Accurizing - Knowledge

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maximum overall length of the cartridge; if otherwise the cylinder cannot revolve. The next step is the cylinder gap, the space between the cylinder and barrel. This must be wide enough to allow free rotation of the cylinder even when it becomes fouled with powder residue, but not so large that excess gas can be released. The next step is the forcing cone. The forcing cone is where the bullet is guided from the cylinder into the bore of the barrel. It should be concentric with the bore, and deep enough to force the bullet into the bore without significant deformation. Unlike rifles, where the threaded portion of the barrel is in the chamber, revolver barrels threads surround the breech end of the bore, and it is possible that the bore will be compressed when the barrel is screwed into the frame. Cutting a longer forcing cone can relieve this "choke" point, as can lapping of the barrel after it is fitted to the frame.

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piston starts to move forwards, which pushes the rest of the gun backwards. The recoil then stops suddenly as the piston reaches the end of its travel, and is brought to a stop by the cushion of high-pressure air trapped between the piston and pellet. This recoil can be brutal on the gun in high-powered models, and will loosen screws, shift sights, and break scopes not designed specifically for the unique recoil of piston airgun—all of these can lead to poor accuracy. In addition to the recoil, piston airguns have a long lock time, as the piston must compress the air before the pellet begins to move, and the gun is moving due to the recoil during this time. Spring airguns require a special technique to fire, to ensure that the gun moves very consistently during this recoil. The preferred method is a very loose hold, to allow the gun to move back; this means that a piston airgun will

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it up to shooting position with eyes closed, and be correctly aligned and on target when their eyes are opened; this means the grip provides a consistent placement, and minimal corrections when aiming. Contrary to commonly stated rules of thumb, the handgun should not line up with the forearm when gripped, but rather point slightly outwards, so that when held to shoot, the sights line up with the shooter's eye. In cross-dominant shooters, the angle will be more pronounced. Thumbrests, finger grooves (if well fitted), and palm rests all provide control over recoil. An adjustable palm rest is a desirable feature as well, as it allows the grip to be adjusted to fit the shooter's hand as it swells and contracts over time.

1255:. These changes can affect accuracy either by allowing the action to shift under recoil, or by causing slight but accuracy-destroying bending of the barrel. By removing wood from areas of contact and, when needed, replacing it with a more stable substance that is precisely fitted, such as a fiberglass composite molded in place, a more stable, precise fit can be achieved. Other materials, such as composites or laminated wood, can also provide a stronger, more dimensionally stable stock than traditional woods can. Some stocks are even being made out of aluminum or other metals, for maximum stability. 122: 429: 1327:, borrowed from high performance engine builders, is also often applied to the process of manufacturing or altering parts to have a desired (usually tighter) clearance than stock parts, and tightening the tolerances on critical dimensions to reduce clearance variations. Blueprinting a firearm action involves similar operations designed to tighten the clearances of a firearm action to ensure consistent and correct seating of the cartridge in the chamber. A typical set of blueprinting operations for a bolt-action firearm would include the following: 1447:. Either technique greatly increases the stiffness of the barrel by enlarging the average diameter, but this process adds significant weight as well. This can greatly increase the mass of the barrel, however; going from a lightweight sporter contour to a heavy barrel contour can double the mass, and a going to a bull barrel contour can more than triple it. Fluting, consisting of grooves machined in the outer surface of the barrel to remove material, can reduce the weight and improve heat dispersion while maintaining most of the stiffness. 449: 819: 1239:. Many proponents of this process claim increased accuracy of the resulting barrels, but independent testing of the process by major manufacturers has shown no increase in accuracy. However, the conversion of austenite to martensite has been shown to result in easier machining and greater wear resistance on steels that tend to have significant amounts of retained austenite, such as stainless steels, and the process does appear to significantly affect the accurate life of stainless steel barrels. 1032:

0.699 along its length, which will allow the bolt clearance in the 0.702 diameter raceway to vary from 0.005 to 0.003. Further, if the raceway also has a tolerance of +/- 0.001 from the nominal of 0.702, then its ID can vary from 0.701 to 0.703 along its length. That combination of tolerances can allow the bolt clearance to vary from 0.002 to 0.006. The point at which the 0.002 clearance occurred would likely cause binding and malfunction in most operational environments.

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Many swing-out cylinder revolvers only support the cylinder securely at the rear, and flipping the cylinder open and closed can bend the crane and prevent the cylinder from lining up parallel to the bore. The cylinder bolt, which engages the bottom of the cylinder through a slot in the frame, should provide a relatively tight lockup, and not drag the cylinder during rotation or pop loose when the hammer is cocked at a reasonable speed.

1116:, where bullets strike the target sideways. Too fast a twist can also be a problem, as it can magnify problems in the bullet. A bullet whose center of mass is slightly off-center will diverge at a rate proportional to the rifling twist, so excess twist will result in greater dispersion. In practical terms, this is only a problem for rifles chambered for common military calibers where a variety of different loads exist. For example, the 22: 568: 425:, and there are a large number of issues to be addressed in achieving an accurate firearm. The keys to firing an accurate shot are a firm but not overtight grip, the ability to get a good sight picture and a controlled squeeze of the trigger. The ability to manage recoil is also important in heavily recoiling calibers, both to aid in possible additional shots, and to prevent the user from developing a fear of the recoil. 1165:

and this will result in the bullet being pushed away from that side, causing a significant deflection in its path. A crown may be re-cut with relative ease, and this can fix any problems caused by a defective or damaged crown, by ensuring an even release of the bullet. An 11 degree crown has the best accuracy potential, and should be applied to a barrel to get the best gas flow at the bullet exit point of the barrel.

995:, shortening the distance that parts, moving as components of the firing operation, have to cover, and using a more powerful spring. A short lock time is particularly desired when shooting with high precision at small targets. The lock time of conventional bolt-action rifles typically lie between 2.6 to 9.0 milliseconds. Further reductions in lock time, to near zero levels, can be achieved with electrical primers. 1609:

pumps for full power. The ability to vary the power, however, is the pump airgun's major disadvantage when it comes to accuracy, as it makes it very difficult to get a consistent charge. The increased power of a pump airgun makes it an attractive choice for many shooters, and there are steps that can be taken to improve consistency, such as modifying the air chamber so that not all the air is exhausted in a shot.

1128:, not only because it makes the bore a more consistent diameter, but also because it polishes the bore. Barrel lapping should be done with the tool moving in the same direction as the bullet will move, so that any imperfections in the barrel will be smoothed out and thus not interfere with the passage of the bullet. A smooth, polished bore will not only hold the bullet better, but also reduce barrel fouling. 1072: 1059:, where there is a certain amount of energy extracted from the firing of the cartridge that must be used to cycle the action. Overly tight clearances mean that there is no place for lubricant and dirt to be, and this can bind the parts. However, except for cost considerations, it is always beneficial to minimize the tolerances applied to the manufacture of mating parts. 1620:, to fill a reservoir. The reservoir can be a small, single-shot one, such as in the Brocock Air Cartridge system, or a large, multi-shot tank. The key to top accuracy in a precharged pneumatic is a consistent pressure. With multishot systems (as are most), the pressure in the reservoir will drop with each shot fired, so the best way to achieve consistency is with a 1420:. The point in time at which the bullet exits the barrel will determine the orientation of the muzzle relative to its rest position. Exiting near a peak or valley in the motion means the muzzle is relatively stationary, and shot dispersion will be minimized; exiting between a peak and valley means the muzzle is rapidly moving, and shot dispersion will be greater. 1572:, and quickly lose velocity; when they drop below the speed of sound, they will often tumble. However, high velocities sell airguns; if accuracy is desired from these high velocity guns, then heavier pellets should be used to keep the velocity down. This will provide not only better accuracy, but better downrange preservation of velocity and kinetic energy. 1624:, which provides a steady, but lower, pressure at the valve, for as long as the reservoir pressure remains higher than the regulated pressure. Regulators are also generally adjustable, so a low pressure setting will provide many shots of lower power, while a high pressure setting will provide a few high power shots. 1488:

allow the shooter to find the "sweet spot", where it will do the most good at damping the vibrations that are affecting accuracy. Other tuners work by using an adjustable weight on the muzzle to alter the length of the resonant portion of the barrel, and allowing the frequency to be matched to the ammunition.

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aim. An ideal group would be one where all shots land in a hole no larger than the diameter of a single bullet; this would indicate zero dispersion. The most common way of measuring groups then is to measure the edge to edge distance of the farthest holes, and subtract the bullet diameter, which gives the

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The first step to accuracy of a piston gun is to ensure that all screws are secure and the sights are rated for use on a piston airgun. Another potential issue regarding accuracy is resonance in the spring used to power the piston in most airguns. The spring will vibrate strongly as the piston stops,

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The barrel is one of the most important factors for accuracy, as a poorly made barrel may be beyond correction. Even a quality barrel must be well matched to the cartridge it will be firing. In most cases, it is not practical to fix a barrel whose bore is worn out, poorly or unsuitably rifled, or the

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For example, a bolt with an outside diameter (OD) of 0.697 inches which is operating in a receiver with a bolt raceway inside diameter (ID) of 0.702 has a clearance of 0.005 inches. If the bolt OD has a nominal OD of 0.698 and a tolerance of +/- 0.001, then the bolt OD can randomly vary from 0.697 to

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is the time between the release of the sear and the ignition of the cartridge, and depends on the design of the firing mechanism. A lengthy lock time gives time for the shooter to drift off target, and so it is advantageous to minimize the lock time and reduce the window for error. Reductions in lock

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No matter what the potential laboratory accuracy of a firearm, it does not matter if a human shooter cannot fire it accurately under a set of real-world conditions. A firearm that is comfortable, fits the user well, and provides for a careful, consistent trigger pull and recoil management is not only

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will need to be accurate on the first shot from a cold, clean barrel, while one used for target shooting may be allowed fouling shots before the first shot for record is fired. Issues of portability or restrictions of certain competitions may limit the alterations that can be made. In addition, every

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of only 7.6 millimetres (0.30 in), and was the most consistent performer of the test. However, if the ammunition was tuned to the gun, the clear winner was the Python, which averaged just 43 millimetres (1.69 in) with its favored brand of ammunition. The Python was also by far the pickiest,

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of accuracy. Handguns are generally used at closer ranges, and are tested for accuracy at their intended range of use. Also of importance is the number of shots fired. Statistical likelihood says the fewer shots that are fired, the smaller the dispersion will be. 3 or 5-shot groups are acceptable for

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The accuracy of a shot relies on many different factors, which can be broken down into three broad categories: the firearm, the cartridge, and the shooter. Accurizing generally refers to the processes that are applied to the firearm. Techniques relating to producing accurate ammunition are covered in

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A single stroke system, as the name implies, uses a single stroke of the pump to compress a cylinder full of air, which is then all used for one shot of the gun. Single stroke systems are both inexpensive and capable of high accuracy due to the simplicity and consistency of the single stroke design.

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Many times it is advantageous to eliminate most or all contact between the stock and barrel, to eliminate potential accuracy-destroying interference in the barrel harmonics. To do this, stock material is removed along the barrel channel to leave a slight gap between the stock and the barrel; this is

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While many barrel manufacturers recess the crown to protect it from accidental damage, it can still be damaged over time by cleaning rods that are too hard. It is also not uncommon for factory crowns to be cut slightly off-center, so that one side of the bullet exits slightly earlier than the other,

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barrels, which can be inexpensively bored out and re-lined with a commercial barrel liner. If the barrel is unsuitable and relining is not an option, then an aftermarket or custom barrel is the best solution. However, if the bore is good, then there are a number of operations that can be done to the

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Competition handgun grips are anatomically shaped, and are often custom fitted to the shooter's hand. An ideal grip will fit the contours of the shooter's grip, so that the knuckles fall into position the same way every time. The ideal grip should allow the shooter to repeatedly grasp the gun, bring

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Another issue in measuring accuracy is the method by which the gun is secured for the test. The most accurate shooting position is a supported position, such as firing from a benchrest with the firearm well-supported by a shooting rest or sandbags; this eliminates much of the shooter's potential for

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Based on this test, answering the question "Which is the most accurate?" becomes a matter of opinion. The 686 shot the best average groups. However, as the Python showed the best performance with one brand of ammunition, it might be the best choice if that brand of ammunition were acceptable for the

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shooter Don Nygord demonstrated the potential of the design by shooting an accurized version in a California State air pistol championship, and winning the gold medal. The (at the time) US$ 40 Daisy, with a better rear sight and an adjustable trigger added, shot as well as the US$ 400 Olympic class

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The difference between an airgun and a firearm is the way in which the power to launch the projectile is provided. In a firearm the projectile propulsion is provided by an exothermic chemical reaction, and in an airgun is it provided primarily by mechanically compressed gas, typically either air or

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must be kept to the smallest value that will allow proper operation of the mechanism. This goal can be achieved by carefully hand selecting parts and precisely fitting them together, or by manufacturing new parts (bolt, receiver, barrel, etc. to precise dimensions using much tighter tolerances than

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Rifle stocks have similar issues of fit, and though the use of sights makes this less vital than in a shotgun, a good fit still helps the shooter to relax and concentrate on fundamentals. The shape of a rifle stock should be suited to its intended use. High combs and vertical pistol grips are ideal

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Grips for handguns, especially ones used in single handed disciplines such as bullseye and Olympic handgun shooting, are critical to good accuracy. The grip provides very little control compared to a rifle stock, and so a good fit is required to give the shooter control over the gun and isolate the

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or grip allows the shooter to have a relaxed but firm grip on the firearm. This can range from minor changes such as texturing grip surfaces or adding a wide, beavertail type grip safety to a 1911, all the way to a custom-built, anatomically designed grip that "fits like a glove". Key features are:

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The takeup is the least critical stage of the trigger pull, and individual preferences vary widely. Two-stage triggers, for example, consist of a noticeable takeup, followed by a distinct increase in the force required to pull the trigger, followed by the break. A single-stage trigger, on the other

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group size, the winner was the Model 686, which shot an average group of 68 millimetres (2.69 in) across the brands of ammunition, with a standard deviation between ammunition types of 14 millimetres (0.54 in). However, the Model 52, while shooting slightly larger groups at 73 millimetres

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Since adjusting the point of impact to match the point of aim is relatively simple with any type of adjustable sights, the primary goal of accurizing is to increase the precision of the firearm, which is generally measured by looking at the dispersion of a number of shots fired at the same point of

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The bullet does not leave the barrel as soon as the sear releases; rather, there is a delay between the release of the sear and the bullet exiting the barrel. During this time, any movement will move the firearm off target, and so this time should be minimized, especially for firearms that will be

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mounted closer to the user's eye and farther from the front sight tightens accuracy by lengthening the sight radius while helping the person take better advantage of the improvement. Some of these "peep sights" provide precise, repeatable adjustments for long range shooting with no need for tools.

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A consistent lockup is important to keep all these parts in line, and revolvers are prone to abuse that can damage these parts, adversely affecting the accuracy and even safety of the revolver. This lockup consists of two parts, the crane to frame lockup, and the cylinder bolt to cylinder lockup.

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The throat in a revolver is part of the cylinder, and like any other chamber, the throat should be sized so that it is concentric to the chamber and very slightly over the bullet diameter. At the end of the throat, however, things change. First, the throat in a revolver is at least as long as the

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is preferred, where a single point of contact remains between stock and barrel near the forend. In both these cases, bedding the action is required to provide support for the floating or pressure bedded barrel. Since the action ends up supporting the mass of the barrel, a poor stock to action fit

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In some cases, stock parts are not sufficient for the task of producing a finished product with sufficiently tight clearances. In this case, it may be necessary to use specially fabricated parts, built either with minimal clearances (but to a very tight tolerance), or parts that are oversized and

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Stocks for long guns are not as often changed as handgun grips, but a well fitted stock can make a significant difference in accuracy. For shotguns in particular, the placement of the shooter's face on the stock provides the rear aiming point, and the correct drop, toe alignment, and cast-off can

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While adjustable triggers may provide the greatest level of control, much can be done with standard non-adjustable triggers. Careful hand fitting and polishing of parts, addition of high precision or adjustable aftermarket parts, or fabrication of new parts can greatly improve most triggers. Care

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Target model, with six, five and eight inch long barrels, respectively. Ten groups of five shots were fired and measured from each revolver with each ammunition. Click on the image at right to see a larger view of the graph of average group sizes for each type of ammunition and each revolver. The

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More powerful is the pump system, which is a slightly more complex version of the single stroke design. Rather than leaving the air in the piston when compressed, the pump airgun has a reservoir to contain the compressed air, allowing multiple pumps to be used, typically 2 at a minimum, up to 10

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If it is not possible or desirable to match the bullet to the barrel, there are a number of devices marketed to allow the barrel to be tuned to match the ammunition. There are a number of models of these that work in different ways. One type uses an adjustable damper or pressure bedding point to

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is the revolving cylinder, separate from the barrel, that contains the chambers. Revolvers typically have 5 to 9 chambers, and the first issue is ensuring consistency among the chambers; if they are not consistent then the point of impact will vary from chamber to chamber. The chambers must also

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The bullet dwell time is the time between ignition of the cartridge and when the bullet leaves the barrel. Like lock time, dwell time is a window for error, and can be minimized with a faster bullet or a shorter barrel. In some cases, a shorter barrel is desired to reduce dwell time, but without

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Piston airguns, often called "springers", are unique in many ways. Since the firing process involves a fairly massive piston suddenly moving to compress the air, they have a significant "kick", generally called "recoil" (though this is not the same as firearm recoil). The recoil begins when the

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Structure. A firearm that is properly affixed to the stock, allowing the barrel to float freely as opposed to touching other surfaces, will be more accurate. A stock should also allow the action to be affixed securely and provide a good bedding surface, which sometimes requires the use of epoxy

764:. This is out of concern for liability; firearms are inherently dangerous, and allowing the user to adjust the trigger, or even implying such adjustments can be made, exposes the manufacturer to lawsuit. Likewise, manufacturers of aftermarket parts expose themselves to similar liability issues. 1682:

The issue of temperature change is not readily addressable, other than by the use of readily adjustable sights, so the shooter can adjust the sights to match the point of impact based on the current ambient conditions. In the case of rapid fire, there is a solution that can provide far greater

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is that it is dependent upon the vapor pressure, which changes significantly with temperature. This is of primary concern to outdoor shooters, who may shoot in widely varying temperatures, or for rapid fire shooters, as rapid release of the gas results in a rapid drop in the temperature of the

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shoot the same from a bench. All accuracy testing and sighting in must be done in the same position the gun will be shot from, otherwise the results will be different. Piston airgun recoil cannot readily be dealt with without a significant redesign; in some cases the action can be mounted on a

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Any machining process on a barrel, whether it's boring, rifling, or turning the outside contour, will produce some stress in the steel of the barrel. This stress can cause the barrel to expand unevenly as it heats, causing shots to "walk" as the barrel heats and cools. To prevent this, careful

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An adjustable trigger may have ways to adjust all of these stages, plus trigger location. For example, a first stage or takeup adjustment might include weight and travel, a second stage or sear engagement adjustment might include weight and travel, and a trigger stop adjustment would limit the

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rifle, where the rifle must be brought from a ready position to a shooting position quickly and smoothly. This use favors low sights or scopes, and a shallow pistol grip angle. Rounded forearms are well suited for firing from offhand, while a square-bottomed forearm provides a stable base for

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Stiffness of a barrel is proportional to the fourth power of the diameter, and inversely proportional to the third power of the length. Because of this, short, thick barrels will vibrate with high frequency and low amplitude, and long, thin barrels will vibrate with a low frequency and high

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rifle is unable to accurately fire bullets that are heavier than 3.6 grams (55 gr) due to barrel twist that is too slow to stabilize heavier bullets. Precision rifles typically come with barrels that are either tailor-made for a specific ammunition load or made according to the buyer's

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steels used for barrels. While the stainless barrels are not any more accurate than a 4140 barrel, they will maintain their accuracy longer in many applications, as they are more resistant to erosion caused by the heat of firing high-powered cartridges. One notable exception to this is the

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Adjustable sights are essential for most target shooting, as they allow compensation for variables such as target range and ammunition type. Firearms with non-adjustable or coarsely adjustable sights cannot give their holders the ability to reliably shoot on target in changing conditions.

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Telescopic and reflex sights offer advantages to people with less experience or poor eyesight by bringing both target and aiming point into focus, while "scopes" also magnify and brighten the image. Drawbacks such as weight, bulk, and complexity can also affect a shooter's performance.

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cleanly. Once the bullet is engaged in the rifling, with a good seal and coaxial fit, it must stay that way. It is often possible to shorten a barrel slightly by removing material from the breech end and re-cut the chamber, which can correct many problems in the original chamber.

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Recoil is also a key issue in rifle stock design. Heavy recoiling rifles should have wide butts, with a good recoil pad to absorb the force of recoil, and a comb that is straight or slopes down towards the action, so that it does not push into the shooter's face under recoil.

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Barrel wear is also an important issue, particularly in high-powered firearms. High temperatures tend to erode the barrel at the throat, preventing the bullet from entering the rifling cleanly. One way to produce a long-lasting barrel is by the proper selection of materials.

1019:, while after cartridge ignition most rifle bullets travel through a high powered rifle barrel bore in 1.0 to 1.5 milliseconds. Mechanical bolt-action rifle trigger systems with a sub 2.0 millisecond lock time are applied in most purpose designed high end competition rifles. 1646:

will, if one can be fitted to a given model, provide vibrationless action, though with some loss of efficiency and even sharper recoil. Spring driven pistons also respond well to accurizing; careful fitting of parts and use of quality lubricants and spring damping

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amplitude. Due to the effect of length, barrel harmonics are primarily a concern with rifles. By using the shortest and/or fattest barrel possible, the amplitude of the vibrations can be minimized to the point that they are irrelevant to accuracy. Unlimited class

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The overtravel can be the most critical factor in the trigger pull, as any movement caused at this point will happen as the shot is fired. This is especially important with firearms where there is a sudden release of resistance when the sear breaks, such as in

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During firing, the chamber pressure rises from atmospheric pressure to, in a typical rifle cartridge, pressures of about 340 megapascals (50,000 psi) within microseconds. This rapid increase in pressure causes the barrel to vibrate at a certain natural

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triggers. An overtravel stop will arrest the motion of the trigger just after the break, and prevent movement. Over travel is not always considered bad by some, as the force of the trigger finger does not impact on the gun directly after sear release.

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have to be followed rigorously; any failure on the part of the shooter to remain focused and consistent can result in a bad shot. It's common to use a benchrest or a vise when evaluating ammunition or a weapon for accuracy to eliminate human error.

1008:, can be used. This is a tube that fits on the muzzle end of the barrel, providing support for the front sight, but that is bored to much larger than bore diameter. This provides the sight plane of a long barrel with less weight and dwell time. 1454:

composite, around the barrel, and then using a nut attached to the end of the barrel to tension the barrel and place the sleeve under compression. This serves to keep the muzzle closer to concentric and coaxial to the breech during vibration.

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The dynamics of the trigger are one of the most important aspects of usability, since any movement of the firearm caused by pulling the trigger can affect the placement of the shot. Trigger pulls are relative, however. Compare a sport like

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The other solution is to work with the barrel's natural vibration, and tune the components so that the bullet exits the barrel as it is moving the slowest. The simplest approach to harmonic tuning is to concentrate on the ammunition. The

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of the gun, even if the projectile weights and shape are the same. This means that in addition to the gun itself, consistent ammunition performance is also extremely critical for accuracy with firearms. While some manufacturers produce

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liquid cools down quickly, leading to a rapid drop in velocity and a changing point of impact. By moving to a bulk fill system, with a much larger tank, there is more liquid available, and the greater mass will cool far more slowly.

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the action also taps energy from the firing process for cycling to fire the next round. From an accuracy perspective, the primary goal of the action is to achieve a consistent placement of the cartridge in the chamber every shot.

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Gripping surfaces, particularly on handguns, are often designed to provide a large degree of friction to prevent the shooter's grip from shifting. This can be done by either using a material that provides a high friction, such as

554:). Groups for rifles are traditionally shot at either 100 meters or 100 yards (91 m). At 100 yd a minute of arc equals 1.047 inches (26.6 mm), and the one MOA group (approximately 1/3 or 0.3 mil) is a traditional 875:, a process where V-shaped grooves are cut into the wood at an angle to each other, leaving a pattern of pyramidal projections in the wood. Another process uses a punch to leave a random pattern of dents in the surface, called 1027:

The terms "clearance" and "tolerance" are very often confused and misused. Clearance is the distance between the surfaces of mating parts. Tolerance is the allowable variation of a dimension from its nominal (desired) value.

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are another device that can be attached to the rail, to allow a shooter to lower their off hand and place their elbow into their body for support. Target stocks also are available with a large degree of adjustment, including

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sliding rail, or two counter-recoiling pistons can be used, but this requires significant changes to the design. The resulting gun will be far less sensitive to the shooter's hold, and thus much easier to shoot accurately.

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hand, has no discernible movement before the break. Fully adjustable triggers will provide a two-stage pull, and the option of reducing the first stage travel to zero, essentially making the trigger a single-stage trigger.

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A slight gain in the rifling twist, or a slight tapering down of the bore, will still ensure the tight fit of bullet to bore, so when selecting a barrel, the tighter or faster twist end should be chosen for the muzzle.

331:, and therefore need to be minimized or tuned to limit their effects on accuracy. Generally, the harmonic effects are proportional to the square of the barrel length, and so are generally only of concern in 879:; this process is better suited to complex curves than checkering, and is often found on anatomical grips. Handguns with plastic frames will often have stippling or checkering molded into the frame. 1136:

Of great importance to accuracy is the fit of the ammunition to the barrel. The chamber should be concentric, and the throat sized just slightly larger than the bullet diameter. The cartridge must

1480:, or the time it takes from ignition to exiting the barrel. By experimentally matching the dwell time to the barrel's frequency, the best load for a particular firearm may be found. Similarly, 1101:

Ideally, the bore must be cylindrical and the rifling geometry the same down the length of the bore. Some airgun rifles have a short cone towards the muzzle to improve the speed of the bullet.

1733: 1616:, were of this type, as are many new cutting edge models. The precharged pneumatic uses an external source of compressed air, either an external pump or a high pressure reservoir such as a 1284:

uses precisely machined metal pillars in the stock which mate with the action, providing a strong metal-to-metal contact without the labor-intensive hand fitting required in glass bedding.

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greatly enhance accuracy. This was traditionally accomplished by steaming and bending the stock, but a simpler solution for modern guns is a set of shims that alter the angle of the stock.

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however, turning in the largest groups at 154 and 102 millimetres (6.08 and 4.0 in) averages with its least favorite brands, for a standard deviation of 41 millimetres (1.6 in).

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A target aperture sight, mounted on the receiver. This rearward mounting position provides a long sight radius, and the small aperture provides a long depth of field and precise alignment

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application in question. If a consistent supply of ammunition were a problem, then the 52 might be the best choice, since it showed the least sensitivity to differences in ammunition.

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is commonly found in multishot airguns, from the cheapest plinkers to Olympic class target guns, though the latter are facing competition from regulated precharged pneumatics. CO

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A firearm's sights help its user to align the barrel with an intended target. In some cases the only refinement in a "target" firearm over a standard model is improved sights.

494:, and just like accurizing a firearm, the goal is to produce the most consistent possible results. The shooter must also be consistent, and this means that the fundamentals of 663:

shooting, which uses distant targets with tiny scoring zones. While both types of trigger need a predictable pull, bullseye shooters demand a much higher degree of precision.

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error and will generally result in much smaller groups than firing from an unsupported position. Even for a firearm that is going to be shot offhand, accuracy testing from a

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These operations ensure that not only is the cartridge consistently and correctly positioned when chambered, but also that it remains correctly positioned during firing.

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is the ability to hit the same place over and over again in a repeatable fashion. Both are the goals of accurizing, which generally concentrates on four different areas:

1670:'s advantage is that it is stored in a liquid form, rather than a gas, and as such provides a greater power density. The liquid also provides a constant pressure, the 752:

should be taken, however, since trigger work requires a great deal of care and precision, and a bad trigger job can easily render a firearm highly unsafe or unusable.

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Barrel tensioning devices are a way of gaining stiffness with minimal increases in weight. They do this by placing a lightweight sleeve, often made of aluminium or a

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The break is a far more critical stage of the pull, as it happens just prior to the shot being fired. Here again, individual preferences vary; some shooters prefer a

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Some target shooting disciplines allow the use of various devices to help support the rifle, and these are often mounted to an accessory rail beneath the forend.

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trigger finger movement. Aftermarket parts makers provide a wide range of grips for handguns, allowing shooters to find grips that are suitable for their hands.

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The last type of pneumatic airgun is the precharged pneumatic. This is both an old and a new design; some of the earliest airguns, such as the model carried by

937: 2933: 1108:

The twist of the rifling must match the intended ammunition for best accuracy. Rifling with too slow a twist will not stabilize long bullets, causing them to

369:, so tuning the gun alone is usually sufficient for accurizing as long as the projectiles' weights and shapes are uniform. Firearms, however, rely purely on 1160:

As the bullet clears the crown, it will release upwards of 34–69 megapascals (5,000–10,000 psi) of back pressure, which must be as uniform as possible.

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Nygord, Don (April 1980). "How to Make a Super Shooter: How to Accurize Your Daisy 717 For Practically Nothing and Outshoot the High Priced Competition".

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There are two ways to address harmonics; reducing the amplitude with a stiffer barrel, or working with the natural frequency to minimize dispersion.

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barrels, where weight is of very little consequence, have very large diameters; an outside diameter of 2 inches (5 cm) is not uncommon.

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with lightweight pellets; this, however, is not a good thing where accuracy is concerned. The commonly used airgun diabolo pellets have a poor

456:

is about double, measuring about 15 mm (0.59 in) at 91 m (100 yd), which corresponds to an angular size of about 0.15

1182:

method of manufacture leaves a significant amount of stress in the barrels, which could be addressed through stress-relieving heat treatment.

624:

As the goal of accurizing a firearm is to improve its accuracy, the way accuracy is measured becomes important. A firearm used primarily as a

3033: 2741: 2828: 943: 872: 2037: 1940: 1215:-turned bullets made from harder brass, bronze, or steel in this caliber, and the 4140 steel will stand up to this better than stainless. 2557: 1875: 1780: 805:

with a blade, post or bead near the muzzle and a notch over the breech are good for quick alignment but far from ideal for accuracy. An

5379: 559:

zeroing the sights and rough accuracy estimates, but most shooters consider 10-shot groups to be the minimum for accuracy comparisons.

1439:

While standard rifle barrels taper from breech to muzzle, high precision rifles will often use a barrel with far less taper, called a

1040:

production components. The best fits are generally attained by selecting slightly oversized parts (or altering stock parts to form an

2853: 1580:

Pneumatic systems use compressed gas for power, usually compressed air. This air may be compressed by the gun for each shot, in a

849:

Positioning. The shooter must be positioned correctly and consistently, allowing easy use of the sights, and a clean trigger pull.

421:

The key to an accurate firearm is consistency. Getting everything to happen the same way for every shot is key to producing small

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gives the shooter the opportunity to very precisely control the bullet velocity, and experimentally choose the optimum velocity.

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Improvements in visibility and sharpness of a target image provided by some sights can also improve users' aim and consistency.

405:

and fine-tune their own ammunition. Furthermore, the rapid gas expansion that occurs when the projectile leaves the muzzle also

5680: 2958: 2011: 2804: 2459: 905:

for high mounted target sights or scopes and careful, deliberate shooting such as encountered in traditional target shooting,

436:

measuring about 7 mm (0.28 in) at 91 m (100 yd), which corresponds to an angular size of about 0.08

1276:

uses a fiberglass composite which is molded in place around the action. This can be as simple as bedding the recoil lug of a

1231:

temperatures, leaving it there for a time, and then slowly warming back to room temperature. This process converts remaining

2434: 2138: 5638: 5513: 3084: 3059: 2351: 2211: 2908:"Barrel Tuner Vibration Analysis: Effects of tuner adjustments on vibration frequency and the shift in barrel node points" 2721: 1596:

The downsides are the low power provided, though this is not a handicap in standard 10 meter airgun target shooting. When

359:

as possible. Airguns have significantly lower barrel pressure and are far less affected by barrel harmonics than firearms.

3125: 2274: 1140:

correctly, be held firmly in place, concentric to the bore, and the bullet must fit the bore and be guided to engage the

86: 2886: 2304: 1909: 1822: 3356: 3216: 3187: 3151: 2409: 2248: 1561:

Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and different areas that can be addressed to ensure consistency.

58: 1247:

A poor fit of the action to the stock is also a source of problems, and this problem is exacerbated by issues such as

5691: 5470: 5465: 3314: 3288: 2480: 2385: 2184: 2148: 105: 195:: Enhancements that give the shooter a firmer and more controlled hold on the firearm, as well as a more consistent 5418: 5396: 5003: 3510: 2578: 65: 3936: 3012: 1343:

Sleeving the bolt (adding material to increase the diameter), then machining down for a precise fit to the action

660: 2911: 2663: 5611: 5552: 5430: 5401: 5353: 5183: 5138: 5025: 4813: 3638: 2937: 1407:

A Jay Young built unlimited class "railgun" using a 51 millimetres (2 in) diameter Lilja Precision barrel.

571:

Graph showing the results of an accuracy test using 3 different revolvers and 7 different brands of ammunition.

236: 43: 3263: 1505:), though these gases are used primarily for convenience and some airgun variants run on other gases, such as 5440: 4596: 1178:

the barrels. The amount of good this does depends on the technique used to make the barrel. For example, the

846:

Control. The shooter must be able to hold the firearm on target and provide consistent movement under recoil.

714:

break, where there is a smooth but discernible amount of trigger travel during firing, while others prefer a

4781: 2329: 72: 5725: 5676: 5660: 5525: 5480: 2776: 2696: 1117: 672: 575:

Even defining accuracy can be problematic. An example of this can be shown by the following tests, run by

5696: 5655: 5594: 5406: 4220: 4074: 4066: 3829: 2639: 2532: 1051:

Clearances cannot be too tight, however, or functionality will be compromised; this is very important in

591: 473:

Determining accuracy is not always a straightforward task, as it depends on a large number of variables.

39: 987:

time are generally performed by lightening parts that move as part of the firing operation, such as the

5650: 5193: 4776: 3398: 3373: 659:, which emphasizes speed and uses relatively close targets with large scoring zones on the targets, to 54: 4838: 3037: 1311:

are holding the cartridge in place in the chamber, and providing a way to ignite the propellant. In a

5535: 5158: 4694: 3782: 2598: 2090: 1510: 723: 2065: 1383:

align consistently with the barrel, so the bullet enters the barrel the same way from each chamber.

5301: 5095: 4818: 4438: 4240: 1986: 961:

fired from an unsupported standing position. This delay can be broken down into two sections, the

760:

Most manufacturers ship firearms with fairly heavy, nonadjustable triggers, colloquially known as

5291: 5090: 4731: 4672: 4036: 4021: 3895: 3650: 3506: 406: 263:

can also help shooters to stabilize their aim when shooting off-hand while standing or squatting.

32: 3253:

The RSW-54 is a model 48/52 with the action mounted on rails, so it can recoil within the stock.

2832: 917:

and ideal trigger control. However, these features are not well suited for a typical hunting or

5557: 5520: 5296: 4808: 4571: 4448: 4326: 4289: 3972: 3849: 3709: 3645: 3410: 3349: 2033: 1936: 1758: 1597: 1316: 1175: 1153:

The crown is the muzzle face of the barrel. The crown's integrity is critical for two reasons:

1056: 184: 154: 743:

air pistol trigger mechanism, unmodified (top) and with a sear engagement adjustment (bottom).

5228: 5153: 5123: 4848: 4657: 4245: 4225: 3809: 3726: 3633: 1879: 1776: 1569: 634: 398: 385: 131:, before accurizing (top) and after (below). Externally visible changes are the target-style 121: 1324: 269:: Parts that better fit together will shift less, or shift more consistently, under recoil. 5276: 5258: 5248: 4756: 4495: 4388: 4190: 4123: 3237: 1600:

introduced an inexpensive single stroke pistol, the model 717, in the late 1970s, American

1289: 1137: 871:, or by adding texture to the grips. Traditionally wood grips and stocks are provided with 629:

firearm is different, and processes that yield good results on one may not affect another.

381: 320: 312: 298: 136: 1011:

To put lock time and bullet dwell time in perspective; the lock time of most conventional

8: 5386: 5369: 5271: 5213: 4935: 4918: 4736: 4679: 4667: 4662: 4640: 4526: 4490: 4393: 4368: 4331: 4269: 4185: 3694: 3085:"I have a Browning rifle with the BOSS. What is the "Sweet Spot" setting for my firearm?" 1473: 1251:

of metal parts during use, and swelling and contracting of wooden stocks with changes in

1224: 906: 487: 483: 389: 328: 324: 3334: 2857: 428: 259:

and re-establish aim faster and more precisely for repeated firing. The use of suitable

79: 5601: 5547: 5508: 5208: 5198: 5010: 4998: 4616: 4398: 4205: 4175: 3839: 3561: 1621: 1433: 1392: 1089: 806: 608: 248: 207:

and grips with more vertical angles that are natural to the human hand and wrist (e.g.

196: 2987: 549: 5318: 5313: 5266: 5203: 5188: 4983: 4786: 4751: 4606: 4566: 4514: 4346: 4230: 3986: 3910: 3880: 3844: 3834: 3792: 3626: 3377: 3342: 2381: 2144: 2112: 1965: 1467:

Drawing from US Patent 5,423,145, for a Rifle-Barrel Harmonic Vibration Tuning Device

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losing the sight radius of a longer barrel. In this case, a sight extension tube, or

914: 373: 365:: In airguns, the inbuilt powerplants themselves provide the propulsive force to the 356: 351:, can also be mounted onto the barrel to alter the harmonic wave pattern so that the 294: 278: 2962: 2007: 243:

can provide a more stable and relaxed platform for the shooter, and devices such as

5645: 5562: 5500: 5349: 5243: 5143: 5133: 5100: 5035: 4741: 4601: 4485: 4383: 4378: 4200: 4148: 4006: 3996: 3926: 3867: 3738: 3464: 3369: 2800: 2515: 2455: 2231: 1041: 988: 802: 785: 417:

can also be used to modulate the escaping gas and improve the consistency of shots.

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is also important for the overall rigidity of the system. Some companies, such as

5633: 5628: 5435: 5425: 5308: 5286: 5015: 4801: 4746: 4470: 4279: 4153: 4138: 4118: 3931: 3799: 3716: 3699: 3662: 3599: 3589: 2430: 1617: 1613: 1228: 1192: 918: 831: 696:, the movement during which the trigger moves the sear past the point of release. 656: 646:

a physical advantage over a poorly fit firearm, but a psychological one as well.

448: 273:

is one of the most common practices of such accurizing procedure. Adequate screw

216: 3212: 3147: 3088: 3063: 2355: 2207: 1850: 5173: 4993: 4843: 4761: 4586: 4541: 4415: 4351: 4341: 4252: 4210: 4180: 4101: 3890: 3760: 3681: 3655: 3606: 2717: 1671: 1565: 1547: 1498: 1443:, sometimes leaving the barrel cylindrical all the way to the muzzle, called a 1352: 1308: 1112:

in flight; at its worst, this can result in the bullets tumbling in-flight and

949: 818: 735: 687: 625: 352: 290: 173: 2278: 1906:"The Benefits of Custom Grips by John Dreyer, Encyclopedia of Bullseye Pistol" 5719: 5374: 4833: 4791: 4463: 4423: 4403: 4363: 4311: 4299: 4284: 4158: 4143: 4016: 3953: 3941: 3775: 3765: 3755: 3750: 3733: 3704: 3616: 3536: 2882: 1905: 1818: 1601: 1539:

Pneumatic, which uses pre-compressed air stored in a reservoir within the gun

1522: 1268: 910: 516: 461: 453: 441: 433: 422: 270: 5218: 4855: 3191: 2405: 2252: 2136: 876: 308: 5580: 5572: 5452: 5391: 5361: 5341: 5148: 4973: 4823: 4581: 4576: 4551: 4546: 4531: 4458: 4373: 4321: 4306: 4274: 4163: 3958: 3905: 3804: 3745: 3721: 3499: 3479: 3469: 3459: 3455: 2235: 1674:, as long as there is liquid remaining in the reservoir. The downside to CO 1543: 1532:

Spring-piston, which uses a spring-loaded piston to compress air within an

1463: 1451: 1036: 789: 599:

average group size for the overall test was 72 millimetres (2.85 in).

555: 495: 244: 220: 212: 143: 3318: 3304:

Contains links to all sections of article on the tuning of an R1 air rifle

2484: 1195:, such as 416, have been shown to have a longer life than the traditional 507: 384:

to provide propulsive force, and any slight variations in powder load and

228: 5589: 5584: 5281: 5128: 5068: 4940: 4923: 4796: 4771: 4684: 4621: 4591: 4561: 4536: 4500: 4475: 4443: 4433: 4428: 4316: 4294: 4128: 4096: 4001: 3900: 3821: 3541: 2504: 2300: 1506: 1481: 1417: 1312: 1277: 1157:

It is the last part of the firearm touched by the bullet before it exits.

1083:

Cutaway of the barrel of a tank cannon, showing rifling on a large scale.

1079: 1016: 781: 595: 580: 543: 512: 491: 457: 437: 410: 394: 307:: The act of firing a gun generates a rapid pressure increase within the 286: 252: 208: 125: 1564:

The most powerful systems will produce velocities near or exceeding the

935:, unlike carrying slings, are used just on the off hand, usually with a 858: 452:

Same rifle and load, 25 shots at 91 m (100 yd). Note that the

5490: 5485: 5457: 5345: 5238: 5178: 5168: 5051: 4978: 4950: 4878: 4652: 4480: 4336: 4195: 4170: 4133: 4086: 3667: 3611: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3444: 3415: 1643: 1236: 1203: 1196: 992: 823: 414: 366: 200: 182:

is the gun's ability to hit exactly what the shooter is aiming at, and

139: 3008: 2034:"Practical Accuracy in the Field: Shooting from Unsupported Positions" 1737: 1280:

rifle, or as complex as bedding the entire action and barrel channel.

1075:

Headspace of a .45 ACP cartridge, which headspaces off the case mouth.

843:

Comfort. This allows the shooter to relax and concentrate on shooting.

772: 5085: 5080: 5063: 4988: 4945: 4766: 4721: 4556: 4356: 4262: 4257: 4235: 4091: 4011: 3946: 3885: 3584: 3516: 3474: 2907: 2667: 1413: 1232: 983: 978: 583: 579:

magazine in December, 1996. The magazine was testing seven brands of

377: 370: 316: 232: 204: 1395:

a revolver can batter the cylinder bolt and prevent a solid lockup.

718:

break, with a heavier weight and little or no discernible movement.

532:

measurement of the group. This can be expressed in linear measures (

21: 5542: 5530: 5073: 4957: 4913: 4903: 4898: 4874: 4626: 4611: 4215: 4106: 3770: 3621: 3579: 3531: 3484: 1696: 1554: 1533: 1518: 1379: 1252: 1199: 587: 402: 332: 178: 952:, drop, comb height and angle, and buttplate angle and curvature. 607:(2.88 in), was far more consistent across the brands, with a 567: 293:

to provide better bolt-breech engagement for more adequate breech

5413: 5105: 5020: 4928: 4908: 4886: 4726: 4453: 4113: 3863: 3787: 3571: 3526: 3521: 3489: 3393: 3365: 1692: 1514: 1208: 1141: 1125: 1109: 1045: 740: 603: 340: 240: 162: 128: 1315:

action, little additional functionality is provided, while in a

1258: 702:, which is the distance a trigger moves after the sear releases. 686:, which is the movement of the trigger which happens before the 5223: 5115: 5030: 4828: 3594: 3494: 3425: 1703:

airguns. The downside to these is that the small quantity of CO

868: 274: 256: 166: 1358:

Making sure the breech face is square to the action centerline

4046: 4041: 4026: 3981: 3677: 1699:, a compact, disposable tank now ubiquitous in inexpensive CO 1528:

There are three primary types of powerplant used in airguns:

1212: 401:, it is common for shooters of high-precision disciplines to 336: 224: 1071: 1035:

To ensure consistent, repeatable lockup, clearances between

323:

of the barrel affect the terminal phase of the projectile's

1403: 1223:

Another commonly cited accurizing treatment for barrels is

1048:

the mating surfaces to attain the desired fit (clearance).

2516:

Tubb Precision Speedlock Firing Pin - Rem 700 Short Action

1211:

cartridge; competition shooters often fire high-precision

637:

will provide an idea of the ultimate attainable accuracy.

4031: 3991: 3420: 3405: 3364: 2742:

Ammunition Types and Characteristics (ArmyStudyGuide.com)

2137:

Scott Baldwin; Francis E. McGovern; Francis Hare (1998).

1266:

The process of fitting the action to the stock is called

158: 3289:"Spring gun tune: Part 13 Range-testing the R1 we tuned" 1651:

can reduce the level of vibrations and improve accuracy

118:

Process of improving the accuracy and precision of a gun

5340: 2666:. Connecticut Precision Chambering, LLC. Archived from 1272:, and there are a number of different processes used. 1088:

wrong bore diameter; the primary exception to that is

1355:

for the barrel concentric with the action centerline

2170:

Chapter 7, You Can Build an Overnight Target Pistol

46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2056: 2054: 1361:Making sure the recoil lug is square to the action 1987:"Performance Shooter .38 Special wadcutter tests" 1687:airguns were filled from an external source of CO 1642:and this will affect the harmonics of the gun. A 1227:. This involves slowly cooling the steel down to 5717: 3139: 2084: 2082: 5661:Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW) 2961:. Lilja Precision Rifle Barrels. Archived from 2876: 2874: 2638:. Lilja Precision Rifle Barrels. Archived from 2051: 1174:post-machining heat treatment is often used to 941:, and provide stability to the shooter's hold. 666: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 2831:. Jesse's Hunting and Outdoors. Archived from 2718:"Products::Rifle Barrels::Calibers and Twists" 2225: 1979: 289:, have even introduced features like floating 3350: 2959:"Contoured Barrel Weight Calculation Program" 2934:"A Look at the Rigidity of Benchrest Barrels" 2801:"Floating and Bedding: Accurizing Your Rifle" 2375: 2079: 1542:Compressed gas, which uses a small removable 1364:Squaring and lapping the locking lug recesses 1337:Ensuring the bolt is concentric in the action 730: 476: 4064: 3205: 2871: 2173: 2113:"Stars and Stripes Custom Pistol Ammunition" 1022: 4873: 3102: 3026: 2854:"Revolver Accuracy by Alpha Precision, Inc" 2157: 2140:The Preparation of a Product Liability Case 2025: 1876:"Gun-Tests.com Accurizing the Beretta 92FS" 1373: 1334:Squaring the bolt face to the bolt diameter 895: 3357: 3343: 3145: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2579:"Clearances and Tolerances - Not the Same" 2292: 1999: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1777:"Tack Driving Tactical Rifle from Tac Ops" 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 3256: 3001: 2900: 2686: 2684: 2473: 2448: 2399: 2397: 2344: 2163: 1870: 1868: 1866: 922:shooting off of a sandbag or other rest. 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 3119: 2931: 2823: 2821: 2795: 2793: 2770: 2690: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2423: 2318: 2088: 2005: 1954: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1683:stability for many guns. The original CO 1476:of a given cartridge will determine its 1462: 1402: 1257: 1078: 1070: 857: 817: 771: 734: 566: 506: 447: 427: 135:, the more vertical thumbhole grip, the 120: 3180: 2880: 2746: 2403: 2298: 2266: 2240: 2205: 2168:. Northfield, Illinois: DBI Books, Inc. 2130: 2110: 2031: 1937:"Accuracy: Gun, Cartridge, and Shooter" 1930: 1928: 1926: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1794: 1717: 468: 407:barometrically affects flight behaviour 219:, which can vary the points of impact. 5718: 3307: 3281: 3188:""Steroid Modified" BENJAMIN/SHERIDAN" 3171: 3015:from the original on 29 September 2007 2976: 2951: 2724:from the original on 27 September 2007 2710: 2681: 2658: 2656: 2605:from the original on 27 September 2007 2591: 2412:from the original on 29 September 2007 2394: 2369: 2307:from the original on 27 September 2007 2275:"Modifying Your Pistol's Grip part II" 2272: 2246: 2214:from the original on 26 September 2007 2199: 2040:from the original on 29 September 2007 2014:from the original on 29 September 2007 1943:from the original on 29 September 2007 1912:from the original on 27 September 2007 1863: 1761:" by Bob Beers at Chuck Hawks web site 1605:air pistols it was competing against. 1299:will result in unacceptable shifting. 1218: 955: 619: 327:and in turn the initial status of its 319:in a rope-like fashion. The resultant 203:is often employed, such as adjustable 5339: 4872: 4063: 3443: 3442: 3338: 3264:"Gas springs of the Theoben airguns!" 3230: 2846: 2818: 2790: 2773:"What Makes a Rifle Barrel Accurate?" 2693:"What Makes a Rifle Barrel Accurate?" 2616: 2531:. American Handgunner. Archived from 2526: 2520: 2352:"Shooting Positions: Ready Positions" 2104: 1934: 1836: 1825:from the original on 3 September 2007 1764: 1759:Accuracy: Gun, Cartridge, and Shooter 1491: 1340:Squaring and lapping the locking lugs 1093:barrel to improve upon its accuracy. 251:can also be used to help counter the 3295:from the original on 13 October 2007 3244:from the original on 11 October 2007 3219:from the original on 20 October 2007 3154:from the original on 20 October 2007 3128:from the original on 15 October 2007 3052: 1923: 1893: 1588:(multiple stroke) gun, or it may be 998: 853: 562: 343:. Some external accessories, called 44:adding citations to reliable sources 15: 3270:from the original on 12 August 2007 2914:from the original on 31 August 2007 2889:from the original on 2 October 2007 2807:from the original on 27 August 2007 2653: 2462:from the original on 9 October 2007 2437:from the original on 24 August 2007 1783:from the original on 2 October 2007 813: 755: 13: 3122:"The Three Basic Types of Airguns" 2277:. Nygord Precision. Archived from 2251:. Nygord Precision. Archived from 2119:from the original on 7 August 2007 1458: 1348:Receiver blueprinting operations: 14: 5737: 1378:The defining characteristic of a 363:Projectile propulsion consistency 3060:"How does the BOSS system work?" 3009:"Article on AccuMajic Accurizer" 2829:"Making a Case for the Revolver" 2758:Shooting Times Guide to Accuracy 2328:. O. F. Mossberg. Archived from 882: 153:is the process of improving the 20: 3165: 3077: 2984:"Barrel tuners for the Mini-14" 2925: 2764: 2760:. Primedia Enthusiast Magazine. 2735: 2571: 2546: 2509: 2498: 2456:"Anschutz 1907 with 2213 Stock" 2166:Home Gunsmithing Digest, 2nd Ed 2089:Hamilton, Alex (Jan–Feb 2006). 1546:now ubiquitously stores liquid 1294:the barrel. With some designs, 1242: 502: 31:needs additional citations for 2301:"The Benefits of Custom Grips" 2249:"Modifying Your Pistol's Grip" 2183:. ShootingWiki. Archived from 1751: 1331:Bolt blueprinting operations: 1124:Barrels can also benefit from 1: 5526:Firearms by country 5441:Civilian Marksmanship Program 2554:"Definition for "bloop tube"" 2164:Steindler, Robert A. (1978). 1711: 538:a one inch group at 100 yards 215:are often mounted to prevent 2599:".17 & .22 BARREL LINER" 2376:Roy F. Dunlap (1963). "23". 1695:introduced the 12 gram 1575: 1426: 1398: 1307:The primary purposes of the 972: 913:, as they provide a maximum 667:Analysis of the trigger pull 640: 592:Smith & Wesson Model 686 409:, so muzzle devices such as 7: 5697:Federal Assault Weapons Ban 5595:Campaign Against Arms Trade 3036:. Limbsaver. Archived from 2431:"Champion Shooter's Supply" 2181:"Definition - Sight Radius" 1592:by an external compressor. 1063:intended for hand fitting. 1015:varies between 2.6 and 9.0 10: 5742: 5651:High-capacity magazine ban 4777:Mean time between failures 3087:. Browning. Archived from 3062:. Browning. Archived from 2527:Petty, Charles E. (2000). 2208:"Choosing the Right Sight" 1819:"The Custom-Built Handgun" 1131: 976: 779: 731:Improving the trigger pull 675:consists of three stages: 649: 586:rounds in three different 540:) or in angular measures ( 477:Factors affecting accuracy 355:is shifted as near to the 5669: 5619: 5610: 5571: 5499: 5451: 5380:Household ownership rates 5360: 5335: 5257: 5114: 5059: 5050: 4966: 4894: 4885: 4868: 4709: 4648: 4639: 4522: 4513: 4414: 4082: 4073: 4059: 3971: 3919: 3876: 3862: 3820: 3690: 3676: 3570: 3451: 3438: 3389: 3385: 3213:"Airgun Regulator Basics" 2636:"The Details of Accuracy" 2505:Locktime By Randy Wakeman 1627: 1302: 1168: 1066: 1023:Clearances and Tolerances 767: 3315:"The Mac1 LD Air Pistol" 2720:. Shilen Rifle Barrels. 1851:"Accurizing the Mini-14" 1374:Revolver specific issues 1262:Bedding epoxy in a stock 1148: 896:Rifle and shotgun stocks 397:ammunition with smaller 311:, causing the barrel to 5681:by U.S. state 5091:Overpressure ammunition 5026:Improved Military Rifle 4732:Circular error probable 3651:Personal defence weapon 3148:"Inaccuracy in Airguns" 2883:"Buying a Used Handgun" 1536:at the moment of firing 1185: 1096: 1057:semi-automatic firearms 5375:Civilian gun ownership 4904:Firing (Shooting) 2664:"10/22 Gunsmith Notes" 1654: 1468: 1408: 1317:semi-automatic firearm 1263: 1084: 1076: 863: 862:Custom grip checkering 827: 777: 744: 572: 534:a 30 mm group at 100 m 520: 465: 445: 155:accuracy and precision 147: 4849:Handgun effectiveness 4782:Minute of Angle (MOA) 4658:Ballistic coefficient 3634:Semi-automatic pistol 3034:"Barrel De-Resonator" 2093:. American Handgunner 2008:"Affordable Accuracy" 1570:ballistic coefficient 1466: 1406: 1261: 1082: 1074: 993:firing pin or striker 861: 821: 775: 738: 570: 510: 451: 431: 386:combustion efficiency 321:harmonic oscillations 124: 5466:in the United States 5124:Armour piercing 4685:Rangefinding/keeping 4597:Push/Controlled feed 4389:Synchronization gear 4124:Blank-firing adapter 3975: or famous 3124:. American Airguns. 2990:on February 14, 2007 2860:on 27 September 2007 2560:on 27 September 2007 2326:"Stock Drop Spacers" 2255:on 28 September 2007 2143:. Aspen Publishers. 594:and Model 52, and a 469:Determining accuracy 277:setting between the 199:pull. Better design 40:improve this article 5726:Firearm terminology 5558:Privately made 5521:Firearm brands 5407:State firearms 5387:Exhibition shooting 5370:Celebratory gunfire 5229:Plastic tipped 5159:High explosive 4680:Physics of firearms 2529:"Adjustable Sights" 2481:"Speedlock Systems" 2380:. Stackpole Books. 2091:"Over-travel = bad" 1474:internal ballistics 1225:cryogenic treatment 1219:Cryogenic treatment 956:Time considerations 907:metallic silhouette 620:Testing methodology 577:Performance Shooter 488:external ballistics 390:internal ballistics 329:external ballistics 325:internal ballistics 5656:Right to bear arms 5602:Featureless rifles 5548:Improvised firearm 5509:3D printed firearm 5397:United States 5292:Fully powered 5199:Total metal jacket 4839:Stock measurements 3562:Underwater firearm 3458: versus 3291:. 15 August 2006. 2281:on January 6, 2022 2062:"Anschutz Trigger" 1622:pressure regulator 1492:Airgun powerplants 1469: 1434:benchrest shooting 1409: 1264: 1085: 1077: 1013:bolt action rifles 864: 828: 778: 745: 609:standard deviation 573: 521: 466: 446: 148: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5670:United States Gun 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5214:Hollow point 5139:Full metal jacket 5046: 5045: 5004:Tubes and Primers 4864: 4863: 4814:Power factor 4752:Gun harmonisation 4705: 4704: 4635: 4634: 4509: 4508: 4491:Night vision 4055: 4054: 3967: 3966: 3881:Automatic shotgun 3858: 3857: 3445:Types of firearms 3434: 3433: 3321:on 26 August 2007 3266:. 13 April 2006. 3194:on 27 August 2007 3174:American Marksman 3040:on 24 August 2007 2779:on 30 August 2007 2699:on 30 August 2007 2670:on 7 October 2007 2487:on 28 August 2007 2332:on 25 August 2007 2068:on 5 October 2007 1968:on 6 October 2007 1882:on 17 August 2007 1513:commonly used in 1249:thermal expansion 999:Bullet dwell time 967:bullet dwell time 915:point blank range 854:Gripping surfaces 822:Rifle stock with 563:Defining accuracy 374:chemical reaction 116: 115: 108: 90: 5733: 5617: 5616: 5563:Small arms trade 5501:Firearm industry 5352:, and 5337: 5336: 5209:Hollow base 5057: 5056: 5036:Smokeless powder 4892: 4891: 4870: 4869: 4819:Precision-guided 4646: 4645: 4520: 4519: 4327:Rail system 4201:Flash suppressor 4080: 4079: 4061: 4060: 4007:Winchester rifle 3997:Antique firearms 3927:20-gauge shotgun 3874: 3873: 3688: 3687: 3440: 3439: 3387: 3386: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3317:. Archived from 3311: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3190:. Archived from 3184: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3146:Lewis Reinhold. 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3117: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3091:on 8 August 2007 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3066:on 7 August 2007 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2986:. Archived from 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2936:. Archived from 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2856:. Archived from 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2797: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2775:. Archived from 2768: 2762: 2761: 2756:Shooting Times. 2753: 2744: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2695:. Archived from 2688: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2631: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2556:. Archived from 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2524: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2483:. Archived from 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2354:. Archived from 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2312: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2244: 2238: 2232:Telescopic sight 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2187:on 27 March 2012 2177: 2171: 2169: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2064:. Archived from 2058: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1964:. Archived from 1958: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1932: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1902: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1878:. Archived from 1872: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1847: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1830: 1815: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1773: 1762: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1736:. Archived from 1734:"SAAMI glossary" 1730: 1296:pressure bedding 1235:in the steel to 1193:Stainless steels 1121:specifications. 1042:interference fit 814:Stocks and grips 786:Telescopic sight 756:Liability issues 526:center to center 388:will affect the 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 89: 48: 24: 16: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5701: 5665: 5634:Concealed carry 5629:Assault weapons 5624:Air travel 5606: 5583: and 5567: 5495: 5455: 5447: 5436:Shooting sports 5426:Pistol duelling 5356: 5323: 5287:Rifle cartridge 5253: 5194:Supercavitating 5189:Soft point 5110: 5042: 5016:Ball propellant 4962: 4881: 4860: 4856:Twist rate 4747:Gun chronograph 4737:Effective range 4701: 4631: 4602:Recoil-operated 4505: 4410: 4069: 4051: 4037:Colt Peacemaker 3963: 3937:Dragon's breath 3932:Breaching round 3915: 3896:Double-barreled 3854: 3830:General purpose 3816: 3672: 3566: 3507:Multiple-barrel 3447: 3430: 3381: 3363: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3155: 3144: 3140: 3131: 3129: 3118: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2941: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2890: 2879: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2769: 2765: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2689: 2682: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2645: 2643: 2632: 2617: 2608: 2606: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2538: 2536: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2465: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2408:. Chuck Hawks. 2402: 2395: 2388: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2282: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2256: 2245: 2241: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2135: 2131: 2122: 2120: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2094: 2087: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2015: 2010:. Chuck Hawks. 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1944: 1939:. Chuck Hawks. 1933: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1904: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1795: 1786: 1784: 1775: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1630: 1614:Lewis and Clark 1578: 1551: 1504: 1494: 1461: 1459:Harmonic tuning 1429: 1401: 1376: 1305: 1245: 1229:liquid nitrogen 1221: 1188: 1171: 1151: 1134: 1099: 1069: 1025: 1001: 981: 975: 958: 919:action shooting 911:varmint hunting 898: 885: 856: 816: 792: 770: 762:lawyer triggers 758: 733: 669: 657:action shooting 652: 643: 622: 565: 505: 479: 471: 237:shooting sticks 119: 112: 101: 95: 92: 49: 47: 37: 25: 12: 11: 5: 5739: 5729: 5728: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5577: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5505: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5471:Assassinations 5468: 5462: 5460: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4994:Percussion cap 4991: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4844:Stopping power 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4762:Length of pull 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4587:Out-of-battery 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4211:Forward assist 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4181:Cocking handle 4178: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4065:Mechanics and 4057: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3891:Combat shotgun 3888: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3656:Submachine gun 3653: 3646:Pistol caliber 3643: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3436: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3390: 3383: 3382: 3362: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3331: 3306: 3280: 3255: 3238:"Diana RWS-45" 3229: 3204: 3179: 3164: 3138: 3120:Ben Saltzman. 3101: 3076: 3051: 3025: 3000: 2975: 2950: 2932:Daniel Lilja. 2924: 2899: 2870: 2845: 2817: 2789: 2771:Daniel Lilja. 2763: 2745: 2734: 2709: 2691:Daniel Lilja. 2680: 2652: 2634:Jon Haviland. 2615: 2601:. Brownell's. 2590: 2570: 2545: 2519: 2508: 2497: 2472: 2447: 2422: 2406:"Rifle Stocks" 2393: 2386: 2368: 2343: 2317: 2291: 2265: 2239: 2224: 2198: 2172: 2156: 2149: 2129: 2103: 2078: 2050: 2024: 2006:Bill Johnson. 1998: 1978: 1953: 1922: 1892: 1862: 1835: 1793: 1763: 1750: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1691:, but in 1954 1688: 1684: 1675: 1672:vapor pressure 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1629: 1626: 1577: 1574: 1566:speed of sound 1559: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1537: 1523:light-gas guns 1502: 1499:carbon dioxide 1493: 1490: 1460: 1457: 1428: 1425: 1416:, much like a 1400: 1397: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353:action threads 1346: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1309:firearm action 1304: 1301: 1282:Pillar bedding 1244: 1241: 1220: 1217: 1187: 1184: 1180:hammer forging 1176:stress-relieve 1170: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1150: 1147: 1133: 1130: 1098: 1095: 1068: 1065: 1024: 1021: 1000: 997: 977:Main article: 974: 971: 957: 954: 950:length of pull 897: 894: 884: 881: 855: 852: 851: 850: 847: 844: 841: 815: 812: 807:aperture sight 769: 766: 757: 754: 732: 729: 704: 703: 697: 691: 668: 665: 651: 648: 642: 639: 626:hunting weapon 621: 618: 564: 561: 511:Comparison of 504: 501: 478: 475: 470: 467: 432:Sample 5-shot 419: 418: 360: 302: 264: 174:shooting sport 117: 114: 113: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5738: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5553:Most-produced 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:Muzzleloading 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547:Breechloading 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312:Muzzle shroud 4310: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4300:Stripper clip 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4290:High-capacity 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4017:Mauser rifles 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3942:Shotgun shell 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3695:Anti-materiel 3693: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3175: 3168: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2965:on 2007-08-28 2964: 2960: 2954: 2940:on 2007-09-27 2939: 2935: 2928: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2888: 2884: 2881:Chuck Hawks. 2877: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2835:on 2007-12-08 2834: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2759: 2752: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2642:on 2007-09-27 2641: 2637: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2580: 2574: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2535:on 2004-11-21 2534: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2501: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2411: 2407: 2404:Chuck Hawks. 2400: 2398: 2389: 2387:0-8117-0770-9 2383: 2379: 2372: 2358:on 2009-03-01 2357: 2353: 2347: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2306: 2302: 2299:John Dreyer. 2295: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2213: 2209: 2206:Chuck Hawks. 2202: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2160: 2152: 2150:0-7355-0145-9 2146: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2118: 2114: 2111:Chuck Hawks. 2107: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2055: 2039: 2035: 2032:Chuck Hawks. 2028: 2013: 2009: 2002: 1988: 1982: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1754: 1740:on 2007-08-28 1739: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1698: 1694: 1680: 1673: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:single stroke 1573: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1456: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1396: 1394: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1371: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1291:free floating 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Glass bedding 1271: 1270: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1166: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1094: 1091: 1081: 1073: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 996: 994: 990: 985: 980: 970: 968: 964: 953: 951: 946: 945: 940: 939: 934: 933: 932:Target slings 927: 923: 920: 916: 912: 908: 902: 893: 889: 883:Handgun grips 880: 878: 874: 870: 860: 848: 845: 842: 838: 837: 836: 833: 825: 820: 811: 808: 804: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 774: 765: 763: 753: 749: 742: 737: 728: 725: 724:double-action 719: 717: 713: 708: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 685: 681: 678: 677: 676: 674: 664: 662: 658: 647: 638: 636: 630: 627: 617: 613: 610: 605: 600: 597: 593: 589: 585: 582: 578: 569: 560: 557: 553: 551: 546: 545: 539: 535: 531: 527: 518: 517:minute of arc 514: 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4275:Bottom metal 3822:Machine guns 3480:Line thrower 3460:muzzleloader 3456:Breechloader 3323:. 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93: 83: 76: 69: 62: 55:"Accurizing" 50: 38:Please help 33:verification 30: 5687:Legislation 5639:in the U.S. 5590:Disarmament 5585:Gun control 5282:Handloading 5069:Dummy round 4941:Cooking off 4936:Malfunction 4924:Field strip 4919:Maintenance 4809:Penetration 4772:Match grade 4690:Mathematics 4622:Single-shot 4562:Closed bolt 4476:Scope mount 4439:Holographic 4429:Finderscope 4317:Pistol grip 4295:Speedloader 4149:Telescoping 4129:Breechblock 4002:Gatling gun 3901:Pump action 3542:Single-shot 3465:Combination 2378:Gunsmithing 2336:5 September 1935:Bob Beers. 1482:handloading 1445:bull barrel 1418:tuning fork 1351:Making the 1313:single-shot 1278:bolt-action 1044:) and then 803:open sights 782:Iron sights 596:Colt Python 581:.38 Special 544:milliradian 513:milliradian 492:handloading 460:(0.51 440:(0.26 411:flash hider 395:match-grade 309:barrel bore 299:headspacing 287:Savage Arms 253:muzzle rise 209:pistol grip 140:bull barrel 126:Ruger 10/22 5491:Gun safety 5486:Gunfighter 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2259:2007-09-04 2218:2007-09-06 2123:2007-08-30 2097:2007-08-30 2072:2007-08-30 2044:2007-09-06 2018:2007-09-04 1992:2007-08-30 1972:2007-09-06 1947:2007-09-04 1916:2007-08-30 1886:2007-08-30 1856:2007-08-30 1829:2007-08-30 1787:2007-08-30 1744:2007-08-30 1712:References 1644:gas spring 1618:SCUBA tank 1590:precharged 1478:dwell time 1237:martensite 1204:molybdenum 1006:bloop tube 944:Palm rests 873:checkering 824:camouflage 780:See also: 700:Overtravel 515:(mil) and 454:group size 415:suppressor 399:tolerances 367:projectile 267:Tolerances 239:or simply 233:benchrests 205:buttstocks 201:ergonomics 151:Accurizing 66:newspapers 5531:Gun shops 5481:Forensics 5456:and 5402:Gun shows 5144:Frangible 5134:Expanding 5086:Gas check 5081:Flechette 5064:Cannelure 4989:Gunpowder 4946:Hang fire 4914:Firefight 4767:Lock time 4757:Headspace 4722:Bore axis 4607:Repeating 4557:Open bolt 4471:Magnifier 4357:Auto sear 4263:Wheellock 4258:Flintlock 4236:Half-cock 4191:Extractor 4092:Feed ramp 4022:Tommy Gun 4012:M1 Garand 3947:.410 bore 3911:Sawed-off 3886:Coach gun 3800:Repeating 3793:Polygonal 3717:Automatic 3700:Anti-tank 3585:Derringer 3475:Flare gun 3044:31 August 2191:25 August 1576:Pneumatic 1517:guns, or 1427:Stiffness 1414:frequency 1399:Harmonics 1323:The term 1233:austenite 1138:headspace 1114:keyholing 1053:automatic 984:Lock time 979:Lock time 973:Lock time 963:lock time 938:hand stop 877:stippling 684:pretravel 641:Usability 602:Based on 588:revolvers 584:wadcutter 556:benchmark 423:groupings 382:cartridge 380:within a 371:oxidative 333:long guns 305:Harmonics 291:bolt head 193:Usability 185:precision 96:June 2008 5720:Category 5692:Politics 5612:Gun laws 5543:Gunsmith 5431:Politics 5350:industry 5272:Caseless 5074:Snap cap 4967:Ignition 4958:Ricochet 4899:Dry fire 4875:Shooting 4802:Velocity 4668:Terminal 4663:External 4627:Slamfire 4612:Revolver 4527:Blowback 4394:Tapering 4369:Silencer 4332:Receiver 4270:Magazine 4226:Foregrip 4216:Freebore 4186:Cylinder 4144:Rotating 4107:Trunnion 3973:Historic 3864:Shotguns 3783:Marksman 3761:Elephant 3663:Starting 3622:Revolver 3590:Duelling 3580:Cane gun 3572:Handguns 3532:Riot gun 3500:Takedown 3485:Long gun 3470:Elephant 3374:glossary 3366:Firearms 3293:Archived 3268:Archived 3242:Archived 3217:Archived 3152:Archived 3126:Archived 3013:Archived 2912:Archived 2887:Archived 2805:Archived 2722:Archived 2603:Archived 2460:Archived 2435:Archived 2410:Archived 2305:Archived 2212:Archived 2117:Archived 2038:Archived 2012:Archived 1941:Archived 1910:Archived 1823:Archived 1781:Archived 1697:Powerlet 1679:liquid. 1555:Powerlet 1534:air pump 1521:used in 1519:hydrogen 1380:revolver 1253:humidity 965:and the 801:Typical 661:bullseye 484:internal 403:handload 341:handguns 339:but not 335:such as 313:resonate 281:and the 241:sandbags 229:monopods 223:such as 179:accuracy 142:, and a 129:carbines 5679: ( 5646:License 5414:Hunting 5362:Society 5342:Society 5319:Wildcat 5314:Pinfire 5244:Spitzer 5174:Raufoss 5116:Bullets 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