3504:9780192842589
3500:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3474:
3472:9780714108490
3468:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3384:, p. 101
3383:
3378:
3370:
3368:9780520247314
3364:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3300:9780723009061
3296:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3273:9780195219210
3269:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2984:9781317918509
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2957:9781476613079
2953:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2930:9781909496620
2926:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2903:9781476611204
2899:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2852:9780199372188
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2800:9780199372188
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2764:9780521200912
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:(in French).
2722:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
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2619:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2581:9780416123104
2577:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2555:
2553:9780860544425
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2526:9781617771354
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2499:9780199372188
2495:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2478:
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2470:
2468:
2466:
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2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2441:9780521833073
2437:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2326:9780199372188
2322:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2233:9781620082881
2229:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2190:9780195219210
2186:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2122:
2111:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Bullion coins
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
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1868:
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1857:
1856:
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1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Company scrip
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:South America
1723:
1721:
1720:North America
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1293:of Gandhara.
1292:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1187:ancient India
1184:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
990:Ghazzat hoard
987:
983:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:Ancient Egypt
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
927:
926:
924:
920:
915:
906:
902:
897:
890:
889:
888:
886:
881:
873:
872:Apadana hoard
869:
865:
860:
853:
849:
845:
844:cylinder seal
841:
836:
829:
828:
823:
819:
812:
807:
803:
799:
798:Artaxerxes II
792:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
762:
757:
753:
752:Artaxerxes II
746:
741:
737:
730:
725:
718:
713:
706:
701:
700:
699:
697:
693:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
661:
659:
655:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:
618:
615:
611:
603:
598:
590:
582:
575:
574:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
504:
490:
480:
479:
478:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Apadana hoard
421:
419:
415:
411:
402:
397:
396:Persian daric
387:
384:
383:Apadana hoard
380:
376:
365:
359:
350:
344:
336:
329:
314:
313:Apadana hoard
300:
293:
288:
284:
280:
273:
268:
261:
256:
249:
244:
240:
233:
228:
227:
226:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
184:
181:coinage. The
180:
175:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
141:
137:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:Coin type of
113:
108:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
76:
67:
59:
58:Ancient Greek
55:
51:
47:
43:
32:
19:
4324:Architecture
4290:
3916: /
3912: /
3908: /
3904: /
3814:
3788:
3778:
3765:
3739:
3726:
3713:
3709:
3695:Bibliography
3672:
3664:
3654:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3602:
3595:
3575:
3568:
3548:
3541:
3521:
3513:
3493:
3461:
3453:
3433:
3421:
3401:
3389:
3377:
3357:
3350:
3338:
3309:
3289:
3282:
3262:
3255:
3243:
3232:
3222:
3202:
3191:
3182:
3162:
3153:
3137:
3126:
3116:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3062:the original
3057:
3053:
3014:
3010:
2973:
2966:
2946:
2939:
2919:
2912:
2892:
2872:
2841:
2815:
2809:
2789:
2753:
2724:
2720:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2649:the original
2644:
2640:
2627:
2617:
2596:
2590:
2570:
2562:
2542:
2535:
2515:
2508:
2488:
2430:
2423:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2370:
2347:
2335:
2315:
2288:
2278:
2269:
2249:
2242:
2222:
2215:
2205:
2199:
2179:
2172:
2121:Money portal
1993:Credit cards
1754:Time dollars
1601:
1562:
1544:with seated
1528:, 333-323 BC
1459:(380-375 BC)
1430:Themistocles
1429:
1425:
1418:Themistocles
1386:Themistocles
1366:
1350:
1346:
1335:. Satrap of
1271:Kabul valley
1239:Pushkalavati
1232:
1192:
1080:
1064:
1049:
1029:
932:
922:
914:tetradrachms
910:
904:
885:Sumerian art
877:
670:
662:
651:
607:
570:
555:
539:
467:Martin Price
464:
460:Western Asia
455:
446:
428:, under the
422:
407:
372:
219:
188:
176:
160:
156:Central Asia
145:
73:
53:
45:
39:
4894:Mithridatic
4439:Old Persian
4246:Family tree
3494:Portraiture
3428:, CNG Coins
3396:, CNG Coins
3172:Kagan p.230
3143:Kagan p.230
3054:The Celator
2641:The Celator
2351:. pp.
2027:Scripophily
1627:Numismatics
1398:portraiture
1219:Afghanistan
1211:Kabul hoard
1083:Kabul hoard
1056:Kabul hoard
1037:Afghanistan
1033:Kabul hoard
1004:tetradrachm
982:Kabul hoard
962:Kabul hoard
958:Afghanistan
628:Pharnabazes
600:Achaemenid
453:Old Persian
4991:Categories
4914:Cappadocia
4908:Ariarathid
4884:Achaemenid
4845:Royal Road
4792:Pasargadae
4396:Harpy Tomb
4332:Persepolis
4142:Sattagydia
4099:Massagetae
4050:(Gandhara)
3978:Cappadocia
3932:Akaufaka (
3906:Persepolis
3758:Cribb, Joe
2260:0723003041
2164:References
1929:Collection
1872:Production
1802:Achaemenid
1275:Bhir Mound
1243:Bhir Mound
1223:Achaemenid
1201:, and the
1167:See also:
1076:hacksilber
1020:hacksilber
980:See also:
938:Asia Minor
738:and after.
636:Asia Minor
614:Babylonian
602:bimetallic
566:Asia Minor
438:Persepolis
379:Persepolis
191:Asia Minor
105:See also:
95:Asia Minor
80:bimetallic
4889:Pharnacid
4877:Dynasties
4821:Satrapies
4787:Capitals
4755:Diplomacy
4454:Ganjnameh
4183:Herodotus
4176:See also
4114:Phoenicia
4027:Eber-Nari
4022:2nd Egypt
4018:1st Egypt
4013:Drangiana
3993:Chorasmia
3968:Babylonia
3948:Arachosia
3442:Joe Cribb
3410:Joe Cribb
3017:: 43–50.
2673:: 36–37.
2415:193050873
1974:Banknotes
1967:Notaphily
1901:Hammering
1884:Designers
1807:Byzantine
1674:Banknotes
1556:, 323 BC.
1489:Tiribazos
1369:Antiquity
1343:, Cilicia
1235:Joe Cribb
946:Macedonia
681:Alexander
640:Agesilaus
576:Standards
568:as well.
533:Croeseids
475:Croeseids
456:Daruiyaka
414:Croeseids
335:Croeseids
215:satrapies
50:gold coin
4922:Lygdamid
4858:Angarium
4799:Ecbatana
4251:Timeline
4089:Margiana
4059:Hyrcania
4054:Gedrosia
3988:Carmania
3934:Quhistan
3902:Behistun
3842:Archived
3768:: 80–101
3760:(1983),
3704:(2000),
3166:"a worn
2704:(1): 10.
1986:Exonumia
1837:Japanese
1817:Filipino
1797:Aksumite
1661:Currency
1649:Glossary
1619:a series
1617:Part of
1610:See also
1581:Balacrus
1577:Balacrus
1473:Perikles
1471:Coin of
1445:Baaltars
1422:Magnesia
1416:Coin of
1331:Coin of
1301:region.
1299:Gandhara
1207:Darius I
1135:Akanthos
1133:Coin of
1018:Eastern
966:Pakistan
880:Herakles
864:Herakles
848:Xerxes I
648:Plutarch
624:Drachmae
610:currency
549:and the
527:(modern
442:Darius I
410:Darius I
277:Coin of
239:Phaselis
237:Coin of
207:Harpagus
179:Croeseid
171:Alyattes
129:Darius I
121:Croeseid
107:Croeseid
4959:Related
4942:Armenia
4936:Orontid
4865:Angarum
4827:Armenia
4806:Babylon
4468:Warfare
4422:Culture
4352:Tachara
4338:Apadana
4239:History
4119:Phrygia
4104:Parthia
4069:Hindush
4048:Gandāra
4044:(Nubia)
4003:Colchis
3998:Cilicia
3973:Bactria
3963:Assyria
3958:Armenia
3939:Amyrgoi
2341:Malayer
2275:"DARIC"
2209:. 1999.
2158:Elymais
2015:Cheques
1960:Grading
1894:Milling
1889:Coining
1852:Tibetan
1832:Italian
1812:Chinese
1730:Oceania
1679:Forgery
1604:Babylon
1585:Cilicia
1573:Mazaios
1554:Cilicia
1520:, with
1518:Cilicia
1353:Sabakes
1337:Cilicia
1333:Mazaios
1319:, with
1241:and in
1139:Macedon
1072:bullion
1067:Archaic
1060:Babylon
1052:Sabakes
1000:Sabakes
840:hoplite
822:Babylon
692:Babylon
688:Mazaeus
677:Babylon
673:Babylon
653:Toxotai
449:Croesus
430:Apadana
299:Pegasus
167:Croesus
152:bullion
117:Croesus
91:satraps
4900:Pontus
4304:Danake
4152:Sogdia
4109:Persis
4031:Levant
3943:Arabia
3796:
3747:
3680:
3610:
3583:
3556:
3529:
3501:
3469:
3365:
3297:
3270:
3250:(1999)
2981:
2954:
2927:
2900:
2849:
2797:
2761:
2727:: 50.
2578:
2550:
2523:
2496:
2438:
2413:
2323:
2257:
2230:
2187:
2034:Stocks
2020:Scrips
2010:Tokens
2003:Medals
1998:Jetons
1916:Errors
1911:Metals
1827:Indian
1715:Europe
1705:Africa
1550:Tarsos
1526:Tarsos
1453:shekel
1378:Sigloi
1341:Tarsos
1321:Athena
1317:Kherei
1295:Taxila
1289:Early
1277:hoard.
1155:Athens
1099:Thasos
1024:Levant
988:, and
964:) and
942:Greece
891:Extent
868:Cyprus
830:Design
736:Xerxes
685:Satrap
683:, the
658:Darics
638:under
632:Sparta
617:shekel
558:Sardis
529:Turkey
521:Sardis
503:Sardis
471:Sardis
418:Sardis
364:Abdera
351:stater
349:Aegina
279:Lesbos
222:incuse
211:Sardis
183:stater
119:, the
87:Lydian
75:shékel
70:שֶׁקֶל
66:Hebrew
62:σίγλος
56:(from
54:siglos
4928:Caria
4311:Daric
4157:Yehud
4094:Media
4079:Lydia
4074:Libya
4064:Ionia
4008:Dahae
3983:Caria
3918:Daeva
3811:(PDF)
3168:Chiot
3065:(PDF)
3050:(PDF)
2816:Daric
2652:(PDF)
2637:(PDF)
2618:Daric
2411:S2CID
2355:–111.
2039:Bonds
1943:Coins
1842:Roman
1822:Greek
1669:Coins
1382:Daric
1374:Lycia
1357:Egypt
1227:Greek
1215:Kabul
1195:India
1115:Chios
950:Italy
934:Daric
820:, in
666:Obols
621:Attic
562:Lycia
525:Lydia
333:Gold
283:Ionia
203:Ionia
199:Caria
195:Lycia
163:Lydia
146:When
140:Lycia
46:daric
4813:Susa
4134:Saka
4084:Maka
4042:Kush
4037:Elam
3953:Aria
3914:Susa
3794:ISBN
3745:ISBN
3678:ISBN
3608:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3554:ISBN
3527:ISBN
3499:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3444:and
3412:and
3363:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3268:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2898:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2759:ISBN
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